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Patrimonios alimentarios en América Latina: Enfrentar las desigualdades y los cambios globales
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En Colombie, les luttes des peuples indigènes se caractérisent par la relation étroite qui unit leurs revendications pour leur identité et leurs territoires. Ces derniers ne correspondent pas à de simples lieux d’habitation. Ils sont également liés à de nombreux enjeux socio-culturels, économiques et politiques. L’article se centre sur des stratégies de résistance indigène et/ou paysanne. Il aborde leur dimension historique, le contenu de leurs pétitions et les alliances qu’elles impliquent. Il montre également leur évolution en fonction des conditions institutionnelles et conjoncturelles qui les entourent. Enfin, il souligne leur engagement dans un effort collectif pour la protection de l’environnement et pour un projet de société voulu alternatif.
Este artículo presenta el devenir de asociaciones de mujeres que trabajan con agroecología y que han logrado cierta relevancia en sus esfuerzos por insertarse diferenciadamente en mercados urbanos. Se trata de productoras de muy pequeña escala, mujeres campesinas consideradas como productoras de subsistencia con eventual interés en la asociación. Nuestra apuesta fue que estas pequeñas organizaciones –tres con mayor trayectoria y tres recientes: Semilla y Vida, La Delicia, Chackras Comunitarias, Estrella del Amanecer, Espiga Dorada y Mujeres Solidarias, ubicadas en las parroquias de Mulalillo y Cusubamba en Cotopaxi, Sierra Centro del Ecuador– son capaces de formular o influenciar las reglas de acceso a mercados, de lograr espacios territoriales, promover la propuesta agroecológica e influenciar el ambiente alimentario. Buscamos compartir las miradas de las mujeres asociadas y de sus aliados, la naturaleza de las asociaciones, sus motivaciones para organizarse, lo que más valoran de su organización, los cambios principales en sus esfuerzos por poner alimentos producidos en forma sostenible en el mercado y los impactos que este proceso ha generado en ellas mismas, en sus familias, su comunidad y en el entorno local.
The paper presents a brief synthesis and the main results of a transversal studies about public policies supporting organic agriculture and agroecology in Latin American. Organic agriculture propose to substitute chemical industrial inputs by natural or organic inputs, while agroecology considers as a priority, the transformation of agri-food systems. Organic agriculture movements have promoted the implementation at national level of certification norms of organic products. Agroecological transition has been progressively integrated into public policies focused on family farming thanks to the pressure of social movements and international organizations.
The paper presents the main results of a transversal research about public policies supporting agroecological transition in Latin America and the Caribbean, held from 2015 to 2017 by the Public Policy and Rural Development in Latin America network (PP-AL network, www.pp-al.org/en).
En las últimas dos décadas, el enfoque territorial fue introducido e incorporado en la formulación e implementación de políticas y programas de desarrollo territorial rural (DTR) en muchos países de América Latina. A partir de la revisión de investigaciones previas y de encuentros de expertos, este artículo presenta un balance de los logros y limitaciones de las políticas de DTR, y propone orientaciones para concebir a una nueva generación de políticas de desarrollo territorial. Si el análisis revela logros en términos de difusión del enfoque territorial y de fomento de procesos participativos, se han observado limitaciones en términos de intersectorialidad y multiescalaridad de los procesos, así como de multidimensionalidad de los resultados. Las orientaciones para una nueva generación de políticas de desarrollo territorial destacan, entre otras, la necesidad de aclarar y consensuar los objetivos (múltiples) de estas políticas, considerar las asimetrías de relaciones de poderes en los territorios y tener más flexibilidad y creatividad en los dispositivos de intervención. Esta nueva generación de políticas abre nuevas pistas de investigación para el entendimiento de las dinámicas y trayectorias territoriales y de los juegos de poderes, de las interacciones del conjunto de políticas que afectan estas dinámicas y del diseño metodológico de evaluación de las políticas.
Since 2000, different models of sustainable agriculture and short food chains emerged in the Cusco region, in the Peruvian Andes. These models theoretically imply a reterritorialization of the agro-food system characterized, among other things, by a search for new proximities between the actors of the system, in particular between agricultural advisors, producers and consumers: a spatial proximity but also a socio-economic proximity. We note that this dynamic of territorial agri-food system greening generates contrasting socio-economic proximity relations between these actors, dominated by significant differences in living standards and lifestyles but where minority strategies of rapprochement are put in place.
