EFFECT OF EQUIPMENT AGE ON RESIDUES GENERATION IN SAWMILL IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF IRATI-PR

Abstract

The study aimed to describe the relationship between the age of equipment and the generation of residues in small wood processing industries in Irati-PR. Data were collected through a questionnaire, where 3 (three) sawmill industries were selected in order to collect data for their characterization. The companies approached were characterized as micro (2) and small companies (1), operating in the splitting and processing of wood. The species used as feedstock were from the Pinus sp., Eucalyptus sp. Genus and a small number of other species. Companies generate, on average, 175 m³ of residues, with an average use of 43%. Residues generation was related to the age of the equipment, where the company with the oldest equipment had the highest amount. Companies do not manage waste, which is sold to third parties. Given this scenario, it was concluded that companies generate large amounts of residues, which, in this case, are linked to the lack of maintenance and use of obsolete equipment. The lack of correct disposal is attributed to the lack of incentive and information about the potential uses of waste and the possibility of generating extra income by companies.

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ARTIGOS
http://dx.doi.org/10.29183/2447-3073.MIX2024.v10.n5.63-74
ISSN: 2447-0899 (IMPRESSA) | 2447-3073 (ONLINE)
EFFECT OF EQUIPMENT AGE ON RESIDUES
GENERATION IN SAWMILL IN THE
MUNICIPALITY OF IRATI-PR
EFEITO DA IDADE DOS EQUIPAMENTOS NA GERAÇÃO DE
RESÍDUOS EM SERRARIAS DO MUNICÍPIO DE IRATI-PR
EFECTO DE LA EDAD DE LOS EQUIPOS EN LA GENERACIÓN DE
RESIDUOS EN LAS SERRERÍAS DEL MUNICIPIO DE IRATI-PR
LUIZ HENRIQUE NATALLI, Dr. | UNICENTRO – Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Brasil
JÉSSICA THALHEIMER DE AGUIAR, Dra. | UNICENTRO – Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Brasil
LORIMAR FRANCISCO MUNARETTO, Dr. | UFSM – Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brasil
EVERTON HILLIG, Dr. | UNICENTRO – Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Brasil
ABSTRACT
The study aimed to describe the relationship between the age of equipment and the generation of residues in
small wood processing industries in Irati-PR. Data were collected through a questionnaire, where 3 (three) sawmill
industries were selected in order to collect data for their characterization. The companies approached were
characterized as micro (2) and small companies (1), operating in the splitting and processing of wood. The species
used as feedstock were from the Pinus sp., Eucalyptus sp. Genus and a small number of other species. Companies
generate, on average, 175 m³ of residues, with an average use of 43%. Residues generation was related to the age
of the equipment, where the company with the oldest equipment had the highest amount. Companies do not
manage waste, which is sold to third parties. Given this scenario, it was concluded that companies generate large
amounts of residues, which, in this case, are linked to the lack of maintenance and use of obsolete equipment. The
lack of correct disposal is attributed to the lack of incentive and information about the potential uses of waste and
the possibility of generating extra income by companies.
KEYWORDS
Management; Wastage; Timber sector; Sawing; Feedstock.
RESUMO
O estudo teve por objetivo descrever a relação da idade dos equipamentos com a geração de resíduos em pequenas
indústrias de processamento da madeira em Irati-PR. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário, onde 3
(três) indústrias serrarias foram selecionadas, a m de coletar os dados para sua caracterização. As empresas abordadas
foram caracterizadas como micro (2) e pequenas empresas (1), atuando no desdobro e beneciamento da madeira. As
espécies utilizadas como matéria-prima foram dos gêneros Pinus sp., Eucalyptus sp. e uma pequena quantidade de outras
espécies. As empresas geram, em média, 175 m³ de resíduos, com aproveitamento médio de 43%. A geração de resíduos
esteve relacionada com a idade dos equipamentos, onde a empresa com os equipamentos mais antigos, apresentou o
maior montante. As empresas não realizam o gerenciamento dos resíduos, sendo estes vendidos para terceiros. Diante
deste cenário, concluiu-se que as empresas geram quantidades grandes de resíduos, que, neste caso, estão atrelados à
falta de manutenção e uso de equipamentos obsoletos. A falta de uma destinação correta é atribuída a falta de incentivo
e informação sobre os potenciais usos dos resíduos e a possibilidade de geração de renda extra pelas empresas.

