Vol 10 4 4 GJCR

Full text

;kno vkSj dqekjh /GJCR/ 10(4) 2023; 49-58
Global Journal of Current Research 49
Research Paper
loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku ds rgr ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk esa çxfr vkSj pqukSfr;ksa dk v/;;u
M‚ deys'k flag ;kno1 vkSj jhre dqekjh2
1& çksQslj] f'k{kk foHkkx] ekufodh ,oa lkekftd foKku ladk;] lkbZ ukFk fo'ofo|ky;] jk¡ph >kj[k.M
2& 'kks/kdrkZ] f'k{kk foHkkx] ekufodh ,oa lkekftd foKku ladk;] lkbZ ukFk fo'ofo|ky;] jk¡ph >kj[k.M
ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT
ifjp;
Hkkjr esa ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk dk eqík ,sfrgkfld vkSj lkekftd –f"Vdks.k ls ges'kk ,d pqukSrhiw.kZ {ks=
jgk gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa yacs le; rd ySafxd vlekurk us ckfydkvksa dks f'k{kk ds voljksa ls oafpr
j[kkA ikjaifjd lksp] ftlesa yM+fd;ksa dks dsoy ?kjsyw dk;ksaZ vkSj ifjokj rd lhfer j[kus dh vis{kk dh
tkrh Fkh] us ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk dks ,d xkS.k fo"k; cuk fn;kA ,sls esa] ns'k esa ySafxd lekurk vkSj
f'k{kk ds lkoZHkkSfedj.k dh vko';drk dks eglwl fd;k x;kA blh i`"BHkwfe esa] o"kZ 2001 esa Hkkjr
ljdkj }kjk loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku dh 'kq#vkr dh xbZ] ftldk mís'; Fkk lHkh cPpksa] fo'ks"kdj ckfydkvksa
vkSj lkekftd&vkfFkZd :i ls detksj oxksaZ ds cPpksa dks xq.koÙkkiw.kZ çkFkfed f'k{kk çnku djukA
loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku us ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, dbZ fo'ks"k ;kstuk,¡ vkSj dk;ZØe ykxw
fd,A buesa yM+fd;ksa ds fy, Nk=o`fÙk] eq¶r ikBî iqLrdsa] Ldwyksa esa vyx 'kkSpky;ksa dh O;oLFkk] vkSj
yM+fd;ksa ds fy, f'k{kdksa dh mifLFkfr lqfuf'pr djuk tSls dne 'kkfey FksA bu ç;klksa ls ckfydkvksa
ds ukekadu esa mYys[kuh; o`f) ns[kh xbZA mnkgj.k ds fy,] feJk ¼2010½ us vius v/;;u esa ik;k fd
bl vfHk;ku ds ckn ckfydkvksa dk Ldwy esa ukekadu nj 20 çfrlr rd c<+kA gkykafd] ckfydkvksa dh
f'k{kk esa çxfr ds ckotwn] dbZ lkekftd vkSj lajpukRed pqukSfr;k¡ vHkh Hkh cuh gqbZ gSaA cky fookg]
fir`lÙkkRed lksp] Ldwyksa rd igq¡p dh deh] vkSj ckfydkvksa dh lqj{kk ls tqM+s eqís mudh f'k{kk ds ekxZ
esa çeq[k ck/kk,¡ gSaA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ckfydkvksa ds Ldwy NksM+us dh nj vf/kd gS] D;ksafd ogk¡ ekrk&firk
Vol. 10. No. 4. 2023
©Copyright by CRDEEP Journals. All Rights Reserved.
