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CHARAKTEROVÉ VLASTNOSTI HETEROSEXUÁLNÍCH ŽEN PRAKTIKUJÍCÍCH ALTERNATIVNÍ VÍRU
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Spiritism, a philosophical-religious practice developed by the French educator Allan Kardec in the mid-nineteenth century, was adopted and widely practiced by the feminine elite of Chile. These women—the majority being artists, poets, and writers—came together around this practice, building a network that was not only artistic and intellectual, but also affective. In this chapter I will contextualize these practices through texts, published biographies and fiction that recollect the life and community surrounding these well-known Spiritists, the Morla sisters. I read Spiritism as a practice linked to the arts and intellectual thought and as a mean to stand against patriarch order. The historical context brings a flux with the study of literature, history, science, spirituality, and the birth of psychoanalysis with alliances that built a feminist Avant-garde.
In religious individuals, spontaneous mystical experiences (SMEs) tend to reinforce pre-existing beliefs and are associated with enhanced wellbeing, mediated by adaptive interpretive frameworks and accepting social environments. The meaning-making and outcomes of SMEs among atheists have not been investigated to date. Using a grounded theory approach, the present study found that the SMEs of eight male and female atheists of diverse backgrounds resembled those of religious experiencers in phenomenal content, but differed with respect to appraisal, coping, and outcome. Challenges in reconciling the SME with secular views and values were common and were linked to varying degrees and durations of psychological distress, especially in relation to negative reactions from the social environment. No participant embraced organized religion, but most adopted more agnostic or spiritual worldviews, and ultimately associated their SMEs with enhanced wellbeing in various domains. However, participants who reported persisting preoccupation and doubt about their SMEs experienced deteriorating mental health.
Much research considers group differences in religious belonging, behaving, and/or believing by gender, race, ethnicity, class, or sexuality. This study, however, considers all these factors at once, providing the first comprehensive snapshot of religious belonging, behaving, and believing across and within these axes of inequality in the United States. Leveraging unique data with an exceptionally large sample, I explore religion across 40 unique configurations of intersecting identities (e.g., one is non-Latina Black heterosexual college-educated women). Across all measures considered, Black women are at the top—however, depending on the measure, there are different subsets of Black women at the top. And whereas most sexual minorities are among the least religious Americans, Black sexual minorities—and especially those with a college degree—exhibit high levels of religious belonging, behaving, and believing. In fact, Black sexual minority women with a college degree meditate more frequently than any other group considered. Overall, whereas we see clear divides in how religious people are by factors like gender, education, and sexual orientation among most racial groups, race appears to overpower other factors for Black Americans who are consistently religious regardless of their other characteristics. By presenting levels of religious belonging, behaving, and believing across configurations of gender, race, ethnicity, class, and sexuality in the contemporary United States, this study provides a more complex and complete picture of American religion and spirituality.
In the present era of stress and strains, it is very important to keep one's spiritual side strong and steady to be able to sustain oneself in the present scenario of cut throat competition, work pressures of pressures to perform in the given deadlines even at the cost of compromising on one's principles and ethical considerations. And all this in the name of that elusive dame named success. Excellence may not be the motive of today's generation but success is and at any cost. Literature reviews indicate that spiritual strength in personality is related to one's self esteem, locus of control and perceived success. Men and women differ in many of the psychological constructs in various ways. In this study an attempt was made to find out gender differences in the spiritual personality. Results seem to be interesting and it is concluded that there exist gender differences in personality which account for the differences in their socialization process too.