kitap merged
Abstract
The comparison of core training programme that is carried out for 8 weeks to the young footbal- lers and volleyball players, with the physichal conditions and parameters of performance
The aim of this study was to plan the physical condition and performance parameters of the core training program for young male footballers and volleyballers for 8 weeks. Twenty male soccer players (the mean age 15,40±0,82, mean leght 1,70±0,06 m, mean body weight 59,85±5,00 kg) who play football at Pursaklar Municipality Sports Club with 14 male volleyball players (the mean age 15±00, mean leght 1,86±0,06 m, mean body weight 73,57±7,24 kg) who play volleyball at Halk- bank Volleyball Clup were included in study on a voluntary basis. Before the trainings, pre-test sco- res ( speed 10-20m, sit-up 30 sn, 20 m shuttle run, vertical jump, core stabilization and prone bridge ) were recorded. İn addition to the normal training of both groups, the core training was applied for 8 weeks including the first 6 weeks (3 days / week) and the last 2 weeks (2 days / week). At the end of the training, the final test measurements of the groups were taken in accordance with the proto- col. The data obtained were evaluated using the IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0 statistical program. Ac- cording to statistical process result, there was a significant increase in performance tests of football and volleyball players. There was a significant difference in anaerobic power performance values only for football players. While there was a significant increase in the final measurement values of prone bridge, trunk flexion and trunk extensions of both groups, there was no significant difference in letheral flexion test in volleyballs. When performance and core stabilization tests of football and volleyball players were compared, the performance values showed a significant difference, but this difference was not observed in trunk flexion test (p<0.05).
As a result, it was observed that the 8 week core training sessions that will be applied in addition to football and volleyball training have contributed to the performance improvement of young pla- yers and volleyball players such as strength, speed and endurance. It is considered that the inclusion to training of the young players will improve the performance of the athleticks positively.
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Aim: This research is to determine the effects of extensive and intensive interval training practiced in different rest interval and in the same intensity on VO2max and anaerobic threshold and on blood parameters.
Material and Methods: 20 male subjects, between 18–22 ages, are participated in the study. They are randomly separated two groups. One of them (n=10) did intensive interval training (IIT), the other one (n=10) did extensive interval training (EIT). EI and II training were applied to participants thought 7 weeks and 3 days per a week and the volume of the daily training, intensity %75, is totally 2800–3000m. We tested the subjects at weights, BMI, Fat %, Fat Mass, VO2max, anaerobic threshold, hemogram and some of the biochemical tests before and after the training.
Results: There were significant increase (p<0.05) in the capacity of VO2max and anaerobic threshold at EIT. There were significant increases in the subgroup of erythrocyte; HCT (p<0.05), HGB, MCH, MCHC, RDW–CV and RDW–SD (p<0.01) at EIT. There was significant decreases in the subgroup of leukocyte; LYMPH, in the subgroup of thrombocyte; PCT and in the biochemical analysis; HDL (p<0.05) at EIT. No significant differences were found between before and after IIT in the capacity of VO2max. and anaerobic threshold. There was significant decreases in the subgroup of leukocyte; GRAN, in the subgroup of thrombocyte; PLT and PCT (p<0.05) at IIT. There were significant increase in the subgroup of erythrocyte; MCV and in the biochemical analysis; glucose (p<0.05) at IIT.
Conclusion: EIT has a decisive effect on the capacity of VO2max and anaerobic threshold. EI and II training has increased or decreased the level of some blood parameters.
Amaç: Farklı dinlenme aralıklarında ve aynı şiddette yapılan anaerobik ekstensive ve intensive interval antrenmanın aerobic ve anaerobic kapasite ve kan parametreleri üzerindeki etkisini tespit etmektir.
Materyal ve Yöntem: 18–22 yaş arası 20 erkek denek olarak seçildi. Denekler rastgele iki gruba ayrıldı. Birinci grup (N=10), intensiv interval antrenman (İİA), ikinci grup (N=10), ekstensiv interval antrenman (EİA) yaptı. Deneklere 7 hafta, haftanın 3 günü kapsamı 2800–3000m, antrenman şiddeti %75 olan bir program uygulandı. Deneklere antrenman programı öncesi ve sonrası kilo, beden kitle indeksi, yağ yüzdesi, yağ kütlesi, VO2max, anaerobik eşik, hemogram ve bazı biyokimyasal testler yapıldı.
Bulgular: EİA grubunun aerobik ve anaerobik (p<0.05) kapasiteleri gelişti. Eritrosit alt gruplarından HCT (p<0.05), HGB, MCH, MCHC, RDW–CV ve RDW–SD seviyelerinde (p<0.01) artışa yol açtı. Lökosit alt grubundan LYMPH, trombosit grubundan PCT ve biyokimyasal analizlerde ise HDL (p<0.05) seviyelerinde azalma tespit edildi. İİA grubunun aerobik ve anaerobik kapasite üzerinde herhangi bir değişim olmadı. Lökosit alt gruplarında GRAN ve trombosit grubundan PLT ve PCT (p<0.05) seviyelerinde azalma, eritrosit alt grubunda MCV ve biyokimyasal analizlerde ise Glukoz (p<0.05) seviyesinde artış tespit edildi.
Sonuçlar: EİA sporcunun VO 2max ve anaerobic kapasitesini geliştirdi. Kan parametrelerinin bazı değerlerinde artış veya azalma tespit edildi.
The aim of this study was to compare selected physical and motoric characteristics of male handball and volleyball players who are similar to each other in terms of physical properties and revealed some of the differences between the branches.In this study, 24 handball players with a mean age of 12.70 ± 0.80 years and 20 volleyball players with a mean age of 12.50 ± 0.60 who have done training regularly at least three years, have participated as volunteers.
Participants' height, body weight, body fat percentage, flexibility, upper limb speed (arm movement speed), stability, standing long jump, vertical jump, speed, grip strength and reaction time characteristics were measured.To determine the differences between values of groups were used the Independent sample t test. Alpha level was set as 0,05 for statistical significance.
In conclusion; when there were no significant differences (p>0,05) between groups’ physical properties as height, body weight and body fat percentage and motoric properties as arm movement speed, balance, standing long jump, speed and reactions, there were significant differences (p <0.01) in flexibility and vertical jump in favor of the volleyball players and hand grip in favor of the handball players.
As a result; the athletes in handball and volleyball branches have the similar physical and motor characteristics, the value obtained as a result of this study also supports this information.
