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Landscape Online | Volume 99 | 2024 | Article 1131
Submitted: 20 December 2024 | Accepted in revised version: 30 December 2024| Published: 31 December 2024
Werner Rolf 1 , Uta Schirpke2
1) Department of Landscape
Architecture and Environmental
Planning, OWL University of Applied
Sciences and Arts, Germany
2) Instute for Alpine Environment,
Eurac Research, Italy
*Corresponding Author Email:
werner.rolf@th-owl.de
Werner Rolf
hps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7040-034X
Uta Schirpke
hps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2075-6118
In May 1999, about 30 people from Austria, Germany and Switzerland met
in Basel (Switzerland) to found the German Chapter of the International
Association for Landscape Ecology (IALE-D) to bring together German-
speaking researchers, planners and other people interested in landscape
ecology. Now, twenty-five years later, we take this milestone as an
opportunity to reflect on the evolution of the topics that have shaped
the landscape ecology discourse within the IALE-D community. In this
editorial, we (1) present the history of the IALE-D conferences, (2) reflect
on the topics addressed by the conference contributions and how
they have developed, and (3) offer some initial indications of changes
in relevance with regard to technological advances, thematic foci,
transdisciplinarity, sustainability issues, and cultural dimensions that
can be observed over time. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the
articles published in 2024 in Landscape Online, which mainly reflect two
emerging topics, which follow the lines of the thematic development of
the IALE-D conferences, that is, a focus on urban environments as well as
on pressing issues related to global change.
Reecons on twenty-ve years of landscape ecology
discussion in the German-speaking IALE community
hps://doi.org/10.3097/LO.2024.1131
1 Overview of the IALE-D conferences
The International Association for Landscape Ecology
(IALE) was founded in 1982 to support internation-
al collaboration among landscape ecologists, pro-
moting transdisciplinary research and exchanging
experience for analyzing, planning, and managing
landscapes. On May 5, 1999 in Basel (Switzerland)
the chapter “IALE-D” was found to connect Ger-
man-speaking researchers, planners, and other in-
terested persons in landscape ecology. During the
subsequent official founding of the association, the
first step was to vote on the association’s statutes,
aiming to promote science, research and education
in the field of landscape ecology and its application
in practice. One of the central tasks included in the
regulation included the organization of conferences,
seminars, and workshops to support the exchange
of experience and information as well as the dis-
cussion of the latest research results in landscape
ecology1. The first IALE-D conference took place in
July 2000 in Nürtingen, Germany. Since then, meet-
ings have been held in 16 different locations across
Germany as well as in Austria and Italy (Figure 1).
A total of 22 conferences were held annually until
the Covid-19 pandemic disrupted this tradition. Be-
tween 2020 and 2023, only two events took place,
both characterized by online i.e. hybrid formats. In
2024, a larger in-person congress was planned for
the first time since the pandemic, aiming to revive
the IALE-D conference tradition and create opportu-
nities for broader exchange and engagement.
1 https://www.iale.de/vereinssatzung.html
*
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Rolf and Schirpke Page 2
Landscape Online 99 (2024) 1131 |
Now, twenty-five years after founding the German
IALE Chapter, we take this milestone as an oppor-
tunity to reflect on the evolution of the topics that
have shaped the field of landscape ecology discourse
within the IALE-D community. Similar approaches
have been used to examine publication trends in the
IALE flagship journal Landscape Ecology (Andersen
2008; Wu 2017) and also in the self-published jour-
nal Landscape Online (Rolf & Schirpke 2022), as well
as in relation to IALE congresses in North America
(McIntyre et al. 2013) and the UK (Young et al. 2019).
Based on the Association’s commitment to promot-
ing “exchange of experience and information as well
as the discussion of the latest research results in the
field of landscape ecology”, this reflection invites us
to explore the discussions that have developed over
the past quarter century. The evolution of these dis-
cussions provides an opportunity to examine how
landscape ecology has evolved and responded to the
challenges over time. Reflecting on the discussions
within the IALE-D community, we seek an overview
of the key topics, conceptual frameworks, guiding
paradigms, and emerging priorities that have influ-
enced our collective understanding of landscape
ecology.