Eect of eq uipment age on Residue s Generation in Sawmill i n the minicipality o f Irati-PR. L. H. Natalli; J. T. de Aguiar; L. F. Munaret to; E. Hillig.
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PALAVRAS- CHAVE
Gerenciamento; Desperdícios; Setor madeireiro; Desdobro; Matéria-prima.
RESUMEN
El objetivo del estudio era describir la relación entre la antigüedad de los equipos y la generación de residuos en las pequeñas
industrias de transformación de la madera de Irati-PR. Los datos se recogieron mediante un cuestionario. Se seleccionaron
tres aserraderos con el n de recoger datos para su caracterización. Las empresas contactadas se caracterizaban por ser
microempresas (2) y pequeñas empresas (1), dedicadas al corte y transformación de la madera. Las especies utilizadas
como materia prima eran Pinus sp., Eucalyptus sp. y un pequeño número de otras especies. Las empresas generan una
media de 175 m³ de residuos, con una tasa media de utilización del 43%. La generación de residuos estaba relacionada con
la antigüedad de los equipos, siendo la empresa con los equipos más antiguos la que presentaba la mayor cantidad. Las
empresas no gestionan sus residuos, sino que los venden a terceros. Ante este panorama, se llegó a la conclusión de que
las empresas generan grandes cantidades de residuos, que en este caso están relacionados con la falta de mantenimiento
y el uso de equipos obsoletos. La falta de una eliminación adecuada se atribuye a la falta de incentivos e información
sobre los usos potenciales de los residuos y la posibilidad de generar ingresos extra para las empresas.
PALABRAS CLAVE
Gerenciamento; Desperdícios; Setor madeireiro; Desdobro; Matéria-prima.