Key Words: Handball, Volleyball, Physical Properties, Motoric Properties----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ÖZET
Bu çalışmada, fiziksel özellikleri bakımından benzerlik gösteren hentbol ve voleybol branşındaki erkek sporcuların seçilmiş bazı fiziksel ve motorik özelliklerinin karşılaştırılması ve bu özellikler açısından branşlar arası farklılıkların olup olmadığının ortaya konulması amaçlandı.
Çalışmaya en az üç yıl süreyle düzenli olarak antrenmanlara katılan 12.50±0.60 yıl yaş ortalamasına sahip 24 hentbolcu ile 12.70±0.80 yıl yaş ortalamasına sahip 20 voleybolcu gönüllü olarak katıldı. Çalışmaya katılan gönüllülerin boy uzunluğu, vücut ağırlığı, vücut yağ yüzdesi, esneklik, kol hareket hızı, denge, durarak uzun atlama, dikey sıçrama, sürat, el kavrama kuvveti ve reaksiyon zaman gibi seçilmiş özellikler ölçüldü.Grupların karşılaştırılmasın da bağımsız gruplarda student t testi kullanıldı. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde SPSS 13.0 paket programı kullanıldı. P<0.05 değeri anlamlı kabul edildi.
Çalışma sonucunda hentbolcular ile voleybolcular arasında boy uzunluğu, vücut ağırlığı ve vücut yağ yüzdesi gibi fiziksel özellikler ile kol hareket hızı, denge, durarak uzun atlama, sürat ve reaksiyon gibi motorik özelliklere ait bulgular arasındaki farkların anlamlı olmadığı (p>0.05) belirlenmiştir.Esneklik, dikey sıçrama ve el kavrama kuvvetindeise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklar olduğu tespit edilmiştir (p<0.01).
Sonuç olarak; hentbol ve voleybol branşlarında sporcuların taşıdıkları fiziksel ve motorik özelliklerin benzerliği bilgisi, bu çalışma sonucunda elde edilen fiziksel ve motorik değerlerin birbirlerine yakınlığını desteklemektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Hentbol, Voleybol, Fiziksel Özellikler, Motorik Özellikler
The objective of this study is to examine the effects of core and plyometric exercises on some motoric capabilities of soccer players. 30 soccer players who play for Mugla University S.C. participated in the research study. In the research, core and plyometric exercises were implemented on two different groups for 8 weeks, but within a 30-35 minutes time frame and on twice a week basis. Before the implementations, pre-test results of the two groups of 15 players were obtained. For 8 weeks, plyometric strength training exercises were implemented on the 1 st experimental group whilst, core strength training exercises were implemented on the 2 nd experimental group. After 8 weeks, post-test measures of the two groups were obtained. Statistical differences between tests were analyzed with t-test. The significance level was taken as p<0.05. In conclusion, it was observed that 8-week core exercises implemented on soccer players who play in Amateur League have been more effective in jumping and in some motoric capabilities than the plyometric exercises.
summary: Confusion exists regarding what the core musculature is, how it is evaluated, how it is trained, and how it is applied to functional performance. The core musculature is divided into 2 systems, local (stabilization) and global (movement), with distinction between core-strength, core-stability, and functional exercises.
(C) 2007 National Strength and Conditioning Association
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects by compositely edited core-plyometric exercises in sedentary man on some physical and motoric parameters. The universe of the study is all sedentary man where the sampling is composed of 30 men as 15 experimental and 15 control groups who come to Izmir / Gaziemir Municipality Stadium and took part voluntarily in exercises. Individual’s age averages are; experimental: 21.87±1.92, control 21.60±1.59, weights are: experimental 80.57kg±3.1, control 80.26kg±2.1, and heights are experimental 1.74cm±2, control 1.73cm±3. Two days exercise program formed of compositely edited 4 Core, 4 Plyometric movements, totally 8 movement exercise programme is applied for 8 weeks as an extra activity to the participants' routine exercise program. Prior to the study, pre-test values concerning weight, VYY, back force, leg force, hand clutch force, push up – pull up test and balance measurements are taken. Following the 8 month exercise, post-test measurements are taken. Relationship between pre-test and post-test values at the end of 8 weeks exercise is found to be p<0.05 by “t” test. Besides, significant (p<0.05) changes are observed in all parameters of the individuals. As a result, it can be argued that, core and plyometric exercises that are two different types of compositely edited force exercises have positive effects on some physical and motoric parameters of sedentary individuals.
Purpose:
To quantify the effects of a 12-wk isolated core-training program on 50-m front-crawl swim time and measures of core musculature functionally relevant to swimming.
Methods:
Twenty national-level junior swimmers (10 male and 10 female, 16±1 y, 171±5 cm, 63±4 kg) participated in the study. Group allocation (intervention [n=10], control [n=10]) was based on 2 preexisting swim-training groups who were part of the same swimming club but trained in different groups. The intervention group completed the core training, incorporating exercises targeting the lumbopelvic complex and upper region extending to the scapula, 3 times/wk for 12 wk. While the training was performed in addition to the normal pool-based swimming program, the control group maintained their usual pool-based swimming program. The authors made probabilistic magnitude-based inferences about the effect of the core training on 50-m swim time and functionally relevant measures of core function.
Results:
Compared with the control group, the core-training intervention group had a possibly large beneficial effect on 50-m swim time (-2.0%; 90% confidence interval -3.8 to -0.2%). Moreover, it showed small to moderate improvements on a timed prone-bridge test (9.0%; 2.1-16.4%) and asymmetric straight-arm pull-down test (23.1%; 13.7-33.4%), and there were moderate to large increases in peak EMG activity of core musculature during isolated tests of maximal voluntary contraction.
Conclusion:
This is the first study to demonstrate a clear beneficial effect of isolated core training on 50-m front-crawl swim performance.
The goal of the study was to evaluate the long-term adaptations in endurance and strength as well as changes in blood lipoprotein concentrations after participation in an aerobic dance and fitness programme (AD) in middle-aged sedentary healthy women. Eighteen healthy women (Age 43±7 years) participated in the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a non exercising control group (n=8) or a training group (n=10). The training group exercised AD twice a week for 3 months. In addition to the anthropometric data and blood lipoproteins, endurance capacity and core muscle strength was analyzed before and after the training period. 12 weeks of AD training (ADI) decreased heart rate significantly at given running speeds (p<0.05) in an incremental field test. Strength tests showed an increase in abdominal muscle strength (p<0.01). The ADI did not result in any significant alteration of blood lipoproteins and body composition. Length and intensity of the ADI were not sufficient to evoke improvements in blood lipoproteins or body composition. Even though AD partly stresses intensive anaerobic metabolic pathways which are considered to have negative effects on blood lipoproteins low and high density blood lipoproteins were not impaired.
