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Search for a light charged Higgs boson in $t \rightarrow H^{\pm } b$ decays, with $H^{\pm } \rightarrow cs$ , in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}={13}\hbox { TeV}$ with the ATLAS detector

February 2025
The European Physical Journal C 85(2)

DOI:10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13715-4

License
CC BY 4.0

Authors:

Erlend Aakvaag

University of Bergen

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A search for a light charged Higgs boson produced in decays of the top quark,

t \rightarrow H^{\pm } b

t → H ± b with

H^{\pm } \rightarrow cs

H ± → c s , is presented. This search targets the production of top-quark pairs

t\bar{t} \rightarrow Wb H^{\pm } b

t t ¯ → W b H ± b , with

W \rightarrow \ell \nu

W → ℓ ν (

\ell = e, \mu

ℓ = e , μ ), resulting in a lepton-plus-jets final state characterised by an isolated electron or muon and at least four jets. The search exploits b -quark and c -quark identification techniques as well as multivariate methods to suppress the dominant

t\bar{t}

t t ¯ background. The data analysed correspond to

140\hbox { fb}^{-1}

140 fb - 1 of pp pp collisions at

\sqrt{s} = 13\hbox { TeV}

s = 13 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC between 2015 and 2018. Observed (expected) 95% confidence-level upper limits on the branching fraction

\mathscr {B}(t\rightarrow H^{\pm } b)

B ( t → H ± b ) , assuming

\mathscr {B}(t\rightarrow Wb) + \mathscr {B}(t \rightarrow H^{\pm } (\rightarrow cs)b)=1.0

B ( t → W b ) + B ( t → H ± ( → c s ) b ) = 1.0 , are set between 0.066% (0.077%) and 3.6% (2.3%) for a charged Higgs boson with a mass between 60 and 168 GeV.

Available via license: CC BY 4.0

Content may be subject to copyright.

Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85:153

https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13715-4

Regular Article - Experimental Physics

Search for a light charged Higgs boson in t→H±bdecays, with

H±→cs,in pp collisions at √s=13 TeV with the ATLAS

detector

ATLAS Collaboration

CERN,1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland

Received: 16 July 2024 / Accepted: 17 December 2024

Abstract A search for a light charged Higgs boson pro-

duced in decays of the top quark, t→H±bwith H±→cs,

is presented. This search targets the production of top-quark

pairs t¯

t→WbH±b, with W→ν (=e,μ), result-

ing in a lepton-plus-jets ﬁnal state characterised by an iso-

lated electron or muon and at least four jets. The search

exploits b-quark and c-quark identiﬁcation techniques as well

as multivariate methods to suppress the dominant t¯

tback-

ground. The data analysed correspond to 140 fb−1of pp

collisions at √s=13 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detec-

tor at the LHC between 2015 and 2018. Observed (expected)

95% conﬁdence-level upper limits on the branching fraction

B(t→H±b), assuming B(t→Wb)+B(t→H±(→

cs)b)=1.0, are set between 0.066% (0.077%) and 3.6%

(2.3%) for a charged Higgs boson with a mass between 60

and 168 GeV.

Contents

1 Introduction ......................

2 ATLAS detector ....................

3 Data and simulated event samples ...........

4 Object deﬁnition and event selection .........

5 Background modelling .................

6 Analysis strategy ....................

6.1 t¯

t-system reconstruction .............

6.2 Multivariate signal extraction ...........

7 Systematic uncertainties ................

8 Statistical interpretation ................

9 Results .........................

10 Conclusions ......................

References .........................

e-mail: atlas.publications@cern.ch

1 Introduction

The discovery of the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Col-

lider (LHC) in 2012 was a great achievement of the ATLAS

and CMS Collaborations [1,2], and has led to numerous mea-

surements to determine its properties [3,4]. One of the main

goals of these studies is to establish if the discovered Higgs

boson is the single fundamental scalar particle of the Stan-

dard Model (SM) or rather the ﬁrst observed particle of an

extended scalar sector.

Extensions to the scalar sector are motivated by the solu-

tions they provide to several open questions in particle

physics. An extended scalar sector can modify the elec-

troweak phase transition and facilitate baryogenesis [5],

enhance vacuum stability, provide a dark-matter candi-

date [6,7] or yield a solution to the strong CP problem [8].

Many physics models beyond the SM (BSM) require an

extended scalar sector. For example, in the minimal super-

symmetric extension of the SM the existence of two Higgs

doublets is required [9]. In models with a Type-II seesaw

mechanism, Higgs triplets [10–14] are required.

Two-Higgs-doublet models (2HDMs) [15,16] are popu-

lar and simple extensions of the scalar sector and predict

the existence of two charged Higgs bosons, H+and H−,

and two neutral Higgs bosons in addition to the discovered

neutral one. The various 2HDMs are categorised into types

deﬁned by the Yukawa couplings of the fermions to the Higgs

doublets. The production mechanisms and decay modes of

charged Higgs bosons depend on the Yukawa couplings and

other model parameters, especially the ratio of the two Higgs-

doublet vacuum expectation values (tan β) and the charged

Higgs boson’s mass (mH±). Many phenomenology studies

advocate searching for a light charged Higgs bosons (below

the top-quark mass) in the decays to a charm quark and a

strange quark, H±→cs,1to a charm quark and a bot-

1Unless explicitly stated otherwise, charge conjugation is implied in

this paper; the notation cs is used in place of c¯s/¯cs.

0123456789().: V,-vol 123

153 Page 2 of 34 Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85:153

tom quark, H±→cb, and to a τ-lepton and a τ-neutrino,

H±→τν

τ[6,15]. The branching fraction for H±→cb

is typically smaller than for H±→cs, due to the differ-

ent values of the CKM matrix elements, Vcs Vcb.Inthe

Type-I 2HDM, only the τν

τand cs decay modes are relevant.

In Type-II and Type-X (or “lepton-speciﬁc”) models the cs

channel is dominant for values of tan β<1. In Type-Y (or

“ﬂipped”) models the cs and cb channels are important for

tan β>5[6]. For a 2HDM model where one doublet cou-

ples mainly to the third generation, while the other doublet

couples mainly to the ﬁrst and second generations, the cs

and cb channels are dominant [17]. This is also the case for

leptophobic multiple-Higgs-doublet models [6].

Searches for H±→cs in top-quark decays have been

performed by the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations, based

on 4.7fb

−1and 35.9fb

−1of proton–proton (pp) collision

data collected at centre-of-mass energies of √s=7TeV

and √s=13 TeV, respectively. The search performed by the

ATLAS Collaboration obtained 95% conﬁdence level (CL)

observed (expected) upper limits on the branching fraction

B(t→H±b)ranging from 1.2% (1.5%) to 5.1% (8%),

assuming B(H±→cs)=1.0, for mH±between 90 and

150 GeV [18]. The search performed by the CMS Collab-

oration obtained 95% CL observed (expected) upper limits

on B(t→H±b)ranging from 0.25% (0.29%) to 1.68%

(2.39%), assuming B(H±→cs)=1.0, for mH±between

80 and 160 GeV [19]. Related searches for H±→cb in

top-quark decays were performed by the ATLAS and CMS

Collaborations using 139 fb−1and 19.7fb

−1of pp collision

data collected at √s=13 TeV [20] and 8 TeV [21], respec-

tively. The most stringent observed limits on B(t→H±b)×

B(H±→cb)are set by ATLAS and range from 0.15 to

0.42% for mH±between 60 GeV and 160 GeV. In that analy-

sis a moderate excess of signal events is observed in the vicin-

ity of 130 GeV, with a global signiﬁcance of 2.5σ. Searches

for H±→τνin 36.1fb

−1of pp collision data recorded with

the ATLAS and CMS detectors at √s=13 TeV were carried

out over a wide mass range, from 90 to 2000 GeV [22]orfrom

80 to 3000 GeV [23] respectively, covering the masses of light

and heavy charged Higgs bosons. The ATLAS (CMS) Col-

laboration set observed upper limits on the branching frac-

tion B(t→H±b)×B(H±→τν) ranging from 0.25 to

0.031% (0.36–0.079%) in the mass range between 90 GeV

(80 GeV) and 160 GeV. In the absence of other new physics,

measurements of the process b→sγexclude in Type-II

and Type-Y models a charged Higgs boson with mass below

580 GeV independent of tan β[24].

This analysis searches for a charged Higgs boson with

a mass below the top-quark mass. In this regime the main

production mode for charged Higgs bosons is via t¯

tevents,

with the charged Higgs boson emerging from rare top-

quark decays: t→H±b. This analysis focuses on the

t¯

t→WbH±bprocess, with W→ν (=e,μ) and

Fig. 1 Illustrative Feynman diagram of the signal process

H±→cs, resulting in a lepton-plus-jets ﬁnal state (see

Fig. 1). Only events with an electron or muon, including

those produced via leptonically decaying τ-leptons, denoted

by τlep, are considered.

This paper is based on 140 fb−1of pp collision data at

√s=13 TeV. In contrast to previous H±→cs searches,

multivariate analysis techniques are deployed here to search

for a potential signal in the data. This approach exploits both

the kinematic properties of signal events, including the H±

candidate mass, and their ﬂavour composition, which differs

from that of the mostly SM t¯

tbackground events. The kine-

matics of the top-quark decays are derived by reconstructing

the t¯

tevent topology. Flavour-tagging algorithms are utilised

to tag jets as b-jets, c-jets or light-ﬂavour jets. A dedicated

ﬂavour-tagging scheme which facilitates simultaneous tag-

ging of b-jets and c-jets is adopted.

2 ATLAS detector

The ATLAS detector [25] at the LHC covers nearly the entire

solid angle around the collision point.2It consists of an

inner tracking detector surrounded by a thin superconducting

solenoid, electromagnetic (ECAL) and hadronic calorime-

2ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the

nominal interaction point (IP) in the centre of the detector and the z-

axis along the beam pipe. The x-axis points from the IP to the cen-

tre of the LHC ring, and the y-axis points upwards. Polar coordi-

nates (r,φ) are used in the transverse plane, φbeing the azimuthal

angle around the z-axis. The pseudorapidity is deﬁned in terms of

the polar angle θas η=−ln tan(θ/2)and is equal to the rapidity

y=(1/2)ln (E+pz)/(E−pz)in the relativistic limit. Angular

distance is measured in units of R≡(y)2+(φ)2.

123

Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85:153 Page 3 of 34 153

ters, and a muon spectrometer (MS) incorporating three large

superconducting air-core toroidal magnets.

The inner-detector system (ID) is immersed in a 2 T axial

magnetic ﬁeld and provides charged-particle tracking in the

range |η|<2.5. The high-granularity silicon pixel detector

covers the vertex region and typically provides four measure-

ments per track, the ﬁrst hit generally being in the insertable

B-layer (IBL) installed before Run 2 [26,27]. It is followed

by the SemiConductor Tracker (SCT), which usually pro-

vides eight measurements per track. These silicon detectors

are complemented by the transition radiation tracker (TRT),

which enables radially extended track reconstruction up to

|η|=2.0. The TRT also provides electron identiﬁcation

information based on the fraction of hits (typically 30 in

total) above a higher energy-deposit threshold correspond-

ing to transition radiation.

The calorimeter system covers the pseudorapidity range

|η|<4.9. Within the region |η|<3.2, electromag-

netic calorimetry is provided by barrel and endcap high-

granularity lead/liquid-argon (LAr) calorimeters, with an

additional thin LAr presampler covering |η|<1.8 to cor-

rect for energy loss in material upstream of the calorimeters.

Hadronic calorimetry is provided by the steel/scintillator-

tile calorimeter, segmented into three barrel structures within

|η|<1.7, and two copper/LAr hadronic endcap calorime-

ters. The solid angle coverage is completed with forward cop-

per/LAr and tungsten/LAr calorimeter modules optimised for

electromagnetic and hadronic energy measurements respec-

tively.

The MS comprises separate trigger and high-precision

tracking chambers measuring the deﬂection of muons in a

magnetic ﬁeld generated by the superconducting air-core

toroidal magnets. The ﬁeld integral of the toroids ranges

between 2.0 and 6.0 T m across most of the spectrometer.

Three layers of precision chambers, each consisting of layers

of monitored drift tubes, cover the region |η|<2.7, com-

plemented by cathode-strip chambers in the forward region,

where the background is highest. The muon trigger system

covers the range |η|<2.4 with resistive-plate chambers in

the barrel, and thin-gap chambers in the endcap regions.

The luminosity is measured mainly by the LUCID-2 [28]

detector that records Cherenkov light produced in the quartz

windows of photomultipliers located close to the beam pipe.

Events are selected by the ﬁrst-level trigger system imple-

mented in custom hardware, followed by selections made by

algorithms implemented in software in the high-level trig-

ger [29]. The ﬁrst-level trigger accepts events from the 40

MHz bunch crossings at a rate below 100 kHz, which the

high-level trigger further reduces in order to record complete

events to disk at about 1 kHz.

A software suite [30] is used in data simulation, in the

reconstruction and analysis of real and simulated data, in

detector operations, and in the trigger and data acquisition

systems of the experiment.

3 Data and simulated event samples

This search is based on data collected from pp collisions

at the ATLAS experiment during LHC Run 2 at a centre-

of-mass energy of √s=13 TeV. After applying quality

requirements, the dataset corresponds to an integrated lumi-

nosity of 140.1±1.2fb

−1[28,31]. Signal and background

processes, except multijet processes, were simulated using

Monte Carlo (MC) event generators.

The main background in this search is SM t¯

tpro-

duction. The production of t¯

tand single-top-quark events

in the tW-, s- and t-channels was modelled with the

Powheg Box v2 [32–35] generator at next-to-leading order

(NLO), using the ﬁve-ﬂavour scheme (four-ﬂavour scheme

for single-top-quark t-channel events) with the NNPDF

[3.0nlo] [36] parton distribution function (PDF) set and the

hdamp parameter3set to 1.5mtop [37]. The events were inter-

faced to Pythia 8.230 [38] to model the parton shower

(PS), hadronisation, and underlying event. For all sam-

ples in this search, Pythia 8usedtheNNPDF2.3lo set

of PDFs [39], and its parameter values were set to those

of the A14 tune [40]. The decays of bottom and charm

hadrons were performed by EvtGen 1.6.0 [41]. To assess

the uncertainty in the matching of NLO matrix elements

(ME) to the PS, the nominal samples were compared with

samples of t¯

tand single-top-quark events generated with

MadGraph5_aMC@NLO 2.6.0 and 2.6.2 [42] respectively,

using the NNPDF3.0nlo set of PDFs, and interfaced with

Pythia 8.230. The impact of using a different PS and

hadronisation model was evaluated by comparing the nom-

inal samples with alternative samples produced with the

Powheg Box v2 generator using the NNPDF3.0nlo PDF

set and interfaced with Herwig [43,44]. Herwig 7.13 and

Herwig 7.16 were used for t¯

tand single-top-quark events,

respectively, and both used the Herwig 7.1 default set

of tuned parameters [44,45] and the MMHT2014lo PDF

set [46]. The t¯

t–tW interference was handled using the dia-

gram removal scheme [47]. The uncertainty associated with

this choice is estimated by comparing the nominal sample

with an alternative sample generated using the diagram sub-

traction scheme [37,47]. The t¯

tproduction cross-section

is calculated at next-to-next-to-leading-order and next-to-

next-to-leading-logarithm (NNLO+NNLL) accuracy [48].

The cross-sections for the three single-top-quark production

3The hdamp parameter is a resummation damping factor and one of the

parameters that controls the matching of Powheg matrix elements to

the parton shower and thus effectively regulates the high-pTradiation

against which the t¯

tsystem recoils.

123

153 Page 4 of 34 Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85:153

channels are calculated at NLO [49–51]. Simulated t¯

tevents

are categorised according to the ﬂavour of additional jets in

the event, using the procedure described in Ref. [52]. Events

with at least one additional b-ﬂavour or c-ﬂavour jet are

labelled as t¯

t+HF (where HF stands for “heavy-ﬂavour”).

The remaining events are labelled as t¯

t+LF (where LF

stands for “light-ﬂavour”). This category is split into t¯

t(ud)

and t¯

t(cs)subcategories according to the decay of the W

bosons. If at least one Wboson decays as W→cs the event

falls into the t¯

t(cs)category, otherwise it falls into the t¯

t(ud)

category. This categorisation is motivated by the fact that the

ﬁnal state is identical for t¯

t(cs)and signal events.

The rare top-quark processes considered in this analy-

sis are t¯

tH,t¯

tW,t¯

tZ,t¯

tt¯

t,t¯

tt,tHjb,tWH,tWZ and

tZq.Thet¯

tH events were modelled with the same gen-

erators and versions as the exclusive t¯

tevents. The t¯

tW,

t¯

tZ,tWZ and t¯

tt¯

tprocesses were modelled using Mad-

Graph5_aMC@NLO 2.3.3, the t¯

tt process using Mad-

Graph5_aMC@NLO 2.2.2, and the tHjb and tWH pro-

cesses using MadGraph5_aMC@NLO 2.6.2, in all cases

at NLO with the NNPDF3.0nlo PDF (NNPDF3.1nlo for

the t¯

tt¯

tprocess). The t¯

tt and tZq processes were modelled

with MadGraph 2.2.2 at LO with the NNPDF2.3nlo PDF.

The events were then interfaced with Pythia 8.186–8.235

and the decays of bottom and charm hadrons were simu-

lated using the EvtGen 1.2.0–1.6.0 program. The t¯

tH,t¯

and t¯

tZ samples were normalised using cross-sections cal-

culated at NLO QCD and NLO EW accuracy using Mad-

Graph5_aMC@NLO as reported in Ref. [53].

The production of a Wor Z/γ ∗boson in association

with jets (V+jets) and of dibosons (VV) was modelled

with the Sherpa 2.2.11 [54] and Sherpa 2.2.1 generators,

respectively, for both the ME and PS. The only exception

is the VV →ννν process, which was modelled with

Sherpa 2.2.2. The NLO ME for up to two partons (one

parton) and leading-order ME for up to ﬁve (three) partons

were calculated with the Comix [55] and OpenLoops [56–

58] libraries for V+jets (VV) events. They were matched

with the Sherpa PS [59]usingtheMEPS@NLO prescrip-

tion [60–63] and the set of tuned parameters developed by

the Sherpa authors. The NNPDF3.0nnlo set of PDFs was

used.