Eect of eq uipment age on Residue s Generation in Sawmill i n the minicipality o f Irati-PR. L. H. Natalli; J. T. de Aguiar; L. F. Munaret to; E. Hillig.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Brazil is the second largest forested area in the world,
with around 498 million hectares (58.5% of its territory),
of which 98% is covered by native forests and 2% by
planted forests (FAO, 2015; SFB, 2023). With the increase
in population and the consequent demand for wood
resources, the wood sector increases the processing of
raw materials (IBÁ, 2020). The area of planted trees totaled
9.94 million hectares in 2022, with a growth of 0.3%
compared to the previous year. The Eucalyptus genus
covers 76% of the planted area in Brazil, being the most
cultivated species (7.6 million ha). The genus Pinus spp.,
with 19% of the planted area (1.9 million ha) and around
5% of the total area, includes other species, such as the
rubber tree (230 thousand ha), teak (76 thousand ha) and
acacia (54 thousand ha) (IBÁ, 2023).
The processing of this feedstock leaves residue in
the timber mills after its primary processing. An amount
of around 63% is estimated for this sector (WZOREK
et al. 2012; STOLARSKI et al. 2021). This is because the
production of wood from the Pinus spp. and Eucalyptus
spp. genus, presents, on average, yields between 25 and
63% (MONTEIRO et al. 2017; JUIZO et al. 2018; MÜLER et
al. 2019), considered as low yield. In other words, sawmill
waste can represent around 55% (by volume) of the
feedstock pro cessed (ANTWI-BOASIAKO et al. 2016), which
depends on the characteristics of the wood (diameter,
shape) and also the pattern of sawdust used (MURARA
JÚNIOR et al. 2013; SALVADOR et al. 2020).
The wood processing industry is responsible for a
large part of wood removal and imports and exports,
providing products and by-products (SCHWARZBAUER et
al. 2013). Sawn wood production has remained at around
8.0 million m³ in recent years, with Brazil ranked 10th in
the ranking of largest producers. The destination of sawn
wood production reached 3.2 million m³ for export in
the year 2022 (FAO, 2021; ABIMCI, 2021; IBÁ, 2023). These
can be classied as chips, shavings and dust. The main
waste generated, according to the IBÁ report (2023), is
bark, branches and leaves. In the case of sawn wood, the
main residue with a representative amount is sawdust.
The volume of waste generated is estimated at around 17
million/m³/year (OLIVEIRA et al. 2017), and it is necessary to
nd ways to use this amount. These quantities, according
to Garcia et al. (2012), for the most part, are not used in the
industry where they were generated.
This is because, in the past, waste such as sawdust,
wood particles and wood shavings were considered
discarded. However, the primary processing industry
depended on acquisitions from the paper and panel
industry in order to avoid disposal costs (ZIPPUSCH et al.
2011). Given this, according to KRISTOFEL et al. (2016), the
price of this waste remained low. With the demand for
energy in the European market, the demand for these
materials grew, consisting of the main production input.
From this development, what was previously considered
just disposal became a valuable raw material, used in
dierent industrial processes (AUSTROPAPIER, 2022).
In addition to this, most sawmills are considered small
(family, colonial), with little capital and have equipment
in a precarious state of conservation, which reduces their
income and, consequently, reducing their use. The lack of
maintenance, inadequate maintenance (OLIVEIRA, 2016)
and even the age of the equipment are linked to the nal
performance, therefore, the quality and conditions of the
equipment are decisive. This is related to what is known as
“non-value-adding work” or “additional work”, which are
activities that do not increase the value of the product,
but provide proportional support for eective work, such
as preparation and maintenance activities. equipment.
According to Camargo and Souza (2008), the correct
maintenance of equipment helps the quality of workers,
but also increases productivity and reduces the costs of
industrial activity. Furthermore, according to Oliveira
(2016), equipment maintenance can reduce costs , increase
the company's protability and preserve the environment
by reducing waste. Waste does not add value to products,
which consist of defective products, for example. Above
all, they guarantee yield and quality of the raw material,
since the lack of maintenance interferes with the
productivity of sawmills, in addition to malfunctioning
equipment (SILVA, 2001; SOARES, 2002). With the lack of
maintenance of equipment and the high generation of
waste, understanding the factors that contribute to their
generation are relevant, where their identication will
contribute to making improvements in the process.
The study aimed to evaluate the generation of waste
in the sawmill industries depending on the age of the
equipment used in wood processing, contributing to
the research by Izekor and Osayimwen (2010), Mello et
al. (2016), Ramos et al. (2018), Salvador et al. (2020), Moura
et al. (2020), Spalenza et al. (2023), Dudziec et al. (2023),
Fuhrmann et al. (2024) where they addressed, in general,
the main destinations and use of waste generated in
sawmills as raw material for other products, energy
generation, where the factors involved in the process are
not evaluated rst hand.