Trunk and core muscular development has been advocated to increase athletic performance and for maintenance of musculoskeletal health, especially related to the prevention of low back pain (LBP). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a simple core conditioning routine on tests of trunk and core muscular endurance in school-aged children. Participants included 164 students (86 girls, 78 boys; mean age 11.5±2.5 years) recruited from a grade school in a metropolitan area located in the southwestern US. Students performed an equipment-free, moderate-to-high intensity, dynamic core conditioning warm-up routine once a week for a period of six weeks during the start of their physical education classes. The intervention consisted of 10 different dynamic core-conditioning exercises performed at a 30 second duration per exercise totaling 5 minutes per session. Pre- and post assessments of muscular endurance consisted of five different trunk and core muscular endurance tests: Parallel Roman Chair Dynamic Back Extension (PRC-DTE), Prone Plank, Lateral Plank, Dynamic Curl-Up, and Static Curl-up. A generalized estimation equation was used to analyze differences in pre- and post-intervention muscular fitness assessments controlling for gender and grade level. Analysis of the data revealed significant increases in muscular fitness test performance for each of the five measured outcomes (P<.001). Since risk factors of LBP are thought to commence during childhood, results of this study suggest that it may be desirable for children and adolescents to perform moderate-to-high intensity dynamic core exercises during physical education warm-up to improve trunk and core muscular endurance.
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of fixed foot and functionally directed balance training on static balance time, muscle activation during landing, vertical jump height and sprint time. Twenty-four recreationally active females were tested pre- and post-training (fixed foot balance training, n= 11, functionally directed balance training, n = 7 and control group, n = 6). Experimental subjects completed either fixed foot or functionally directed balance exercises 4 times/week for 6 weeks. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to assess preparatory and reactive muscle activity of the rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), and the soleus during one- and two-foot landings following a jump. Maximum vertical jump height, static balance and 20-meter sprint times were also examined. The fixed foot balance-training group showed a 33% improvement (p < 0.05) in static balance time and 9% improvement in jump height. Neither type of training improved sprint times. Further analysis revealed significant (p < 0.05) overall (data collapsed over groups and legs) increases in reactive RF activity when landing. Independently, the fixed foot balance group showed a 33% increase in reactive RF activity (p < 0.01). Overall, there was also significantly less reactive co-activation following training (p < 0.05). It appears that fixed foot balance training for recreationally active women may provide greater RF activity when landing and increased countermovement jump height. Key pointsBalance training increased rectus femoris EMG activity upon landing from a stride.Fixed foot balance training improved countermovement jump height.Neither fixed foot nor functionally directed balance training elicited changes in sprint times.
Context:
Despite widespread acceptance, there is currently no consensus on the definition, components, and the specific techniques most appropriate to measure and quantify core stability.
Objective:
To develop a comprehensive core-stability model addressing its definition, components, and assessment techniques.
Design:
Delphi technique.
Setting:
University laboratory.
Participants:
15 content experts from United States and Canada, representing a variety of disciplines.
Main outcome measure:
The authors distributed an open-ended questionnaire pertaining to a core-stability definition, components, and assessment techniques specific to each expert. They collected data over 2 rounds of telephone interviews. They concluded data collection once a consensus was achieved that equated with 51% agreement among respondents.
Results:
The authors developed a working definition of core stability as the ability to achieve and sustain control of the trunk region at rest and during precise movement. Eighty-three percent of the experts considered the definition satisfactory. Therefore, the definition was accepted. Furthermore, the experts agreed that muscles (14/15 = 93.3%) and neuromuscular control (8/12 = 66.7%) were components of core stability. Assessment techniques were identified and inconsistencies were highlighted; however, no consensus was established.
Conclusions:
A consensus core-stability definition was created and 2 components were identified. However, of the initial definitions provided by the experts, no 2 were identical, which revealed the inconsistencies among experts and the importance of this study. Nonetheless, the goal of obtaining a consensus definition was obtained. Although a consensus for the assessment techniques of core stability could not be reached, it was a beneficial starting point to identify the inconsistencies that were discovered among the content experts.
To review the effects of core stability exercise or general exercise for patients with chronic low back pain (LBP).
Exercise therapy appears to be effective at decreasing pain and improving function for patients with chronic LBP in practice guidelines. Core stability exercise is becoming increasingly popular for LBP. However, it is currently unknown whether core stability exercise produces more beneficial effects than general exercise in patients with chronic LBP.
Published articles from 1970 to October 2011 were identified using electronic searches. For this meta-analysis, two reviewers independently selected relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating core stability exercise versus general exercise for the treatment of patients with chronic LBP. Data were extracted independently by the same two individuals who selected the studies.
From the 28 potentially relevant trials, a total of 5 trials involving 414 participants were included in the current analysis. The pooling revealed that core stability exercise was better than general exercise for reducing pain [mean difference (-1.29); 95% confidence interval (-2.47, -0.11); P = 0.003] and disability [mean difference (-7.14); 95% confidence interval (-11.64, -2.65); P = 0.002] at the time of the short-term follow-up. However, no significant differences were observed between core stability exercise and general exercise in reducing pain at 6 months [mean difference (-0.50); 95% confidence interval (-1.36, 0.36); P = 0.26] and 12 months [mean difference (-0.32); 95% confidence interval (-0.87, 0.23); P = 0.25].
Compared to general exercise, core stability exercise is more effective in decreasing pain and may improve physical function in patients with chronic LBP in the short term. However, no significant long-term differences in pain severity were observed between patients who engaged in core stability exercise versus those who engaged in general exercise. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO PROSPERO registration number: CRD42011001717.
Objective:: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a video‐based Pilates mat home exercise program on core strength, muscular endurance, and posture in healthy females.
Study Design:: This study used a randomized controlled design.
Background:: At this point in time, no literature has been found documenting the effects of Pilates mat training on core strength, muscular endurance, and posture in healthy individuals.
Methods and Measures:: Eleven healthy women between the ages of 20 and 35 were drawn from a sample of convenience and randomly divided into 2 groups. The exercise group performed a Pilates mat exercise program 3 times per week for 10 weeks and received general postural education. The control group only received general postural education. Pre‐ and postmeasurements were collected on posture, abdominal strength, and trunk flexor and extensor endurance. Data analysis was accomplished via a 2x2 repeated measures ANOVA.
Results:: There were no statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) found between the Pilates and control groups at the pre‐ or postmeasurements for abdominal strength, flexor endurance, and extensor endurance. The Pilates Group showed a greater degree of change as compared to the control group for extensor and flexor endurance. No difference was noted between the experimental and the control group for posture for either pre‐ or postmeasurement session.