Signal events were modelled by ﬁrst generating top-

quark pairs, similar to the SM t¯

tbackground, using the

Powheg Box v2 generator at NLO with the NNPDF3.0nlo

PDF set and the hdamp parameter set to 1.5mtop. The decays

t→H±band t→W±bwere modelled by MadSpin [64]

using the Type-II 2HDM [15,65] for BSM decays. Sub-

sequent decays of the H±and W±bosons, as well as

the showering of the ﬁnal-state hadrons, were modelled by

Pythia 8.307. The W±were forced to decay leptonically,

with all three lepton ﬂavours allowed. The H±were forced to

decay into a cs-quark pair. The decays of bottom and charm

hadrons were performed by EvtGen 1.7.0. Signal samples

were generated with zero decay width for twelve charged-

Higgs-boson mass points: eleven in steps of 10 GeV from 60

GeV to 160 GeV, and one at 168 GeV. The signal samples

are denoted by H±

x, where xis the mass of the charged Higgs

boson in GeV. If the mass difference between the H±and

Wbosons is smaller than one of their total widths, the inter-

ference term might be of the order of a few percent of the

H±contribution. The size and the sign of the interference

term depend on the model [66]. For larger mass differences,

the interference term can be omitted with high accuracy. The

interference term is neglected in this analysis for all mass

points. Production of charged Higgs bosons via single-top-

quark processes is neglected in this analysis because such

events usually do not contain a prompt lepton and are there-

fore suppressed by the event selection (cf. Sect. 4), and also

because the production cross-section is much smaller than

for t¯

tprocesses.

The effect of multiple interactions in the same and

neighbouring bunch crossings (pile-up) was modelled by

overlaying the simulated hard-scattering event with inelas-

tic pp events generated with Pythia 8.186 [67]usingthe

NNPDF2.3lo PDF set and the A3 set of tuned parame-

ters [68]. Events in the nominal background samples were

passed through the full ATLAS detector simulation [69]

based on Geant4 [70]. Signal, t¯

tt¯

t,tH and alternative sam-

ples were passed through a fast simulation in which the

response of the calorimeter is parameterised [71]. Both sim-

ulation methods were found to provide a similar level of

modelling accuracy for the physics objects used in the anal-

ysis. A full list of samples used in this search is summarised

in Table 1.

4 Object deﬁnition and event selection

Tracks are required to have transverse momentum (pT)

greater than 500 MeV, |η|<2.5, and at least seven hits

in the pixel and SCT detectors. A maximum of one (two)

of the expected hits may be missing from the pixel (SCT)

detector, and no more than one hit may be shared with other

tracks [72]. Events are required to have at least one primary

vertex reconstructed from two or more associated tracks [73].

If multiple vertices are found, the one with the highest scalar

sum of the p2

Tof associated tracks is selected as the primary

vertex.

Electrons are reconstructed from topological energy clus-

ters in the ECAL that are matched to tracks in the ID [74].

Electrons are required to have pT>10 GeV and |η|<

2.47, excluding the barrel–endcap transition region 1.37 <

|η|<1.52. They must pass track-quality requirements fol-

lowed by a loose likelihood-based selection that requires

the shower proﬁle to be compatible with that of the electro-

123

Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85:153 Page 5 of 34 153

Tabl e 1 Generators used to simulate the signal and background pro-

cesses. The symbol qis used for u,d,c,squarks. For the signal pro-

cesses the subscript “x” is a placeholder for the mass of the charged

Higgs boson in GeV. For the “Other top” and VV processes, only the

range of used generator versions is quoted. The exact generator version

used for each process is described in Sect. 3

Name Process ME generator PS and hadronisation

Signal

H±

xt¯

t→H±(→cs)W∓(→ν)b¯

bPowheg Box v2 MadSpin +Pythia 8.307 +

EvtGen 1.7.0

Top-quark

t¯

t(ud)t¯

t→W±(→ν)W∓(→ud)b¯

bPowheg Box v2 Pythia 8.230 + EvtGen 1.6.0

t¯

t(cs)t¯

t→W±(→ν)W∓(→cs)b¯

t¯

t+HF t¯

t→W±(→ν)W∓(→

q¯q)b¯

b+≥1c/b

t¯

t(allHad)t¯

t→W±(→q¯q)W∓(→q¯q)

tW tW

Single top single t-quark s-&t-channel

t¯

tH t¯

Other top t¯

tW,t¯

tZ,t¯

tt¯

t,tHjb,tW H,tWZ,MadGraph5_aMC@NLO 2.3.3–

2.6.2

Pythia 8.186–8.230 +

EvtGen 1.2.0–1.6.0

t¯

tt,tZq MadGraph2.2.2–2.3.3

Weak-boson

W+jets W+jets Sherpa 2.2.11 Sherpa 2.2.11

Z+jets Z+jets

VV WW,WZ,ZZ Sherpa 2.2.1–2.2.2 Sherpa 2.2.1– 2.2.2

magnetic shower. Electrons are required to have transverse

(d0) and longitudinal (z0) impact parameters, measured rel-

ative to the beam-line and primary vertex respectively, sat-

isfying |d0|/σ (d0)<5 and |z0sin θ|<0.5 mm. Isolation

requirements are applied via a boosted decision tree (BDT)

which was trained on track-isolation, cluster-isolation, and

secondary-vertex information, referred to as “non-prompt-

lepton BDT” [75,76]. The electron energy scale and reso-

lution calibrations are obtained from Z→ee events and

applied to data and simulations, respectively [74].

Muon candidates are reconstructed by matching MS tracks

to ID tracks. In the absence of full tracks in the MS, muons can

be reconstructed from ID tracks extrapolated to the MS which

match at least three loosely aligned MS hits. The information

from the ID and the MS, and the energy loss in the calorime-

ters, are then used in a combined track ﬁt [77]. Muons have

to satisfy pT>10 GeV and |η|<2.5, and pass quality

requirements based on the number of hits used to reconstruct

the tracks. Muons are also required to satisfy |d0|/σ (d0)<3

and |z0sin θ|<0.5 mm. Lastly, isolation requirements are

also made based on the non-prompt-lepton BDT.

Jets are reconstructed with the anti-ktjet clustering algo-

rithm [78,79] with a radius parameter R=0.4. The clus-

tering is applied to noise-suppressed positive-energy topo-

logical energy clusters [80,81] and charged-particle tracks,

processed using a particle-ﬂow algorithm [82]. Jet ener-

gies are corrected for contributions from pile-up, calibrated

using energy- and η-dependent correction factors determined

from comparisons between particle-level objects and recon-

structed physics objects in simulated events, and then correc-

tions are applied to account for effects due to the initiating-

parton type and hadron composition [83]. In data, a residual

in situ correction is applied in order to correct for differences

relative to simulation. Jets in the analysis are required to have

pT>25 GeV and |η|<2.5. Jets with pT<60 GeV and

|η|<2.4 also have to pass a jet-vertex-tagger [84] require-

ment to reduce the number of selected jets which originate

from pile-up.

Jets containing b-orc-hadrons are identiﬁed with the

DL1r tagger [85], which is a multivariate classiﬁcation algo-

rithm based on a deep neural network using information

about the impact parameters of tracks, the jet kinematics,

and displaced vertices. The b- and c-tagging scores are based

on log-likelihood ratios of the neural-network output scores.

To assign jets to top quarks or to H±boson candidates,

one needs to identify b- and c-quark-initiated jets simultane-

ously and distinguish them from the light-ﬂavour jets. Cor-

rection factors are applied to the simulated events to com-

pensate for differences between data and simulation in the

b- and c-tagging efﬁciencies or misidentiﬁcation rates for b-

jets, c-jets and light-ﬂavour jets [86–88]. This search uses a

pseudo-continuous ﬂavour-tagging (PCFT) calibration with

ﬁve exclusive calibrated bins. Jets passing a ﬁxed b-tagging

working point (WP) deﬁned by b-jet efﬁciencies, measured

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153 Page 6 of 34 Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85:153

in t¯

tevents, of 70% and 60% have PCFT scores of 3 and 4,

respectively. These two b-tagging WPs have background tag-

ging efﬁciencies for c-jets (light-jets) of 7.9% (0.18%) and

2.7% (0.05%), respectively [89]. Other jets (b-veto) receive

a PCFT score of 1 or 2 if they pass a ﬁxed c-tagging score

deﬁned by a c-jet efﬁciency of 45% or 24%, respectively.

These two c-tagging WPs have background tagging efﬁcien-

cies for b-jets (light-jets) of 16.3% (7.4%) and 4.8% (0.9%),

respectively [89]. Jets passing none of the b- and c-tagging

WPs (untagged) are assigned a PCFT score of 0. Any jet

passing the loosest calibrated b(c)-tagging WP is referred to

as a b(c)-tagged jet.

The missing transverse momentum (pmiss

T) is deﬁned as

the negative vector sum of the transverse momenta of all

reconstructed and calibrated leptons and jets, and all tracks

matched to the primary vertex but not to other reconstructed

objects in the event [90]. The absolute value of pmiss

Tis

denoted by Emiss

An overlap-removal procedure is applied to resolve ambi-

guities where multiple physical objects are reconstructed

from the same detector signature. The angular distance R

is used to measure the overlap of two reconstructed objects.

The following procedure is applied in order:

1. any calorimeter-tagged muon [77] sharing a track with an

electron is removed;

2. any electron sharing a track with a muon is removed;

3. any jet within R=0.2 of an electron is removed;

4. any electron within R=0.4 of a jet is removed;

5. any jet with less than 3 tracks that is within R=0.2of

a muon is removed;

6. any jet with less than 3 tracks that has a muon ID track

ghost-associated [78,91] with it is removed;

7. any muon within R=0.4 of a jet is removed.

Events were recorded with a single-electron or single-

muon trigger with a threshold requirement imposed on the

lepton pT. For the data-taking periods 2015 and 2016–2018,

the lowest electron pTthreshold was 24 GeV or 26 GeV

respectively, and similarly the lowest muon-pTthreshold

was 20 GeV or 26 GeV. The trigger includes lepton iden-

tiﬁcation and isolation requirements based on ID or ECAL

measurements [92–94]. Furthermore, events are required to

have exactly one ofﬂine reconstructed lepton with pT>

27 GeV that meets the “medium” identiﬁcation and isola-

tion criteria [74,77]. Events with an additional lepton with

pT>10 GeV that satisﬁes the medium identiﬁcation criteria

are vetoed to reduce dileptonic t¯

tand Z+ jets backgrounds.

The ofﬂine reconstructed lepton is required to be geometri-

cally matched (R<0.1) to the online reconstructed lepton

which ﬁred the trigger. At least four jets with pT>25 GeV

have to be present, and at least one is required to be b-

tagged. Finally, events in the signal region are required to

have exactly one “tight” identiﬁed and isolated lepton and at

least two b-tagged jets [74,77]. The t¯

tbackground contribu-

tion in the signal region is about 92%.

5 Background modelling

The main background in this search is t¯

tproduction in asso-

ciation with jets. As in many other analyses targeting a kine-

matic phase space similar to the signal region of this search,

differences between MC-based background predictions and

data are observed in multiple kinematic quantities [20,95].

This disagreement can be attributed to missing higher-order

QCD and electroweak corrections in t¯

tMC simulation lead-

ing to harder top-quark pTspectra in simulation than in

data [96]. A data-driven correction is derived to improve the

modelling of the t¯

tbackground and signal, particularly of

pT-dependent variables.

The correction is derived as a function of ST.TheSTvari-

able is deﬁned as the sum of the scalar transverse momenta

of all calibrated objects in the event, i.e. jets, leptons and

Emiss

T, and is therefore related to the transverse momenta of

individual top quarks. The corrections are derived in bins of

the number of jets in the event (Njets =4,5,6,7,8,≥9), as

this quantity also shows discrepancies between MC events

and data and is correlated with ST. The correction is derived

in the signal region, since the t¯

tcontribution is around 92%

in that region, and is applied to signal events as well as t¯

events because the mismodelling is expected to affect the

signal MC prediction in the same way. It was checked that

the STdistribution in bins of Njets is similar for t¯

tand signal

events. A possible signal contribution in data will therefore

not change the correction weights and the correction will not

bias the signal extraction.

The t¯

tcorrection weights are deﬁned as the ratio of data

templates (with non-t¯

tbackgrounds subtracted) to MC t¯

templates. In order to mitigate the effects of statistical ﬂuctu-

ations in the data and simulation samples, a linear + exponen-

tial function is ﬁtted to the derived t¯

tcorrection weights. The

ﬁt is performed separately for even and odd event numbers to

avoid overﬁtting. The weights from the ﬁt to even-numbered

events are applied to odd-numbered events and vice versa.

Figure 2shows the STand lepton-pTdistributions after

applying the t¯

tcorrection. The red dashed line represents

the total background prediction before applying the correc-

tion. Agreement between the data and MC prediction clearly

improves for STand other related distributions, especially at

high values. The STand lepton-pTdistributions of the alter-

native t¯

tMC samples differ signiﬁcantly from those of the

nominal t¯

tsample. Hence, alternative t¯

tcorrection weights

are derived and applied to these events.

Multijet (MJ) processes can contribute to the background

when jets are misidentiﬁed as leptons or when real non-

123

Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85:153 Page 7 of 34 153

Fig. 2 Distribution of aSTand blepton pTafter applying the t¯

tcorrec-

tion. The processes t¯

t(allHad),tW, Single top, t¯

tH, Other top, W+jets,

Z+ jets, and VV listed in Table 1are combined with the multijet back-

ground in the “Other” category. The uncertainty band represents the

combined statistical and systematic uncertainty of the prediction. The

red dashed line represents the total background prediction before apply-

ing the correction

prompt leptons are produced in the decays of heavy-ﬂavour

hadrons. A data-driven method commonly called the ABCD

method (see e.g. Ref. [97]) is used to estimate the MJ back-

ground in the signal region. The lepton isolation requirement

and the number of b-tagged jets are used to deﬁne the four

ABCD regions. The shape of the MJ background is esti-

mated from a region with a looser lepton-isolation require-

ment. The normalisation is derived from events with exactly

one b-tagged jet. The ABCD method is applied separately

to electron and muon events. The size of the total MJ back-

ground in the signal region is about 0.3% of the total esti-

mated background.4

6 Analysis strategy

The presence of a potential signal in data is quantiﬁed ﬁrst

by reconstructing the t¯

tevent topology, and then extracting

the signal using a BDT. The t¯

t-system is reconstructed by

using calibrated physics objects, i.e. leptons, pmiss

Tand jets,

4The MJ background is considered when deriving the t¯

tcorrection.

The t¯

tcorrection weights are also applied in the MJ-enriched regions.

The reciprocal dependence of the MJ background estimate and the

t¯

tcorrection is considered when deriving the correction weights. The

impact on the correction weights is minor due to the overall small MJ

contribution.

as proxies for the lepton, neutrino and quarks from the top-

quark decays. Kinematic properties of the reconstructed t¯

system are then used to train a BDT to classify events as

signal or background.

6.1 t¯

t-system reconstruction

The t¯

t-system consists of a semileptonically decaying top

quark (tlep) and a hadronically decaying top quark (thad). The

tlep decays into a b-quark (blep) and a Wboson, which decays

into a lepton and neutrino. The thad decays into a b-quark

(bhad) and a H±or Wboson, which decays into c- and s-

quarks or other quarks ( j1,j2), respectively.

The lepton from the W-boson decay is unambiguously

identiﬁed as the single reconstructed lepton. The momentum

of the neutrino from the W-boson decay is reconstructed

using pmiss

Tand a W-boson mass constraint. The neutrino

pseudorapidity, ην, is calculated by setting the invariant mass

of the lepton and neutrino equal to the W-boson mass, mW=

80.379 GeV [98]:

ην=η±arccosh m2

2pν

Tp

T+cos (φν−φ).

This equation generally has two solutions and the one that is

chosen depends on the jet labelling, described below. If the

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153 Page 8 of 34 Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85:153

argument of arccosh is exactly one, there is only one solution

(ην=η). Due to reconstruction inefﬁciencies or additional

neutrinos in the event, e.g. from the decay of τlep,itmayalso

happen that the argument of arccosh is smaller than one, for

which arccosh is not deﬁned. In this case the argument of

arccosh is set to one. This means ην=η, in which case

the invariant mass of the lepton and the neutrino exceeds

mW. The latter case occurs for about 35% of the simulated

t¯

tevents.

The labelling of the jets as blep,bhad,j1and j2suffers

from a combinatorics problem, which the analysis tries to

resolve by comparing the top-quark candidate’smass with the

predicted top-quark mass. Because the mass resolution dif-

fers between semileptonically and hadronically decaying top

quarks, the approach adopted uses probability density func-

tions of the reconstructed top-quark masses (PDFt). These

are built from t¯

tMC events, using reconstructed jets matched

to the generator-level (“truth”) quarks. Since there is only one

lepton candidate, no matching is applied for it. For the neu-

trino, if there are two solutions for ην, the one closest to the

true value of ηνis selected. The “truth” quarks are geometri-

cally matched to the closest reconstructed jet within R=

0.4. The b- and c-quarks are only matched if the reconstructed

jet has a respective “truth” hadron (pT>5 GeV) associated

with it. Other quark types are only matched to the recon-

structed jet if no heavy-ﬂavour hadron is associated with it.

If multiple “truth” quarks are matched to the same recon-

structed jet, ambiguities are resolved by minimising the sum

of the (four) Rvalues between the “truth” quarks and any

reconstructed jet within R=0.4 of the “truth” quarks. In

roughly 53% of the events, at least one “truth” quark cannot

be matched to a reconstructed jet. Such cases are typically

associated with “truth” quarks produced outside the detector

acceptance. Such events are not considered in the PDFt.In

order to get a smooth prediction over the full top-quark mass

range, Crystal Ball + Cauchy and Crystal Ball + Gaussian

functions [99–101]areﬁttedtothetlep -mass and thad-mass

PDFt, respectively. The PDFtare shown with the correspond-

ing ﬁts in Fig. 3.

The derived top-quark mass PDFtare then used to label

jets in an event. All possible permutations of blep,bhad,j1,

j2labellings and ηνsolutions are built simultaneously. The

permutation with the largest product of the tlep-mass and

thad-mass PDFt, i.e. PDFtlep (mcand

tlep )×PDFthad (mcand

thad ), is cho-

sen, and the jets are labelled accordingly. The highest PDFt

product value is denoted by Pt¯

t, and Pt¯

tdivided by the sum

of PDFtproduct values for all considered permutations is

denoted by Pt¯

However, a few physics-motivated requirements are

applied to limit the number of jet permutations. A maximum

of six jets are considered when building the permutations.

The b-jets are always considered, whereas the highest-pT

non-b-jets are considered ﬁrst. The jets labelled as blep-jets

or bhad-jets have to be b-tagged and their PCFT scores are

required to be greater than or equal to the PCFT scores of

j1and j2. It is also required that the pTof j1is greater than

the pTof j2. This requirement removes redundant permuta-

tions, since interchanging j1and j2yields identical values for

the top-quark and charged-Higgs-boson candidate masses.

Finally, if multiple jets among bhad,j1,j2are b-tagged and

the b-tagged jets have the same PCFT score, multiple per-

mutations will yield the same top-quark candidate mass. In

these rare cases the b-tagged jet with the larger pTis labelled

as the bhad-jet. In 64% of the events entering the PDFt,all

four jets are labelled correctly. The performance for signal

events is comparable.

6.2 Multivariate signal extraction

The multivariate signal extraction exploits differences

between the characteristics of the charged Higgs boson and

the Wboson. These are the boson mass, spin and decay prop-

erties. These differences are seen in many variables related

to ﬂavour-tagging and the kinematics of the top-quark decay

products. The discriminating variables are combined into a

single discriminant through the use of BDTs.

