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ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL OF CLIMBING ROSES TO ABIOTIC STRESSORS IN HUMID SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE
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Abstract Background Response and adaptation strategies of plants to the environment have always been the core issues in ecological research. So far, relatively little study exists on its functional traits responses to warming, especially in an urban environment. This information is the key to help understand plant responses and trade-off strategy to urban warming. Results We chose the common greening trees of mature age in Beijing (Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Koelreuteria paniculata, and Sophora japonica) as the research subjects, and used infrared heaters to simulate warming for three gradients of natural temperature (CK), moderate warming (T1) and severe warming (T2). Results showed that:(1) Leaf dry matter content (LDMC), chlorophyll content (CHL), leaf tissue density (LTD), and stomatal density (SD) all increased with temperature warming. Specific leaf area (SLA), stomatal size (SS), and stomatal aperture (SA) decreased with simulated warming. (2) SLA was extremely significantly negatively correlated with CHL, LDMC, LTD and SD (P
Изучена динамика продукционных показателей трех видов Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb., Tamarix litvinovii Gorschk., Tamarix hohenackeri Bunge. В схему четырехлетнего исследования входило изучение: ростовых процессов, накопления пигментов в течение вегетационного периода; определение жизнеспособности семенного потомства. Для сравнения исследуемых параметров были использованы данные 2017 и 2018 годов, как наиболее контрастных, по погодным условиям. Представленные результаты мониторинга физиологических показателей прижизненного состояния растений с высокой степенью достоверности позволили оценить уровень адаптации и пластичности каждого вида Tamarix, произрастающих на экспозиции флоры Средней Азии ГБС РАН. Наибольшей пластичностью обладает Tamarix hohenackeri Bunge. Далее, в порядке убывания, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. и Tamarix litvinovii Gorschk. Все три вида относятся к среднему уровню адаптации, т.е. не являются инвазионными для средней полосы России.
Studied the dynamics of production indicators of three types Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb., Tamarix litvinovii Gorschk., Tamarix hohenackeri Bunge. The four-year study included a study of: growth processes, pigment accumulation during the growing season; determination of the viability of seed off spring. To compare the studied parameters, 2017 and 2018 were taken as the most contrasting climatic conditions. The presented monitoring data on the physiological indicators of the intravital state of plants with a high degree of reliability made it possible to assess the level of adaptation and plasticity of each Tamarix species growing in the of flora collection Central Asia N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden RAS. Tamarix hohenackeri Bunge. has the most ductility. Next, in descending order, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. and Tamarix litvinovii Gorschk. all three species belong to the middle level of adaptation - are not invasive for Central Russia.
The analysis of the introduction and selection work with garden roses carried out in the Stavropol Botanical Garden is presented. The study of decorative and economic and biological features of garden roses allows us to reveal the potential of cultivars for further use in the practice of gardening, landscape design and breeding. The task of our research included: the study and selection of garden roses, taking into account adaptability and plasticity in the corresponding agro-climatic zones of Stavropol and the creation on their basis of new domestic cultivars of highly ornamental, with repair, long flowering and resistant to fungal diseases. To achieve this goal, the method of spontaneous somatic mutations and the method of intervarietal hybridization were used. Two cultivars of Yanka and Pearl of the Caucasus, obtained by spontaneous mutagenesis have adapted well, bloom profusely, which indicates the success of the introduction and the prospects for their use. In 2017 patents and copyright certificates were obtained for cultivars resulting from kidney mutations. During intersort hybridization, the cultivars of roses of the floribunda group Erfordia and Lion’s Rose, which are close in origin, differ little morphologically, tie fruits well with free pollination, have high decorative, repair, and resistance to mycoses, were involved in the breeding process. Both cultivars were included as maternal and paternal plants. The cultivar Erfordia, taken as a mother plant, when pollinated with pollen of the Lion’s Rose cultivar, tied hybrid fruits by 100%, and when pollinated with the Lion’s Rose cultivaris with pollen of the Erfordia cultivars, the fruits tied only by 60%. 104 hybrid seedlings were obtained from crossing two combinations, from which 7 valuable decorative hybrid seedlings were selected. The selected hybrid seedlings were vegetatively propagated on the rootstock of the dog rose (R. canina L.) and underwent primary cultivar evaluation.
The article analyzes the results on the content of peroxidase, phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid in the leaves of meadow bluegrass during the growing season under plantations of woody plants (scots pine and ash-leaved maple). The peroxidase activity in the leaves of plant samples was determined by the method of A.N. Boyarkin, the content of ascorbic acid - by the titrimetric method using sodium 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, water-soluble phenolic compounds - by the Leventhal-Neubauer method. Mutual regulation of the plant antioxidant defense system was established, expressed in an increase in the level of ascorbic acid, but a decrease in the activity of peroxidase and phenolic compounds. The accumulation of metabolites in the studied plants varied depending on the phases of the growing season and growing conditions. Scots pine had the greatest inhibitory effect on the studied species than ash-leaved maple. The results obtained can be used to assess the state of the ground cover and the structure of the phytocenosis.
