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THE HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION AND TAXONOMY OF THE GENUS IRIS L.
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This paper considers the issue of preserving biological diversity of Iridaceae family representatives in the FRC SSC of RAS. The research was carried out in the humid subtropical climate on the Black Sea coast of Krasnodar Territory. The objects of research were the following Iridaceae family representatives: Iris L., Crocus L., Gladiolus L., Freesia Eckl. ex Klatt, including cultivar samples from Russian and foreign breeding, as well as species of natural flora. Collectible samples are preserved and maintained in a living form, used both in scientific research, including introduction, breeding, technology, physiology and biochemistry, and for solving import substitution issues in such fields as floriculture and ornamental gardening. The paper presents data on grouping 358 Iris cultivar samples, including 35 cultivars bred by FRC SSC of RAS, as well as 139 promising hybrid forms, selected by the type of modified shoots (corms, bulbs, rhizomes). Iridaceae family representatives bloom from February to November in natural conditions and during the year when forced, they vary in plant height (from miniature to giant), can be used in landscaping (306 cultivar samples), as potted plants (74) and cut (259). In the course of the work carried out, it has been found that the climatic conditions of the research area are well suited for cultivation and scientific research on bulbotuberiferous, rhizomatous and bulbous plants from Iridaceae family, regardless of their origin and distribution area.
The paper considers the problem of conserving biological diversity in the Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The research was carried out on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory in the humid subtropical zone. The climatic conditions in the given zone, as well as a number of other factors, contributed to the formation and growth of unique diverse species and of plant cultivars, many of which are included in the collections of FRC SSC of RAS and have been objects of research. The paper presents an analysis of genetic resources, which includes 2 700 subtropical cultivars, southern fruit, pome, nut-bearing, flower crops and tea, as well as species of natural flora, supported in a live form. Collections consisting of Russian and foreign cultivars, aboriginal, intergenerational and interspecific forms, clones, rare, endangered and endemic species of natural flora are given in the paper. 90 sources of valuable traits have been identified, of which 51 are floral, 39 are fruit. In addition to the purposes of conserving valuable genetic material, collection samples are used for fundamental research in the field of biology, genetics, breeding, physiology and biochemistry (1 594 cultivars). 1 748 cultivars are recommended for practical use, as well as for obtaining fruit and flower products and planting material.
The genus Iris from the Iridaceae family consists of more than 262 recognized species. It is an ornamental and medicinal plant widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. Iris species convey a long history as valuable traditional drugs with a wide variety of applications in various cultures, having been recorded since medieval times. Currently, Iris spp. still find application in numerous fields, including cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the food industry. Moreover, many of their empirical uses have been validated by in vitro and in vivo studies, showing that Iris spp. exhibit potent antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and anti-microbial properties. Phytochemicals investigations have revealed that the plant extracts are rich in phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids and phenolic acids. As such, they constitute a promising lead for seeking new drugs with high susceptibilities towards various health issues, particularly oxidative-stress-related diseases such as cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, etc. Herein, we present a literature review of the genus Iris intending to determine the plant’s chemical profile and establish a coherent overview of the biological applications of the plant extracts with reference to their traditional uses.
The paper deals with topical issues of biologization of introduced and selective studies, which represent new approaches to conservation and rational use of plant resources. An extensive gene pool of subtropical, flower and southern fruit crops has been mobilized at FRC SSC of RAS (Sochi). Bioresource collections include 2,650 cultivar samples, of which 20% are perennial herbaceous plants, 12% are bulbous and bulbotuberiferous, 11% are tree and shrub crops, 10 % are irises, 8 % are pelargoniums, 5 % are citrus crops and others. Based on the collections studies, adaptive assortments have been developed for the humid subtropics of the Russian Federation, research is continuing for a number of cultures. A special place in the Centre’s research is occupied by the study of the collected species of natural flora, most of which have unique, including decorative, medicinal and other properties. The collections are the basis for conducting breeding research in various areas. Over the past 10 years, 85 cultivars of flower crops have been created (including 36 pelargoniums, 13 fruit crops, 4 hazels and 1 tea plant).
Species of the genus Iris (Iridaceae) have a long history of traditional medicinal use in many places of the world, and they have been previously recognized as rich sources of secondary metabolites, in which flavonoids are found predominantly. During the last decade (1999-2008) over 90 flavonoid constituents have been discovered and characterized, including 38 new compounds, from 15 species of Iris. This review elucidates the structural features of these flavonoid constituents, and gives the details of their source, identification, biological activity and chemotaxonomy significance. At last, a checklist of the flavonoid compounds in Iris by species is given.
Iris genus plants are a valuable source of bioactive compounds, which are an important component for pharmaceutical development. The present article shows the potential of mineral nutrition with applied of magnesium sulfate, iron chelates, and potassium oxide on affecting the phenolic compounds content in Iris hybrida ‘Tsikavynka’, I. hybrida ‘Tambo’, and I. hybridа ‘Widecombe Fire’. The effect of mineral processing was specific to plant organs and varied in the components composition. The Irises rhizomes had an increased total phenolic compounds content after treatment (up to 10% of the total isoflavonoids content, up to 8% of phenolic acids; up to 5% of γ‐pyrones; up to 13% of flavonoids) by UV‐Vis spectroscopy method. A positive effect of nutrition on the biosynthesis and content of individual isoflavonoids (tectoridin, nigricin D‐glucoside, genistin, iristectorigenin B, nigricin, irigenin, irisolidone) and xanthone mangiferin in Irises rhizomes by HPLC has been established. In addition, an increase of chlorogenic acid amount in Irises leaves was noted. The results demonstrate the sensitivity of Iris phenylpropanoid metabolism to mineral nutrition and can be used for predicted medical plant cultivation with increased content of bioactive constituents.
The seasonal rhythm of development of Iris setosa during the growing season of 2016–2018 in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia is analyzed. It was determined that in the pre-winter the cone of growthof the renewal shoot forms vegetative organs-leaves, which corresponds to the second stage of organogenesis. Differentiation of the growth cone of the shoot to generative organs begins in early spring in May during a period of intensivegrowth. Within 14–15 days, the growth cone undergoes intrarenal development from stages III to VIII of organogenesis.IX–XII stages of organogenesis correspond to phenodates from flowering to fruiting. The duration of flowering is 10–25days. Plants undergo a full cycle of seasonal development from regrowth to fruiting, have high cold resistance, resistanceto diseases and pests. In the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia, the adaptive potential of I. setosa is 23–30 points. Itwas found that according to the adaptation criteria, highly promising plants of I. setosa from the Trans-Baikal population.
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