The BDT classiﬁes events as signal-like or background-

like. Background-like events receive BDT scores close to

0, whereas signal-like events receive BDT scores close to 1.

Separate BDTs are trained for each signal mass-point hypoth-

esis with 5-fold cross-training and using the gradient boosting

technique [102]. All simulated background samples listed

in Sect. 3are used in the BDT training. Events included

in the training have to pass the event selection described in

Sect. 4. Training and application are carried out within the

XGBoost [103]framework.

Any variable describing the properties of top quarks and

their decay products is considered as an input to the BDT

training. The ﬁnal set of BDT input variables is obtained by

recursively removing variables with relatively small power to

separate the signal from the background, and low importance

in the BDT training, until a statistically signiﬁcant loss in per-

formance is observed. The performance is quantiﬁed by the

area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curve. This

optimisation is performed with the 130 GeV signal sample.

The signal and t¯

tbackground kinematics are very similar for

the signal mass points close to the W-boson mass but differ

greatly for signal mass points closer to the top-quark mass;

the intermediate 130 GeV mass point covers both cases.

The ﬁnal BDT uses the 26 input variables which are

listed in Table 2. The variables can be sorted into three cat-

egories: top-quark kinematic variables, event variables, and

ﬂavour-tagging variables. The ﬁrst category contains vari-

ables related to the kinematics of the top quarks and their

decay products. These variables are mainly sensitive to the

mass difference between the H±and Wbosons. If the mass

123

Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85:153 Page 9 of 34 153

Fig. 3 Probability density functions of the reconstructed mass for asemileptonically and bhadronically decaying top quarks

Tabl e 2 Final list of BDT input

variables used in the training Variable type Variable name Deﬁnition

Top-quark kinematic variables

thad j1pTpTof j1-labelled jet

j2pTpTof j2-labelled jet

bhad pTpTof bhad-jet

bthad−rest

had pMomentum of bhad-jet in thad rest frame

dijet mass Invariant mass of j1+j2jets

(j1+bhad) mass Invariant mass of j1+bhad jets

(j2+bhad) mass Invariant mass of j2+bhad jets

cos θBosonspinsensitivevariable

tlep blep pTpTof blep-jet

Lepton pTpTof reconstructed lepton

Wmass Invariant mass of reconstructed Wboson

tlep mass Invariant mass of reconstructed tlep

tlep pTpTof reconstructed tlep

t¯

t-system R(blep,bhad )Rbetween the blep-jet and bhad-jet

t¯

tmass Invariant mass of thad+tlep

Event variables

Event level Njets Number of jets in the event

STScalar pTsum of all calibrated objects

Pt¯

tNormalised probability of correct jet labelling

Flavour-tagging variables

Flavour-tagging score j1PCFT PCFT score of j1

j2PCFT PCFT score of j2

bhad PCFT PCFT score of bhad-jet

blep PCFT PCFT score of blep-jet

Number of tags Nc-tagLo Number of jets passing loose c-tag WP (b-veto)

Nc-tagTi Number of jets passing tight c-tag WP (b-veto)

Nb-tag70 Number of jets passing 70% b-tag WP

Nb-tag60 Number of jets passing 60% b-tag WP

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153 Page 10 of 34 Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85:153

difference is comparable to or larger than the dijet mass reso-

lution [83], the kinematic variables exhibit larger separation

power than variables in the other categories. The most impor-

tant variables (in order of decreasing area under the receiver-

operating-characteristic curve) are the invariant mass of j1

and j2and the transverse momentum of the bhad-jet, fol-

lowed by the invariant mass of j1and bhad-jet, the invariant

mass of j2and bhad-jet, and the transverse momenta of j1and

j2. Variables related to the t¯

t-system, the tlep-quark and the

decay products provide separation power between signal and

non-t¯

tbackgrounds. In addition, they can carry information

about possible wrong jet labelling and add information via

correlation with other input variables.

The cos θvariable is the only variable that is sensitive

to the spin of the boson from the thad decay and there-

fore shows separation power for any H±boson mass. The

angle θis deﬁned as the angle between the bhad-jet and the

up-type-quark-initiated jet from the hadronically decaying

boson (H±or W) in the boson’s rest frame. The up-type-

quark-initiated jet is identiﬁed with the help of the PCFT

scores of j1and j2.Thec-tagged jets are prioritised over b-

tagged jets, which in turn are prioritised over untagged jets.

If the PCFT scores of j1and j2are identical, j1is assigned

to be the jet from the up-type quark. The cos θdistribution is

ﬂat for spin-0 particles, like the H±boson. For spin-1 par-

ticles, like the Wboson, the distribution is more complex

because polarisation effects play a role, and there are fewer

events close to −1 and 1. However, it is difﬁcult to identify

the quark ﬂavours in the decay of the boson. In addition, the

cos θdistribution is heavily affected by jet resolution effects

because three jets are used in the calculation.

The second category of variables involves event variables.

The Pt¯

tvariable facilitates the identiﬁcation of wrongly

labelled jets and can also reject non-t¯

tbackground. The Njets

and STvariables are correlated with most top-quark kine-

matic variables. For example, an event with small bhad-jet

pTand large STsuggests a signal event with a high-mass

charged Higgs boson.

The third category contains ﬂavour-tagging variables,

which are the PCFT scores of the four labelled jets and the

number of jets passing a given PCFT working point. Of spe-

cial interest are the PCFT scores of j1and j2,astheyare

sensitive to the different decay characteristics of the charged

Higgs boson. While all signal events involve a c-quark in the

boson decay, only about 50% of the t¯

tbackground events

share the same characteristic. Other ﬂavour-tagging variables

are useful in rejecting non-t¯

tbackground and add informa-

tion via correlations with other variables. The distributions

of selected BDT input variables of different types and with

large separation power are shown in Fig. 4.

The optimisation of the BDT input variables was per-

formed with a baseline set of hyperparameters – including

tree depth and learning rate – determined by a lightweight

BDT hyperparameter scan. For the ﬁnal training, the optimal

conﬁguration of the BDT hyperparameters is determined for

each signal mass point separately with the help of the hyper-

opt [104] tool. The hyperopt tool performs a Bayesian opti-

misation using Tree-structured Parzen Estimators to obtain

the optimal parameter set from a given parameter range. It is

more efﬁcient than grid or random searches because it uses

previous training steps to learn where the optimum is going to

be. To avoid any bias between the hyperparameter optimisa-

tion dataset and the ﬁnal test dataset, the scan was carried out

using nested cross-training. For each of the 5-folds the scan

is performed using 4-fold cross-training on the other four

folds. For the ﬁnal training the BDTs are retrained using all

four folds as training data. The BDT-score distributions after

training with the H±

80,H±

110,H±

130 and H±

150 signal samples

are shown in Fig. 5.

7 Systematic uncertainties

This section discusses systematic uncertainties the analysis is

sensitive to, including those affecting the detector response,

theoretical uncertainties, and modelling of signal and back-

ground processes that affect the normalisation and shapes of

the simulated signal and background distributions. The indi-

vidual systematic uncertainties are considered to be uncor-

related, while correlations for a given systematic uncertainty

are maintained across signal and background processes.

The uncertainty in the combined 2015–2018 integrated

luminosity is 0.83% [31], obtained using the LUCID-2 detec-

tor [28] for the primary luminosity measurements, com-

plemented by measurements using the inner detector and

calorimeters. This uncertainty is assigned to all physics pro-

cesses whose normalisations are taken from simulation. An

uncertainty in the correction of the pile-up distribution [105]

in simulation to that in data is taken into account as well.

Uncertainties in the calibration of physics objects affect all

simulated samples. Uncertainties associated with the trigger,

reconstruction, identiﬁcation and isolation efﬁciency calibra-

tion [74,77], as well as the impact of the energy (momentum)

scale and resolution uncertainties [74,106] on the selection

efﬁciency are considered for electrons (muons). Jet energy

scale (JES) [107] and resolution (JER) [108] uncertainties

and the uncertainty in the efﬁciency of matching jets to the

primary vertex [84] are taken into account. The energy scale

and resolution uncertainties for leptons and jets are propa-

gated to the Emiss

T. In addition, the uncertainty in the Emiss

from tracks matched to the primary vertex but not to other

reconstructed objects [90] is considered. Corrections to simu-

lations to match the ﬂavour-tagging and mistagging efﬁcien-

cies in data are taken into account in bins of the jet pT[86–

88].

123

Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85:153 Page 11 of 34 153

Fig. 4 Distributions of selected BDT input variables. The variables

are deﬁned in Table 2. The processes t¯

t(allHad),tW, Single top, t¯

tH,

Other top, W+jets,Z+jets,VV listed in Table 1are combined with

the multijet background in the “Other” category. The uncertainty band

represents the combined statistical and systematic uncertainty of the

prediction. Overlaid are the shapes for the H±

80 and H±

150 signal samples

normalised to the total background prediction

Uncertainties in the modelling of different processes are

assumed to be uncorrelated. Modelling uncertainties for pro-

cesses making a small contribution to the total background

yield (t¯

t(allHad),t¯

tH and Other top samples) are neglected.

Some modelling uncertainties are estimated in the same way

for all processes. These are the uncertainties due to miss-

123

153 Page 12 of 34 Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85:153

Fig. 5 BDT-score distributions for the training with the a80 GeV, b

110 GeV, c130 GeV and d150 GeV signal mass hypotheses after

performing background-only binned-likelihood ﬁts to the distributions

as described in Sect. 8. The processes t¯

t(allHad),tW, Single top, t¯

tH,

Other top, W+jets,Z+jets,VV listed in Table 1are combined with the

multijet background in the “Other” category. The background yields are

normalised to their best-ﬁt values. The uncertainty band represents the

combined statistical and systematic uncertainty of the prediction. Over-

laid is the signal shape normalised to B(t→H±(→cs)b)=1%. The

binning procedure for the BDT score is deﬁned in Sect. 8

ing higher orders in the perturbative expansion of the par-

tonic cross-section, which are estimated by varying the renor-

malisation (μr) and factorisation (μf) scales by a factor of

two. The uncertainties associated with the choice of PDF

are evaluated by using dedicated PDF error eigensets. The

PDF uncertainties are combined by calculating their standard

123

Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85:153 Page 13 of 34 153

deviation with respect to the nominal set or by summing the

differences in quadrature for Hessian sets. The uncertainty

related to the choice of strong coupling constant value αsis

evaluated by comparing predictions using PDF sets obtained

with two alternative αsvalues. The uncertainties in the pro-

duction cross-sections are included as normalisation uncer-

tainties [109–112] for all processes whose normalisations are

taken from simulation.

For top-quark processes the uncertainties associated with

the choice of generator for ME and PS simulation are assessed

by comparing the nominal sample with alternative samples

generated with aMC@NLO instead of Powheg Box and

with Herwig 7 instead of Pythia, respectively. The uncer-

tainty due to the choice of hdamp parameter value is deter-

mined by comparison with an alternative sample generated

with hdamp =3mtop instead of 1.5mtop. The alternative

samples are described in detail in Sect. 3. The interference

between tW(b)and t¯

tprocesses [47] is handled using the dia-

gram removal scheme, which removes diagrams with inter-

mediate top quarks. The uncertainty associated with this pro-

cedure is evaluated with the help of an alternative tW sample

where a subtraction term is added to the matrix element to

cancel out the resonant top-quark pole contribution.

For top-quark and signal processes the uncertainties in the

amounts of initial- and ﬁnal-state QCD radiation (ISR and

FSR) are estimated by varying the corresponding parame-

ter (Var3c) of the A14 PS tune and by varying the FSR

scale (μFSR

r) by a factor of two, respectively. The system-

atic uncertainty introduced by the t¯

tcorrection, described in

Sect. 5, is estimated by performing an eigenvalue decompo-

sition of the ﬁtted parameters and varying the eigenvalues

separately by one standard deviation. Uncertainties related

to the t¯

tME, PS, hdamp parameter and FSR show, among the

considered systematic uncertainties, the largest shape differ-

ences in the high BDT-score regions and are therefore the

dominant uncertainties in this search.

For weak-boson processes, electroweak corrections at

next-to-leading order are estimated using the electroweak vir-

tual approximation. The electroweak and QCD components

are combined using an exponentiated prescription [113,114].

CKKW and QSF are two parameters of Sherpa that deﬁne

the scale for merging/matching jets from the ME with the PS,

and the scale used for resummation of soft gluon emissions,

respectively. Their impact on the BDT input observables is

measured at generator-level with the help of alternative sam-

ples in which the nominal values are varied. The observed

differences are covered by a 17% normalisation uncertainty.

The effect of NNLO correction factors on the cross-section

of single-boson processes is 5%. This is added as a normali-

sation uncertainty to all weak-boson processes.

To evaluate the systematic uncertainty of the multijet

background estimate, an alternative estimate is made in

which, instead of the lepton isolation criterion, a looser lepton

identiﬁcation is used to deﬁne the ABCD regions. In addi-

tion, a conservative 50% normalisation uncertainty is added

to account for statistical uncertainties of the transfer factor

and MC uncertainties in regions B,Cand D.

The uncertainty in the expected event count in each bin,

due to the ﬁnite MC sample sizes, is accounted for by one

Gaussian-constrained parameter per bin, which represents

the total uncertainty of the MC event content in that bin [115].

8 Statistical interpretation

The presence of a charged Higgs boson signal in data is quan-

tiﬁed with the help of binned maximum-likelihood ﬁts to

the BDT-score distributions. The statistical model is imple-

mented using the Histfactory format [116]. Minimisation

of the likelihood function is performed in the pyhf frame-

work [117].

The parameter of interest is the branching fraction of the

process t→H±b(BH±), which is constrained to BH±∈

[0,0.1],5while assuming B(t→Wb)+B(t→H±(→

cs)b)=1.0. The t¯

tcross-section scaling factor (μt¯

t) and the

fraction of t¯

t+HF events among t¯

tbackground events ( fHF)

are unconstrained parameters in the ﬁt, with nominal values

of 1.0 and 0.1364, respectively. These parameters relate the

signal and background yields before the ﬁt (pre-ﬁt) and after

the ﬁt (post-ﬁt) as follows:6

NH±(post-ﬁt)=μt¯

t×2(1−BH±)BH±

×NH±(pre-ﬁt),

Nt¯

t+LF (post-ﬁt)=μt¯

t×(1−fHF)×(1−BH±)2

×Nt¯

t+LF (pre-ﬁt),

Nt¯

t+HF (post-ﬁt)=μt¯

t×fHF ×(1−BH±)2

×Nt¯

t+HF (pre-ﬁt).

The systematic uncertainties described in Sect. 7are

implemented as Gaussian-constrained nuisance parameters

(NPs) in the ﬁt. Systematic uncertainties with just one com-

ponent are symmetrised by mirroring the nominal template.

All two-point systematic uncertainties and some reweight-

ing systematic uncertainties with large statistical ﬂuctuations

are smoothed. Uncertainties with a negligible impact on the

uncertainty of BH±are removed from the likelihood ﬁt to

improve numerical performance.

The discovery signiﬁcance of a signal in data is calculated

in a likelihood ratio test where the background-only hypoth-

5The upper bound on BH±is justiﬁed by measurements setting lower

bounds on B(t→Wb)[118].

6The event yields before the ﬁt are set to the total expected t¯

tyield, so

that NH±(pre-ﬁt) = Nt¯

t+LF (pre-ﬁt) = Nt¯

t+HF (pre-ﬁt). For the nominal

values of μt¯

tand fHF,andBH±=0, one recovers the SM expectation.

123

153 Page 14 of 34 Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85:153

esis is compared with the signal-plus-background hypoth-

esis [119]. The asymptotic approximation is used to esti-

mate the probability distribution of the test statistic [120].

Upper limits on BH±are set by determining the BH±value

which can be rejected in 95% of the cases, i.e. at 95% con-

ﬁdence level (CL), with respect to the best-ﬁt signal-plus-

background hypothesis. The modiﬁed frequentist technique

(CLs)[121] is used to avoid excluding signal models where

the analysis has little sensitivity. The median upper limit,

referred to as the expected upper limit, and its 1σand 2σ

expected variations are derived from a background-only Asi-

mov dataset [120].

The BDT-score templates are binned in such a way that the

number of bins is minimised, while maximising the expected

sensitivity and ensuring the stability of the ﬁt and the validity

of the asymptotic approximation. This is achieved by starting

from templates with 10,000 equal-width bins and iteratively

merging bins from right to left – starting from the most dis-

criminating bins – until a bin in question fulﬁls all conditions.

Each bin is required to contain at least 20 expected back-

ground events, and the signal and background MC statistical

uncertainties have to be less than 20% and 10%, respectively.

Each bin has to pass a given S/√Bthreshold deﬁned by the

S/√Bratio7in the ﬁrst merged bin. In order to retain shape

information in the low discriminating BDT-score region, a

maximum of 1000 bins may be merged into a single bin.

Additionally, the S/√Bthreshold may be adjusted for BDT

scores with very high or very low separation power such that

each template has at least 19 and no more than 49 bins.

9 Results

The binned maximum-likelihood ﬁt described in Sect. 8is

performed per signal mass-point hypothesis on the respec-

tive BDT-score distribution. Table 3shows the data and back-

ground yields after the background-only ﬁt of the BDT-score

distribution trained with the 130 GeV signal mass point.

The ﬁtted μt¯

tvalues agree within their uncertainties with

the SM prediction of 1.0 for all mass points. The fHF param-

eter is measured to be 0.19 ±0.02 for the H±

80 ﬁt, which is

the most precise ﬁt. The measured values of fHF in other

ﬁts agree with this value within their uncertainties. This is a

larger heavy-ﬂavour fraction than predicted by simulations,

but agrees with many other ATLAS analyses [20,122–126].

The ﬁtted BH±values are equal to, or compatible with, zero

for most signal mass hypotheses. The largest signal signiﬁ-

cance observed in data is for the 110 GeV mass point, with

a local p-value of 5% (1.5σ).

7Sis the signal and Bthe total background prediction in the respective

bin.

Tabl e 3 Data and background yields after the background-only ﬁt of

the BDT-score distribution for the 130 GeV signal mass BDT training.

For comparison, the expected signal yield for BH±=1% is added.

The sample names are deﬁned in Table 1

Name Post-ﬁt yields

t¯

t(ud)1,400,000 ±76,000

t¯

t(cs)1,200,000 ±92,000

t¯

t+HF 710,000 ±150,000

tW 100,000 ±23,000

Single top 68,000 ±28,000

W+ jets 70,000 ±29,000

Z+jets&VV 21,000 ±9500

Other top & t¯

t(allHad)&t¯

tH 17,000 ±450

Multijet (MJ) 12,000 ±6800

Total background 3,600,000 ±11,000

Data 3,600,000

H±

130 (BH±=1%) 38,000

The impact of systematic uncertainties on the BH±mea-

surement’s accuracy is estimated by ﬁxing the NP under con-

sideration to its post-ﬁt value, performing the ﬁt and compar-

ing the uncertainty of the ﬁtted BH±with the one from the

nominal ﬁt. The results of these ﬁts when ﬁxing a group of

systematic uncertainties are summarised in Table 4.Forthe

80 GeV signal hypothesis the kinematics are very similar for

the signal and t¯

tprocesses. Therefore, the ﬂavour-tagging

uncertainties have the largest impact on BH±. For other sig-

nal hypotheses the t¯

tmodelling NPs, especially those for the

ME, PS, FSR and hdamp uncertainties, have the largest impact

on the BH±uncertainty. MC statistical uncertainties natu-

rally become more important with ﬁner BDT-score binning.