To do so, we first analyzed the titles of the confer-
ence contributions that have been documented over
time2. Therefore, we compiled the titles of all confer-
ence contributions in a database. Since some of the
conferences were organized in bilingual, we harmo-
nized all titles by translating them into English. The
data analysis was conducted using word frequency
analysis in NVivo version 11. NVivo supports the effi-
cient management and analysis of large amounts of
unstructured data (Hoover and Koerber, 2011). Word
frequency analysis in Nvivo was conducted taking
into account stop words and stemming, both tech-
niques that efficiently support natural language pro-
cessing and are applicable within Nvivo. Stop words
are common words that are filtered out, such as ar-
ticles, prepositions, and other frequently occurring
words that may not contribute significantly to the
meaning of the text corpus. To define stop words, we
adapted the list provided at GitHub by Diaz (2022)
while ensuring that relevant terms for this analysis
were not included in the stop word list (e.g. index,
indicate). Stemming helps to reduce words to their
root or base form. To avoid over-stemming, we pri-
marily used this option to merge singular and plural
forms (e.g. city+cities=city, model+models=model)
and only merged those terms manually that has
2 https://www.iale.de/archiv-der-iale-d-jahrestagungen.html
Figure 1. Location of the IALE-D conferences 2000-2024 (left) and number of conference contributions per year (right) - abstract
books were not available for 2004, 2009, 2020; in the years 2021 and 2023 no conference took place.
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been considered as meaningful (e.g. model+mode-
ling=model). Both stop words and stemming lead to
a reduced list of relevant terms that have been visu-
alized using word clouds. This systematic evaluation
provides a merely quantitative overview of the land-
scape ecology discourse at the IALE-D annual confer-
ences since their foundation.
About 815 contributions, talks and poster presenta-
tions, were held over time (Figure 2) with the titles
of these conference contributions counting 11.041
words in total. Stop word and stemming resulted in
a list of 1.659 different terms of all titles. The terms
range from ABAG – an adaptation of the American
Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) developed in the
1980s (Schwertmann et al. 1990) to suit European
conditions estimating soil loss due to water erosion
in agricultural landscapes – to Zymoseptoria (tritici)
at the other end of the spectrum – a fungal path-
ogen affecting winter wheat, with severe epidem-
ics capable of reducing wheat yields by up to 50%
(Fones and Gurr 2015). The most common term used
from 2000-2024 was indeed “landscape” (n=325),
followed by “ecosystem” (n=139) and “service”
(n=118). The terms “change” (n=91), “development”
(n=90), “land” (n=87), “urban” (n= 85), “ecology” (n=
78), and “model” (n= 73) and “climate” and respec-
tively “planning” (both n=69) complement the top
ten words used across years (Figure 2).
Overall, the terms reflect the breadth of topics that
the conferences addressed over time (Table 1), rang-
ing from broader perspectives on key research top-
ics in landscape ecology such as quantification of
landscape patterns, land use and land cover change,
ecological processes, and landscape conservation
and sustainability to pressing issues such as climate
change and transformation. Moreover, the con-
ference topics often reflect international research
trends, for example, the increasing interest in eco-
system services (McDonough et al., 2017).
In a second reflection, we looked into quantitative
changes of the terms used in the titles of the con-
ference contributions while comparing the ones of
the first five conferences from 2000-2005 (n=208
contributions) with the ones from 2018-2024 (n=129
contributions). In particular, we aimed to identify
terms whose relevance showed continuity over time
as well as whose relevance increased or decreased.
Increasing relevance is defined by terms that ap-
peared significantly more frequently in titles over
time, while topics with decreasing relevance were
associated with terms that appeared relatively less
frequently in comparison.
The distinction between decreasing relevance,
continuity and increasing relevance was made by
analyzing the top 50 terms used in the titles of the
conference contributions. More specifically, we
compared the ranking of words based on their rel-
ative frequency in the two time periods rather than
just looking at the difference in relative frequencies
or percentage change. Terms with the same relative
frequency were grouped together to form a single
rank. For example, in the period 2000-2005, the top
50 terms were distributed across 18 different ranks,
whereas in the period 2018-2024, the top 50 terms
only formed 13 ranks since more terms had the same
frequency of occurrence. To determine changes in
relevance, terms that moved up or down more than
3 ranks were categorized as increasing or decreasing
relevance. Terms that only moved within a range of 3
ranks were considered to show continuity.