Contents available at:
http://www.crdeepjournal.org
Global Journal of Current Research (ISSN: 2320-2920) CIF: 3.269
A Quarterly Peer Reviewed Journal/ UGC Approved
Corresponding Author:
jhre dqekj
Article history:
Received: 11-11-2023
Revised: 21-11-2023
Accepted: 15-12-2023
Published: 16-12-2023
Key words:
loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku ckfydk
loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku] 2001 esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk 'kq: fd;k x;k] çkFkfed f'k{kk dks
lkoZHkkSfed vkSj lekos'kh cukus ds mís'; ls ,d çeq[k igy gSA bl vfHk;ku us fo'ks"k
:i ls ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk ij /;ku dsafær fd;k gS] tks fd ySafxd vlekurk dks de
djus vkSj l'kfädj.k dh fn'kk esa ,d egRoiw.kZ dne gSA gkykafd] ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk
esa çxfr ds ckotwn] dbZ pqukSfr;k¡ tSls lkekftd :f<+;k¡] vkfFkZd ck/kk,¡] lqj{kk laca/kh
fpark,¡] vkSj f'k{k.k dh xq.koÙkk ls tqM+s eqís vHkh Hkh ekStwn gSaA ;g v/;;u ckfydkvksa
dh f'k{kk esa gqbZ çxfr vkSj bu pqukSfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gSA blesa ;g Hkh ppkZ dh
xbZ gS fd dSls ljdkjh uhfr;k¡] tkx:drk vfHk;ku] vkSj lkeqnkf;d Hkkxhnkjh bu
ck/kkvksa dks nwj djus esa lgk;d gks ldrh gSaA

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Global Journal of Current Research 50
vkfFkZd raxh ds dkj.k yM+fd;ksa dks f'k{kk nsus ds ctk; ?kjsyw dk;ksaZ esa 'kkfey djuk T;knk t:jh
le>rs gSaA 'kekZ ¼2015½ us ;g fu"d"kZ fn;k fd ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk esa ck/kk dk ,d cM+k dkj.k Ldwyksa
esa vk/kkjHkwr lqfo/kkvksa dh deh gS] tSls fd 'kkSpky; vkSj lqjf{kr ifjoguA blds vykok] ljdkjh
;kstukvksa vkSj uhfr;ksa ds çHkkoh fØ;kUo;u esa Hkh dbZ leL;k,¡ gSaA tSls] f'k{kdksa dh deh] tkx:drk
dh deh] vkSj LFkkuh; Lrj ij tkx:drk vfHk;kuksa dk detksj fØ;kUo;uA xqIrk ¼2018½ us vius
v/;;u esa ;g js[kkafdr fd;k fd tkx:drk vkSj lkeqnkf;d Hkkxhnkjh ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk dks c<+kok
nsus esa vR;ar vko';d gSA
bl v/;;u dk mís'; loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku ds varxZr ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk esa gq, ldkjkRed cnykoksa
vkSj blds fØ;kUo;u esa vkus okyh pqukSfr;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk gSA blds ek/;e ls] ckfydkvksa dh
f'k{kk ds {ks= esa çxfr ds mik;ksa vkSj muds l'kfädj.k ds fy, t:jh dneksa dks js[kkafdr fd;k
tk,xkA ;g 'kks/k ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk ds egRo dks le>kus ds lkFk&lkFk muds lkeus vkus okyh
ck/kkvksa vkSj bu ck/kkvksa dks nwj djus ds çHkkoh mik;ksa ij Hkh dsafær gksxkA bl lanHkZ esa] ljdkjh
uhfr;k¡] lkekftd –f"Vdks.k] vkSj lkeqnkf;d Hkkxhnkjh ij xgu v/;;u bl fo"k; dks vkSj vf/kd
Li"Vrk çnku djsxkA
loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku ds egRoiw.kZ rF;
mís';
• çkFkfed f'k{kk dk lkoZHkkSfedj.k: 6 ls 14 o"kZ dh vk;q ds lHkh cPpksa dks eq¶r vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk
çnku djukA
• ySafxd lekurk: ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk dks c<+kok nsukA
• lekos'kh f'k{kk oafpr oxksaZ] tSls vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr] fodykax cPpksa vkSj vkfFkZd :i
ls detksj oxksaZ dks çkFkfed f'k{kk rd igq¡p lqfuf'pr djukA
• xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk cPpksa dks dsoy f'k{kk nsuk gh ugha] cfYd mudh 'kSf{kd xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ykukA
eq[; vk/kkj
• f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e] 2009 loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku] vf/kfu;e ds rgr gj cPps dks f'k{kk dk
dkuwuh vf/kdkj lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
• leqnk; dh Hkkxhnkjh LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa dks Ldwy çca/ku lfefr;ksa ds ek/;e ls ;kstuk vkSj fuxjkuh esa
'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
• foÙkh; lgk;rk: dsaæ vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa dk la;qä foÙkiks"k.kA
• leku volj f'k{kk esa ySafxd vlekurk dks [kRe djus vkSj yM+fd;ksa dks f'k{kk ds fy, çksRlkfgr
djus ij tksjA
eq[; ?kVd
• baÝkLVªDpj fodkl Ldwy Hkou] 'kkSpky;] is;ty lqfo/kk vkSj d{kkvksa dk fuekZ.kA
• f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfä vkSj çf'k{k.k ;ksX; f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfä vkSj muds fy, fujarj çf'k{k.k dk;ZØeA
• feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk cPpksa dks iks"k.k ;qä Hkkstu çnku dj Ldwyksa esa ukekadu vkSj mifLFkfr c<+kukA

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• ckfydk f'k{kk
 efgyk f'k{kd dh fu;qfäA
 ckfydkvksa ds fy, vyx 'kkSpky;A
 fo'ks"k vfHk;ku] tSls efgyk f'k{kk çsj.kk ;kstuk,¡
4- çxfr
• Ldwyksa esa ukekadu nj esa o`f)A
• ckfydk f'k{kk esa lq/kkjA
• oafpr oxksaZ ds cPpksa dks f'k{kk ls tksM+us esa lQyrkA
• Mª‚ivkmV nj esa dehA
5- pqukSfr;k¡
• xzkeh.k vkSj nwjLFk {ks=ksa esa Ldwyksa dh dehA
• cky fookg vkSj lkekftd :f<+;k¡A
• vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk vkSj xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kdksa dh dehA
• tkx:drk dk vHkkoA
6- foÙkh; e‚My
• dsaæ vkSj jkT; ljdkjsa 60 40 ds vuqikr esa foÙkiks"k.k djrh gSaA
• fo'ks"k t:jrksa okys jkT;ksa ¼tSls mÙkj&iwohZ jkT;½ ds fy, dsaæ 90çfrlr foÙkiks"k.k djrk gSA
loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku dh fo'ks"krk,¡
loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku Hkkjr esa çkFkfed f'k{kk dks lkoZHkkSfed cukus vkSj lHkh cPpksa dks xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk
çnku djus dh ,d çeq[k igy gSA bldh fo'ks"krk,¡ bl vfHk;ku ds mís';ksa vkSj fØ;kUo;u dks le>us
esa enn djrh gSaA
1- f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e
• 6 ls 14 o"kZ ds lHkh cPpksa ds fy, eq¶r vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk lqfuf'pr djrk gSA
• ;g vfHk;ku vf/kfu;e] 2009 ds lkFk ,dh—r gS] tks f'k{kk dks dkuwuh vf/kdkj çnku djrk gSA
2- lekos'kh f'k{kk
• oafpr oxksaZ] tSls vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr] fodykax cPpksa vkSj vYila[;d oxksaZ dks f'k{kk
ds nk;js esa ykus dk ç;klA
• ckfydkvksa dh f'k{kk ij fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k x;k gSA
3- lkeqnkf;d Hkkxhnkjh

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• LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa vkSj xzke f'k{kk lfefr;ksa dks Ldwy çca/ku vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k esa 'kkfey
fd;k x;k gSA
• ekrk&firk vkSj LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa dks Ldwy dh fuxjkuh vkSj lq/kkj esa Hkkxhnkj cuk;k x;kA
4- ckfydk f'k{kk
• ckfydkvksa ds fy, vyx 'kkSpky;ksa dh O;oLFkkA