Less impactful but still important are jet, single-top-quark

and weak-boson modelling uncertainties. Least impactful are

luminosity, pile-up, lepton and Emiss

T-related uncertainties.

Figure 6shows the expected limits on BH±with their 1σ

and 2σuncertainty bands. The expected limits are least strin-

gent for the 80 GeV mass point, at about 2.3%, as this signal

mass point is closest to the W-boson mass. For this mass

point, the ﬂavour-tagging information is the most powerful

discriminant between signal and background. Moving away

from the W-boson mass the top-quark kinematics start to dif-

fer more and the limits improve. The most stringent limits are

expected for the 150 GeV mass point, at about 0.077%. Close

to the top-quark mass threshold the limits weaken again as the

acceptance decreases. The small acceptance is caused by the

low average momentum of the bhad-quark so that the result-

ing jets often fail the kinematic requirements. The solid line

in Fig. 6represents the observed limits. The observed limits

vary between 0.066 to 3.6%. Expected and observed limits

agree within uncertainties.

123

Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85:153 Page 15 of 34 153

Tabl e 4 Breakdown of the relative contributions to the uncertainty in

the extracted BH±in the likelihood ﬁt to data. The contributions are

obtained by ﬁxing the relevant NPs to their post-ﬁt values in the likeli-

hood ﬁt. The square root of the difference of the squares of the nominal

uncertainty and obtained uncertainty is divided by the nominal uncer-

tainty to obtain the relative impact. The sum in quadrature of the indi-

vidual components differs from the total uncertainty due to correlations

between uncertainties in the different groups. The uncertainty from data

statistical uncertainties is determined from ﬁts with all NPs ﬁxed to their

post-ﬁt values. The total uncertainty in BH±for the ﬁts with H±

80 and

H±

150 is 1.2% and 0.04%, respectively

H±

80 H±

150

Category Relative contribution Category Relative contribution

Data statistical 6% Data statistical 38%

Systematic 99.8% Systematic 93%

Flavour-tagging 64% t¯

tmodelling 72%

MC statistical 64% MC statistical 35%

t¯

tmodelling 50% Weak-boson and MJ modelling 27%

μt¯

tand fLF 21% Single-top-quark modelling 25%

Jet 19% μt¯

tand fLF 24%

Single-top-quark modelling 16% Jet 23%

Luminosity and pile-up 15% Flavour-tagging 20%

Weak-boson and MJ modelling 12% Lepton and Emiss

T8%

Signal modelling 8% Luminosity and pile-up 7%

Lepton and Emiss

T7% Signal modelling 5%

Fig. 6 Observed (solid line) and expected (dotted line) upper limits on

BH±for charged Higgs boson with masses between 60 and 168 GeV,

assuming B(t→Wb)+B(t→H±(→cs)b)=1.0. The ±1σand

±2σvariations around the expected upper limit are indicated by the

green and yellow bands, respectively

10 Conclusions

A search for a light charged Higgs boson produced in decays

of the top quark, t→H±b, with H±→cs is performed in

the H±mass range from 60 to 168 GeV. The data analysed

corresponds to 140 fb−1of pp collisions at √s=13 TeV

recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC between 2015

and 2018. This analysis focuses on the lepton-plus-jets ﬁnal

state, characterised by an isolated electron or muon and

at least four jets. The search exploits b-quark and c-quark

identiﬁcation techniques as well as multivariate methods to

suppress the dominant t¯

tbackground. No signiﬁcant sig-

nal excess is found in data. Observed and expected 95% CL

upper limits on the branching fraction B(t→H±b), assum-

ing B(t→Wb)+B(t→H±(→cs)b)=1.0, are found

to range from 0.066 to 3.6% and 0.077 to 2.3%, respectively,

depending on the mass of the charged Higgs boson. These

are the ﬁrst direct limits on B(t→H±b)in the H±→cs

channel for charged Higgs bosons with masses of 60 GeV,

70 GeV and 168 GeV, and currently the most stringent limits

for masses between 120 GeV and 160 GeV.

Acknowledgements We thank CERN for the very successful oper-

ation of the LHC and its injectors, as well as the support staff at

CERN and at our institutions worldwide without whom ATLAS could

not be operated efﬁciently. The crucial computing support from all

WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN,

the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF/SFU (Canada), NDGF (Den-

mark, Norway,Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany),

INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), RAL (UK)

and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG

resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed

in Ref. [127]. We gratefully acknowledge the support of ANPCyT,

Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Aus-

tria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC

and CFI, Canada; CERN; ANID, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC,

China; Minciencias, Colombia; MEYS CR, Czech Republic; DNRF

and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS and CEA-DRF/IRFU, France;

SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF and MPG, Germany; GSRI, Greece;

RGC and Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel;

INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST,Morocco; NWO, Nether-

lands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA,

Romania; MSTDI, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARIS and MVZI, Slove-

123

153 Page 16 of 34 Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85:153

nia; DSI/NRF, South Africa; MICIU/AEI, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg

Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva,

Switzerland; NSTC, Taipei; TENMAK, Türkiye; STFC/UKRI, United

Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. Individual groups

and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, CRC

and DRAC, Canada; CERN-CZ, FORTE and PRIMUS, Czech Repub-

lic; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020, ICSC-NextGenerationEU and

Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements

d’Avenir Labex, Investissements d’Avenir Idex and ANR, France; DFG

and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia pro-

grammes co-ﬁnanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-

NSF and MINERVA, Israel; NCN and NAWA, Poland; La Caixa Bank-

ing Foundation, CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya and

PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain;

Göran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; The Royal Society and Lev-

erhulme Trust, United Kingdom. In addition, individual members

wish to acknowledge support from Armenia: Yerevan Physics Insti-

tute (FAPERJ); CERN: European Organization for Nuclear Research

(CERN PJAS); Chile: Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desar-

rollo (FONDECYT 1230812, FONDECYT 1230987, FONDECYT

1240864); China: Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST-

2023YFA1605700), National Natural Science Foundation of China

(NSFC-12175119, NSFC 12275265, NSFC-12075060); Czech Repub-

lic: Czech Science Foundation (GACR-24-11373S), Ministry of Edu-

cation Youth and Sports (FORTE CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004632),

PRIMUS Research Programme (PRIMUS/21/SCI/017); EU: H2020

European Research Council (ERC - 101002463); European Union:

European Research Council (ERC-948254, ERC 101089007), Hori-

zon 2020 Framework Programme (MUCCA - CHIST-ERA-19-XAI-

00), European Union, Future Artiﬁcial Intelligence Research (FAIR-

NextGenerationEU PE00000013), Italian Center for High Performance

Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing (ICSC, NextGenera-

tionEU); France: Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-20-CE31-

0013, ANR-21-CE31-0013, ANR-21-CE31-0022, ANR-22-EDIR-00

02), Investissements d’Avenir Labex (ANR-11-LABX-0012); Ger-

many: Baden-Württemberg Stiftung (BW Stiftung-Postdoc Elitepro-

gramme), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG-469666862, DFG-

CR 312/5-2); Italy: Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (ICSC,

NextGenerationEU), Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca (PRIN-

20223N7F8K-PNRR M4.C2.1.1); Japan: Japan Society for the Pro-

motion of Science (JSPS KAKENHI JP22H01227, JSPS KAK-

ENHI JP22H04944, JSPS KAKENHI JP22KK0227, JSPS KAK-

ENHI JP23KK0245); Netherlands: Netherlands Organisation for Scien-

tiﬁc Research (NWO Veni 2020-VI.Veni.202.179); Norway: Research

Council of Norway (RCN-314472); Poland: Ministry of Science and

Higher Education (IDUB AGH, POB8, D4 no 9722), Polish National

Agency for Academic Exchange (PPN/PPO/2020/1/00002/U/00001),

Polish National Science Centre (NCN 2021/42/E/ST2/00350, NCN

OPUS nr 2022/47/B/ST2/03059, NCN UMO-2019/34/E/ST2/00393,

NCN and H2020 MSCA 945339, UMO-2020/37/B/ST2/01043, UMO-

2021/40/C/ST2/00187, UMO-2022/47/O/ST2/00148, UMO-2023/49/

B/ST2/04085, UMO-2023/51/B/ST2/00920); Slovenia: Slovenian

Research Agency (ARIS grant J1-3010); Spain: Generalitat Valenciana

(Artemisa, FEDER, IDIFEDER/2018/048), Ministry of Science and

Innovation (MCIN and NextGenEU PCI2022-135018-2, MICIN and

FEDER PID2021-125273NB, RYC2019-028510-I, RYC2020-030254-

I, RYC2021-031273-I, RYC2022-038164-I), PROMETEO and GenT

Programmes Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEGENT/2019/027); Swe-

den: Swedish Research Council (Swedish Research Council 2023-

04654, VR 2018-00482, VR 2022-03845, VR 2022-04683, VR 2023-

03403, VR grant 2021-03651), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foun-

dation (KAW 2018.0157, KAW 2018.0458, KAW 2019.0447, KAW

2022.0358); Switzerland: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF-

PCEFP2_194658); United Kingdom: Leverhulme Trust (Leverhulme

Trust RPG-2020-004), Royal Society (NIF-R1-231091); United States

of America: U.S. Department of Energy (ECA DE-AC02-76SF00515),

Neubauer Family Foundation.

Data Availability Statement My manuscript has associated data in

a data repository. [Author’s comment: HepData Link: https://www.

hepdata.net/record/154176].

Code Availability Statement My manuscript has associated code/

software in a data repository. [Author’s comment: ATLAS collaboration

software is open source, and all code necessary to recreate an analysis is

publicly available. The Athena (http://gitlab.cern.ch/atlas/athena)soft-

ware repository provides all code needed for calibration and uncertainty

application, with conﬁguration ﬁles that are also publicly available via

Docker containers and cvmfs. The speciﬁc code and conﬁgurations

written in support of this analysis are not public; however, these are

internally preserved.]

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attri-

bution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation,

distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you

give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, pro-

vide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes

were made. The images or other third party material in this article

are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indi-

cated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not

included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended

use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permit-

ted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copy-

right holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecomm

ons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Funded by SCOAP3.