Thus, we identified a number of terms that showed
a clear continuity over time (Figure 3). These in-
cluded, for example, “landscape”, “analysis”, “plan-
ning”, “model”, all of which were among the top ten
terms used in titles in the first years, but also but
also terms such as “species”, “habitat”, “forest” and
“soil”. However, the usage of certain terms signifi-
cantly increased, including “ecosystem”, “service”,
“climate”, “change”, “cities”, “urban”, “green”, “agri-
Figure 2. Top 100 words in the titles of all 815 contributions
2000-2024.
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culture”, “innovation”, “management”, and “cultur-
al” - to name the most significant changes based on
the relative frequency of occurrence with at least
ten ranks increase. In the meanwhile, other terms
decreased or even disappeared from the list of the
top 50, such as “ecology”, “nature”, “evaluation”,
“assessment”, “development”, “structure”, vegeta-
tion” and “mountain” - to name some remarkable
terms with at least five ranks decrease based on the
relative frequency of occurrence.
Although this work only presents a first glimpse at the
topics discussed at the IALE-D conferences based on
the quantitative appearance of terms and frequen-
cy used in the titles of conference contributions, it
offers some first hints with regard to technological
advancement, thematic foci, transdisciplinary, sus-
tainability issues as well as cultural dimensions that
can be summarized as follows:
xWhile the first conference explored emerging
tools like GIS, the more recent conferences lev-
erage cutting-edge technologies like AI, digital
twins, and participatory modeling to transform
landscape research and planning.
xWhile the earlier years focused on ecological the-
ories and frameworks, the later years emphasize
collaborative approaches involving multiple stake-
holders.
xThe most recent years integrate cultural and per-
ceptual aspects of landscapes, such as identity,
aesthetics, and participatory mapping more fre-
quently, while the earlier conferences were more
focused on ecological and functional issues.
xOver time the discussions shifted significantly to-
wards urban landscapes, green infrastructure, and
climate adaptation, while the earlier years concen-
trated more on rural and traditional landscapes.
xIn the earlier period, globalization was viewed as a
challenge affecting landscapes. In the later period,
sustainability and resilience in the face of globali-
zation and climate change have become central
topics.
However, it must be noted the main limitation of this
reflection is that these are just some first insights,
Year Conference topic Location No. of
contributions
available for
analysis
2000 Future of Central European cultural landscapes Nürtingen 46
2001 Landscapes as living space Oldenburg 42
2002 Assessment and development of the landscape Dresden 55
2003 Land use change Eberswalde 37
2004 Landscape: Object or Stage? Nürtingen -
2005 Space - Time - Problems in the Cultural Landscape Freiburg 32
2006 Spatial dynamics of human-environmental systems Kiel 50
2007 Landscape ecology and environmental policy Freising 40
2008 Global Change and Landscape Response - The feedback from landscapes on global change Bonn 54
2009 Transformations of European Landscapes Salzburg -
2010 What makes landscape valuable? - Ecology, art and economy between evaluation and valorization Nürtingen 47
2011 MMM - models, monitoring and other quantitative methods in landscape ecology Berlin 55
2012 Climate change: What to do! Eberswalde 45
2013 Diverse landscapes biodiversity, ecosystem services and quality of life Dresden 50
2014 Ecology, resilience and management of our landscape Bolzano 41
2015 Ecosystem services to ensure sustainable rural development and sustainable resource
management Bonn 49
2016 Landscape ecology timeless Prora/Rügen 15
2017 Water.Landscape Münster 36
2018 Changing landscape - understand, plan, realize Hannover 47
2019 Landscape in climate protection Potsdam 31
2020 Covid-19 in the context of landscape ecology Nürtingen (virtual) -
2022 Current environmental problems and future perspectives Nürtingen (hybrid) 13
2024 Resilience vs. transformation in urban and rural - what can landscape ecology contribute? Bernburg 38
Table 1. Location and topic of annual IALE-conferences 2000-2024.
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which are primary based on the quantitative anal-
ysis of the frequency of terms used in the titles of
the conference contributions. A more sophisticated
qualitative analysis of the abstracts may be helpful
to dive deeper into the topics discussed. This needs
the harmonization and integration of all abstracts
into the database that has been developed as a first
step. The integration of all main and co-contributors
to the conference may give additional insights about
the evolvement of the network, collaborations and
interdisciplinarity within the field of landscape ecol-
ogy of the German-speaking IALE community.