Eect of eq uipment age on Residue s Generation in Sawmill i n the minicipality o f Irati-PR. L. H. Natalli; J. T. de Aguiar; L. F. Munaret to; E. Hillig.
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The industries selected in the study were not identied,
being named as industry “A”, “B” and “C”, respectively. The
characterization of the production process consisted of
obtaining data relating to the feedstock used and quantity,
origin and obtaining of the raw material, production line
and consumer market and the operations of the industrial
process and, nally, the generation of waste from of wood
processing. Due to the high generation and the importance
of correct waste disposal, a survey was carried out of
the management practices for solid waste generated, in
which this generation can be reduced with the correct
maintenance of equipment, ensuring the best use of waste.
natural resources, reducing environmental impacts.
2.3 Data collection
A diagnosis of waste generation was carried out in the
selected sawmill industries in the municipality in question,
in July 2019. A semi-structured questionnaire (research
instrument) was prepared, containing questions about
the production process. Through visits to the industries,
data collection was carried out, with those responsible for
the industries as listeners.
2.4 Data analysis
The data analysis was carried out by descriptive statistics,
where realized the summation of each identied residue,
obtaining the total volume and calculating the average
amount generated.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Characterization of industries
Among the 3 companies covered in the study, 2 are
classied as micro-enterprises and 1 as a small company,
according to criteria established by SEBRAE. The size of
the company is important, as it is related to the amount
of wood that is processed, being able to understand the
production process. This understanding allows for the
standardization of splitting, related to the characteristics
of each species, which, according to Luz et al (2020), will
contribute to the yield of sawn wood.
Above all, the study presented a qualitative-quantitative
approach, seeking to evaluate the reality of small and
medium-sized sawmills. The methods used to describe
this circumstance were through visits and application of
questionnaires, in order to characterize their production
systems, identify process variables and, nally, verify the
generation of waste throughout the production process,
seeking to identify factors linked to this generation.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 Selection of sawmill industries
For the purposes of this study, 3 primary wood processing
sawmill industries were selected in the municipality of
Irati, Central-West region of the State of Paraná (Figure 1).
2.2 Characterization of sawmill and its
production process
For a better understanding of the production process and
waste generation, the industries were classied according
to their size, according to the criteria established by
SEBRAE, described in Table 1.
Figure 1: Geographic location of the Municipality of Irati-PR.
Source: Google images.
Description
Number of Employees Classication
according to size
Up to 19 micro Entreprise
Up to 99 Small
Up to 499 Medium
Above 500 Big
Table 1: Description of the size of the industries according to criteria established by SEBRAE.
Source: SEBRAE, 201, P. 17.

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It is noted that all the companies studied have
equipment that has been used for more than 10 years.
Regarding the maintenance of this equipment, those
responsible said that maintenance is carried out, but not
on a regular basis. Heinrich (2010), Nolasco and Uliana
(2014) and Agra et al. (2021) veried factors related to
the process that inuence the productivity and yield of
raw material splitting. Among them is the quality of the
equipment used, as well as its respective maintenance.
Therefore, the age of the equipment will inuence the
nal performance and waste generation, especially if the
equipment has not had its respective maintenance carried
out. The lack of maintenance, as well as the use of obsolete
equipment, inuences productivity and yield throughout
the processing of raw materials. The generation of waste
would be avoided if adequate equipment and cutting
methods were maintained (IZEKOR and OSAYIMWEN,
2010; CAMBERO et al. 2015; MELO et al. 2016). Low
productivity, consequently, corresponds to high waste
generation, which will therefore lead to greater waste and
increased costs (RAMOS et al. 2016). However, solutions
for this waste in the country are still incipient, although
their potential as a feedstock and energy source is
already known (SELLITTO, 2018). This is because they have
potential for use in various sectors (BRYNGEMARK, 2019).
Use as biofuel (ZETTERHOLM et al. 2020, BRYNGEMARK,
2019), gasication (AHLSTROM et al. 2017; PETTERSSON
et al. 2015), biorenery (ABDOU et al. 2021), clean energy
generation (STOLARSKI et al. 2021) are some of the
alternatives.
Table 2 indicates the generation of waste from each
industry and correlates with the age of the equipment
used in each of them.
3.2 Characterization of the production process
The companies' production process varies from
the primary splitting of the raw material to the nal
processing into sawn wood. The main species used by
the companies were the Pinus spp. and Eucalyptus spp.
genus. Other species, however, in smaller quantities,
were also found (Figure 2). The genus Pinus spp. is one
of the most common and most important species for the
economy (KRAKAU et al. 2013; KOZAKIEWICZ et al. 2020;
ROSZYK et al. 2020). The use of eucalyptus in two of the
three companies is also worth highlighting, as this species
is widely used as a source of raw material for the paper
and cellulose industries in Brazil (MIRANDA et al., 2015).
The feedstock used in the sawmills production process
is all obtained by third parties, none of them have their
own plantations. The main production lines are fruit and
vegetable boxes, boxes in general and sawn wood. In this
way, the time of use of the equipment and its ages were
veried, shown in Figure 3.
Figure 2: List of species by companies.
Figure 3: Age of equipment used by companies.