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M. Alhroob170 ,B.Ali
135 , H.M.J. Ali93 ,s,S.Ali
32 , S.W. Alibocus94 , M. Aliev34c , G. Alimonti72a ,
W. Alkakhi56 , C. Allaire67 , B.M.M. Allbrooke150 , J.S. Allen103 , J.F. Allen53 , C.A. Allendes Flores140f ,
P.P. Allport21 , A. Aloisio73a,73b , F. Alonso92 , C. Alpigiani142 , Z.M.K. Alsolami93 , M. Alvarez Estevez101 ,
A. Alvarez Fernandez102 , M. Alves Cardoso57 , M.G. Alviggi73a,73b ,M.Aly
103 , Y. Amaral Coutinho84b ,
A. Ambler106 , C. Amelung37, M. Amerl103 , C.G. Ames111 , D. Amidei108 , B. Amini55 , K.J. Amirie158 ,
S.P. Amor Dos Santos133a , K.R. Amos166 , D. Amperiadou156 ,S.An
85, V. Ananiev128 , C. Anastopoulos143 ,
T. Andeen11 , J.K. Anders37 , A.C. Anderson60 , S.Y. Andrean48a,48b , A. Andreazza72a,72b , S. Angelidakis9,
A. Angerami42 , A.V. Anisenkov38 , A. Annovi75a , C. Antel57 , E. Antipov149 , M. Antonelli54 ,
F. Anulli76a , M. Aoki85 , T. Aoki157 , M.A. Aparo150 , L. Aperio Bella49 , C. Appelt19 , A. Apyan27 ,
S.J. Arbiol Val88 , C. Arcangeletti54 , A.T.H. Arce52 , J-F. Arguin110 , S. Argyropoulos55 , J.-H. Arling49 ,
O. Arnaez4, H. Arnold149 , G. Artoni76a ,76b , H. Asada113 ,K.Asai
121 ,S.Asai
157 , N.A. Asbah37 ,
R.A. Ashby Pickering170 , K. Assamagan30 , R. Astalos29a , K.S.V. Astrand100 ,S.Atashi
162 , R.J. Atkin34a ,
M. Atkinson165, H. Atmani36f, P.A. Atmasiddha131 , K. Augsten135 , S. Auricchio73a,73b , A.D. Auriol21 ,
V.A. Austrup103 , G. Avolio37 , K. Axiotis57 , G. Azuelos110,ad , D. Babal29b , H. Bachacou138 ,
K. Bachas156,o, A. Bachiu35 , F. Backman48a,48b , A. Badea40 , T.M. Baer108 , P. Bagnaia76a,76b ,
M. Bahmani19 , D. Bahner55 ,K.Bai
126 , J.T. Baines137 , L. Baines96 , O.K. Baker175 , E. Bakos16 ,
D. Bakshi Gupta8, L.E. Balabram Filho84b , V. Balakrishnan123 , R. Balasubramanian4, E.M. Baldin38 ,
P. Balek87a , E. Ballabene24b,24a , F. Balli138 , L.M. Baltes64a , W.K. Balunas33 ,J.Balz
102 , I. Bamwidhi119b ,
E. Banas88 , M. Bandieramonte132 , A. Bandyopadhyay25 , S. Bansal25 , L. Barak155 , M. Barakat49 ,
E.L. Barberio107 , D. Barberis58a,58b , M. Barbero104 , M.Z. Barel117 , T. Barillari112 , M-S. Barisits37 ,
T. Ba rklow147 , P. Baron125 , D.A. Baron Moreno103 , A. Baroncelli63a ,A.J.Barr
129 ,J.D.Barr
98 ,
F. Barrei ro101 , J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa14 ,U.Barron
155 , M.G. Barros Teixeira133a ,S.Barsov
38 ,
F. Bartel s64a , R. Bartoldus147 , A.E. Barton93 ,P.Bartos
29a , A. Basan102 , M. Baselga50 , A. Bassalat67 ,b,
M.J. Basso159a , S. Bataju45 ,R.Bate
167 , R.L. Bates60 , S. Batlamous101, B. Batool145 , M. Battaglia139 ,
D. Battulga19 , M. Bauce76a,76b , M. Bauer80 , P. Bauer25 , L.T. Bazzano Hurrell31 , J.B. Beacham52 ,
T. Beau130 , J.Y. Beaucamp92 , P.H. Beauchemin161 , P. Bechtle25 , H.P. Beck20,n, K. Becker170 , A.J. Beddall83 ,
V.A. Bednyakov39 ,C.P. Bee
149 , L.J. Beemster16 , T.A. Beermann37 , M. Begalli84d , M. Begel30 , A. Behera149 ,
J.K. Behr49 ,J.F.Beirer
37 , F. Beisiegel25 ,M.Belfkir
119b , G. Bella155 , L. Bellagamba24b , A. Bellerive35 ,
P. Bellos21 , K. Beloborodov38 , D. Benchekroun36a , F. Bendebba36a , Y. Benhammou155 , K.C. Benkendorfer62 ,
L. Beresford49 , M. Beretta54 , E. Bergeaas Kuutmann164 , N. Berger4, B. Bergmann135 , J. Beringer18a ,
G. Bernardi5, C. Bernius147 , F.U. Bernlochner25 , F. Bernon37 , A. Berrocal Guardia13 ,T.Berry
97 ,P.Berta
136 ,
A. Berthold51 , S. Bethke112 , A. Betti76a,76b , A.J. Bevan96 , N.K. Bhalla55 , S. Bhatta149 , D.S. Bhattacharya169 ,
P. Bhattarai147 , K.D. Bhide55 , V.S. Bhopatkar124 , R.M. Bianchi132 , G. Bianco24b,24a , O. Biebel111 ,
R. Bielski126 , M. Biglietti78a , C. S. Billingsley45, Y. Bimgdi36f , M. Bindi56 , A. Bingul22b ,C.Bini
76a,76b ,
G.A. Bird33 ,M.Birman
172 ,M.Biros
136 , S. Biryukov150 , T. Bisanz50 , E. Bisceglie44a,44b , J.P. Biswal137 ,
D. Biswas145 , I. Bloch49 ,A.Blue
60 , U. Blumenschein96 , J. Blumenthal102 , V.S. Bobrovnikov38 ,
M. Boehler55 , B. Boehm169 , D. Bogavac37 , A.G. Bogdanchikov38 , L.S. Boggia130 , C. Bohm48a ,
V. Bo i s ve r t97 , P. Bokan37 ,T.Bold
87a , M. Bomben5, M. Bona96 , M. Boonekamp138 , C. D. Booth97 ,
A. G. Borbély60 , I.S. Bordulev38 , G. Borissov93 , D. Bortoletto129 , D. Boscherini24b ,M.Bosman
13 ,
J.D. Bossio Sola37 , K. Bouaouda36a , N. Bouchhar166 , L. Boudet4, J. Boudreau132 , E.V. Bouhova-Thacker93 ,
D. Boumediene41 , R. Bouquet58a,58b , A. Boveia122 ,J.Boyd
37 ,D.Boye
30 , I.R. Boyko39 , L. Bozianu57 ,
J. Bracinik21 , N. Brahimi4, G. Brandt174 , O. Brandt33 ,F.Braren
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R. Brener172 , L. Brenner117 , R. Brenner164 , S. Bressler172 , G. Brianti79a,79b , D. Britton60 , D. Britzger112 ,
I. Brock25 , R. Brock109 , G. Brooijmans42 , E.M. Brooks159b , E. Brost30 ,L.M.Brown
168 , L.E. Bruce62 ,
T.L. Bruckler129 , P.A. Bruckman de Renstrom88 , B. Brüers49 , A. Bruni24b , G. Bruni24b , M. Bruschi24b ,
N. Bruscino76a,76b , T. Buanes17 , Q. Buat142 , D. Buchin112 , A.G. Buckley60 , O. Bulekov38 , B. A. Bullard147 ,
S. Burdin94 ,C.D.Burgard
50 , A. M. Burger37 , B. Burghgrave8, O. Burlayenko55 ,J.Burleson
165 ,
J. T. P. Burr33 , J. C. Burzynski146 , E. L. Busch42 , V. Büscher102 ,P.J.Bussey
60 , J. M. Butler26 ,
C. M. Buttar60 , J. M. Butterworth98 , W. Buttinger137 , C. J. Buxo Vazquez109 , A. R. Buzykaev38 ,
S. Cabrera Urbán166 , L. Cadamuro67 , D. Caforio59 ,H.Cai
132 ,Y.Cai
14,114c ,Y.Cai
114a ,V.M.M.Cairo
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O. Cakir3a , N. Calace37 , P. Calaﬁura18a , G. Calderini130 , P. Calfayan69 , G. Callea60 , L. P. Caloba84b,
D. Calvet41 ,S.Calvet
41 , M. Calvetti75a,75b , R. Camacho Toro130 , S. Camarda37 , D. Camarero Munoz27 ,
P. Camarri77a,77b , M.T. Camerlingo73a,73b , D. Cameron37 , C. Camincher168 , M. Campanelli98 ,
A. Camplani43 , V. Canale73a,73b , A.C. Canbay3a , E. Canonero97 , J. Cantero166 ,Y.Cao
165 , F. Capocasa27 ,
M. Capua44b,44a , A. Carbone72a,72b , R. Cardarelli77a , J.C.J. Cardenas8, G. Carducci44a,44b ,T.Carli
37 ,
G. Carlino73a , J.I. Carlotto13 , B.T. Carlson132,p, E.M. Carlson168 ,159a , J. Carmignani94 , L. Carminati72a,72b ,
A. Carnelli138 , M. Carnesale37 , S. Caron116 , E. Carquin140f ,I.B.Carr
107 ,S.Carrá
72a , G. Carratta24a,24b ,
A.M. Carroll126 , M.P. Casado13,h, M. Caspar49 , F.L. Castillo4, L. Castillo Garcia13 , V. Castillo Gimenez166 ,
N.F. Castro133a,133e , A. Catinaccio37 ,J.R.Catmore
128 , T. Cavaliere4, V. Cavaliere30 , N. Cavalli24a,24b ,
L.J. Caviedes Betancourt23b , Y.C. Cekmecelioglu49 , E. Celebi83 , S. Cella37 , M.S. Centonze71a ,71b ,
V. Cepaitis57 ,K.Cerny
125 , A.S. Cerqueira84a ,A.Cerri
150 , L. Cerrito77a,77b , F. Cerutti18a ,B.Cervato
145 ,
A. Cervelli24b , G. Cesarini54 , S.A. Cetin83 , D. Chakraborty118 , J. Chan18a , W.Y. Chan157 , J.D. Chapman33 ,
E. Chapon138 , B. Chargeishvili153b , D.G. Charlton21 , M. Chatterjee20 , C. Chauhan136 ,Y.Che
114a ,
S. Chekanov6, S.V. Chekulaev159a , G.A. Chelkov39,a, A. Chen108 , B. Chen155 , B. Chen168 , H. Chen114a ,
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Y. Chen63a , C.L. Cheng173 , H.C. Cheng65a , S. Cheong147 , A. Cheplakov39 , E. Cheremushkina49 ,
E. Cherepanova117 , R. Cherkaoui El Moursli36e , E. Cheu7, K. Cheung66 , L. Chevalier138 , V. Chiarella54 ,
G. Chiarelli75a , N. Chiedde104 , G. Chiodini71a , A.S. Chisholm21 , A. Chitan28b , M. Chitishvili166 ,
M.V. Chizhov39,q, K. Choi11 , Y. Chou142 , E.Y.S. Chow116 ,K.L.Chu
172 ,M.C.Chu
65a ,X.Chu
14,114c ,
Z. Chubinidze54 , J. Chudoba134 , J.J. Chwastowski88 ,D.Cieri
112 , K.M. Ciesla87a , V. Cindro95 , A. Ciocio18a ,
F. Cirotto73a,73b , Z.H. Citron172 , M. Citterio72a , D. A. Ciubotaru28b,A.Clark
57 , P.J. Clark53 ,N.ClarkeHall
98 ,
C. Clarry158 , J.M. Clavijo Columbie49 , S.E. Clawson49 , C. Clement48a,48b , Y. Coadou104 , M. Cobal70a,70c ,
A. Coccaro58b , R.F. Coelho Barrue133a , R. Coelho Lopes De Sa105 , S. Coelli72a ,B.Cole
42 , J. Collot61 ,
P. Conde Muiño133a,133g , M.P. Connell34c , S.H. Connell34c , E.I. Conroy129 , F. Conventi73a,ae , H.G. Cooke21 ,
A.M. Cooper-Sarkar129 , F.A. Corchia24a ,24b , A. Cordeiro Oudot Choi130 , L.D. Corpe41 , M. Corradi76a,76b ,
F. Corriveau106,x, A. Cortes-Gonzalez19 , M.J. Costa166 , F. Costanza4, D. Costanzo143 ,B.M.Cote
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J. Couthures4,G.Cowan
97 , K. Cranmer173 ,L.Cremer
50 , D. Cremonini24a,24b , S. Crépé-Renaudin61 ,
F. Crescioli130 , M. Cristinziani145 , M. Cristoforetti79a,79b ,V.Croft
117 , J.E. Crosby124 , G. Crosetti44a,44b ,
A. Cueto101 ,H.Cui
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7, W.R. Cunningham60 , F. Curcio166 ,J.R.Curran
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M.J. Da Cunha Sargedas De Sousa58a,58b , J.V. Da Fonseca Pinto84b ,C.DaVia
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T. Dado37 , S. Dahbi152 ,T.Dai
108 , D. Dal Santo20 , C. Dallapiccola105 ,M.Dam
43 ,G.D’amen
30 ,
V. D’Amico111 ,J.Damp
102 , J.R. Dandoy35 , D. Dannheim37 , M. Danninger146 ,V.Dao
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S.J. Das30 , F. Dattola49 ,S.D’Auria
72a,72b , A. D’Avanzo73a,73b ,C.David
34a , T. Davidek136 ,I.Dawson
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H.A. Day-hall135 ,K.De
8, R. De Asmundis73a ,N.DeBiase
49 ,S.DeCastro
24a,24b , N. De Groot116 ,
P. de Jong117 ,H.DelaTorre
118 ,A.DeMaria
114a , A. De Salvo76a , U. De Sanctis77a,77b , F. De Santis71a,71b ,
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F. Del Cors o24a,24b , J. Del Peso101 , L. Delagrange130 , F. Deliot138 , C.M. Delitzsch50 , M. Della Pietra73a,73b ,
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C. Di Donato73a,73b , A. Di Girolamo37 , G. Di Gregorio37 , A. Di Luca79a,79b , B. Di Micco78a,78b ,
R. Di Nardo78a,78b , K.F. Di Petrillo40 , M. Diamantopoulou35 , F.A. Dias117 ,T.DiasDoVale
146 ,
M.A. Diaz140a,140b , F.G. Diaz Capriles25 , A.R. Didenko39 , M. Didenko166 , E.B. Diehl108 , S. Díez Cornell49 ,
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28b ,
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J. Donini41 , A. D’Onofrio73a,73b , M. D’Onofrio94 , J. Dopke137 ,A.Doria
73a , N. Dos Santos Fernandes133a ,
P. Dougan103 ,M.T.Dova
92 , A.T. Doyle60 , M.A. Draguet129 , M.P. Drescher56 , E. Dreyer172 ,
I. Drivas-koulouris10 ,M.Drnevich
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63a ,T.A.duPree
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S. Dungs50 , K. Dunne48a,48b , A. Duperrin104 , H. Duran Yildiz3a , M. Düren59 , A. Durglishvili153b ,
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57 , G. Eigen17 , K. Einsweiler18a ,
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V. Ellajosyula164 , M. Ellert164 , F. Ellinghaus174 , N. Ellis37 , J. Elmsheuser30 ,M.Elsawy
119a , M. Elsing37 ,
D. Emeliyanov137 , Y. Enari85 ,I.Ene
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M. Escalier67 , C. Escobar166 , E. Etzion155 , G. Evans133a , H. Evans69 , L.S. Evans97 , A. Ezhilov38 ,
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J. Faltova136 ,C.Fan
165 ,K.Y.Fan
65b ,Y.Fan
14 , Y. Fang14,114c , M. Fanti72a,72b , M. Faraj70a,70b ,
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M. Faucci Giannelli77a,77b , W.J. Fawcett33 , L. Fayard67 , P. Federic136 , P. Federicova134 , O.L. Fedin38 ,a,
M. Feickert173 , L. Feligioni104 , D.E. Fellers126 , C. Feng63b , Z. Feng117 , M.J. Fenton162 , L. Ferencz49 ,
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L. Fiorini166 , W.C. Fisher109 , T. Fitschen103 , P. M. Fitzhugh138, I. Fleck145 , P. Fleischmann108 , T. Flick174 ,
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18a , L. Fountas9,i,
D. Fournier67 ,H.Fox
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63a ,
S. Fuenzalida Garrido140f , M. Fujimoto104 , K.Y. Fung65a , E. Furtado De Simas Filho84e , M. Furukawa157 ,
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56 , A. Gabrielli24a,24b , A. Gabrielli158 , P. Gadow37 , G. Gagliardi58a,58b ,
L.G. Gagnon18a ,S.Gaid
163 , S. Galantzan155 , J. Gallagher1, E.J. Gallas129 , B.J. Gallop137 ,K.K.Gan
122 ,
S. Ganguly157 ,Y.Gao
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A.G. Garcia Caffaro175 , J.E. García Navarro166 , M. Garcia-Sciveres18a , G.L. Gardner131 , R.W. Gardner40 ,
N. Garelli161 ,D.Garg
81 ,R.B.Garg
147 ,J.M.Gargan
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G. Gaudio74a , V. Gautam13 , P. Gauzzi76a,76b , J. Gavranovic95 , I.L. Gavrilenko38 , A. Gavrilyuk38 ,C.Gay
167 ,
G. Gaycken126 , E.N. Gazis10 , A.A. Geanta28b ,C.M.Gee
139 ,A.Gekow
122, C. Gemme58b , M.H. Genest61 ,
A.D. Gentry115 , S. George97 , W.F. George21 , T. Geralis47 , P. Gessinger-Befurt37 , M.E. Geyik174 ,
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G. Giugliarelli70a,70c , D. Giugni72a , F. Giuli77a,77b , I. Gkialas9,i, L.K. Gladilin38 ,C.Glasman
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G.R. Gledhill126 ,G.Glemža
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A. Gongadze153c , F. Gonnella21 , J.L. Gonski147 , R.Y. González Andana53 , S. González de la Hoz166 ,
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S. Gurbuz25 , S.S. Gurdasani55 , G. Gustavino76a,76b , P. Gutierrez123 , L.F. Gutierrez Zagazeta131 , M. Gutsche51 ,
C. Gutschow98 , C. Gwenlan129 , C.B. Gwilliam94 , E.S. Haaland128 , A. Haas120 , M. Habedank60 ,
C. Haber18a , H.K. Hadavand8, A. Hadef51 , S. Hadzic112 , A.I. Hagan93 , J.J. Hahn145 , E.H. Haines98 ,
M. Haleem169 ,J.Haley
124 , G.D. Hallewell104 ,L.Halser
20 , K. Hamano168 , M. Hamer25 , E.J. Hampshire97 ,
J. Han63b ,L.Han
114a ,L.Han
63a ,S.Han
18a ,Y.F.Han
158 , K. Hanagaki85 , M. Hance139 , D.A. Hangal42 ,
H. Hanif146 , M.D. Hank131 , J.B. Hansen43 , P.H. Hansen43 , D. Harada57 , T. Harenberg174 , S. Harkusha38 ,
M.L. Harris105 ,Y.T.Harris
25 , J. Harrison13 , N.M. Harrison122 , P.F.Harrison
170, N.M. Hartman112 ,
N.M. Hartmann111 , R.Z. Hasan97,137 , Y. Hasegawa144 , F. Haslbeck129 , S. Hassan17 , R. Hauser109 ,
C.M. Hawkes21 , R.J. Hawkings37 , Y. Hayashi157 , D. Hayden109 , C. Hayes108 , R.L. Hayes117 , C.P. Hays129 ,
J.M. Hays96 , H.S. Hayward94 ,F.He
63a ,M.He
14,114c ,Y.He
49 ,Y.He
98 , N.B. Heatley96 , V. Hedberg100 ,
A.L. Heggelund128 , N.D. Hehir96,*, C. Heidegger55 , K.K. Heidegger55 , J. Heilman35 ,S.Heim
49 ,
T. He im18a , J.G. Heinlein131 , J.J. Heinrich126 , L. Heinrich112,ab , J. Hejbal134 ,A.Held
173 , S. Hellesund17 ,
C.M. Helling167 , S. Hellman48a,48b , R. C. W. Henderson93, L. Henkelmann33 , A. M. Henriques Correia37,
H. Herde100 , Y. Hernández Jiménez149 , L.M. Herrmann25 , T. Herrmann51 ,G.Herten
55 , R. Hertenberger111 ,
L. Hervas37 , M.E. Hesping102 , N.P. Hessey159a , J. Hessler112 , M. Hidaoui36b , N. Hidic136 , E. Hill158 ,
S.J. Hillier21 , J.R. Hinds109 , F. Hinterkeuser25 ,M.Hirose
127 ,S.Hirose
160 , D. Hirschbuehl174 ,
T.G. Hitchings103 , B. Hiti95 , J. Hobbs149 , R. Hobincu28e ,N.Hod
172 , M.C. Hodgkinson143 ,
B.H. Hodkinson129 , A. Hoecker37 , D.D. Hofer108 , J. Hofer166 ,T.Holm
25 , M. Holzbock37 ,
L.B.A.H. Hommels33 , B.P. Honan103 , J.J. Hong69 , J. Hong63c , T.M. Hong132 , B.H. Hooberman165 ,
W.H. Hopkins6, M.C. Hoppesch165 ,Y.Horii
113 , M.E. Horstmann112 ,S.Hou
152 ,A.S.Howard
95 ,
J. Howarth60 ,J.Hoya
6, M. Hrabovsky125 , A. Hrynevich49 , T. Hryn’ova4,P.J.Hsu
66 ,S.-C.Hsu
142 ,
T. Hs u67 ,M.Hu
18a ,Q.Hu
63a , S. Huang65b , X. Huang14,114c , Y. Huang143 , Y. Huang102 , Y. Huang14 ,
Z. Huang103 , Z. Hubacek135 , M. Huebner25 , F. Huegging25 , T.B. Huffman129 , M. Hufnagel Maranha De Faria84a,
C.A. Hugli49 , M. Huhtinen37 , S.K. Huiberts17 , R. Hulsken106 , N. Huseynov12,f,J.Huston
109 ,J.Huth
62 ,
R. Hyneman147 , G. Iacobucci57 , G. Iakovidis30 , L. Iconomidou-Fayard67 , J.P. Iddon37 , P. Iengo73a,73b ,
R. Iguchi157 , Y. Iiyama157 ,T.Iizawa
129 ,Y.Ikegami
85 , N. Ilic158 ,H.Imam
84c , G. Inacio Goncalves84d ,
T. Ingebretsen Carlson48a,48b , J.M. Inglis96 , G. Introzzi74a,74b , M. Iodice78a , V. Ippolito76a,76b , R.K. Irwin94 ,
M. Ishino157 , W. Islam173 , C. Issever19 , S. Istin22a,ah ,H.Ito
171 , R. Iuppa79a,79b , A. Ivina172 ,
J.M. Izen46 , V. Izzo73a , P. Jacka134 , P. Jackson1, C.S. Jagfeld111 ,G.Jain
159a ,P.Jain
49 , K. Jakobs55 ,
T. Jakoubek172 ,J.Jamieson
60 , W. Jang157 , M. Javurkova105 , P. Jawahar103 , L. Jeanty126 , J. Jejelava153a,z,
P. Jenni55,e, C.E. Jessiman35 ,C.Jia
63b ,H.Jia
167 ,J.Jia
149 ,X.Jia
14,114c ,Z.Jia
114a , C. Jiang53 ,
S. Jiggins49 , J. Jimenez Pena13 ,S.Jin
114a , A. Jinaru28b , O. Jinnouchi141 , P. Johansson143 , K.A. Johns7,
J.W. Johnson139 , F.A. Jolly49 , D.M. Jones150 , E. Jones49 , K. S. Jones8, P. Jones33 , R.W.L. Jones93 ,
T.J. Jones94 , H.L. Joos56 ,37 , R. Joshi122 , J. Jovicevic16 ,X.Ju
18a , J.J. Junggeburth105 , T. Junkermann64a ,
A. Juste Rozas13,t, M.K. Juzek88 , S. Kabana140e , A. Kaczmarska88 , M. Kado112 , H. Kagan122 , M. Kagan147 ,
A. Kahn131 , C. Kahra102 ,T.Kaji
157 , E. Kajomovitz154 , N. Kakati172 , I. Kalaitzidou55 , C.W. Kalderon30 ,
N.J. Kang139 ,D.Kar
34g ,K.Karava
129 , M.J. Kareem159b , E. Karentzos55 , O. Karkout117 , S.N. Karpov39 ,
Z.M. Karpova39 , V. Kartvelishvili93 , A.N. Karyukhin38 ,E.Kasimi
156 , J. Katzy49 , S. Kaur35 , K. Kawade144 ,
M.P. Kawale123 , C. Kawamoto89 , T. Kawamoto63a ,E.F.Kay
37 , F.I. Kaya161 , S. Kazakos109 , V.F. Kazanin38 ,
Y. Ke149 , J.M. Keaveney34a , R. Keeler168 , G.V. Kehris62 , J.S. Keller35 , J.J. Kempster150 , O. Kepka134 ,
B.P. Kerridge137 , S. Kersten174 , B.P. Kerševan95 , L. Keszeghova29a , S. Ketabchi Haghighat158 , R.A. Khan132 ,
A. Khanov124 , A.G. Kharlamov38 , T. Kharlamova38 , E.E. Khoda142 , M. Kholodenko133a , T.J. Khoo19 ,
G. Khoriauli169 , J. Khubua153b,*, Y.A.R. Khwaira130 , B. Kibirige34g,D.Kim
6, D.W. Kim48a,48b , Y.K. Kim40 ,
N. Kimura98 , M.K. Kingston56 , A. Kirchhoff56 ,C.Kirfel
25 ,F.Kirfel
25 ,J.Kirk
137 , A.E. Kiryunin112 ,
S. Kita160 , C. Kitsaki10 ,O.Kivernyk
25 , M. Klassen161 , C. Klein35 , L. Klein169 , M.H. Klein45 ,
S.B. Klein57 , U. Klein94 , A. Klimentov30 , T. Klioutchnikova37 , P. Kluit117 , S. Kluth112 , E. Kneringer80 ,
T.M. Knight158 , A. Knue50 , D. Kobylianskii172 , S.F. Koch129 , M. Kocian147 , P. Kodyš136 , D.M. Koeck126 ,
P.T. Koenig25 ,T.Koffas
35 , O. Kolay51 , I. Koletsou4, T. Komarek88 , K. Köneke55 , A.X.Y. Kong1,
T. Kono121 , N. Konstantinidis98 , P. Kontaxakis57 , B. Konya100 , R. Kopeliansky42 , S. Koperny87a ,
K. Korcyl88 , K. Kordas156,d,A.Korn
98 ,S.Korn
56 , I. Korolkov13 , N. Korotkova38 , B. Kortman117 ,
O. Kortner112 , S. Kortner112 , W.H. Kostecka118 , V.V. Kostyukhin145 , A. Kotsokechagia37 ,A.Kotwal
52 ,
A. Koulouris37 , A. Kourkoumeli-Charalampidi74a,74b , C. Kourkoumelis9, E. Kourlitis112,ab , O. Kovanda126 ,
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R. Kowalewski168 , W. Kozanecki126 , A.S. Kozhin38 , V.A. Kramarenko38 , G. Kramberger95 ,P.Kramer
102 ,
M.W. Krasny130 , A. Krasznahorkay37 , A.C. Kraus118 , J.W. Kraus174 ,J.A.Kremer
49 , T. Kresse51 ,
L. Kretschmann174 , J. Kretzschmar94 , K. Kreul19 , P. Krieger158 ,M. Krivos
136 , K. Krizka21 , K. Kroeninger50 ,
H. Kroha112 ,J.Kroll
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M.C. Kruse52 , O. Kuchinskaia38 , S. Kuday3a , S. Kuehn37 , R. Kuesters55 , T. Kuhl49 , V. Kukhtin39 ,
Y. Kulchitsky38,a, S. Kuleshov140b,140d , M. Kumar34g , N. Kumari49 , P. Kumari159b , A. Kupco134 , T. Kupfer50,
A. Kupich38 , O. Kuprash55 , H. Kurashige86 , L.L. Kurchaninov159a , O. Kurdysh67 , Y.A. Kurochkin38 ,
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105 , J. Kvita125 ,T.Kwan
106 , N.G. Kyriacou108 , L.A.O. Laatu104 ,
C. Lacasta166 , F. Lacava76a,76b , H. Lacker19 , D. Lacour130 ,N.N.Lad
98 , E. Ladygin39 , A. Lafarge41 ,
B. Laforge130 , T. Lagouri175 , F.Z. Lahbabi36a ,S.Lai
56 , J.E. Lambert168 , S. Lammers69 , W. Lampl7,
C. Lampoudis156,d, G. Lamprinoudis102 , A.N. Lancaster118 , E. Lançon30 , U. Landgraf55 , M.P.J. Landon96 ,
V.S. Lang55 , O.K.B. Langrekken128 , A.J. Lankford162 , F. Lanni37 , K. Lantzsch25 , A. Lanza74a ,
M. Lanzac Berrocal166 , J.F. Laporte138 ,T.Lari
72a , F. Lasagni Manghi24b , M. Lassnig37 , V. Latonova134 ,
A. Laurier154 , S.D. Lawlor143 , Z. Lawrence103 , R. Lazaridou170, M. Lazzaroni72a,72b ,B.Le
103, H.D.M. Le109 ,
E.M. Le Boulicaut175 , L.T. Le Pottier18a , B. Leban24a,24b , A. Lebedev82 , M. LeBlanc103 , F. Ledroit-Guillon61 ,
S.C. Lee152 ,S.Lee
48a,48b ,T.F.Lee
94 , L.L. Leeuw34c , H.P. Lefebvre97 , M. Lefebvre168 , C. Leggett18a ,
G. Lehmann Miotto37 , M. Leigh57 , W.A. Leight105 , W. Leinonen116 ,A.Leisos
156,r, M.A.L. Leite84c ,
C.E. Leitgeb19 , R. Leitner136 , K.J.C. Leney45 , T. Lenz25 , S. Leone75a , C. Leonidopoulos53 , A. Leopold148 ,
R. Les109 , C.G. Lester33 , M. Levchenko38 , J. Levêque4, L.J. Levinson172 ,G.Levrini
24a,24b , M.P. Lewicki88 ,
C. Lewis142 , D.J. Lewis4, L. Lewitt143 ,A.Li
30 ,B.Li
63b ,C.Li
63a,C-Q.Li
112 ,H.Li
63a ,H.Li
63b ,
H. Li114a ,H.Li
15 ,H.Li
63b ,J.Li
63c ,K.Li
14 ,L.Li
63c ,M.Li
14,114c ,S.Li
14,114c ,S.Li
63c,63d ,
T. Li 5,X.Li
106 ,Z.Li
157 ,Z.Li
14,114c ,Z.Li
63a , S. Liang14,114c , Z. Liang14 , M. Liberatore138 ,
B. Liberti77a ,K.Lie
65c , J. Lieber Marin84e ,H.Lien
69 ,H.Lin
108 ,K.Lin
109 , R.E. Lindley7, J.H. Lindon2,
J. Ling62 , E. Lipeles131 , A. Lipniacka17 , A. Lister167 , J.D. Little69 ,B.Liu
14 , B.X. Liu114b ,D.Liu
63c,63d ,
E.H.L. Liu21 , J.B. Liu63a , J.K.K. Liu33 ,K.Liu
63d ,K.Liu
63c,63d ,M.Liu
63a , M.Y. Liu63a ,P.Liu
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Q. Liu63c,63d,142 ,X.Liu
63a ,X.Liu
63b ,Y.Liu
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J.D. Lomas21 , J.D. Long42 , I. Longarini162 , R. Longo165 , I. Lopez Paz68 , A. Lopez Solis49 ,
N.A. Lopez-canelas7, N. Lorenzo Martinez4,A.M.Lory
111 , M. Losada119a , G. Löschcke Centeno150 ,
O. Loseva38 ,X.Lou
48a,48b ,X.Lou
14,114c , A. Lounis67 , P.A. Love93 ,G.Lu
14,114c ,M.Lu
67 ,S.Lu
131 ,
Y.J . L u 66 , H.J. Lubatti142 , C. Luci76a,76b , F.L. Lucio Alves114a , F. Luehring69 , O. Lukianchuk67 ,
B.S. Lunday131 , O. Lundberg148 , B. Lund-Jensen148,*, N.A. Luongo6,M.S.Lutz
37 ,A.B.Lux
26 , D. Lynn30 ,
R. Lysak134 ,E.Lytken
100 , V. Lyubushkin39 , T. Lyubushkina39 , M.M. Lyukova149 , M.Firdaus M. Soberi53 ,
H. Ma30 ,K.Ma
63a ,L.L.Ma
63b ,W.Ma
63a ,Y.Ma
124 , J.C. MacDonald102 , P.C. Machado De Abreu Farias84e ,
R. Madar41 , T. Madula98 , J. Maeda86 , T. Maeno30 , H. Maguire143 , V. Maiboroda138 ,A.Maio
133a,133b,133d ,
K. Maj87a , O. Majersky49 ,S.Majewski
126 , N. Makovec67 , V. Maksimovic16 , B. Malaescu130 ,
Pa. Malecki88 , V.P. Maleev38 , F. Malek61,m,M.Mali
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S. Malyukov39, J. Mamuzic13 , G. Mancini54 , M.N. Mancini27 , G. Manco74a,74b , J.P. Mandalia96 ,
S.S. Mandarry150 , I. Mandi´c95 , L. Manhaes de Andrade Filho84a , I.M. Maniatis172 , J. Manjarres Ramos91 ,
D.C. Mankad172 , A. Mann111 , S. Manzoni37 ,L.Mao
63c , X. Mapekula34c , A. Marantis156,r, G. Marchiori5,
M. Marcisovsky134 , C. Marcon72a , M. Marinescu21 ,S.Marium
49 , M. Marjanovic123 , A. Markhoos55 ,
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A.C. Martyniuk98 , A. Marzin37 , D. Mascione79a ,79b , L. Masetti102 ,J.Masik
103 , A.L. Maslennikov38 ,
S.L. Mason42 , P. Massarotti73a,73b , P. Mastrandrea75a,75b , A. Mastroberardino44a,44b , T. Masubuchi127 ,
T.T. M athew126 , T. Mathisen164 , J. Matousek136 , D.M. Mattern50 , J. Maurer28b , T. Maurin60 ,
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S.M. Mazza139 , E. Mazzeo72a,72b ,C.McGinn
30 ,J.P.McGowan
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C.C. McCracken167 , E.F. McDonald107 , A.E. McDougall117 , J.A. Mcfayden150 , R.P. McGovern131 ,
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6, E. Meuser102 , C. Meyer69 , J-P. Meyer138 , R.P. Middleton137 , L. Mijovi´c53 ,
G. Mikenberg172 , M. Mikestikova134 , M. Mikuž95 , H. Mildner102 , A. Milic37 , D.W. Miller40 , E.H. Miller147 ,
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114a, A.A. Minaenko38 , I.A. Minashvili153b ,
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M. Mironova18a , M.C. Missio116 , A. Mitra170 , V.A. Mitsou166 , Y. Mitsumori113 ,O.Miu
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S. Monzani70a,70c , A. Morancho Tarda43 , N. Morange67 , A.L. Moreira De Carvalho49 , M. Moreno Llácer166 ,
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P. Moskvitina116 ,J.Moss
32,j, P. Moszkowicz87a , A. Moussa36d , E.J.W. Moyse105 , O. Mtintsilana34g ,
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J. J. Mullin131,A.E.Mulski
62 , D.P. Mungo158 , D. Munoz Perez166 , F.J. Munoz Sanchez103 ,M.Murin
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W.J. Murray170,137 , M. Muškinja95 ,C.Mwewa
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25 , G. Navarro23a ,
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L. Nedic129 , T.J. Neep21 ,A.Negri
74a,74b ,M.Negrini
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S. Nemecek134 , M. Nessi37,g, M.S. Neubauer165 , F. Neuhaus102 , J. Neundorf49 ,J.Newell
94 , P.R. Newman21 ,
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76a ,N.Nishu
2, R. Nisius112 ,J-
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35 ,
M. Noury36a ,J.Novak
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L.F. Oleiro Seabra133a , I. Oleksiyuk57 , S.A. Olivares Pino140d , G. Oliveira Correa13 , D. Oliveira Damazio30 ,
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158 , L.M. Osojnak131 , R. Ospanov63a ,
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U. Parzefall55 , B. Pascual Dias110 , L. Pascual Dominguez101 , E. Pasqualucci76a , S. Passaggio58b ,F.Pastore
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M. Penzin38 , B.S. Peralva84d , A.P. Pereira Peixoto142 , L. Pereira Sanchez147 , D.V. Perepelitsa30,af ,
G. Perera105 , E. Perez Codina159a , M. Perganti10 , H. Pernegger37 , S. Perrella76a,76b , O. Perrin41 ,
K. Peters49 , R.F.Y. Peters103 , B.A. Petersen37 , T.C. Petersen43 , E. Petit104 , V. Petousis135 , C. Petridou156,d,
T. Petru136 , A. Petrukhin145 , M. Pettee18a , A. Petukhov38 , K. Petukhova37 , R. Pezoa140f , L. Pezzotti37 ,
G. Pezzullo175 , A.J. Pﬂeger37 , T.M. Pham173 , T. Pham107 , P.W. Phillips137 , G. Piacquadio149 , E. Pianori18a ,
F. Piazza126 , R. Piegaia31 , D. Pietreanu28b , A.D. Pilkington103 , M. Pinamonti70a,70c , J.L. Pinfold2,
B.C. Pinheiro Pereira133a , J. Pinol Bel13 , A.E. Pinto Pinoargote138 , L. Pintucci70a,70c , K.M. Piper150 ,
A. Pirttikoski57 , D.A. Pizzi35 , L. Pizzimento65b , A. Pizzini117 , M.-A. Pleier30 ,V.Pleskot
136 , E. Plotnikova39,
G. Poddar96 , R. Poettgen100 , L. Poggioli130 , I. Pokharel56 , S. Polacek136 , G. Polesello74a , A. Poley146,159a ,
A. Polini24b , C.S. Pollard170 , Z.B. Pollock122 , E. Pompa Pacchi76a,76b , N.I. Pond98 , D. Ponomarenko69 ,
123