Conclusion:: In this small sample, there was no significant effect of Pilates mat exercise training on abdominal strength and posture but both flexor and extensor endurance appeared to be improved.
The purpose of this study was to compare rectus abdominis and erector spinae muscle activity during isometric (prone bridge [PB] and superman [SM]) and dynamic strengthening exercises (back squat, front squat [FS], and military press). Participants (n = 10, age 21.8 ± 2.6 years; body mass 82.65 ± 10.80 kg, 174.5± 7.2 cm), performed each exercise in a randomized order, using a repeated-measures design. Electromyographical (EMG) activity (sampling at 2,000 Hz) of the rectus abdominis (RA) and the erector spinae (ES) muscles was recorded throughout the duration of the exercises. Intraclass correlations demonstrated the highest levels of reliability for muscle activity during the isometric exercises; however, all exercises demonstrated high level of reliability (r = 0.764-0.998, p ≤ 0.01). The PB demonstrated significantly greater (p < 0.01) RA activity compared to all other exercises. The ES activity was significantly (p < 0.01) greater during the FS (1.010 ± 0.308 root mean square value [RMS (V)]) and SM (0.951 ± 0.217 RMS[V]) and compared to all other exercises, although there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the FS and the SM exercise. The PB may be the most suitable exercise for strengthening the RA, compared to dynamic exercises at a low to moderate load, because of a higher level of muscle activity. The FS may be a useful alternative to isometric exercises when strengthening the ES, because it results in slightly higher muscle activity levels when using only a light to moderate load. Because of the dynamic nature of the FS, this may also be more beneficial in transferring to activities of daily living and sporting environments.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Swiss-ball core strength training on trunk extensor (abdominal)/flexor (lower back) and lower limb extensor (quadriceps)/flexor (hamstring) muscular strength, abdominal, lower back and leg endurance, flexibility and dynamic balance in sedentary women (n = 21; age = 34 ± 8.09; height = 1.63 ± 6.91 cm; weight = 64 ± 8.69 kg) trained for 45 minutes, 3 d·wk-1 for 12 weeks. Results of multivariate analysis revealed significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between pre and postmeasures of 60 and 90° s trunk flexion/extension, 60 and 240° s-1 lower limb flexion/extension (Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer), abdominal endurance (curl-up test), lower back muscular endurance (modified Sorensen test), lower limb endurance (repetitive squat test), lower back flexibility (sit and reach test), and dynamic balance (functional reach test). The results support the fact that Swiss-ball core strength training exercises can be used to provide improvement in the aforementioned measures in sedentary women. In conclusion, this study provides practical implications for sedentary individuals, physiotherapists, strength and conditioning specialists who can benefit from core strength training with Swiss balls.
Controlled laboratory study.
To clarify whether differences in surface stability influence trunk muscle activity.
Lumbar stabilization exercises on unstable surfaces are performed widely. One perceived advantage in performing stabilization exercises on unstable surfaces is the potential for increased muscular demand. However, there is little evidence in the literature to help establish whether this assumption is correct.
Nine healthy male subjects performed lumbar stabilization exercises. Pairs of intramuscular fine-wire or surface electrodes were used to record the electromyographic signal amplitude of the rectus abdominis, the external obliques, the transversus abdominis, the erector spinae, and lumbar multifidus. Five exercises were performed on the floor and on an unstable surface: elbow-toe, hand-knee, curl-up, side bridge, and back bridge. The EMG data were normalized as the percentage of the maximum voluntary contraction, and data between doing each exercise on the stable versus unstable surface were compared using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
With the elbow-toe exercise, the activity level for all muscles was enhanced when performed on the unstable surface. When performing the hand-knee and side bridge exercises, activity level of the more global muscles was enhanced when performed on an unstable surface. Performing the curl-up exercise on an unstable surface, increased the activity of the external obliques but reduced transversus abdominis activation.
This study indicates that lumbar stabilization exercises on an unstable surface enhanced the activities of trunk muscles, except for the back bridge exercise.
Training of the trunk or core muscles for enhanced health, rehabilitation, and athletic performance has received renewed emphasis. Instability resistance exercises have become a popular means of training the core and improving balance. Whether instability resistance training is as, more, or less effective than traditional ground-based resistance training is not fully resolved. The purpose of this review is to address the effectiveness of instability resistance training for athletic, nonathletic, and rehabilitation conditioning. The anatomical core is defined as the axial skeleton and all soft tissues with a proximal attachment on the axial skeleton. Spinal stability is an interaction of passive and active muscle and neural subsystems. Training programs must prepare athletes for a wide variety of postures and external forces, and should include exercises with a destabilizing component. While unstable devices have been shown to be effective in decreasing the incidence of low back pain and increasing the sensory efficiency of soft tissues, they are not recommended as the primary exercises for hypertrophy, absolute strength, or power, especially in trained athletes. For athletes, ground-based free-weight exercises with moderate levels of instability should form the foundation of exercises to train the core musculature. Instability resistance exercises can play an important role in periodization and rehabilitation, and as alternative exercises for the recreationally active individual with less interest or access to ground-based free-weight exercises. Based on the relatively high proportion of type I fibers, the core musculature might respond well to multiple sets with high repetitions (e.g.,>15 per set); however, a particular sport may necessitate fewer repetitions.
The principle of core stability has gained wide acceptance in training for the prevention of injury and as a treatment modality for rehabilitation of various musculoskeletal conditions in particular of the lower back. There has been surprisingly little criticism of this approach up to date. This article re-examines the original findings and the principles of core stability/spinal stabilisation approaches and how well they fare within the wider knowledge of motor control, prevention of injury and rehabilitation of neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems following injury.
With a limited number of outcomes-based studies, only recommendations for strength-training and rehabilitation programs can be made.
To determine the extent to which throwing accuracy, core stability, and proprioception improved after completion of a 6-week training program that included open kinetic chain (OKC), closed kinetic chain (CKC), and/or core-stability exercises.
A 2 x 3 factorial design.
Division III college.
19 healthy baseball athletes with a control group of 15.
Two 6-week programs including OKC, CKC, and core-stabilization exercises that were progressed each week.
Functional throwing-performance index, closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test, back-extensor test, 45 degrees abdominal-fatigue test, and right- and left-side bridging test.
There was no significant difference between groups. An increase was evident in all pretest-to-posttest results, with improvement ranging from 1.36% to 140%.
Both of the 6-week training programs could be used to increase throwing accuracy, core stability, and proprioception in baseball.