Este libro presenta una reflexión critica y comparativa entre América Latina, Europa y Asia sobre los usos locales del patrimonio alimentario. Sus autores exploran las profundas contradicciones de las políticas estatales para salvaguardar y transmitir los recursos culturales en contextos de globalización y mercantilización de la cultura y, al mismo tiempo, proponen un conjunto de instrumentos para pensarlas desde la perspectiva de su impacto a muy distintos niveles.
For several decades, the "modernization" of the agricultural sector in the Andean region has favoured the development of the agro-industrial model and the spread of polluting agricultural practices. However, at the same time, farmers and the urban population are increasingly mobilizing for a healthy, diversified and affordable diet. In this context, projects for short supply chains of "organic" or agro-ecological products have emerged in recent years. This article addresses the implementation of these short supply chains. It aims to assess the extent to which these supply chains contribute to the transition of the Andean territories by promoting the development of innovative and sustainable agricultural practices and the establishment of new forms of solidarity, both between farmers and between farmers and consumers. To this end, the paper offers a comparative analysis of several studies conducted on rural-urban relations in the Peruvian and Ecuadorian Andes, during which interviews and surveys were led with a wide variety of actors.
Political agroecology refers to both a radical social movement, a scientific discipline, and a set of practices. At the same time, the notion of rurality is subject to a theoretical renewal. Both perspectives share a common interest in autonomy, diversification, and self-sufficiency matters. Based on a field study in Nicaragua, we argue that the main insights of a communitarian approach to new rurality are relevant to the building of a comprehensive framework for observed agroecological practices.
En el presente artículo se analiza la importancia de la soberanía alimentaria en los procesos de construcción autonómica que realizan los pueblos originarios en sus luchas por la defensa del territorio. El referente empírico es el conflicto territorial que enfrenta en el Istmo de Tehuantepec, México, a las comunidades indígenas contra las empresas transnacionales y el Estado mexicano que las respalda en la construcción de parques eólicos. Se documenta la desterritorialización impulsada por el Estado mexicano, en un contexto de debilitamiento de la producción campesina, así como la reterritorialización derivada de la lucha de las comunidades mareñas. Finalmente, se discuten los desafíos para el fortalecimiento de la comunalidad, eje conceptual y práctico de la construcción autonómica en la región.
¿A qué reenvía el éxito del patrimonio que tiene curso en la mayoría de las sociedades contemporáneas? Si él manifiesta la producción de reglas y normas promovidas por instituciones internacionales, y que fija una ambición claramente universalista, el patrimonio, en cuanto a sus usos y su puesta en marcha, no refleja menos la expresión de elección, de esperas, de estrategias o de dinámicas de actores y de grupos locales con intereses múltiples y a menudo divergentes. El caso del patrimonio alimentario, más particularmente de la “rutas gastronómicas” en México, pone al día las puestas contradictorias que se juegan alrededor de la patrimonialización, y las formas narrativas en las cuales se apoya. Más allá, el patrimonio alimentario interroga la relación de las sociedades a su historia.
In recent years, food studies scholarship has tended to focus on a number of increasingly abstract, largely unquestioned concepts with regard to how capital, markets and states organize and operate. This has led to a gulf between public policy and people's realities with food as experienced in homes and on the streets. Through grounded case studies in seven Latin American countries, this book explores how development and social change in food and agriculture are fundamentally experiential, contingent and unpredictable. In viewing development in food as a socio-political-material experience, the authors find new objects, intersubjectivities and associations. These reveal a multiplicity of processes, effects and affects largely absent in current academic literature and public policy debates. In their attention to the contingency and creativity found in households, neighbourhoods and social networks, as well as at the borders of human-nonhuman experience, the book explores how people diversely meet their food needs and passions while confronting the region's most pressing social, health and environmental concerns. © 2017 Wageningen School of Social Sciences, Wageningen University. All rights reserved.
In the Ecuadorian Andes, particularly in the province of Azuay, peasant migration appears as a strong symbol of the vulnerability of family farmers. This emigration, in very large numbers in some areas, logically implies major transformations of rural territories evidenced by the drastic reduction of the cultivated areas which marks the increased vulnerability of family smallholdings. In this article, which will focus on two localities in the countryside of the city of Cuenca, we will discuss the landscape and economic effects of peasant migration in the Ecuadorian Sierra, before orienting our analysis to the necessity to rethink the development of the rural territories with a redefinition of urban-rural linkages.