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L. Pontecorvo37 , S. Popa28a , G.A. Popeneciu28d , A. Poreba37 , D.M. Portillo Quintero159a , S. Pospisil135 ,
M.A. Postill143 , P. Postolache28c , K. Potamianos170 , P.A. Potepa87a , I.N. Potrap39 , C.J. Potter33 , H. Potti151 ,
J. Poveda166 , M.E. Pozo Astigarraga37 , A. Prades Ibanez77a,77b ,J.Pretel
168 ,D.Price
103 ,M.Primavera
71a ,
L. Primomo70a,70c , M.A. Principe Martin101 , R. Privara125 , T. Procter60 , M.L. Profﬁtt142 , N. Proklova131 ,
K. Prokoﬁev65c ,G.Proto
112 , J. Proudfoot6, M. Przybycien87a , W.W. Przygoda87b , A. Psallidas47 ,
J.E. Puddefoot143 , D. Pudzha55 , D. Pyatiizbyantseva38 ,J.Qian
108 , D. Qichen103 ,Y.Qin
13 ,T.Qiu
53 ,
A. Quadt56 , M. Queitsch-Maitland103 , G. Quetant57 , R.P. Quinn167 , G. Rabanal Bolanos62 , D. Rafanoharana55 ,
F. Raffaeli77a,77b , F. Ragusa72a,72b , J.L. Rainbolt40 , J.A. Raine57 , S. Rajagopalan30 , E. Ramakoti38 ,
L. Rambelli58b,58a , I.A. Ramirez-Berend35 ,K.Ran
49,114c , D.S. Rankin131 , N.P. Rapheeha34g , H. Rasheed28b ,
V. Ra s k in a 130 , D.F. Rassloff64a , A. Rastogi18a ,S.Rave
102 ,S.Ravera
58b,58a ,B.Ravina
56 , I. Ravinovich172 ,
M. Raymond37 , A.L. Read128 , N.P. Readioff143 , D.M. Rebuzzi74a ,74b , G. Redlinger30 , A.S. Reed112 ,
K. Reeves27 , J.A. Reidelsturz174 , D. Reikher126 ,A.Rej
50 , C. Rembser37 , M. Renda28b , F. Renner49 ,
A.G. Rennie162 , A.L. Rescia49 , S. Resconi72a , M. Ressegotti58b,58a , S. Rettie37 , J.G. Reyes Rivera109 ,
E. Reynolds18a , O.L. Rezanova38 , P. Reznicek136 , H. Riani36d , N. Ribaric52 , E. Ricci79a ,79b ,
R. Richter112 , S. Richter48a,48b , E. Richter-Was87b , M. Ridel130 , S. Ridouani36d , P. Rieck120 , P. Riedler37 ,
E.M. Riefel48a,48b , J.O. Rieger117 , M. Rijssenbeek149 , M. Rimoldi37 , L. Rinaldi24b,24a , P. Rincke56,164 ,
T.T. R inn30 , M.P. Rinnagel111 , G. Ripellino164 ,I.Riu
13 , J.C. Rivera Vergara168 , F. Rizatdinova124 ,
E. Rizvi96 , B.R. Roberts18a , S.S. Roberts139 , S.H. Robertson106,x, D. Robinson33 , M. Robles Manzano102 ,
A. Robson60 , A. Rocchi77a,77b , C. Roda75a,75b , S. Rodriguez Bosca37 , Y. Rodriguez Garcia23a ,
A. Rodriguez Rodriguez55 , A.M. Rodríguez Vera118 ,S.Roe
37, J.T. Roemer37 , A.R. Roepe-Gier139 , O. Røhne128 ,
R.A. Rojas105 , C.P.A. Roland130 , J. Roloff30 , A. Romaniouk80 , E. Romano74a,74b , M. Romano24b ,
A.C. Romero Hernandez165 , N. Rompotis94 , L. Roos130 , S. Rosati76a , B.J. Rosser40 , E. Rossi129 ,
E. Rossi73a,73b , L.P. Rossi62 , L. Rossini55 ,R.Rosten
122 , M. Rotaru28b , B. Rottler55 , C. Rougier91 ,
D. Rousseau67 , D. Rousso49 ,A.Roy
165 , S. Roy-Garand158 , A. Rozanov104 , Z.M.A. Rozario60 , Y. Rozen154 ,
A. Rubio Jimenez166 , A.J. Ruby94 , V.H. Ruelas Rivera19 , T.A. Ruggeri1, A. Ruggiero129 , A. Ruiz-Martinez166 ,
A. Rummler37 ,Z.Rurikova
55 , N.A. Rusakovich39 , H.L. Russell168 , G. Russo76a,76b , J.P. Rutherfoord7,
S. Rutherford Colmenares33 , M. Rybar136 ,E.B.Rye
128 , A. Ryzhov45 , J.A. Sabater Iglesias57 ,H.F-
W. Sadrozinski139 , F. Safai Tehrani76a , B. Safarzadeh Samani137 , S. Saha1, M. Sahinsoy83 , A. Saibel166 ,
M. Saimpert138 , M. Saito157 , T. Saito157 , A. Sala72a,72b , D. Salamani37 , A. Salnikov147 , J. Salt166 ,
A. Salvador Salas155 , D. Salvatore44a,44b , F. Salvatore150 , A. Salzburger37 , D. Sammel55 , E. Sampson93 ,
D. Sampsonidis156,d, D. Sampsonidou126 , J. Sánchez166 , V. Sanchez Sebastian166 , H. Sandaker128 ,
C.O. Sander49 , J.A. Sandesara105 , M. Sandhoff174 , C. Sandoval23b , L. Sanﬁlippo64a , D.P.C. Sankey137 ,
T. Sano89 , A. Sansoni54 , L. Santi37 ,76b , C. Santoni41 , H. Santos133a,133b , A. Santra172 , E. Sanzani24a,24b ,
K.A. Saoucha163 , J.G. Saraiva133a,133d , J. Sardain7, O. Sasaki85 , K. Sato160 , C. Sauer64b, E. Sauvan4,
P. Sava r d 158 ,ad , R. Sawada157 , C. Sawyer137 , L. Sawyer99 , C. Sbarra24b , A. Sbrizzi24a ,24b , T. Scanlon98 ,
J. Schaarschmidt142 , U. Schäfer102 , A.C. Schaffer45,67 , D. Schaile111 , R.D. Schamberger149 , C. Scharf19 ,
M.M. Schefer20 , V.A. Schegelsky38 , D. Scheirich136 , M. Schernau162 , C. Scheulen56 , C. Schiavi58a,58b ,
M. Schioppa44a,44b , B. Schlag147 , S. Schlenker37 , J. Schmeing174 , M.A. Schmidt174 , K. Schmieden102 ,
C. Schmitt102 , N. Schmitt102 , S. Schmitt49 , L. Schoeffel138 , A. Schoening64b , P.G. Scholer35 , E. Schopf129 ,
M. Schott25 , J. Schovancova37 , S. Schramm57 , T. Schroer57 , H-C. Schultz-Coulon64a , M. Schumacher55 ,
B.A. Schumm139 , Ph. Schune138 , A.J. Schuy142 , H.R. Schwartz139 , A. Schwartzman147 , T.A. Schwarz108 ,
Ph. Schwemling138 , R. Schwienhorst109 , F.G. Sciacca20 , A. Sciandra30 , G. Sciolla27 , F. Scuri75a ,
C.D. Sebastiani94 , K. Sedlaczek118 , S.C. Seidel115 , A. Seiden139 , B.D. Seidlitz42 , C. Seitz49 , J.M. Seixas84b ,
G. Sekhniaidze73a , L. Selem61 , N. Semprini-Cesari24a ,24b , D. Sengupta57 , V. Senthilkumar166 , L. Serin67 ,
M. Sessa77a,77b ,H.Severini
123 ,F.Sforza
58a,58b , A. Sfyrla57 , Q. Sha14 , E. Shabalina56 , A.H. Shah33 ,
R. Shaheen148 , J.D. Shahinian131 , D. Shaked Renous172 , L.Y. Shan14 , M. Shapiro18a , A. Sharma37 ,
A.S. Sharma167 , P. Sharma81 , P.B. Shatalov38 , K. Shaw150 , S.M. Shaw103 , Q. Shen63c , D.J. Sheppard146 ,
P. Sherwood98 , L. Shi98 , X. Shi14 , S. Shimizu85 , C.O. Shimmin175 , J.D. Shinner97 , I.P.J. Shipsey129,*,
S. Shirabe90 , M. Shiyakova39,v, M.J. Shochet40 , D.R. Shope128 , B. Shrestha123 , S. Shrestha122,ag ,
I. Shreyber38 , M.J. Shroff168 , P. Sicho134 , A.M. Sickles165 , E. Sideras Haddad34g , A.C. Sidley117 ,
A. Sidoti24b , F. Siegert51 , Dj. Sijacki16 , F. Sili92 , J.M. Silva53 , I. Silva Ferreira84b , M.V. Silva Oliveira30 ,
S.B. Silverstein48a , S. Simion67, R. Simoniello37 , E.L. Simpson103 , H. Simpson150 , L.R. Simpson108 ,
S. Simsek83 , S. Sindhu56 , P. Sinervo158 , S. Singh158 , S. Sinha49 , S. Sinha103 , M. Sioli24a,24b ,I.Siral
37 ,
123