• efgyk f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfäA
• dLrwjck xka/kh ckfydk fo|ky; tSls fo'ks"k dk;ZØeA
5- vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk dk fodkl
• Ldwy Hkouksa dk fuekZ.kA
• d{kkvksa] iqLrdky;ksa] ç;ksx'kkykvksa] 'kkSpky;ksa vkSj is;ty lqfo/kkvksa dh miyC/krk lqfuf'pr dh xbZA
6- feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk
• cPpksa dks iks"k.k ;qä Hkkstu çnku djds Ldwyksa esa mifLFkfr vkSj ukekadu c<+kukA
• ;g ;kstuk ckfydkvksa vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls detksj oxksaZ ds fy, fo'ks"k :i ls çHkkoh jgh gSA
7- f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfä vkSj çf'k{k.k
• f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfä ds fy, ;ksX;rk ekinaM lqfuf'pr djukA
• f'k{kdksa ds fy, fujarj çf'k{k.k vkSj {kerk fuekZ.k dk;ZØeA
8- xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk ij /;ku
• cPpksa dks dsoy f'k{kk nsuk gh ugha] cfYd f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj djukA
• f'k{k.k lkexzh vkSj i)fr;ksa dks vk/kqfud vkSj cPpksa ds vuqdwy cuk;k x;kA
9- fodykax cPpksa ds fy, f'k{kk
• lekos'kh f'k{kk ds rgr fodykax cPpksa ds fy, fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k x;kA
• muds fy, lgk;d midj.k] lalk/ku vkSj fo'ks"k f'k{kdksa dh O;oLFkk dh xbZA
10- foÙkh; lgk;rk
• dsaæ vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa dk lk>k foÙkiks"k.kA
• f'k{kk ds fy, vyx ls ctV dk çko/kkuA
11- yphyk –f"Vdks.k
• {ks=h; vkSj lkaL—frd t:jrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, uhfr;ksa dk fuekZ.kA
• nwjLFk vkSj vkfnoklh {ks=ksa esa oSdfYid f'k{kk i)fr;ksa dk mi;ksxA

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Global Journal of Current Research 53
12- Mª‚ivkmV nj esa deh
• Ldwy NksM+us okys cPpksa dh la[;k dks de djus ds fy, fofHkUu mik;A
• iqu: ços'k ;kstuk,¡ vkSj fo'ks"k çsj.kk dk;ZØeA
loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku ds y{;
loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku dk mís'; 6 ls 14 o"kZ dh vk;q ds lHkh cPpksa dks eq¶r vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk çnku
djuk gSA bl vfHk;ku ds varxZr fuEufyf[kr y{; fu/kkZfjr fd, x, gSa
1- 6&14 vk;q oxZ ds cPpksa dks çkFkfed f'k{kk çnku djuk
• bl vk;q oxZ ds çR;sd cPps dks Ldwy rd igq¡pkukA
• çkFkfed vkSj mPp çkFkfed f'k{kk dks lkoZHkkSfed cukukA
2- 'kr&çfr'kr ukekadu nj çkIr djuk
• lHkh cPpksa dk Ldwyksa esa ukekadu lqfuf'pr djukA
• Ldwy ls ckgj jgus okys cPpksa dks f'k{kk dh eq[;/kkjk esa ykukA
3- Mª‚ivkmV nj dks de djuk
• çkFkfed vkSj mPp çkFkfed Lrj ij Mª‚ivkmV nj dks 'kwU; ds djhc ykukA
• cPpksa dks Ldwy NksM+us ls jksdus ds fy, fofHkUu mik; viukukA
4- ckfydk f'k{kk dks c<+kok nsuk
• ckfydkvksa ds fy, vyx ls 'kkSpky; vkSj efgyk f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfäA
• xzkeh.k vkSj fiNM+s {ks=ksa esa ckfydkvksa ds fy, fo'ks"k çksRlkgu dk;ZØeA
5- ySafxd lekurk çkIr djuk
• yM+fd;ksa vkSj yM+dksa ds chp f'k{kk esa vlekurk dks [kRe djukA
• f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls ySafxd lekurk dks c<+kok nsukA
6- oafpr oxksaZ ds fy, f'k{kk lqfuf'pr djuk
• vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr] vYila[;d vkSj fodykax cPpksa dks çkFkfed f'k{kk çnku djukA
• fo'ks"k ;kstukvksa vkSj lqfo/kkvksa ds ek/;e ls bu oxksaZ ds cPpksa dks çksRlkfgr djukA
7- xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk çnku djuk