Core stability and core strength have been subject to research since the early 1980s. Research has highlighted benefits of training these processes for people with back pain and for carrying out everyday activities. However, less research has been performed on the benefits of core training for elite athletes and how this training should be carried out to optimize sporting performance. Many elite athletes undertake core stability and core strength training as part of their training programme, despite contradictory findings and conclusions as to their efficacy. This is mainly due to the lack of a gold standard method for measuring core stability and strength when performing everyday tasks and sporting movements. A further confounding factor is that because of the differing demands on the core musculature during everyday activities (low load, slow movements) and sporting activities (high load, resisted, dynamic movements), research performed in the rehabilitation sector cannot be applied to the sporting environment and, subsequently, data regarding core training programmes and their effectiveness on sporting performance are lacking.
There are many articles in the literature that promote core training programmes and exercises for performance enhancement without providing a strong scientific rationale of their effectiveness, especially in the sporting sector. In the rehabilitation sector, improvements in lower back injuries have been reported by improving core stability. Few studies have observed any performance enhancement in sporting activities despite observing improvements in core stability and core strength following a core training programme. A clearer understanding of the roles that specific muscles have during core stability and core strength exercises would enable more functional training programmes to be implemented, which may result in a more effective transfer of these skills to actual sporting activities.
The sport of volleyball creates considerable dynamic trunk stability demands. Back injury occurs all too frequently in volleyball, particularly among female athletes. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to review functional anatomy, muscle coactivation strategies, assessment of trunk muscle performance, and the characteristics of effective exercises for the trunk or core. From this information, a conceptual progressive 3-phase volleyball-specific training program is presented to improve dynamic trunk stability and to potentially reduce the incidence of back injury among volleyball athletes. Phase 1 addresses low-velocity motor control, kinesthetic awareness, and endurance, with the clinician providing cues to teach achievement of biomechanically neutral spine alignment. Phase 2 focuses on progressively higher velocity dynamic multiplanar endurance, coordination, and strength-power challenges integrating upper and lower extremity movements, while maintaining neutral spine alignment. Phase 3 integrates volleyball-specific skill simulations by breaking down composite movement patterns into their component parts, with differing dynamic trunk stability requirements, while maintaining neutral spine alignment. Prospective research is needed to validate the efficacy of this program.
Presented here is the conceptual basis for the assertion that the spinal stabilizing system consists of three subsystems. The vertebrae, discs, and ligaments constitute the passive subsystem. All muscles and tendons surrounding the spinal column that can apply forces to the spinal column constitute the active subsystem. The nerves and central nervous system comprise the neural subsystem, which determines the requirements for spinal stability by monitoring the various transducer signals, and directs the active subsystem to provide the needed stability. A dysfunction of a component of any one of the subsystems may lead to one or more of the following three possibilities: (a) an immediate response from other subsystems to successfully compensate, (b) a long-term adaptation response of one or more subsystems, and (c) an injury to one or more components of any subsystem. It is conceptualized that the first response results in normal function, the second results in normal function but with an altered spinal stabilizing system, and the third leads to overall system dysfunction, producing, for example, low back pain. In situations where additional loads or complex postures are anticipated, the neural control unit may alter the muscle recruitment strategy, with the temporary goal of enhancing the spine stability beyond the normal requirements.
In order to validate a maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test for the prediction of VO2 max, 91 adults (32 females and 59 males, aged 27.3 +/- 9.2 and 24.8 +/- 5.5 year respectively and with mean VO2 max (+/- SD) of 39.3 +/- 8.3 and 51.6 +/- 7.8 ml . kg-1 . min-1 respectively) performed the test and had VO2 max estimated by the retroextrapolation method (extrapolation to time zero of recovery of the exponential least squares regression of the first four 20-s recovery VO2 values). Starting at 8 km . h-1 and increasing by 0.5 km . h-1 every 2 min, the 20-m shuttle run test enabled prediction of the VO2 max (y, ml . kg-1 . min-1) from the maximal speed (x, km . h-1) by means of the following regression equation: y = 5.857x - 19.458; r = 0.84 and SEE = 5.4. Later, the multistage protocol was slightly modified to its final version, in which the test started at stage 7 Met and continued with a 1 Met (3.5 ml O2 . kg-1 . min-1) increment every 2 min. Twenty-five of the 91 subjects performed the 20-m shuttle test twice, once on a hard, low-friction surface (vinyl-asbestos tiles) and another time on a rubber floor, as well as a walking maximal multistage test on an inclined treadmill. There was no difference between the means of these tests or between the slopes of the VO2max - maximal speed regressions for the two types of surfaces. The 20-m shuttle run test and another maximal multistage field test involving continuous track running gave comparable results (r = 0.92, SEE = 2.6 ml O2 . kg-1 . min-1, n = 70). Finally, test and retest of the 20-m shuttle run test also yielded comparable results (r = 0.975, SEE = 2.0 ml O2 . kg-1 . min-1, n = 50). It is concluded that the 20-m shuttle run test is valid and reliable test for the prediction of the VO2 max of male and female adults, individually or in groups, on most gymnasium surfaces.
Öz: Bu araştırmanın amacı, 8-14 yaş aralığındaki erkek tenis sporcuları ile 12 hafta düzenli olarak yapılan kor antrenmanın, sporcuların
kor kuvveti, statik ve dinamik denge özellikleri üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Çalışmaya Pamukkale Tenis Kulübünde tenis oynamakta olan 19 genç erkek tenis sporcusu (yaş ortalamaları 10,68± 2,18 yıl, boy ortalamaları 146,85 ± 15,06 cm, vücut ağırlığı ortalamaları 43,34 ± 16,97 kg) gönüllülük esasına göre dahil edildi. Araştırmaya katılan sporcular rastlantısal yöntem ile deney grubu (n=10) ve
kontrol grubu (n=9) olmak üzere iki gruba ayrıldı. Araştırmada ön-test son-test desenli deneysel yöntem kullanıldı. Deney grubuna 12
hafta boyunca haftada 3 gün, 30 dk süre ile kor antrenmanı tenis antrenmanlarına ilave olarak uygulanmış iken, kontrol grubu ise sadece tenis antrenmanına devam etti. Deney ve kontrol gruplarının kor kuvveti, statik ve dinamik denge test ölçümleri 12 haftalık antrenman programı öncesi ve sonrasında olmak üzere iki kez gerçekleştirildi. Verilerin istatiksel analizinde SPSS 20 paket programı kullanıldı.