2 Latest developments of Landscape Online
The articles published in Landscape online in 2024
reflect mainly two developments highlighted in the
previous section. First, matching our revealed in-
crease in interest at the IALE-D conferences as well
as worldwide publishing trends related to urban en-
vironments (Reyes-Riveros et al., 2021), almost half
of the published articles focused on people’s percep-
tions and benefits related to urban green spaces. Ac-
cordingly, Kruja et al. (2024) assessed the effects of
exposure to nature on physical and mental health in
Tirana (Albania), providing insights for the design and
prioritization of urban green spaces and highlighting
the multifaceted role of green spaces in public health
that goes beyond physical health but includes men-
tal health and subjective well-being. Taking a differ-
ent perspective, Lis and Karolina (2004) examined
the sense of safety and preferences towards park
space, evaluating a set of 112 eye-level photographs
of park landscapes with regard to perceived safety,
landscape preference and surveillance. Applying An-
alytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, Abdollahi et
al. (2024) identified the best location for a children’s
educational-recreational complex in Shiraz City
(Iran). The study combined descriptive-comparative
methods with surveys to determine criteria for site
selection and finally located suitable areas based on
accessibility, land size, neighborhood, natural po-
tential, social context, expansibility, and appropriate
land use. Focusing on urban river corridors, Lin et al.
(2004) systematically reviewed the literature on the
usage and associated constraints of such blue-green
infrastructure to analyze their complex interactions
from a socio-ecological perspective. Their findings
highlight the significant influence of individual, so-
cial, and physical factors on the usage of urban riv-
er corridors to guide urban planners, designers, and
policymakers in enhancing urban river corridors’
design and management standards. Looking at dif-
ferences between urban and rural communicates,
Buława and Ahn (2004) aimed to identify the un-
derstanding and value of the concept of landscape
by local communities through a systematic analysis
of six cases of extended public consultations in Po-
land. Their findings suggest that the understanding
Figure 3. Top 50 words in the titles of the conference contributions a) referring to the years 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005 (n=208
contributions), and b) referring to the years 2018, 2019, 2022, 2024 (n=129 contributions). Light blue colors indicate that the
relevance remained similar over time. Dark blue colors represent topics which relevance increased over time (i.e., >3 places
higher in ranking), while orange colors indicate decreasing relevance over time (i.e., >3 places lower in ranking).
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of landscape often remains at a representative, cul-
tural, and visual level in rural communes, differing
from urban discourses that often focus on climatic
and ecological functions of landscape.
The second main topic across articles and aligning
with the increasing interest at the IALE-D confer-
ences, are pressing issues related to global change
and its effects on human well-being to provide in-
sights for decision-makers and landscape managers.
Pointing out the priorities for landslide control and
the importance of understanding socio-ecologi-
cal relationships to support sustainable landscape
management, Adjam et al. (2024) analyzed commu-
nity adaptive capacities in disaster-risk conditions
through questionnaires in three sub-districts in Ku-
pang in Indonesia. Similarly, to support resilience
and adaptation to future flood hazards and climate
change, Moradi et al. (2024) assessed the effects of
floods on land cover dynamics in the Central Zagros
region in Iran using temporal satellite imagery and
applying land-use/land-cover change detection and
fragmentation analysis, complemented by fieldwork
and interviews to elicit local people’s perspectives.