• çkFkfed f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkjA
• f'k{k.k lkexzh vkSj i)fr;ksa dks cPpksa ds vuqdwy cukukA
8- f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfä vkSj çf'k{k.k
• i;kZIr la[;k esa ;ksX; f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfäA

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• f'k{kdksa ds fy, fujarj çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe vkSj mudh n{krk esa o`f)A
9- Ldwy vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk dk fodkl
• Ldwy Hkou] d{kk,¡] 'kkSpky;] is;ty] vkSj iqLrdky; dh miyC/krkA
• cPpksa dks lqjf{kr vkSj vuqdwy 'kS{kf.kd okrkoj.k çnku djukA
10- cky Je lekIr djuk
• cky Je esa yxs cPpksa dks f'k{kk dh eq[;/kkjk esa ykukA
• cky Jfedksa ds fy, fo'ks"k çksRlkgu ;kstuk,¡A
11- feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk
• cPpksa dks iks"k.k ;qä Hkkstu çnku djukA
• Ldwyksa esa ukekadu vkSj mifLFkfr nj dks c<+kok nsukA
12- fodykax cPpksa ds fy, f'k{kk
• fodykax cPpksa ds fy, fo'ks"k lqfo/kk,¡ vkSj lgk;d midj.kA
• lekos'kh f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls mUgsa eq[;/kkjk esa 'kkfey djukA
13- lkeqnkf;d Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djuk
• LFkkuh; leqnk;ksa] vfHkHkkodksa] vkSj iapk;rksa dks f'k{kk esa lfØ; :i ls 'kkfey djukA
• Ldwy çca/ku lfefr;ksa ds ek/;e ls fu.kZ; ysus dh çfØ;k esa HkkxhnkjhA
14- xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk dk lkoZHkkSfedj.k
• lHkh cPpksa ds fy, f'k{kk dk leku volj çnku djukA
• xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh {ks=ksa ds chp f'k{kk esa vlekurk dks de djukA
loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku ds çeq[k dk;ZØe
loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku Hkkjr ljdkj dk ,d çeq[k dk;ZØe gS] ftldk mís'; 6 ls 14 o"kZ dh vk;q ds lHkh
cPpksa dks fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z çkFkfed f'k{kk çnku djuk gSA bls 2001 esa 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj
ckn esa bls jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 2020 vkSj lexz f'k{kk vfHk;ku ds varxZr 'kkfey fd;k x;kA
çeq[k dk;ZØe vkSj igy
1- fo|ky; volajpuk fodkl
 u, Ldwyksa dk fuekZ.k
 'kkSpky; vkSj ihus ds ikuh dh lqfo/kk
 iqLrdky; vkSj ç;ksx'kkykvksa dh LFkkiuk

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2- ckfydk f'k{kk dks çksRlkgu
 dLrwjck xka/kh ckfydk fo|ky; ;kstuk
 ckfydk f'k{kk ds fy, fo'ks"k Nk=o`fÙk
 dU;k f'k{kk çksRlkgu dk;ZØe
3- f'k{kdksa dh HkrhZ vkSj çf'k{k.k
 ;ksX; f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfä
 f'k{kdksa ds fy, çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe
 fMftVy yfuaZx vkSj bZ&yfuaZx lkexzh miyC/k djkuk
4- lekos'kh f'k{kk
 fnO;kax cPpksa ds fy, fo'ks"k lgk;rk
 czsy vkSj lkbu ySaXost dh lqfo/kk
 fo'ks"k f'k{kdksa dh fu;qfä
5- feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk
 Nk=ksa ds iks"k.k Lrj dks lq/kkjus ds fy, Hkkstu miyC/k djkuk
 fo|ky; NksM+us dh nj dks de djuk
6- f'k{kk esa uokpkj vkSj VsDuksy‚th dk mi;ksx
 fMftVy Dykl:e vkSj LekVZ Ldwy
 v‚uykbu yfuaZx IysVQ‚eZ dk fodkl
 lwpuk ,oa lapkj rduhd dk mi;ksx
7- fo|ky; NksM+us dh nj esa deh ykuk
 Mª‚ivkmV cPpksa dh iqu% Ldwy esa okilh
 çsj.kk f'kfoj vkSj lej dSai dk vk;kstu
8- fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, Nk=o`fÙk vkSj foÙkh; lgk;rk