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Feedstock (m3) Type of
Residues
Amount
generated (m³) Type of Process Age of
Equipment
Company A 350
Coastal 70 1º splitting
10 Year s
Sawdust 105 2º splitting
Overows 18 sectioning
∑193
Company B 700
Sawdust 100 2º splitting
25 Years
Log 70 Other process
Overows 20 sectioning
Wood shavings 15 nishing
∑205
Company C 280
Coastal 65 1º splitting
15 Ye ars
Clippings 25 boards
Overows 25 sectioning
Sawdust 11 splitting
∑126
The main waste generated is sawdust, wood shavings
and wood shavings. Vasconcelos and Oliveira, 2020
observed that the main waste generated are peels, dust
and chips. Companies generate, on average, 175 m³ of
waste, achieving an average utilization of 43%. Monteiro
et al (2013) found that the yield of sawn eucalyptus wood
varies from 31.03% to 54.66%, with an average of 43.8%.
According to some studies, yield varies between 25 and
63% for Pinus and Eucalyptus species (Monteiro et al. 2 017;
Juizo et al. 2018; Müler et al. 2019). In random splitting
systems, the average yield of Pine logs of dierent
diameters varies from 44.96% to 52.47% and the average
is 49.01% (MANHIÇA, 2012). Olmos and Sponchiado (2022)
found 49% of waste generated in sawmills.
As can be seen, there is a relationship between waste
generation and the age of the equipment used in the
sawmills' production process (Figure 4). It is noted that
the company with the oldest equipment (25 years), which
is still used in wood processing, presented the largest
amount of waste generated, or wasted raw material,
thus being related to the previously mentioned factors,
such as lack of equipment maintenance and idleness.
Therefore, one of the main tasks of companies must be
the identication and elimination of waste that occurs
during feedstock processing activities.
Table 2: Relationship between waste generation and the age of equipment used by companies.
Figure 4: Relationship between the age of equipment and waste generation.

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4. CONCLUSIONS
The study aimed to evaluate the generation of waste in
sawmill industries depending on the age of the equipment
used in wood processing. From the results, the study
concluded that the companies studied present a high
generation of solid waste, presenting a yield of less than
50%. As they are micro and small companies, generally
family-owned, investments are smaller. The results of this
study demonstrated that the use of outdated equipment
and lack of maintenance inuence the processing and
nal yield of the raw material, and result in the high
generation of waste.
This corroborates other studies that demonstrated
high waste generation mainly due to the lack of cutting
planning, characteristics of the raw material used, but
also the list of equipment and their respective preventive
and periodic maintenance, identifying that the lack these
interfere with processing and nal yield. The vast majority
of sawmills, as they are small companies, lack long-term
credit policies for equipment with greater technological
capacity in production. The results demonstrate that the
lack of equipment maintenance, inadequate maintenance,
and the use of old equipment is a reality in these companies,
aecting the productivity and protability of these
industries, increasing the generation of waste, due to waste.
Combined with this lack of incentive, especially
information, the companies studied do not manage
the solid waste generated, which is, in its entirety, sold
to third parties, without a correct destination. Waste
management would allow these companies to generate
greater income. The scarcity of technologies, regulation,
periodic and preventive maintenance, control systems,
disassembly systems, ineciency in use are also factors
that aect yield and waste generation. These factors were
not evaluated in the present study and make it limited.
Therefore, new studies can be carried out to evaluate not
only the age of the equipment, but also the operations
and deployment systems, types of maintenance that are
carried out and whether they are carried out.
3.3 RESIDUES MANAGEMENT
The high amount of waste generated by sawmills throu-
ghout their production processes consequently increases
the amount stored without destination. The lack of waste
disposal is an environmental liability that causes impacts
at local and regional levels, where companies are located.
The search for use represents an additional source of re-
venue for these industries (ZETTERHOLM et al. 2020), in
addition to an adequate destination (RAMOS et al. 2017),
as the part that generates the most concern is the nal
destination of these wastes (BAUER and SELLITTO, 2019).
Losses in wood splitting processes range from 50 to
65% (MURARA JUNIOR et al. 2013) and require alternati-
ve uses and environmentally appropriate management
(CERQUEIRA et al. 2012). Waste generation in the wood
processing sector is high, with a lack of alternatives for
use and nal disposal, making the management of the-
se materials a pertinent and important tool (NATALLI et
al. 2023). Furthermore, inadequate waste disposal aects
the environment as a whole, both aquatic and terrestrial
(OWOYEMI et al. 2016; HAJAM et al. 2020).
The approach in the 3 sawmills brought information
that corroborates the other studies, since all companies
sell their waste to third parties and they will give it some
destination. Only 1 company transforms its waste into
wood chips and then sells it to third parties. The lack of
incentives, such as public policies, income generation,
cooperatives, specialization courses, information about
new technologies, means that this waste, which has the
potential for reuse on numerous fronts, such as fertilizer
production and composting (SILVA et al. 2017), energy
generation (CHARIS et al. 2019; SPALENZA et al. 2023),
panel production (AKUTAGAWA et al. 2020; NATALLI et al.
2022), are discarded in such a way that their real value is
not perceived as extra income generation.
According to Ochôa and Lhamby (2016), Vasconcelos
and Oliveira (2020), the lack of adequate disposal for
the waste generated is due to the lack of investment
and appreciation, above all, the lack of information and
technical knowledge regarding the potential uses of this
material and the consequent generation of extra income
from its sale. Furthermore, the use of older, unmaintained
equipment corroborates this, highlighting the lack of
information and knowledge on the part of operators.

