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Parameter Mapping Sonification (PM Son) of the Pelvis in Gait, for the Purpose of Developing Symmetrical Gait Behaviours
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The research aimed to identify the standards of gait-related kinematic quantities and normalcy indices of the Gillette Gait Index related to adults aged between 20 and 24. In addition, it was decided to compare the standard obtained for adults with the gait standard of children. The study group consisted of 32 healthy adults aged 20 to 24. The tests were performed using the BTS Smart system. The original applications developed in the Matlab environment for all of the children subjected to the tests enabled the identification of the Gillette Gait Index (GGI). Detailed analysis involved a set of sixteen variables describing gait kinematics; the above-named variables are used when creating the GGI. Within the framework of this work, a comparative statistical analysis of 16 parameters constituting the GGI was performed between the groups of adults and children. This analysis showed statistically significant differences for 9 variables. The results obtained in this work indicate that there is the necessity of using adequate gait norm for a particular age. The obtained parameter values of the GGI were also compared with results obtained by other authors. The identified trajectories of the kinematic quantities can be used as normative in relation to adult patients.
The role of auditory information on perceptual-motor processes has gained increased interest in sports and psychology research in recent years. Numerous neurobiological and behavioral studies have demonstrated the close interaction between auditory and motor areas of the brain, and the importance of auditory information for movement execution, control, and learning. In applied research, artificially produced acoustic information and real-time auditory information have been implemented in sports and rehabilitation to improve motor performance in athletes, healthy individuals, and patients affected by neurological or movement disorders. However, this research is scattered both across time and scientific disciplines. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview about the interaction between movement and sound and review the current literature regarding the effect of natural movement sounds, movement sonification, and rhythmic auditory information in sports and motor rehabilitation. The focus here is threefold: firstly, we provide an overview of empirical studies using natural movement sounds and movement sonification in sports. Secondly, we review recent clinical and applied studies using rhythmic auditory information and sonification in rehabilitation, addressing in particular studies on Parkinson’s disease and stroke. Thirdly, we summarize current evidence regarding the cognitive mechanisms and neural correlates underlying the processing of auditory information during movement execution and its mental representation. The current state of knowledge here reviewed provides evidence of the feasibility and effectiveness of the application of auditory information to improve movement execution, control, and (re)learning in sports and motor rehabilitation. Findings also corroborate the critical role of auditory information in auditory-motor coupling during motor (re)learning and performance, suggesting that this area of clinical and applied research has a large potential that is yet to be fully explored.
In this research, we developed a real-time sonification system to be used in biceps curl. The sonification is generated using a parameter mapping method based on exercise information collected from a muscle sensor and Kinect camera. A cross-over trial (AB-BA method) using biceps curl exercises was conducted, which included 14 healthy subjects equally assigned to two different groups. The first group started their sessions without any feedback then received sonification in the last sessions. The other group completed the sessions with the sonic feedback in the early stages. The experimental results show that the sonification worked well at portraying temporal information to help subjects improve the pacing of their movement. Results also show greater improvement in exercise metrics (greater average repetition range and total effort) when participants exercised with sonification, but not statistically significant. However, a significant result is that participants enjoyed the training more with the sonification than without. Positive comments were made on the sound feedback. The study demonstrates the potential for a real-time auditory feedback oriented training device to be used in fitness training or physical rehabilitation.
The field of sonification has progressed greatly over the past twenty years and currently constitutes an established area of research. This article aims at exploiting and organizing the knowledge accumulated in previous experimental studies to build a foundation for future sonification works. A systematic review of these studies may reveal trends in sonification design, and therefore support the development of design guidelines. To this end, we have reviewed and analyzed 179 scientific publications related to sonification of physical quantities. Using a bottom-up approach, we set up a list of conceptual dimensions belonging to both physical and auditory domains. Mappings used in the reviewed works were identified, forming a database of 495 entries. Frequency of use was analyzed among these conceptual dimensions as well as higher-level categories. Results confirm two hypotheses formulated in a preliminary study: pitch is by far the most used auditory dimension in sonification applications, and spatial auditory dimensions are almost exclusively used to sonify kinematic quantities. To detect successful as well as unsuccessful sonification strategies, assessment of mapping efficiency conducted in the reviewed works was considered. Results show that a proper evaluation of sonification mappings is performed only in a marginal proportion of publications. Additional aspects of the publication database were investigated: historical distribution of sonification works is presented, projects are classified according to their primary function, and the sonic material used in the auditory display is discussed. Finally, a mapping-based approach for characterizing sonification is proposed.
A systematic review of mapping strategies for the sonification of physical quantities
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