Examining international case studies including USA, Asia, Australia and New Zealand, Laurajane Smith identifies and explores the use of heritage throughout the world. Challenging the idea that heritage value is self-evident, and that things must be preserved because they have an inherent importance, Smith forcefully demonstrates that heritage value is not inherent in physical objects or places, but rather that these objects and places are used to give tangibility to the values that underpin different communities and to assert and affirm these values. A practically grounded accessible examination of heritage as a cultural practice, The Uses of Heritage is global in its benefit to students and field professionals alike.
The book tries to determine the nature and contradictions of the territorial postmodernity and complexity. The contemporary models and patterns of both territorial demarcation and area based development are tackled. It is based on both contexts developed and developing countries. The authors are international specialists (Geographers, Historians, Anthropologists, Economists and Political scientists) from the North and the South. Etude qui tente de cerner la nature et les contradictions de la postmodernité territoriale et dégage les éventuels modèles de régulation territoriale. Elle s'appuie sur une comparaison entre Nord et Sud.
Family Farming in Latin America. The Rise, Advances, and Limits of Targeted Policies
This article analyzes policies related to family agriculture in Latin America. Based on case studies in eleven countries, it compares the origins of these policies and the factors of their emergence, their similarities and differences, and their main results and prospects. This comparison shows that there is a general model of targeted policies in support of family agriculture, with some variations due to the regional dissemination of the model by international agencies and social movements. These targeted policies contribute to the public recognition of family agriculture and provide concrete results in terms of poverty reduction.
The Ecuadorian Constitution (2008) declared food sovereignty a strategic goal and a government obligation, embracing many of the proposals put forth since the late 1990s by Ecuadorian federations linked to Vía Campesina. The issue of food sovereignty has expanded from the inner circles of peasant organizations to the wider context of the whole Ecuadorian society. The paper provides an overview of this process, describing the collective actions that made it possible. Moreover, it attempts to explain the reasons why the ‘Agrarian Revolution’ is currently evaluated as weak, and the motivations for a gap between constitutional mandates and the ongoing official policies.
Full text accessible for free at http://www.tandfonline.com/r/fjps-41-6
La normativa sobre agricultura orgánica de los principales mercados está diseñada conforme al entendimiento de que la distancia entre el productor y el consumidor de alimentos orgánicos es considerable, lo cual no tiene que ser necesariamente cierto. En consecuencia se han desarrollado iniciativas orientadas a la utilización de canales comerciales cortos para la producción orgánica, basados asimismo en la participación de los agentes que los integran en los procesos de certificación. Dentro de este contexto destacan los Sistemas Participativos de Garantía como modelos de certificación participativa en red, los cuales buscan potenciar la generación de confianza y el aprendizaje mutuo. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo describir los principios en los cuales se fundamentan, así como el funcionamiento, de los Sistemas Participativos de Garantía acorde con una estrategia de fomento de la participación comunitaria, la agricultura tradicional y el desarrollo rural endógeno.
This paper provides an overview of what we call ‘agroecological revolution’ in Latin America. As the expansion of agroexports and biofuels continues unfolding in Latin America and warming the planet, the concepts of food sovereignty and agroecology-based agricultural production gain increasing attention. New approaches and technologies involving the application of blended agroecological science and indigenous knowledge systems are being spearheaded by a significant number of peasants, NGOs and some government and academic institutions, and they are proving to enhance food security while conserving natural resources, and empowering local, regional and national peasant organizations and movements. An assessment of various grassroots initiatives in Latin America reveals that the application of the agroecological paradigm can bring significant environmental, economic and political benefits to small farmers and rural communities as well as urban populations in the region. The trajectory of the agroecological movements in Brazil, the Andean region, Mexico, Central America and Cuba and their potential to promote broad-based and sustainable agrarian and social change is briefly presented and examined. We argue that an emerging threefold ‘agroecological revolution’, namely, epistemological, technical and social, is creating new and unexpected changes directed at restoring local self-reliance, conserving and regenerating natural resource agrobiodiversity, producing healthy foods with low inputs, and empowering peasant organizations. These changes directly challenge neoliberal modernization policies based on agribusiness and agroexports while opening new political roads for Latin American agrarian societies.