The increased activity of enzymes that counteract the oxidative degradation of substances is one of the physiological and biochemical adaptations of plants to biotic and abiotic factors. The aim of the research was to study the peculiarities of the antioxidant system of garden roses to elaborate a methodology for a comprehensive evaluation of culture in the wet subtropics of the Russian Black Sea coast. The objects of study were garden rose varieties ( Rosa × hybrida hort.), belonging to functional groups – bush and large-flowered, and differing in the degree of resistance to the main fungal diseases of the culture in the region ( Diplocarpon rosae FA Wolf, Podosphaera pannosa (Wallr.) De Bary, Botrytis cinerea Pers., Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schltdl.) The activity of the antioxidant system was evaluated by the activity of the enzymes catalase and peroxidase (guaiacol). Catalase activity (CAT) in physiologically mature rose leaves was determined by the gasometric method according to I. I. Gunar, peroxidase (GPO) by the modified method according to I. P. Ermakov, according to the absorption spectrum (wavelength – 440 nm), recorded on the spectrophotometer PE-5400vi. The studies were carried out in dynamics during the growing season in 2016-2017. The article presents data on changes in the activity of enzymes of the primary antioxidant system – catalase and peroxidase, in the leaves of bush and large-flowered varieties of garden roses, which differ in the degree of resistance to the main phytopathogens of the culture in the region. Variety differences in the activity of enzymes, the dynamics of changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes during the growing season, the dependence of the enzymatic activity on the hydrothermal conditions of the humid subtropical climate of the Sochi Black Sea Region have been determined. Diagnostic parameters have been established to develop the methodology for a comprehensive evaluation of landscape gardening roses in the region. When developing methods for a comprehensive evaluation of garden roses, the activity of guaiacol peroxidase can be used to analyze the adaptive potential of the culture in the region.
In the North-Caucasus region of the Russian Federation, where the draught is a frequent phenomenon, the apple-tree is among the most important horticultural crops. The physiological-biochemical research is necessary for impartial assessment of the apple-tree varieties’ adaptation tolerance to the summer period stressors, summer draught in particular. The objective of the present paper – based on the physiological-biochemical and leaf anatomic parameters – is to study the peculiarities of water status, apple-tree photosynthetic activity in the terms of summer period, single out the most drought-resistant varieties to cultivate in conditions of the North-Caucasus region of the Russian Federation. The research was undertaken in 2011-2013 on the basis of Pilot production farm “Centralnoye” in Krasnodar city on 9 apple-tree varieties, varying in ecological-geographic origin (USA, Poland, Russia) and ploidy (di-and triploid). It was shown that water content of the leaf tissues, an indicator of bound and free water form relation, was a function of the variety and meteorological condition peculiarities. Prikubanskoye, Fortuna, Soyuz, Rodnichok varieties showed the decrease in water content by 1-4 percent on average and the highest indicators of bound and free water form relation. The linear parameters of leaf depended on variety pertainance and hydrothermic conditions of year within a vegetation period. In Prikubanskoye, Fortuna, Soyuz, Rodnichok varieties the direct correlation was found out between the area of leaf blade and available water supply (r = + 0.98), negative one – between the area and air temperature (r =-0.99). The water and temperature regimes have an impact on the crop productivity, as well as on setting the fruit buds, that was confirmed by the coefficient of pair correlation between chlorophylls totality and crop productivity (r = +0.87), water content of tissues and setting the fruit buds (r = +0.97). The chlorophylls totality content of Prikubanskoye, Fortuna, Soyuz, Rodnichok varieties was more stable within the summer period, and indicator of the chlorophylls totality and carotinoids relation was the highest one. The positive correlation was revealed between the carotinoids content and air temperature (r = +0.91). The anatomomorphological structure of leaf has the variety peculiarities, it depended on temperature and available water supply. In the year 2012 the varieties displayed to different extent the xeromorphous signs of leaf blade, responsible for the draught resistance, the largest values of palisade index were noted in Prikubanskoye, Fortuna, Soyuz, Rodnichok (1.47-1.49) varieties. The obtained results were in agreement with the field data, obtained in the non-irrigated gardens. The varieties displayed the different peculiarities of suffering the stress factors of summer period – the high temperatures and draught. In Idared, Erli Mac, Dayton, Ligol varieties the steadiness of passive suffering the draught – the decrease in water content, high content of dry matter, lesser leaf area. In the rest of varieties – the retention of high water content, stability of the growth processes, high content of pigments. The home-selected apple-tree varieties, such as Prikubanskoye, Fortuna, Soyuz, Rodnichok, feature the higher ecological plasticity and reserve of potential adaptation abilities, as compared with the introduced varieties of foreign selection. The revealed adaptation peculiarities permit to use them in selection process as the sources of drought resistance. The applied methods provide the impartial assessment of the apple-tree draught resistance and may be used in selection process.
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