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Anisomeles malabarica Leaves: Revisiting Pharmacognostic Features and Taxonomic Paradigms
Abstract
This study investigates the pharmacognostic and phytochemical properties of Anisomeles malabarica, a medicinal plant from the Lamiaceae family. A comprehensive analysis was performed, encompassing macroscopic, microscopic, and numerical taxonomic studies. The anatomical observations revealed distinctive traits such as unicellular trichomes, collenchymatous and parenchymatous ground tissue, and vascular bundles with concentric arrangements. Quantitative microscopy parameters, including stomatal index and vein islet number, were documented. Physiochemical analyses showed values within Ayurvedic pharmacopeia standards, ensuring the plant's purity and quality. The presence of essential inorganic elements like calcium, potassium, and iron was confirmed, with no detection of toxic heavy metals, underscoring its safety for medicinal use. DNA barcoding validated the species identity, enhancing its taxonomic classification. These findings highlight A. malabarica's potential for therapeutic applications and its importance in pharmacognostic standardization.
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Adulteration is considered to be the main cause for the production of inferior and sometimes unsafe and toxic drug. So correct identification and selection of crude drugs becomes utmost important to avoid further health complications. Out of the various techniques available, morphological and microscopic evaluation is found to be most suitable and promising for the plant drug authentication. The present work deals with the study of morphological and microscopical characteristics along with phytochemical, physicochemical and fluorescence analysis of leaf, petiole and stem of Anisomeles heyneana Benth. Along with morphological study, detail microscopical study gives more authenticity in the identification of medicinal plant. The microscopy of dorsiventral lamina of the leaf shows adaxial and abaxial epidermal cells, palisade and spongy parenchyma. The petiole consists of a central and two lateral vascular bundles. The stem of the herb is quadrangular with very narrow phloem and collenchymatous hypodermis. Microchemical tests of leaf revealed occurrence of phenolic compounds, lignin, starch, etc. Phytochemical analysis revealed occurrence of phytosterols, triterpenes, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, etc when studied using different extracts. Physicochemical evaluation of the herb was done using parameters such as extractive values, ash values, foreign matter, moisture content, water insoluble matter and volatile oil content. Variation in the fluorescence colour response was detected in fluorescence analysis using different solvents. This finding may be useful as identifiers of herb parts and serve as a guiding path for the development of official monograph and detailed standardization of Anisomeles heyneana.
The genus Anisomeles R.Br., naturally occurring from southern Asia to northern Australia,
is taxonomically revised, and its phylogenetic placement is discussed. 26 species are recognised,
of which 18 species are newly described, with one new combination. Diagnostic morphological
characters are discussed, and a comprehensive identification key to the species and four regional keys
are provided. A summary of the chemical properties and cytology of two common Asian species
is presented. Illustrations, images and detailed distribution maps are provided for all species, and
their ecology and phytogeography are discussed. Lectotypes are chosen for Anisomeles candicans
Benth., A. cuneata J.Jacq. ex Fenzl, A. heyneana Benth., A. inodora R.Br., A. moschata R.Br. and A.
salviifolia R.Br.
The present study includes the morphological and anatomical characteristic of the leaf along with the determination of physio chemical constants, phytochemical screening and volatile oil content determination on the leaves of Anisomeles malabarica (LAMIACEAE) to provide some pharmocognostical standards and serves as a standard reference for the identification of Anisomeles malabarica.
Comparative Pharmacognostical studies of Anisomeles Linn. R. Br. species (Lamiaceae) in India are carried out. These species are Anisomeles indica L. Kuntze (Syn. A. Ovata R. Br.) and Anisomeles malabarica L. R. Br. Ex Sims, which are highly found in throughout south (Deccan plateau) and northeastern India. The study conducted with the aim of drawing the Pharmacognostical standards for differentiate the species. Macroscopical and microscopical characters, physio-chemical constants, quantitative microscopy parameters, extractive values, fluorescence analysis of extracts, its reaction after treatment with chemical reagents under visible light and UV light carried out. Preliminary phytochemical screening and TLC fingerprint on the various extracts from aerial part of Anisomeles species was also studied. According to the anatomical comparison between two species, the pith structure, sclerenchyma ring of the stems, the cuticle thickness of the leaves, and stomatal distribution on the leaves are the distinguishing features of the species. The determination of these characters will help future researchers in their Phytochemical as well as Pharmacological analysis of this species.
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The antimicrobial activity of plant oils and extracts has been recognized for many years. However, few investigations have compared large numbers of oils and extracts using methods that are directly comparable. In the present study, 52 plant oils and extracts were investigated for activity against Acinetobacter baumanii, Aeromonas veronii biogroup sobria, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia col, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype typhimurium, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus, using an agar dilution method. Lemongrass, oregano and bay inhibited all organisms at concentrations of < or = 2.0% (v/v). Six oils did not inhibit any organisms at the highest concentration, which was 2.0% (v/v) oil for apricot kernel, evening primrose, macadamia, pumpkin, sage and sweet almond. Variable activity was recorded for the remaining oils. Twenty of the plant oils and extracts were investigated, using a broth microdilution method, for activity against C. albicans, Staph. aureus and E. coli. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations were 0.03% (v/v) thyme oil against C. albicans and E. coli and 0.008% (v/v) vetiver oil against Staph. aureus. These results support the notion that plant essential oils and extracts may have a role as pharmaceuticals and preservatives.
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