Bütün istatistiksel yöntemler için yanılma düzeyi (α) 0,05 olarak kabul edildi. Uygulanan 12 haftalık kor antrenman programı sonucu
deney grubunun kor kuvvet ortalaması antrenman öncesi 120,50±26,30 sn iken, antrenman sonrası 146,70±28,77 sn olarak bulundu (p<0.05). Kontrol grubunda ise kor kuvveti ortalaması antrenman öncesi 80,11±36,12 sn iken, antrenman sonrası 85,44±25,49 sn olarak bulundu ( p>0.05). Deney ve kontrol grubunun antrenman öncesi ve antrenman sonrası statik ve dinamik denge ortalamaları arasında ise anlamlı bir farklılık bulunamadı (p>0,05). Sonuç olarak; kor antrenmanın tenis sporcularının gövde kuvveti ve stabilitesi üzerinde sportif performans açısından olumlu yönde etkisi olduğu görüldü.
Anahtar kelimeler: Denge, kor, kuvvet, performans, tenis
Developed by the American College of Sports Medicine, this text offers a comprehensive introduction to the basics of strength training and conditioning based on the latest research findings. ACSM's Foundations of Strength Training and Conditioning is divided into four parts: Foundations, Physiological Responses and Adaptations, Strength Training and Conditioning Program Design, and Assessment. The text focuses on practical applications, enabling students to develop, implement, and assess the results of training programs that are designed to optimize strength, power, and athletic performance. Moreover, the text's clear, straightforward writing style makes it easy to grasp new concepts. © 2012 by American College of Sports Medicine. All rights reserved.
summary: This article provides strategies for strength and conditioning professionals to assist in developing a complete and thorough core-training program for any client.
(C) 2004 National Strength and Conditioning Association
According to the special features of civil aviation majors and the professional career employees of the physical quality requirements, this paper uses the literature material method, experimental method and mathematical statistics method, in order to put our school football courses teaching as the breakthrough point, tries to explore the feasibility and necessity of application of core strength training in the sports teaching in civil aviation universities. Through the analysis of the control and experimental groups and the test data before and after the experiment, we can see that after the experiment, the four special physical qualities of the experimental group are higher compared with the control group, and the core strength level index exists significant differences between the experimental group and control group on the performances (P < 0.001). This shows that core strength has remarkable effect on improving the physical qualities of civil aviation students.
Joseph Pilates (1880–1967) created a system of fitness exercises that are still practiced in a more or less modified form. Within the last two decades, there has been a significant increase in the popularity of such Pilates-inspired (PI) exercises. This paper describes current claims for the effectiveness of PI exercises and comments on their validity. Motor learning principles and findings are applied to make recommendations for using PI exercises to enhance the execution of functional movement tasks. The learning-performance distinction, augmented information feedback, contextual interference, skill transfer and augmented verbal cues are discussed. Finally, suggestions are made for aspiring PI practitioners seeking training and certification.
The aim of this study was to establish the effects of core strengthening exercise program on trunk instability in response to vertical jump performances and static balance variables in volleyball players. As a core stabilization program aids in developing a stable spine over the pelvis and improves trunk stability this concept should be incorporated in sports tasks involving jump and reach in those with an unstable spine.
Forty state level volleyball players with trunk instability were randomly divided into two groups, control ([C] m=10; f=10) and experimental ([E] m=10; f=10). Modified double straight leg lowering test was used to check the degree of trunk instability. Counter movement jump, squat jump, spike jump and block jumps were used to measure jumping abilities and a wobble board test was used to test balance. Pre- and postreadings were noted before and after the nine-week training protocol and statistical data analysis was done using SPSS 16.
After nine weeks of core stabilization training, trunk stability (P<0.001), block difference (BD) in block jump (P<0.01) were enhanced significantly comparing to (C) group using independent T test. Effect size Cohen's d score demonstrated better improvement of spike jump (d=0.25) and block jump (d=0.52) in (E) group. Other jumps and static balance were improved but non-significant when compared between groups.
Nine-week strategic core strengthening exercise program increases trunk stability and in turn improves block difference (vertical jump parameter).
THIS REVIEW ARTICLE RECOGNIZES THE UNIQUE FUNCTION OF THE CORE MUSCULATURE. IN MANY REAL LIFE ACTIVITIES, THESE MUSCLES ACT TO STIFFEN THE TORSO AND FUNCTION PRIMARILY TO PREVENT MOTION. THIS IS A FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT FUNCTION FROM THOSE MUSCLES OF THE LIMBS, WHICH CREATE MOTION. BY STIFFENING THE TORSO, POWER GENERATED AT THE HIPS IS TRANSMITTED MORE EFFECTIVELY BY THE CORE. RECOGNIZING THIS UNIQUENESS, IMPLICATIONS FOR EXERCISE PROGRAM DESIGN ARE DISCUSSED USING PROGRESSIONS BEGINNING WITH CORRECTIVE AND THERAPEUTIC EXERCISES THROUGH STABILITY/MOBILITY, ENDURANCE, STRENGTH AND POWER STAGES, TO ASSIST THE PERSONAL TRAINER WITH A BROAD SPECTRUM OF CLIENTS.
summary: Competitive swimmers benefit from having a strength training program that focuses on increasing core strength. This column discusses these benefits and gives examples of some exercises.
(C) 2005 National Strength and Conditioning Association
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: • Understand the importance of core stability exercises for healthy individuals.
• Understand how to perform resistance exercises for the development of muscular endurance, muscular strength, and muscular power in the core musculature.
• Understand the potential advantages and disadvantages of performing resistance exercises on unstable equipment (e.g., Swiss ball, wobble board, and balance disc).
summary: This column provides a basic overview of the biomechanics of the gluteus medius muscle, an assessment method for trainers, and an exercise prescription.
(C) 2005 National Strength and Conditioning Association
The body is a kinetic chain and all the systems and muscle groups play important roles in this chain. Core stability, strength and balance are important components of performance within many sports, and in particular soccer. However, the relationship between these components is not fully understood.
To investigate the relationship between core stability, balance and strength in amputee soccer players.
Clinical pilot trial.
Eleven amputee soccer players (mean age = 24.63 ± 6.48 years) participated in our study. A Kinesthetic Ability Trainer device was used to assess balance. Trunk strength was evaluated by isokinetic dynamometer. Gillet test was used to evaluate the sacroiliac joint movement. Modified plank test was used to determined dynamic core stability. Disability was evaluated using the Oswestry Disability Index.
The results showed that there was a correlation between flexor isokinetic trunk muscle strength at the velocity of 60°/sec and modified plank test (r = 0.630, p = 0.038). There was a negative correlation between flexor isokinetic trunk muscle strength at the velocity of 180°/sec and Oswestry Disability Index score (r = -0.649, p = 0.031).