With a focus on mountain lakes in the European
Alps, Ebner (2024) adopted an interdisciplinary
ecosystem service perspective, advancing the un-
derstanding of human interactions with mountain
lakes and indicating potential social and ecological
impacts of anthropogenic pressures. Using remote
sensing, socio-economic analysis, and field surveys,
Bargali (2024) examined forest fire dynamics and
their impacts on vegetation, soil properties, and bi-
odiversity in the Uttarakhand Himalaya region. The
results reveal a significant increase in fire frequency
and severity over the past decade, threatening eco-
system health and resilience and urge for the need
to foster sustainable forest management and fire
risk reduction. In context of the environmental eco-
nomic accounting system (SEEA EA), which measures
ecosystem services, tracks changes in ecosystem as-
sets, and links this information to economic and oth-
er human activity, Sylla et al. (2024) analyzed the use
of historical maps, using naturalness and diversity to
understand ecosystem condition. Based on the ex-
ample of Ślęża Landscape Park in Poland, they ana-
lyzed changes between 1883 and 2011 and discuss
lessons learned and challenges of local scale SEEA
EA applications. Also related to environmental and
anthropogenic changes, in particular the impacts of
climate change, Halecki et al. (2024) evaluated the
factors contributing to the ongoing changes in and
around mangroves on the Yucatán Peninsula in the
western Caribbean Sea. Based on satellite images
between 1981 and 2020 the results indicate great
variations in mangrove coverage, emphasizing the
need for urgent action for forest management and
restoration efforts.
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Landscape Online
www.landscape-online.org
ISSN-L / ISSN (online): 1865-1542
Publisher: IALE-D – International Association for Land-
scape Ecology, Chapter Germany
All articles published in Landscape Online are published
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/4.0).
Co-Editors-in-Chief
Uta Schirpke
Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research, Bozen/
Bolzano, Italy
Werner Rolf
Department of Landscape Architecture and Environmen-
tal Planning, OWL University of Applied Sciences and Arts,
Germany
Email: management@landscape-online.org
Copy Editor
Martina van Lierop
Chair for Strategic Landscape Planning and Management,
Technical University of Munich
Publishing Editorial Board
Christian Albert
Institut for Environmental Planning, Leibniz University
Hannover, Germany
Dagmar Haase
Department of Geography, Humboldt Universität Berlin,
Germany
Roman Lenz
Faculty Environment Design Therapy, Nuertingen-Geislin-
gen University, Germany
Ulrich Walz
Faculty of Agriculture/Environment/Chemistry, Dresden
University of Applied Sciences, Germany
Editorial Board
Ana Beatriz Pierri-Daunt
Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA-UAB) at Uni-
versitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Spain
Andreas Aagaard Christensen
Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Man-
agement, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Angela Lausch
Department of Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for
Environmental Research – UFZ, Germany
Aude Zingraff-Hamed
ENGEES, National School for Water and Environmental En-
gineering of Strasbourg, France
Audrey L. Mayer
School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science,
Michigan Technological University, Michigan, US
Cristian Echeverria
Landscape Ecology Lab (LEP), Faculty of Forest Sciences,
Universidad de Concepcion, Chile
Christoph Merz
Department of Earth Sciences, Free University of Berlin,
Germany
Claus Dalchow
Central Library plus, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Land-
scape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
Dolors Amenteras
Departamento de Biología Bogotá, Universidad Nacional
de Colombia, Colombia
Emilio Padoa-Schioppa
RULE - Research Unit of Landscape Ecology, University di
Milano-Bicocca, Italy
Franziska Komossa
Geocomputation, Department of Geography, University of
Zurich, Switzerland
Hannes Palang
School of Humanities, Tallinn University, Estonia
Irene Petrosillo
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and
Technologies, University of Salento, Italy
Janez Pirnat
Chair of Landscape Science and Geoinformatics, Depart-
ment of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Uni-
versity of Ljubljana, Slovenija
Jessica Price
The Nature Conservancy, New York, US
Jianguo (Jingle) Wu
School of Life Sciences and School of Sustainability, Arizo-
na State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
Jochen A. G. Jaeger
Concordia University Montreal, Canada
Leila Mahmoudi Farahani
Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University, Melbourne,
Australia
Olaf Schroth
Faculty of Landscape Architecture, Hochschule Weihen-
stephan-Triesdorf (HSWT), Germany
Peter Weißhuhn
Research Area Landscape Research Synthesis, Leibniz Cen-
tre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Germany
Simona R. Grădinaru
Centre for Environmental Research and Impact Studies,
University of Bucharest, Romania
Stefan Heiland
Institute of Landscape Architecture and Environmental
Planning; Technical University of Berlin
Uta Steinhardt
Faculty of Landscape Management and Nature Conserva-
tion, Eberswalde University, Germany
Veerle Van Eetvelde
Department of Geography, Research Unit Landscape Re-
search, Ghent University, Belgium
Wendy McWilliam
School of Landscape Architecture, Lincoln University, New
Zealand