  153  Page 28 of 34 Eur. Phys. J. C           (2025) 85:153 
E. Sitnikova49 , J. Sjölin48a,48b , A. Skaf56 ,E.Skorda
21 , P. Skubic123 , M. Slawinska88 , V. Smakhtin172,
B.H. Smart137 , S.Yu. Smirnov38 ,Y.Smirnov
38 ,L.N.Smirnova
38,a,O.Smirnova
100 , A.C. Smith42 ,
D. R. Smith162, E.A. Smith40 , J.L. Smith103 , R. Smith147, M. Smizanska93 ,K.Smolek
135 , A.A. Snesarev38 ,
H.L. Snoek117 , S. Snyder30 , R. Sobie168,x, A. Soffer155 , C.A. Solans Sanchez37 , E.Yu. Soldatov38 ,
U. Soldevila166 , A.A. Solodkov38 , S. Solomon27 , A. Soloshenko39 , K. Solovieva55 , O.V. Solovyanov41 ,
P. Sommer51 , A. Sonay13 , W.Y. Song159b , A. Sopczak135 , A.L. Sopio53 , F. Sopkova29b , J.D. Sorenson115 ,
I.R. Sotarriva Alvarez141 , V. Sothilingam64a, O.J. Soto Sandoval140c,140b , S. Sottocornola69 , R. Soualah163 ,
Z. Soumaimi36e , D. South49 , N. Soybelman172 , S. Spagnolo71a,71b , M. Spalla112 , D. Sperlich55 ,
G. Spigo37 , B. Spisso73a,73b , D.P. Spiteri60 , M. Spousta136 , E.J. Staats35 ,R.Stamen
64a , A. Stampekis21 ,
E. Stanecka88 , W. Stanek-Maslouska49 , M.V. Stange51 , B. Stanislaus18a , M.M. Stanitzki49 , B. Stapf49 ,
E.A. Starchenko38 , G.H. Stark139 ,J.Stark
91 , P. Staroba134 , P. Starovoitov64a ,S.Stärz
106 , R. Staszewski88 ,
G. Stavropoulos47 ,A.Steﬂ
37 , P. Steinberg30 , B. Stelzer146,159a , H.J. Stelzer132 , O. Stelzer-Chilton159a ,
H. Stenzel59 , T.J. Stevenson150 , G.A. Stewart37 , J.R. Stewart124 , M.C. Stockton37 , G. Stoicea28b ,
M. Stolarski133a , S. Stonjek112 , A. Straessner51 , J. Strandberg148 , S. Strandberg48a,48b , M. Stratmann174 ,
M. Strauss123 , T. Strebler104 , P. Strizenec29b , R. Ströhmer169 , D.M. Strom126 , R. Stroynowski45 ,
A. Strubig48a,48b , S.A. Stucci30 , B. Stugu17 , J. Stupak123 , N.A. Styles49 ,D.Su
147 ,S.Su
63a ,
W. Su63d ,X.Su
63a , D. Suchy29a , K. Sugizaki157 , V.V. Sulin38 , M.J. Sullivan94 , D.M.S. Sultan129 ,
L. Sultanaliyeva38 , S. Sultansoy3b , T. Sumida89 , S. Sun173 , O. Sunneborn Gudnadottir164 , N. Sur104 ,
M.R. Sutton150 , H. Suzuki160 ,M.Svatos
134 , M. Swiatlowski159a , T. Swirski169 , I. Sykora29a , M. Sykora136 ,
T. Sykora136 ,D.Ta
102 , K. Tackmann49,u,A.Taffard
162 , R. Taﬁrout159a , J.S. Tafoya Vargas67 , Y. Takubo85 ,
M. Talby104 , A.A. Talyshev38 ,K.C.Tam
65b , N.M.Tamir
155, A. Tanaka157 , J. Tanaka157 , R. Tanaka67 ,
M. Tanasini149 ,Z.Tao
167 , S. Tapia Araya140f , S. Tapprogge102 , A. Tarek Abouelfadl Mohamed109 ,
S. Tarem154 ,K.Tariq
14 , G. Tarna28b , G.F. Tartarelli72a , M.J. Tartarin91 ,P.Tas
136 ,M.Tasevsky
134 ,
E. Tassi44a,44b ,A.C.Tate
165 , G. Tateno157 , Y. Tayalati36e,w, G.N. Taylor107 , W. Taylor159b ,
R. Teixeira De Lima147 , P. Teixeira-Dias97 , J.J. Teoh158 , K. Terashi157 ,J.Terron
101 , S. Terzo13 ,M.Testa
54 ,
R.J. Teuscher158,x, A. Thaler80 , O. Theiner57 , T. Theveneaux-Pelzer104 , O. Thielmann174 , D. W. Thomas97,
J.P. Thomas21 , E.A. Thompson18a , P.D. Thompson21 , E. Thomson131 , R.E. Thornberry45 ,C.Tian
63a ,
Y. Tian 57 , V. Tikhomirov38,a, Yu.A. Tikhonov38 , S. Timoshenko38,D.Timoshyn
136 , E.X.L. Ting1,
P. Tipton175 , A. Tishelman-Charny30 , S.H. Tlou34g , K. Todome141 , S. Todorova-Nova136 , S. Todt51,
L. Toffolin70a,70c ,M.Togawa
85 ,J.Tojo
90 , S. Tokár29a , K. Tokushuku85 , O. Toldaiev69 , M. Tomoto85,113 ,
L. Tompkins147,l, K.W. Topolnicki87b , E. Torrence126 ,H.Torres
91 , E. Torró Pastor166 , M. Toscani31 ,
C. Tosciri40 ,M.Tost
11 , D.R. Tovey143 , I.S. Trandaﬁr28b , T. Trefzger169 , A. Tricoli30 , I.M. Trigger159a ,
S. Trincaz-Duvoid130 , D.A. Trischuk27 , B. Trocmé61 , A. Tropina39, L. Truong34c , M. Trzebinski88 ,
A. Trzupek88 ,F.Tsai
149 ,M.Tsai
108 ,A.Tsiamis
156 , P. V. Tsiareshka38, S. Tsigaridas159a , A. Tsirigotis156 ,r,
V. Tsiskaridze158 , E.G. Tskhadadze153a , M. Tsopoulou156 , Y. Tsujikawa89 , I.I. Tsukerman38 , V. Tsulaia18a ,
S. Tsuno85 ,K.Tsuri
121 , D. Tsybychev149 ,Y.Tu
65b , A. Tudorache28b , V. Tudorache28b , A.N. Tuna62 ,
S. Turchikhin58a,58b , I. Turk Cakir3a ,R.Turra
72a , T. Turtuvshin39 ,P.M.Tuts
42 , S. Tzamarias156,d,
E. Tzovara102 ,F.Ukegawa
160 , P.A. Ulloa Poblete140c,140b , E.N. Umaka30 , G. Unal37 , A. Undrus30 ,
G. Unel162 , J. Urban29b , P. Urrejola140a ,G.Usai
8, R. Ushioda141 ,M.Usman
110 , F. Ustuner53 , Z. Uysal83 ,
V. Vacek135 , B. Vachon106 , T. Vafeiadis37 , A. Vaitkus98 , C. Valderanis111 , E. Valdes Santurio48a ,48b ,
M. Valente159a , S. Valentinetti24a,24b , A. Valero166 , E. Valiente Moreno166 , A. Vallier91 , J.A. Valls Ferrer166 ,
D.R. Van Arneman117 , T.R. Van Daalen142 , A. Van Der Graaf50 , P. Van Gemmeren6, M. Van Rijnbach37 ,
S. Van Stroud98 , I. Van Vulpen117 , P. Vana136 , M. Vanadia77a,77b , U.M. Vande Voorde148 , W. Vandelli37 ,
E.R. Vandewall124 , D. Vannicola155 , L. Vannoli54 ,R.Vari
76a , E.W. Varnes7, C. Varni18b , T. Varol152 ,
D. Varouchas67 , L. Varriale166 , K.E. Varvell151 , M.E. Vasile28b , L. Vaslin85 , G.A. Vasquez168 , A. Vasyukov39 ,
L.M. Vaughan124 , R. Vavricka102, T. Vazquez Schroeder37 , J. Veatch32 , V. Vecchio103 , M.J. Veen105 ,
I. Veliscek30 , L.M. Veloce158 , F. Veloso133a ,133c , S. Veneziano76a , A. Ventura71a,71b , S. Ventura Gonzalez138 ,
A. Verbytskyi112 , M. Verducci75a,75b , C. Vergis96 , M. Verissimo De Araujo84b ,W.Verkerke
117 ,
J.C. Vermeulen117 , C. Vernieri147 , M. Vessella105 , M.C. Vetterli146,ad , A. Vgenopoulos102 , N. Viaux Maira140f ,
T. Vickey 143 , O.E. Vickey Boeriu143 , G.H.A. Viehhauser129 , L. Vigani64b ,M.Vigl
112 , M. Villa24b,24a ,
M. Villaplana Perez166 , E. M. Villhauer53, E. Vilucchi54 , M.G. Vincter35 , A. Visibile117, C. Vittori37 ,
I. Vivarelli24a,24b , E. Voevodina112 , F. Vogel111 , J.C. Voigt51 , P. Vokac135 , Yu. Volkotrub87b , E. Von Toerne25 ,
B. Vormwald37 , V. Vorobel136 , K. Vorobev38 ,M.Vos
166 ,K.Voss
145 , M. Vozak117 , L. Vozdecky123 ,
123

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N. Vranjes16 , M. Vranjes Milosavljevic16 , M. Vreeswijk117 ,N.K.Vu
63c,63d , R. Vuillermet37 , O. Vujinovic102 ,
I. Vukotic40 , I.K. Vyas35 , S. Wada160 , C. Wagner147, J.M. Wagner18a , W. Wagner174 , S. Wahdan174 ,
H. Wahlberg92 , J. Walder137 ,R.Walker
111 , W. Walkowiak145 ,A.Wall
131 , E.J. Wallin100 , T. Wamorkar6,
A.Z. Wang139 , C. Wang102 , C. Wang11 , H. Wang18a , J. Wang65c , P. Wang98 , R. Wang62 , R. Wang6,
S.M. Wang152 , S. Wang63b , S. Wang14 , T. Wang63a , W.T. Wang81 , W. Wang14 , X. Wang114a , X. Wang165 ,
X. Wang63c , Y. Wang63d , Y. Wang114a , Y. Wang63a , Z. Wang108 , Z. Wang52,63c,63d , Z. Wang108 ,
A. Warburton106 ,R.J.Ward
21 , N. Warrack60 , S. Waterhouse97 ,A.T.Watson
21 ,H.Watson
53 ,M.F.Watson
21 ,
E. Watton60,137 , G. Watts142 , B.M. Waugh98 , J.M. Webb55 , C. Weber30 , H.A. Weber19 , M.S. Weber20 ,
S.M. Weber64a ,C.Wei
63a ,Y.Wei
55 , A.R. Weidberg129 ,E.J.Weik
120 , J. Weingarten50 ,C.Weiser
55 ,
C.J. Wells49 , T. Wenaus30 , B. Wendland50 , T. Wengler37 , N. S. Wenke112,N.Wermes
25 , M. Wessels64a ,
A.M. Wharton93 , A.S. White62 , A. White8, M.J. White1, D. Whiteson162 , L. Wickremasinghe127 ,
W. Wiedenmann173 , M. Wielers137 , C. Wiglesworth43 , D.J.Wilbern
123, H.G. Wilkens37 , J.J.H. Wilkinson33 ,
D.M. Williams42 , H. H. Williams131, S. Williams33 , S. Willocq105 , B.J. Wilson103 , P.J. Windischhofer40 ,
F.I. Winkel31 , F. Winklmeier126 , B.T. Winter55 , J.K. Winter103 , M. Wittgen147, M. Wobisch99 , T. Wojtkowski61,
Z. Wolffs117 , J. Wollrath162, M.W. Wolter88 , H. Wolters133a,133c , M.C.Wong
139, E.L. Woodward42 ,
S.D. Worm49 , B.K. Wosiek88 ,K.W.Wo´zniak88 , S. Wozniewski56 , K. Wraight60 ,C.Wu
21 ,M.Wu
114b ,
M. Wu116 ,S.L.Wu
173 ,X.Wu
57 ,Y.Wu
63a ,Z.Wu
4, J. Wuerzinger112,ab , T.R. Wyatt103 , B.M. Wynne53 ,
S. Xella43 ,L.Xia
114a ,M.Xia
15 ,M.Xie
63a ,S.Xin
14,114c , A. Xiong126 , J. Xiong18a ,D.Xu
14 ,
H. Xu63a ,L.Xu
63a ,R.Xu
131 ,T.Xu
108 ,Y.Xu
15 ,Z.Xu
53 ,Z.Xu
114a, B. Yabsley151 , S. Yacoob34a ,
Y. Yamaguchi85 , E. Yamashita157 , H. Yamauchi160 , T. Yamazaki18a , Y. Yamazaki86 ,S.Yan
60 ,Z.Yan
105 ,
H.J. Yang63c,63d , H.T. Yang63a , S. Yang63a , T. Yang65c , X. Yang37 , X. Yang14 , Y. Yang45 , Y. Yang63a,
Z. Yang63a ,W-M.Yao
18a ,H.Ye
114a ,H.Ye
56 ,J.Ye
14 ,S.Ye
30 ,X.Ye
63a ,Y.Yeh
98 , I. Yeletskikh39 ,
B. Yeo18b , M.R. Yexley98 , T.P. Yildirim129 ,P.Yin
42 , K. Yorita171 , S. Younas28b , C.J.S. Young37 ,
C. Young147 ,C.Yu
14,114c ,Y.Yu
63a , J. Yuan14,114c , M. Yuan108 ,R.Yuan
63d,63c ,L.Yue
98 , M. Zaazoua63a ,
B. Zabinski88 ,E.Zaid
53,Z.K.Zak
88 , T. Zakareishvili166 , S. Zambito57 , J.A. Zamora Saa140d,140b , J. Zang157 ,
D. Zanzi55 , O. Zaplatilek135 , C. Zeitnitz174 , H. Zeng14 , J.C. Zeng165 , D.T. Zenger Jr27 , O. Zenin38 ,
T. Ženiš29a , S. Zenz96 , S. Zerradi36a ,D.Zerwas
67 , M. Zhai14,114c , D.F. Zhang143 , J. Zhang63b , J. Zhang6,
K. Zhang14,114c , L. Zhang63a , L. Zhang114a , P. Zhang14 ,114c , R. Zhang173 , S. Zhang108 , S. Zhang91 ,
T. Zhang157 , X. Zhang63c , X. Zhang63b , Y. Zhang63c , Y. Zhang98 , Y. Zhang114a , Z. Zhang18a , Z. Zhang63b ,
Z. Zhang67 , H. Zhao142 , T. Zhao63b , Y. Zhao139 , Z. Zhao63a , Z. Zhao63a , A. Zhemchugov39 , J. Zheng114a ,
K. Zheng165 , X. Zheng63a , Z. Zheng147 , D. Zhong165 , B. Zhou108 , H. Zhou7, N. Zhou63c , Y. Zhou15 ,
Y. Zhou114a , Y. Zhou7,C.G.Zhu
63b ,J.Zhu
108 ,X.Zhu
63d,Y.Zhu
63c ,Y.Zhu
63a , X. Zhuang14 , K. Zhukov69 ,
N.I. Zimine39 , J. Zinsser64b , M. Ziolkowski145 ,L.Živkovi´c16 , A. Zoccoli24b ,24a , K. Zoch62 , T.G. Zorbas143 ,
O. Zormpa47 ,W.Zou
42 , L. Zwalinski37
1Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
2Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
3(a)Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey; (b)Division of Physics, TOBB University of Economics
and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
4LAPP, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy, France
5APC, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France
6High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
7Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
8Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
9Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
10 Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
11 Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
12 Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan
13 Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
14 Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
15 Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
16 Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
17 Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
123

153 Page 30 of 34 Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85:153

18 (a)Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA; (b)University of California, Berkeley,

CA, USA

19 Institut für Physik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

20 Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics and Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern, Bern,

Switzerland

21 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

22 (a)Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey; (b)Department of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep

University, Gaziantep, Turkey; (c)Department of Physics, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey

23 (a)Facultad de Ciencias y Centro de Investigaciónes, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia; (b)Departamento

de Física, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia

24 (a)Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia A. Righi, Universitá di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; (b)INFN Sezione di Bologna,

Bologna, Italy

25 Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany

26 Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA

27 Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA

28 (a)Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania; (b)Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear

Engineering, Bucharest, Romania; (c)Department of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi,

Iasi, Romania; (d)National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Physics

Department, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (e)National University of Science and Technology Politechnica, Bucharest,

Romania; (f)West University in Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania; (g)Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest,

Bucharest, Romania

29 (a)Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; (b)Department of

Subnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic

30 Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA

31 Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, y CONICET, Instituto

de Físca de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina

32 California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA

33 Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

34 (a)Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; (b)iThemba Labs, Western Cape, South

Africa; (c)Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg,

Johannesburg, South Africa; (d)National Institute of Physics, University of the Philippines Diliman (Philippines), Quezon

City, Philippines; (e)University of South Africa, Department of Physics, Pretoria, South Africa; (f)University of Zululand,

KwaDlangezwa, South Africa; (g)School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

35 Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada

36 (a)Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Université Hassan II de Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco; (b)Faculté des Sciences,

Université Ibn-Tofail, Kénitra, Morocco; (c)Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA-Marrakech,

Marrakech, Morocco; (d)LPMR, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier, Oujda, Morocco; (e)Faculté des

sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco; (f)Institute of Applied Physics, Mohammed VI Polytechnic