Amputee soccer is a sport which is generally performed with one limb balance with crutches. It is therefore perceived that a relationship between balance and sacroiliac mobility, and should be considered for evaluation process and performance analysis in amputee soccer. However, in future studies, we recommend that such evaluations on amputee soccer players should be carried out with increased numbers.
Core stability training, operationally defined as training focused to improve trunk and hip control, is an integral part of athletic development, yet little is known about its direct relation to athletic performance.
This systematic review focuses on identification of the association between core stability and sports-related performance measures. A secondary objective was to identify difficulties encountered when trying to train core stability with the goal of improving athletic performance.
A systematic search was employed to capture all articles related to athletic performance and core stability training that were identified using the electronic databases MEDLINE, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus™ (1982-June 2011).
A systematic approach was used to evaluate 179 articles identified for initial review. Studies that performed an intervention targeted toward the core and measured an outcome related to athletic or sport performances were included, while studies with a participant population aged 65 years or older were excluded. Twenty-four in total met the inclusionary criteria for review.
Studies were evaluated using the Physical Therapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. The 24 articles were separated into three groups, general performance (n = 8), lower extremity (n = 10) and upper extremity (n = 6), for ease of discussion.
In the majority of studies, core stability training was utilized in conjunction with more comprehensive exercise programmes. As such, many studies saw improvements in skills of general strengths such as maximum squat load and vertical leap. Surprisingly, not all studies reported measurable increases in specific core strength and stability measures following training. Additionally, investigations that targeted the core as the primary goal for improved outcome of training had mixed results.
Core stability is rarely the sole component of an athletic development programme, making it difficult to directly isolate its affect on athletic performance. The population biases of some studies of athletic performance also confound the results.
Targeted core stability training provides marginal benefits to athletic performance. Conflicting findings and the lack of a standardization for measurement of outcomes and training focused to improve core strength and stability pose difficulties. Because of this, further research targeted to determine this relationship is necessary to better understand how core strength and stability affect athletic performance.
The neuromuscular system acts to maintain postural stability and reduce the impact of deleterious loads on the spine. Exercising of the abdominal muscles has become widely used in the management of low back pain in order to provide this supplement to spinal stability. Several exercise programmes have been advocated to promote stabilization but evaluation is difficult. This study evaluates two common forms of exercise effects on the ability to appropriately contract Transversus Abdominis (TrA) muscle, whose normal function is regarded as significant in spinal stability. Thirty-six asymptomatic females were examined. Twelve formed the Pilates trained group, 12 the abdominal curl group (both attending a minimum of 25 classes in 6 months) and 12 were non-training controls. A pressure biofeedback unit (PBU) was used to assess performance of the TrA muscle during an abdominal hollowing activity (TrA isolation test) and under limb load (Lumbo-pelvic stability test). The percentage of subjects passing the TrA isolation test was 10 subjects (83%) from the Pilates group, four subjects (33%) from the abdominal curl group, and three subjects (25%) from the control group. The percentage of subjects passing the lumbo-pelvic stability test was five subjects (42%) from the Pilates group, all the subjects from both the abdominal curl and control groups failed the test. The study appears to indicate that Pilates trained subjects could contract the TrA and maintain better lumbo-pelvic control than do those who perform regular abdominal curl exercises, or no abdominal muscle exercises.
Objective: To evaluate a 10-week training program for improved lumbo-pelvic stability (LPS), and to investigate the impact of improved LPS on athletic performance. Design: Randomized-controlled study. Setting: Testing was done at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Training was at colleges and universities in the immediate vicinity to Vancouver, Canada. Participants: Thirty female varsity volleyball and basketball players aged 18-23 yrs were randomly assigned to treatment (T), pseudo-treatment (PT), or control (C). Main outcome measures: For LPS the participants lied supine and the position of the pelvis and lumbar spine was monitored using a stabilizer Pressure Biofeedback Unitn' (PBU) while load was progressively added by movements of the lower limbs. T-test, Sargent's, and Bass' tests assessed agility, leg power, and balance, respectively. Results: Non-parametric Friedman, Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney techniques detected LPS improvement in T (2.8 f 1.5) and PT (2.3 f 1.4). Repeated measures ANOVA detected improvement in the agility (8.8 f0.7 s) and leg power (32.3 k 4 . 5 cm) of T, and in the static balance ability of all three groups. Regression using Spearman's rho revealed no significant correlations between the post-test scores for LPS and athletic performance, or between pre-to post-test changes in LPS was improved following training in the T and PT groups. While improvements in agility and leg power were limited to only the T group, there was no association between improvements in LPS and improvements in athletic performance. Conclusion: The PBU may be an important tool in identifying lumbo-pelvic instability, however, its use is not recommended in the evaluation of treatment efficacy.
Marshall, PWM, Desai, I, and Robbins, DW. Core stability exercises in individuals with and without chronic nonspecific low back pain. J Strength Cond Res 25(12): 3404-3411, 2011-The aim of this study was to measure trunk muscle activity during several commonly used exercises in individuals with and without low back pain (LBP). Abdominal bracing was investigated as an exercise modification that may increase the acute training stimulus. After an initial familiarization session, 10 patients with LBP and 10 matched controls performed 5 different exercises (quadruped, side bridge, modified push-up, squat, shoulder flexion) with and without abdominal bracing. Trunk muscle activity and lumbar range of motion (LROM) were measured during all exercises. Muscle activity was measured bilaterally during each exercise from rectus abdominis (RA), external obliques (EO), and lumbar erector spinae (ES) with pairs of surface electrodes. Recorded signals were normalized to a percentage of maximal voluntary contractions performed for each muscle. The ES activity was lower for the LBP group during the quadruped (p < 0.05) and higher for RA and EO during the side bridge (p < 0.001), compared to for the healthy controls. Higher muscle activity was observed across exercises in an inconsistent pattern when abdominal bracing was used during exercise. The LROM was no different between groups for any exercise. The lack of worsening of symptoms in the LBP group and similar LROM observed between groups suggest that all exercises investigated in this study are of use in rehabilitating LBP patients. The widespread use of abdominal bracing in clinical practice, whether it be for patients with LBP or healthy individuals, may not be justified unless symptoms of spinal instability are identified.
Correlation study
To objectively evaluate the relationship between core stability and athletic performance measures in male and female collegiate athletes.
The relationship between core stability and athletic performance has yet to be quantified in the available literature. The current literature does not demonstrate whether or not core strength relates to functional performance. Questions remain regarding the most important components of core stability, the role of sport specificity, and the measurement of core stability in relation to athletic performance.