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AUTHORS:
ORCID: 0000-0003-3526-6418
LUIZ HENRIQUE NATALLI, Dr. | UNICENTRO - Universidade
Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Irati, PR - Brasil | Rua Professora
Maria Roza Zanon de Almeida, Irati - PR, 84505-677e-mail:
natalli.luiz@gmail.com
ORCID: 0000-0001-9632-471X
JÉSSICA THALHEIMER DE AGUIAR, Dr.
jessicathalheimer@gmail.com
ORCID: 0000-0001-6250-0340
LORIMAR FRANCISCO MUNARETTO, Dr. | UFSM - Universidade
Federal de Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen, RS - Brasil
| Linha 7 de setembro, S/N, BR 386 Km 40, Frederico
Westphalen - RS, 98400-000 e-mail: franciscomunaretto@
gmail.com
ORCID: 0000-0002-7895-2453
EVERTON HILLIG, Dr. |UNICENTRO - Universidade Estadual
do Centro-Oeste, Irati, PR - Brasil. | Rua Professora Maria
Roza Zanon de Almeida, Irati - PR, 84505-677 | e-mail:
ehillig@unicentro.br

Eect of eq uipment age on Residue s Generation in Sawmill i n the minicipality o f Irati-PR. L. H. Natalli; J. T. de Aguiar; L. F. Munaret to; E. Hillig.
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Mix Sustentáve l | Florianópolis | v.10 | n.5 | p.63-74 | OUT. | 2024
HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE:
NATALLI, L. H.; AGUIAR, J. T. de; MUNARETTO, L.
F.; HILLIG, E. Eect of equipment age on Residues
Generation in Sawmill in the minicipality of Irati-PR. MIX
Sustentável, v. 10, n. 5, p. 63-74, 2024. ISSN 2447-3073.
Disponível em: <http://www.nexos.ufsc.br/index.php/
mixsustentavel>. Acesso em: _/_/_.doi: <https://doi.
org/10.29183/2447-3073.MIX2024.v10.n5.63-74>.
SUBMITTED ON: 13/03/2024
ACCEPTED ON: 12/07/2024
PUBLISHED ON: 31/10/2024
RESPONSIBLE EDITORS: Lisiane Ilha Librelotto e Paulo Cesar
Machado Ferroli
Record of authorship contribution:
CRediT Taxonomy (http://credit.niso.org/)
LHN: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis,
funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, valida-
tion, visualization and writing - original draft.
JTA: data curation, investigation and writing - original
draft.
LFM: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis,
methodology, project administration, supervision, visua-
lization and writing - review & editing.
EH: formal analysis, funding acquisition, project adminis-
tration, supervision, validation and writing - review and
editing.
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