University, Ben Guerir, Morocco

37 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

38 Afﬁliated with an institute covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

39 Afﬁliated with an international laboratory covered by a cooperation agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

40 Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

41 LPC, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France

42 Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington, NY, USA

43 Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

44 (a)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy; (b)INFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Laboratori

Nazionali di Frascati, Italy

45 Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA

46 Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA

47 National Centre for Scientiﬁc Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Greece

48 (a)Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; (b)Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm, Sweden

49 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen, Germany

123

Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85:153 Page 31 of 34 153

50 Fakultät Physik , Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

51 Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

52 Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

53 SUPA-School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

54 INFN e Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy

55 Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

56 II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

57 Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland

58 (a)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy; (b)INFN Sezione di Genova, Genoa, Italy

59 II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany

60 SUPA-School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

61 LPSC, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France

62 Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA

63 (a)Department of Modern Physics and State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science

and Technology of China, Hefei, China; (b)Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of

Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao, China; (c)School of Physics and

Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MOE), SKLPPC,

Shanghai, China; (d)Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai, China; (e)School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, China

64 (a)Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; (b)Physikalisches Institut,

Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

65 (a)Department of Physics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong; (b)Department of Physics,

University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (c)Department of Physics and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong

University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China

66 Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan

67 IJCLab, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, 91405 Orsay, France

68 Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica (IMB-CNM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain

69 Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA

70 (a)INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Sezione di Trieste, Udine, Italy; (b)ICTP, Trieste, Italy; (c)Dipartimento Politecnico

di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy

71 (a)INFN Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy; (b)Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy

72 (a)INFN Sezione di Milano, Milan, Italy; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy

73 (a)INFN Sezione di Napoli, Naples, Italy; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli, Naples, Italy

74 (a)INFN Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy

75 (a)INFN Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica E. Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy

76 (a)INFN Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy

77 (a)INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; (b)Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome,

Italy

78 (a)INFN Sezione di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy; (b)Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Rome, Italy

79 (a)INFN-TIFPA, Rome, Italy; (b)Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy

80 Universität Innsbruck, Department of Astro and Particle Physics, Innsbruck, Austria

81 University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

82 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA

83 Istinye University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey

84 (a)Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF),

Juiz de Fora, Brazil; (b)Universidade Federal do Rio De Janeiro COPPE/EE/IF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (c)Instituto de

Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; (d)Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

;(e)Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil

85 KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan

86 Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan

87 (a)AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow, Poland; (b)Marian

Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland

88 Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland

89 Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

123

153 Page 32 of 34 Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85:153

90 Research Center for Advanced Particle Physics and Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka , Japan

91 L2IT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS/IN2P3, UPS, Toulouse, France

92 Instituto de Física La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina

93 Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK

94 Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

95 Department of Experimental Particle Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute and Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana,

Ljubljana, Slovenia

96 School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

97 Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK

98 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK

99 Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, USA

100 Fysiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, Lund, Sweden

101 Departamento de Física Teorica C-15 and CIAFF, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

102 Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany

103 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

104 CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France

105 Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

106 Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

107 School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

108 Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

109 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA

110 Group of Particle Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada

111 Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany

112 Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), München, Germany

113 Graduate School of Science and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

114 (a)Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; (b)School of Science, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen

University, Shenzhen, China; (c)University of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS), Beijing, China

115 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA

116 Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University/Nikhef, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

117 Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

118 Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA

119 (a)New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; (b)United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain,

United Arab Emirates

120 Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY, USA

121 Ochanomizu University, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

122 Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

123 Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA

124 Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA

125 Palacký University, Joint Laboratory of Optics, Olomouc, Czech Republic

126 Institute for Fundamental Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA

127 Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

128 Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

129 Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, UK

130 LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France

131 Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

132 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

133 (a)Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP, Lisbon, Portugal; (b)Departamento de Física,

Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; (c)Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra,

Coimbra, Portugal; (d)Centro de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; (e)Departamento de Física,

Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal; (f)Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada,

Granada, Spain; (g)Departamento de Física, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal

134 Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

135 Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

123

Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85:153 Page 33 of 34 153

136 Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague, Czech Republic

137 Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, UK

138 IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

139 Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA

140 (a)Departamento de Física, Pontiﬁcia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; (b)Millennium Institute for

Subatomic physics at high energy frontier (SAPHIR), Santiago, Chile; (c)Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinario en

Ciencia y Tecnología y Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile; (d)Universidad Andres

Bello, Department of Physics, Santiago, Chile; (e)Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá,

Arica, Chile; (f)Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile

141 Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Tokyo, Japan

142 Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

143 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Shefﬁeld, Shefﬁeld, UK

144 Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan

145 Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany

146 Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada

147 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, CA, USA

148 Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

149 Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA

150 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK

151 School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

152 Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

153 (a)E. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; (b)High Energy

Physics Institute, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia; (c)University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia

154 Department of Physics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

155 Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

156 Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

157 International Center for Elementary Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

158 Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

159 (a)TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, Canada; (b)Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada

160 Division of Physics and Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences,

University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan

161 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA

162 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

163 University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

164 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden

165 Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA

166 Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia - CSIC, Valencia, Spain

167 Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

168 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada

169 Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

170 Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

171 Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan

172 Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

173 Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA

174 Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Fachgruppe Physik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal,

Germany

175 Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

aAlso Afﬁliated with an Institute Covered by a Cooperation Agreement with CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

bAlso at An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine

cAlso at Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA

dAlso at Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Thessaloniki, Greece

eAlso at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

123

153 Page 34 of 34 Eur. Phys. J. C (2025) 85:153

fAlso at CMD-AC UNEC Research Center, Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC), Azerbaijan

gAlso at Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland

hAlso at Departament de Fisica de la Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

iAlso at Department of Financial and Management Engineering, University of the Aegean, Chios, Greece

jAlso at Department of Physics, California State University, Sacramento, USA

kAlso at Department of Physics, King’s College London, London, UK

lAlso at Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

mAlso at Department of Physics, Stellenbosch University, South Africa

nAlso at Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland

oAlso at Department of Physics, University of Thessaly, Greece

pAlso at Department of Physics, Westmont College, Santa Barbara, USA

qAlso at Faculty of Physics, Soﬁa University, ’St. Kliment Ohridski’, Soﬁa, Bulgaria

rAlso at Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece

sAlso at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

tAlso at Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, ICREA, Barcelona, Spain

uAlso at Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

vAlso at Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy (INRNE) of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Soﬁa,

Bulgaria

wAlso at Institute of Applied Physics, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco

xAlso at Institute of Particle Physics (IPP), Ottawa, Canada

yAlso at Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan

zAlso at Institute of Theoretical Physics, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia

aa Also at National Institute of Physics, University of the Philippines Diliman (Philippines), Philippines

ab Also at Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

ac Also at The Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter (CICQM), Beijing, China

ad Also at TRIUMF, Vancouver, BC, Canada

ae Also at Università di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy

af Also at University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Physics, Colorado, USA

ag Also at Washington College, Chestertown, MD, USA

ah Also at Yeditepe University, Physics Department, Istanbul, Turkey

∗Deceased

123

Correlating A → γ γ with electric dipole moments in the two Higgs doublet model in light of the diphoton excesses at 95 GeV and 152 GeV

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2025

We examine the correlations between new scalar boson decays to photons and electric dipole moments (EDMs) in the C P -violating flavor-aligned two-Higgs-doublet model (2HDM). It is convenient to work in the Higgs basis { H 1 , H 2 } where only the first Higgs doublet field H 1 acquires a vacuum expectation value. In light of the LHC Higgs data, which agree well with Standard Model (SM) predictions, it follows that the parameters of the 2HDM are consistent with the Higgs alignment limit. In this parameter regime, the observed SM-like Higgs boson resides almost entirely in H 1 , and the other two physical neutral scalars, which reside almost entirely in H 2 , are approximate eigenstates of C P (denoted by the C P -even H and the C P -odd A ). In the Higgs basis, the scalar potential term Z ¯ 7 H 1 † H 2 H 2 † H 2 + H . c . governs the charged-Higgs loop contributions to the decay of H and A to photons. If Re Z ¯ 7 Im Z ¯ 7 ≠ 0 , then C P -violating effects are present and allow for an H + H − A coupling, which can yield a sizable branching ratio for A → γ γ . These C P -violating effects also generate nonzero EDMs for the electron, the neutron and the proton. We examine these correlations for the cases of m A = 95 GeV and m A = 152 GeV where interesting excesses in the diphoton spectrum have been observed at the LHC. These excesses can be explained via the decay of A while being consistent with the experimental bound for the electron EDM in regions of parameter space that can be tested with future neutron and proton EDM measurements. This allows for the interesting possibility where the 95 GeV diphoton excess can be identified with A , while m H ≃ 98 GeV can account for the best fit to the LEP excess in e + e − → Z H with H → b b ¯ . Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Luminosity determination in pp collisions at

\sqrt{s}=13

TeV using the ATLAS detector at the LHC

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2023
EUR PHYS J C

The luminosity determination for the ATLAS detector at the LHC during Run 2 is presented, with pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy

\sqrt{s}=13

TeV. The absolute luminosity scale is determined using van der Meer beam separation scans during dedicated running periods in each year, and extrapolated to the physics data-taking regime using complementary measurements from several luminosity-sensitive detectors. The total uncertainties in the integrated luminosity for each individual year of data-taking range from 0.9% to 1.1%, and are partially correlated between years. After standard data-quality selections, the full Run 2 pp data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of

140.1\pm 1.2

\hbox {fb}^{-1}

, i.e. an uncertainty of 0.83%. A dedicated sample of low-pileup data recorded in 2017–2018 for precision Standard Model physics measurements is analysed separately, and has an integrated luminosity of

338.1\pm 3.1

\hbox {pb}^{-1}

Search for a light charged Higgs boson in t → H±b decays, with H± → cb, in the lepton+jets final state in proton-proton collisions at

\sqrt{s}

= 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2023
J HIGH ENERGY PHYS

A bstract A search for a charged Higgs boson, H ± , produced in top-quark decays, t → H ± b , is presented. The search targets H ± decays into a bottom and a charm quark, H ± → cb . The analysis focuses on a selection enriched in top-quark pair production, where one top quark decays into a leptonically decaying W boson and a bottom quark, and the other top quark decays into a charged Higgs boson and a bottom quark. This topology leads to a lepton-plus-jets final state, characterised by an isolated electron or muon and at least four jets. The search exploits the high multiplicity of jets containing b -hadrons, and deploys a neural network classifier that uses the kinematic differences between the signal and the background. The search uses a dataset of proton-proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy

\sqrt{s}

s = 13 TeV between 2015 and 2018 with the ATLAS detector at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider, amounting to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb − 1 . Observed (expected) 95% confidence-level upper limits between 0.15% (0.09%) and 0.42% (0.25%) are derived for the product of branching fractions

\mathcal{B}

B ( t → H ± b ) × B ( H ± → cb ) for charged Higgs boson masses between 60 and 160 GeV, assuming the SM production of the top-quark pairs.

Measurement of the tt¯tt¯ production cross section in pp collisions at s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2021
J HIGH ENERGY PHYS

A measurement of four-top-quark production using proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb−1 is presented. Events are selected if they contain a single lepton (electron or muon) or an opposite-sign lepton pair, in association with multiple jets. The events are categorised according to the number of jets and how likely these are to contain b-hadrons. A multivariate technique is then used to discriminate between signal and background events. The measured four-top-quark production cross section is found to be 26−15+17 fb, with a corresponding observed (expected) significance of 1.9 (1.0) standard deviations over the background-only hypothesis. The result is combined with the previous measurement performed by the ATLAS Collaboration in the multilepton final state. The combined four-top-quark production cross section is measured to be 24−6+7 fb, with a corresponding observed (expected) signal significance of 4.7 (2.6) standard deviations over the background-only predictions. It is consistent within 2.0 standard deviations with the Standard Model expectation of 12.0 ± 2.4 fb.

Publisher Correction: A detailed map of Higgs boson interactions by the ATLAS experiment ten years after the discovery

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2022

The ATLAS Collaborationatlas.publications@cern.ch

Modelling and computational improvements to the simulation of single vector-boson plus jet processes for the ATLAS experiment

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2022
J HIGH ENERGY PHYS

A bstract This paper presents updated Monte Carlo configurations used to model the production of single electroweak vector bosons ( W , Z/γ ∗ ) in association with jets in proton-proton collisions for the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. Improvements pertaining to the electroweak input scheme, parton-shower splitting kernels and scale-setting scheme are shown for multi-jet merged configurations accurate to next-to-leading order in the strong and electroweak couplings. The computational resources required for these set-ups are assessed, and approximations are introduced resulting in a factor three reduction of the per-event CPU time without affecting the physics modelling performance. Continuous statistical enhancement techniques are introduced by ATLAS in order to populate low cross-section regions of phase space and are shown to match or exceed the generated effective luminosity. This, together with the lower per-event CPU time, results in a 50% reduction in the required computing resources compared to a legacy set-up previously used by the ATLAS collaboration. The set-ups described in this paper will be used for future ATLAS analyses and lay the foundation for the next generation of Monte Carlo predictions for single vector-boson plus jets production.

A portrait of the Higgs boson by the CMS experiment ten years after the discovery

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2022
NATURE

The CMS Collaborationcms-publication-committee-chair@cern.ch

In July 2012, the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at the CERN Large Hadron Collider announced the observation of a Higgs boson at a mass of around 125 gigaelectronvolts. Ten years later, and with the data corresponding to the production of a 30-times larger number of Higgs bosons, we have learnt much more about the properties of the Higgs boson. The CMS experiment has observed the Higgs boson in numerous fermionic and bosonic decay channels, established its spin–parity quantum numbers, determined its mass and measured its production cross-sections in various modes. Here the CMS Collaboration reports the most up-to-date combination of results on the properties of the Higgs boson, including the most stringent limit on the cross-section for the production of a pair of Higgs bosons, on the basis of data from proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 teraelectronvolts. Within the uncertainties, all these observations are compatible with the predictions of the standard model of elementary particle physics. Much evidence points to the fact that the standard model is a low-energy approximation of a more comprehensive theory. Several of the standard model issues originate in the sector of Higgs boson physics. An order of magnitude larger number of Higgs bosons, expected to be examined over the next 15 years, will help deepen our understanding of this crucial sector. The most up-to-date combination of results on the properties of the Higgs boson is reported, which indicate that its properties are consistent with the standard model predictions, within the precision achieved to date.

A detailed map of Higgs boson interactions by the ATLAS experiment ten years after the discovery

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2022
NATURE

The ATLAS Collaborationatlas.publications@cern.ch

The standard model of particle physics1–4 describes the known fundamental particles and forces that make up our Universe, with the exception of gravity. One of the central features of the standard model is a field that permeates all of space and interacts with fundamental particles5–9. The quantum excitation of this field, known as the Higgs field, manifests itself as the Higgs boson, the only fundamental particle with no spin. In 2012, a particle with properties consistent with the Higgs boson of the standard model was observed by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN10,11. Since then, more than 30 times as many Higgs bosons have been recorded by the ATLAS experiment, enabling much more precise measurements and new tests of the theory. Here, on the basis of this larger dataset, we combine an unprecedented number of production and decay processes of the Higgs boson to scrutinize its interactions with elementary particles. Interactions with gluons, photons, and W and Z bosons—the carriers of the strong, electromagnetic and weak forces—are studied in detail. Interactions with three third-generation matter particles (bottom (b) and top (t) quarks, and tau leptons (τ)) are well measured and indications of interactions with a second-generation particle (muons, μ) are emerging. These tests reveal that the Higgs boson discovered ten years ago is remarkably consistent with the predictions of the theory and provide stringent constraints on many models of new phenomena beyond the standard model. Ten years after the discovery of the Higgs boson, the ATLAS experiment at CERN probes its kinematic properties with a significantly larger dataset from 2015–2018 and provides further insights on its interaction with other known particles.

Measurement of the c-jet mistagging efficiency in tt¯ events using pp collision data at s=13 TeV collected with the ATLAS detector

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2022

A technique is presented to measure the efficiency with which c-jets are mistagged as b-jets (mistagging efficiency) using tt¯ events, where one of the W bosons decays into an electron or muon and a neutrino and the other decays into a quark–antiquark pair. The measurement utilises the relatively large and known W→cs branching ratio, which allows a measurement to be made in an inclusive c-jet sample. The data sample used was collected by the ATLAS detector at s=13 TeV and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb-1. Events are reconstructed using a kinematic likelihood technique which selects the mapping between jets and tt¯ decay products that yields the highest likelihood value. The distribution of the b-tagging discriminant for jets from the hadronic W decays in data is compared with that in simulation to extract the mistagging efficiency as a function of jet transverse momentum. The total uncertainties are in the range 3–17%. The measurements generally agree with those in simulation but there are some differences in the region corresponding to the most stringent b-jet tagging requirement.

Jet energy scale and resolution measured in proton–proton collisions at s=13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2021

Jet energy scale and resolution measurements with their associated uncertainties are reported for jets using 36–81 fb-1 of proton–proton collision data with a centre-of-mass energy of s=13 TeV collected by the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Jets are reconstructed using two different input types: topo-clusters formed from energy deposits in calorimeter cells, as well as an algorithmic combination of charged-particle tracks with those topo-clusters, referred to as the ATLAS particle-flow reconstruction method. The anti-kt jet algorithm with radius parameter R=0.4 is the primary jet definition used for both jet types. This result presents new jet energy scale and resolution measurements in the high pile-up conditions of late LHC Run 2 as well as a full calibration of particle-flow jets in ATLAS. Jets are initially calibrated using a sequence of simulation-based corrections. Next, several in situ techniques are employed to correct for differences between data and simulation and to measure the resolution of jets. The systematic uncertainties in the jet energy scale for central jets (|η|<1.2) vary from 1% for a wide range of high-pT jets (2502.5TeV). The relative jet energy resolution is measured and ranges from (24±1.5)% at 20 GeV to (6±0.5)% at 300 GeV.

Muon reconstruction and identification efficiency in ATLAS using the full Run 2 pp collision data set at s=13 TeV

Article

Full-text available

Jul 2021

This article documents the muon reconstruction and identification efficiency obtained by the ATLAS experiment for 139 fb-1 of pp collision data at s=13 TeV collected between 2015 and 2018 during Run 2 of the LHC. The increased instantaneous luminosity delivered by the LHC over this period required a reoptimisation of the criteria for the identification of prompt muons. Improved and newly developed algorithms were deployed to preserve high muon identification efficiency with a low misidentification rate and good momentum resolution. The availability of large samples of Z→μμ and J/ψ→μμ decays, and the minimisation of systematic uncertainties, allows the efficiencies of criteria for muon identification, primary vertex association, and isolation to be measured with an accuracy at the per-mille level in the bulk of the phase space, and up to the percent level in complex kinematic configurations. Excellent performance is achieved over a range of transverse momenta from 3 GeV to several hundred GeV, and across the full muon detector acceptance of |η|<2.7.

Search for a light charged Higgs boson in $t \rightarrow H^{\pm } b$ decays, with $H^{\pm } \rightarrow cs$ , in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}={13}\hbox { TeV}$ with the ATLAS detector

Abstract

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