 lkekftd&vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+s Nk=ksa ds fy, lgk;rk
 fo'ks"k Nk=o`fÙk ;kstuk,a
uohu igy
• lexz f'k{kk vfHk;ku ds rgr vkSj f'k{kd f'k{kk dk;ZØeksa dk ,dhdj.k
• fMftVy bafM;k ds varxZr bZ&ikB'kkyk vkSj nh{kk iksVZy
• ubZ f'k{kk uhfr ds vuq:i f'k{k.k lq/kkj

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Global Journal of Current Research 56
loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku dh çeq[k miyfC/k;k¡
loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku Hkkjr ljdkj dk ,d çeq[k dk;ZØe gS] ftldk mís'; 6 ls 14 o"kZ dh vk;q ds lHkh
cPpksa dks fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk çnku djuk gSA bls 2001 esa 'kq: fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj 2010 esa bls
f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj vf/kfu;e ds lkFk tksM+k x;kA
çeq[k miyfC/k;k¡
1- çkFkfed f'k{kk dk lkoZHkkSfedj.k
• Hkkjr esa 96% ls vf/kd cPpksa dk çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa ukekadu gqvkA
• 6&14 o"kZ ds vk;q oxZ esa fo|ky; ls ckgj jgus okys cPpksa dh la[;k esa Hkkjh deh vkbZA
• 2018&19 rd çkFkfed f'k{kk dk yxHkx 98 çfrlr ls vf/kd igqapkA
2- fo|ky; volajpuk esa lq/kkj
• ns'kHkj esa 3 yk[k ls vf/kd u, Ldwyksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA
• 18 yk[k ls vf/kd vfrfjä d{kkvksa dk fuekZ.kA
• fo|ky;ksa esa 'kkSpky;] is;ty vkSj iqLrdky; lqfo/kkvksa esa lq/kkjA
• lwpuk vkSj lapkj rduhd vk/kkfjr f'k{kk dks c<+kok fn;k x;kA
3- ckfydk f'k{kk esa o`f)
• dLrwjck xka/kh ckfydk fo|ky; ;kstuk ds rgr 3]500 ls vf/kd fo|ky; LFkkfir fd, x,A
• ckfydk Nk=o`fÙk vkSj vU; çksRlkgu ;kstukvksa ls yM+fd;ksa ds ukekadu esa c<+ksrjh gqbZA
• ckfydkvksa ds fy, vyx 'kkSpky; lqfo/kk,a c<+kbZ xbZa] ftlls Mª‚ivkmV jsV esa deh vkbZA
4- feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk
• yxHkx 12 djksM+ ls vf/kd cPpksa dks fu%'kqYd Hkkstu çnku fd;k x;kA
• blls dqiks"k.k dh leL;k esa lq/kkj gqvk vkSj Ldwy NksM+us dh nj esa deh vkbZA
5- f'k{kd çf'k{k.k vkSj fu;qfä
• yk[kksa f'k{kdksa dh HkrhZ dh xbZ vkSj çf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa esa lq/kkj gqvkA
• fMftVy yfuaZx IysVQkeZ dks c<+kok fn;k x;kA
• çf'kf{kr f'k{kdksa dh la[;k esa o`f) gqbZ] ftlls f'k{k.k xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj gqvkA
6- lekos'kh f'k{kk
• fnO;kax cPpksa ds fy, fo'ks"k f'k{k.k lkexzh vkSj f'k{kd miyC/k djk, x,A
• czsy iqLrdsa] Jo.k ;a= vkSj vU; lgk;d midj.k fn, x,A
7- Ldwy NksM+us dh nj esa deh

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Global Journal of Current Research 57
• 2001 esa Ldwy NksM+us dh nj 40% ls vf/kd Fkh] tks 2018&19 rd ?kVdj 20% ls de gks xbZA
• ljdkj dh fofHkUu ;kstukvksa vkSj lqfo/kkvksa ls cPpksa dks Ldwy esa cuk, j[kus esa lQyrk feyhA
8- ubZ f'k{kk uhfr ¼ 2020½ vkSj lexz f'k{kk vfHk;ku ds rgr lq/kkj
• fMftVy yfuaZx] bZ&ikB'kkyk vkSj v‚uykbu f'k{kk dks c<+kok fn;k x;kA
fu"d"kZ
loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku ds rgr ckfydk f'k{kk esa mYys[kuh; çxfr gqbZ gSA ljdkj }kjk pykbZ xbZ ;kstuk,¡
tSls dLrwjck xka/kh ckfydk fo|ky; ckfydk Nk=o`fÙk ;kstuk,¡] feM&Ms ehy ;kstuk vkSj fo|ky;ksa esa
cqfu;knh lqfo/kkvksa esa lq/kkj us yM+fd;ksa ds ukekadu vkSj mifLFkfr nj dks c<+kus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkbZ gSA
çxfr ds çeq[k fcanq