The objective was to determine the prevalence of household food insecurity (FI) in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Secondary analysis was performed using the waves 1 to 3 of the 2020 COVID-19 High Frequency Phone Surveys in 13 LAC countries. The countries with the highest FI in the first wave were Honduras (60.3%), Peru (58.1%) and Ecuador (57.9%). Likewise, the countries with the greatest differences in the prevalence of FI between the first and last waves in percentage points (PP) were Peru (−29), Guatemala (−27.7) and Bolivia (−21.8). LAC countries face a great burden of FI.
En s’opposant à l’agro-négoce et aux multinationales extractivistes, les communautés indigènes sont à la pointe du combat en défense de la forêt naturelle, des rivières et de l’environnement en général. La culture, le mode de vie, le langage des peuples indigènes d’Amérique latine ont passablement marqué le discours et les revendications des mouvements sociaux et écologistes, des Forums sociaux et des réseaux altermondialistes. Si, dans les pays à forte population indigène, les gouvernements se proclamant de gauche ont assumé, dans une certaine mesure, la vision cosmoécologique indigène, force est de constater qu’ils ont continué de suivre un modèle de développement extractiviste.
Ouvrage désormais classique d'initiation à la sociologie de l'alimentation dans lequel la mise au pluriel de "sociologie de l'alimentation" est une invitation à explorer les différents paradigmes présents dans ce champ de recherche.
The complexity of the operational concept and definition of food insecurity has complicated the study of the ‘food insecure’ and efforts to determine clear policy directions. Previous findings on the prevalence and severity of food insecurity are inconsistent and often depend on the measure used. To overcome limitations in food security measurement, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations developed the Food Insecurity Experience Scale, which is the first survey protocol to measure people’s direct experience of food insecurity on a global scale. Using this new measure, our study contributes to the understanding of the food insecure by examining the determinants of food insecurity within and across countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Using a series of multilevel linear models, we find the three determinants associated with the largest increase in the likelihood of experiencing food insecurity in LAC are: low levels of education, limited social capital, and living in a country with low GDP per capita. Results suggest the need to promote education of the most vulnerable, encourage social interactions that help build individuals’ social capital, and adopt gender-sensitive programs. The results also suggest the need for a shift in policy from short-term strategies to long-term efforts that sustain household productive capacity and employment to promote sustained economic growth.
The picture in Latin America is a very contrasting and unsettling one. Said situation shows not only a persisting link between neo-developmental extractivism and neoliberalism, as shown paradigmatically by the cases of Peru, Colombia, or Mexico, but also between developmental extractivism and progressive governments, in the context of the strengthening of the state’s capacities. In addition, the existing alternatives even more complex when public policies meet with different logics of action and various territorialities. In order to analyze this problematic, we propose a presentation in four moments. In the first moment, we will refer to the expansion of the extractivism in Latin-American region, in the current context of the globalization. Then, we will do a reflection on the vicissitudes of the idea of Development. In the third moment, we will center in the imaginary and narratives constructed on American Nature. Finally, we will approach the topic of the territoriality and its different inflexions, in order to present the “echo-territorial spin”, which increasingly tells us about the innovative crossing of indigenous-community thinking and the environmentalist discourse.
Localisation des articles.Source: http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/world.pdf« L’Autre, comme l’écrit Françoise Héritier-Augé, c’est d’abord celui qui ne mange pas comme soi » (1985 : 61). L’alimentation serait, autrement dit, le socle à partir duquel se développent les identités individuelles et collectives. Comme tout fait social, l’alimentation d’un groupe, d’une catégorie sociale ou d’une société particulière forme système et constitue un ensemble de représentations, savoir...
« La experiencia de la Escuela de Alimentación Sana y Soberana de la Unión de Trabajadores y Trabajadoras de la Tierra (UTT)
- G Sammartino
- N Caimmi
- E Figueroa
« Anthropologie politique
- Géraud M.-O Leservoisier O. Y Pottier R
Luchar para comer: Estrategias familiares para la alimentación en sectores populares
- J Peltre-Wurtz
« Estudios críticos de la agricultura y la alimentación : Perspectivas sobre el actor, la práctica y el territorio
- M Paredes
- S Sherwood
- A Arce
« Patrimonio alimentario, cocineras tradicionales y desarrollo local en México. Algunas enseñanzas de la antropología del desarrollo
- Suremain
Une organisation indigène en lutte pour la terre : le Conseil Régional Indigène du Cauca
- Gros C