A sample of 35 volunteer student athletes from Asbury College (NAIA Division II) provided informed consent. Participants performed a series of five tests: double leg lowering (core stability test), the forty yard dash, the T-test, vertical jump, and a medicine ball throw. Participants performed three trials of each test in a randomized order.
Correlations between the core stability test and each of the other four performance tests were determined using a General Linear Model. Medicine ball throw negatively correlated to the core stability test (r -0.389, p=0.023). Participants that performed better on the core stability test had a stronger negative correlation to the medicine ball throw (r =-0.527). Gender was the most strongly correlated variable to core strength, males with a mean measurement of double leg lowering of 47.43 degrees compared to females having a mean of 54.75 degrees.
There appears to be a link between a core stability test and athletic performance tests; however, more research is needed to provide a definitive answer on the nature of this relationship. Ideally, specific performance tests will be able to better define and to examine relationships to core stability. Future studies should also seek to determine if there are specific sub-categories of core stability which are most important to allow for optimal training and performance for individual sports.
Following the onset of maturation, female athletes have a significantly higher risk for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury compared with male athletes. While multiple sex differences in lower-extremity neuromuscular control and biomechanics have been identified as potential risk factors for ACL injury in females, the majority of these studies have focused specifically on the knee joint. However, increasing evidence in the literature indicates that lumbo-pelvic (core) control may have a large effect on knee-joint control and injury risk. This review examines the published evidence on the contributions of the trunk and hip to knee-joint control. Specifically, the sex differences in potential proximal controllers of the knee as risk factors for ACL injury are identified and discussed. Sex differences in trunk and hip biomechanics have been identified in all planes of motion (sagittal, coronal and transverse). Essentially, female athletes show greater lateral trunk displacement, altered trunk and hip flexion angles, greater ranges of trunk motion, and increased hip adduction and internal rotation during sport manoeuvres, compared with their male counterparts. These differences may increase the risk of ACL injury among female athletes. Prevention programmes targeted towards trunk and hip neuromuscular control may decrease the risk for ACL injuries.
Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1999. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 56-59). "UO 99 225." Microfiche.
Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005. Includes bibliographical references. Microfiche. s
From the mechanical point of view the spinal system is highly complex, containing a multitude of components, passive and active. In fact, even if the active components (the muscles) were exchanged by passive springs, the total number of elements considerably exceeds the minimum needed to maintain static equilibrium. In other words, the system is statically highly indeterminate. The particular role of the active components at static equilibrium is to enable a virtually arbitrary choice of posture, independent of the distribution and magnitude of the outer load albeit within physiological limits. Simultaneously this implies that ordinary procedures known from the analysis of mechanical systems with passive components cannot be applied. Hence the distribution of the forces over the different elements is not uniquely determined. Consequently nervous control of the force distribution over the muscles is needed, but little is known about how this achieved. This lack of knowledge implies great difficulties at numerical simulation of equilibrium states of the spinal system. These difficulties remain even if considerable reductions are made, such as the assumption that the thoracic cage behaves like a rigid body. A particularly useful point of view about the main principles of the force distributions appears to be the distinction between a local and a global system of muscles engaged in the equilibrium of the lumbar spine. The local system consists of muscles with insertion or origin (or both) at lumbar vertebrae, whereas the global system consists of muscles with origin on the pelvis and insertions on the thoracic cage. Given the posture of the lumbar spine, the force distribution over the local system appears to be essentially independent of the outer load of the body (though the force magnitudes are, of course, dependent on the magnitude of this load). Instead different distributions of the outer load on the body are met by different distributions of the forces in the global system. Thus, roughly speaking, the global system appears to take care of different distributions of outer forces on the body, whereas the local system performs an action, which is essentially locally determined (i.e. by the posture of the lumbar spine). The present work focuses on the upright standing posture with different degree of lumbar lordosis. The outer load is assumed to consist of weights carried on the shoulders. By reduction of the number of unknown forces, which is done by using a few different principles, a unique determination of the total force distributions at static equilibrium is obtained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of intensity of endurance training on AT, V̇O2max, PWC, HR(rest) an HR(max) of untrained, male college students (18 to 24 years). Eighteen subjects composed three groups, two experimental and one control. The experimental groups trained for thirty minutes, three times per week for eight weeks on bicycle ergometers. The low intensity group trained at the AT, and the high intensity group trained at a point halfway between AT and V̇O2max. All subjects underwent an incremental bicycle exercise test before and after the training program to identify any changes in AT, V̇O2max, PWC, HR(rest) and HR(max). The AT was determined by gas exchange methods. The pretest revealed a mean AT for all groups between 65 and 66% V̇O2max. The results indicated no significant changes in AT for any groups. A significant increase in PWC was found for both the high and low intensity groups as compared to the control (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found between any groups for any other variable. These results seem to indicate that a continuous cycle training program, at either of the two intensities, will produce an increase in PWC, however, will not increase AT for a group of college age males with moderate initial AT levels.
The superficial and deep lamina of the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia have been studied anatomically and biomechanically. In embalmed human specimens, the posterior layer has been loaded by simulating the action of various muscles. The effect has been studied using raster photography.
To study the role of the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia in load transfer between spine, pelvis, legs, and arms.
It has been determined whether muscles such as the gluteus maximus, latissimus dorsi, erector muscle, and biceps femoris are functionally coupled via the thoracolumbar fascia. The caudal relations of the posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia have not been previously studied.
Dissection was directed to the bilaminar posterior layer of the thoracolumbar fascia of 10 human specimens. The superficial and deep lamina were studied using visual inspection and raster photography. Tension to the posterior layer of the fascia was simulated by traction to various muscles and measured by studying the displacement in the posterior layer.
Traction to a variety of muscles caused displacement of the posterior layer. This implies that in vivo, the superficial lamina will be tensed by contraction of various muscles, such as the latissimus dorsi, gluteus maximus and erector muscle, and the deep lamina by contraction of the biceps femoris. Caudal to the level of L4 (in some specimens, L2-L3), tension in the posterior layer was transmitted to the contralateral side.
Anatomic structures normally described as hip, pelvic, and leg muscles interact with so-called arm and spinal muscles via the thoracolumbar fascia. This allows for effective load transfer between spine, pelvis, legs, and arms--an integrated system. Specific electromyographic studies should reveal whether the gluteus maximus muscle and contralateral latissimus dorsi muscle are functionally coupled, especially during rotation of the trunk. In that case, the combined action of these muscles assists in rotating the trunk, while simultaneously stabilizing the lower lumbar spine and sacroiliac joints.