 ckfydk ukekadu esa o`f) ds rgr çkFkfed vkSj ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa yM+fd;ksa dk ukekadu nj
90çfrlr ls vf/kd gks pqdk gSA
 Mª‚ivkmV nj esa deh: igys tgka ckfydkvksa dh Ldwy NksM+us dh nj vf/kd Fkh] vc ;g dkQh
gn rd de gqbZ gSA
 cqfu;knh lqfo/kkvksa dk lq/kkj: fo|ky;ksa esa 'kkSpky;] LoPN is;ty] Nk=kokl lqfo/kk,¡ vkSj
lqjf{kr okrkoj.k ls ckfydkvksa dh mifLFkfr c<+hA
 ljdkjh lgk;rk ckfydkvksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk] fu%'kqYd fdrkcsa] onhZ vkSj lkbfdy ;kstuk,¡
f'k{kk dks çksRlkfgr djus esa dkjxj lkfcr gqbZaA
pqukSfr;k¡ tks vc Hkh cuh gqbZ gSa
 :f<+oknh lkekftd ekU;rk,¡ dbZ xzkeh.k vkSj fiNM+s bykdksa esa vHkh Hkh yM+fd;ksa dh f'k{kk dks
çkFkfedrk ugha nh tkrhA
 fd'kksjkoLFkk esa Mª‚ivkmV cfPp;ksa dh tYnh 'kknh] ?kjsyw dk;ksaZ dh ftEesnkjh vkSj lqj{kk laca/kh
fparkvksa ds dkj.k dbZ yM+fd;k¡ ek/;fed Lrj ij Ldwy NksM+ nsrh gSaA
 f'k{k.k xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj dh vko';drk: dsoy Ldwy esa ukekadu i;kZIr ugha gS] cfYd
xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk vkSj O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k Hkh vko';d gSA
 fMftVy f'k{kk dh igqap dbZ xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa baVjusV vkSj fMftVy lalk/kuksa dh deh ds dkj.k
yM+fd;k¡ v‚uykbu f'k{kk ls oafpr jg tkrh gSaA
lekfIr
gkykafd loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku us ckfydk f'k{kk dks c<+kok nsus esa cM+h lQyrk çkIr dh gS] ysfdu vHkh Hkh
dbZ pqukSfr;k¡ cuh gqbZ gSaA lkekftd lksp esa cnyko] ek/;fed f'k{kk rd igq¡p lqfuf'pr djuk] vkSj
fMftVy f'k{kk dks c<+kok nsuk vkxs dh jkg dks lqxe cuk ldrs gSaA ljdkj vkSj lekt dks feydj ;g
lqfuf'pr djuk gksxk fd gj ckfydk dks leku vkSj xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk feys rkfd og vkRefuHkZj vkSj
l'kä cu ldsA

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Global Journal of Current Research 58
lUnHkZ xzfUFk lwfp
iqLrdsa ,oa 'kks/k i=
vxzoky] ,l- ¼2018½- loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku vkSj ckfydk f'k{kk: ,d fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;uA ubZ fnYyh
us'kuy ifCyf'kax gkmlA
'kekZ] ih- ¼2020½- Hkkjr esa loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku dk çHkko: ,d rqyukRed v/;;uA okjk.klh dk'kh
fo|kihB çdk'kuA
flag] vkj- ¼2017½- xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa ckfydk f'k{kk dh fLFkfr vkSj uhfrxr lq/kkjA t;iqj jktLFkku
fo'ofo|ky;A
f=ikBh] ds- ¼2019½- ckfydk f'k{kk esa loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku dh HkwfedkA ubZ fnYyh f'k{kk Hkkjrh ifCyds'kuA
'kks/k ys[k ,oa fjiksVZ~l
ea=ky; ekuo lalk/ku fodkl] Hkkjr ljdkj ¼2021½- loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku: okf"kZd fjiksVZA ubZ fnYyh
Hkkjr ljdkjA
;wfulsQ bafM;k ¼2020½- ckfydk f'k{kk pqukSfr;k¡ vkSj lek/kkuA ;wfulsQ ifCyds'kuA
jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn ¼2018½- Hkkjrh; f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku dk
;ksxnkuA ubZ fnYyhA
fo'o cSad ¼2019½- Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk vkfFkZd çHkko ,d fo'ys"k.kA okf'kaxVu] Mh-lh- fo'o cSad çdk'kuA
v‚uykbu lzksr
jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 2020 vkSj loZ f'k{kk vfHk;kuA f'k{kk ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkjA
ckfydk f'k{kk vkSj ljdkjh ;kstuk,¡A ;kstuk vk;ksx] Hkkjr ljdkjA