Effects of an aerobic dance programme on percent body fat in stage one hypertensive adults aged 30-59

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L. Nahwera, e-mail: loycenahwera@yahoo.com
To Cite: Nahwera, L., Boit, E. K., Nsibambi, C. A. N., Maghanga, M., & Wachira, L. J. (2024). Effects of an aerobic dance programme on percent body fat in
stage one hypertensive adults aged 30-59. Adv Health Exerc, 4(2), 147-153.
OPEN ACCESS
Advances in Health and Exercise
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Effects of an aerobic dance programme on percent body fat in
stage one hypertensive adults aged 30-59
Loyce Nahwera1,2 , Edwin Kiptolo Boit2, Constance A. N. Nsibambi1,
Mshilla Maghanga3, Lucy-Joy Wachira2
1 Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Science, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda. 2 Department of Physical Education, Exercise and Sports Science,
School of Health Sciences, Kenyatta University, Kenya. 3 Department of Accounting and Finance, Faculty of Business & Development Studies, Gulu University,
Gulu City Uganda.
Abstract
Received:
October 10, 2024
Accepted:
November 24, 2024
Online Published:
December 07, 2024
Keywords:
Aerobic dance, blood pressure,
percent body fat, stage one
hypertension.
Hypertension stands out as a significant concern affecting roughly 1.5 billion individuals globally and is
responsible for around 10.8 million premature deaths annually. High percent body fat in humans can
contribute to the development of hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension in Uganda is high and
it is a major mortality hazard factor for Ugandans. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-
week aerobic dance programme on percent body fat in stage one hypertensive adults aged 30-
59 in
Uganda. This study employed pre-post-test experimental research design. The study participants were
randomly assigned to either the experimental group, where a 12-
week moderate intensity aerobic
dance programme was administered thrice a week for 45 minutes per session, or control group, where
no intervention was administered and participants maintaine
d their regular routines. The
measurements of percent body fat were done using a Tanita body composition monitor at baseline
and post the programme. A paired sample t-
test was used to compare mean differences between the
two groups. The results for the exp
erimental group indicated that aerobic dance did not lead to a
statistically significant reduction in percent body fat (p=0.472). Similarly, the control group showed no
statistically significant reduction (p=0.520). In conclusion, the aerobic dance progra
mme did not lead
to a significant reduction in body fat for this population. However, high body fat remains a risk factor
for hypertension. Future studies should explore additional factors, such as dietary influences, to better
assess their effects on body composition and hypertension risk.
Introduction
Hypertension which is defined as systolic blood pressure
level ≥ 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure level ≥ 90
mmHg (Mirzaei et al., 2020), is a significant health issue
globally affecting 1.5 billion people (Charchar et al.,
2024). It contributes majorly to the global burden of
disease worldwide (GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators,
2020) and is accountable for nearly 10.8 million
premature annual deaths. Elevated levels of percent body
fat (%BF) have been identified as a contributing factor to
the onset of hypertension (Calling et al., 2006; Cohen &
Spiegelman, 2015; Park et al., 2019). Hypertension
majorly contributes to cardiovascular events which are
the top killer diseases globally (Forouzanfar et al., 2017)
and plays a role in the development of additional health
issues including kidney disease, blindness, stroke and
peripheral arterial disease among others (Fuchs &
Whelton, 2020). It does not only affect health, but it also
has an important financial burden on persons, families,
communities, and medical systems (Murphy et al., 2020;
Wierzejska et al., 2020). The required treatment,
prolonged care and output losses that come as a result of
hypertension hamper social and economic development
(Brathwaite, 2021).

Nahwera et al., 2024
Adv Health Exerc, 2024, 4(2), 147-153 148
In Africa, hypertension is high with global highest
prevalence rate among adults at approximately 46% (Bosu
et al., 2019; Mills et al., 2017; Okello et al., 2020). In
Uganda, hypertension is a major mortality hazard factor
among adults responsible for 20% deaths (WHO, 2018)
with a high prevalence among adults 18 years and older
estimated between 26.5% (Guwatudde et al., 2015) and
31.5% (Lunyera et al., 2018). The major causes of
hypertension in Uganda include mismanagement caused
by behavioral factors and insufficient knowledge (Chang
et al., 2019; Green et al., 2020). Most Ugandans find it
difficult to afford hypertension medication because it is
expensive and limited to health facilities and pharmacies
in urban areas (Armstrong-Hough et al., 2018; Green et
al., 2020; Green et al., 2020). The diagnosis, treatment and
management costs of hypertension in Uganda affect
people, households, societies, and the government
(Murphy et al., 2020) emphasizing the pressing need to
address the factors that contribute to its prevalence (Dzau
& Balatbat, 2019).
Exercise has been shown to be one of the methods
effective for reducing percent body fat (Cakmakc et al.,
2011). Aerobic exercise has been found to deliver
nemurous health benefits including increased energy and
lipid utilisation which aid in fat and weight loss (Muscella
et al., 2020), improved arterial stiffness and endothelial
function (Gong & Liu, 2021), increased nitric oxide and
nitrite oxide production (Arefirad et al., 2022; Tsukiyana
et al., 2017) among others that may in turn reduce
hypertension. Numerous studies globally have shown
positive effects of aerobic exercise on percent body fat.
For instance, Pantelic and colleagues (Pantelic et al.,
2013) investigated the effects of aerobic dance exercises
on body composition parameters in young women and
found a significant decrease in percent body fat from
22.66% to 20.37%. Cakmakcı et al. (2011) also
investigated the effects of aerobic dance exercises on body
composition in sedentary women and found a significant
reduction in percent body fat. Octaviana and colleagues
also found that low impact aerobic dance significantly
reduced the percent body fat in obese women (Octaviana
et al., 2020). The reducing effect of aerobic dance exercise
on percent body fat of stage one hypertensive adults as a
contributing factor to hypertension in Africa has barely
been investigated. There is inadequate information on the
impact of structured aerobic dance on percent body fat of
stage one hypertensive adults in Uganda. This study
therefore sought to bridge this data gap by using a
structured 12-week aerobic dance programme to
investigate its reducing effect on percent body fat of
stage one hypertensive adults aged 30-59 years.
Methods
Study Design
A pre-post-test experimental research design was utilised
in this study. Random assignment was used to assign
participants into either the experimental or control
groups. Stage one hypertensive adults attending
Kyambogo University Medical Centre participated in this
study. The details of the study were fully explained to the
participants. The institute review board of St Mary’s
Hospital Lacor, Gulu (LHIREC NO: 0196/12/2021) and
the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology
(reg.No: HS2202ES) approved this study. The participants
provided written consent before taking part in the study.
The study was conducted in accodance with the code of
Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of
Helsinki). The participants in the experimental group
participated in a moderate intensity aerobic dance
programme thrice a week, 45 minutes per session for a
duration of 12 weeks. Participants in the control group
maintained their normal routines but they were followed
up weekly to ensure they remained part of the study.
Sample Size Calculation
The sample size was calculted using G*power statistical
software tool (version 3.1.9.4) that is widely regarded as a
reliable tool for calculating sample size in experimental
studies (Erdfelder et al., 1996; Neuha et al., 2023) before
the study. The two tails, an effect size of 0.8, an error
probability of 0.05 and a power of 80% were the input
parameters in the software. The statistical test that was
chosen to compare the differences between the two
independent means was a two-group t-test. The sample
size that was suggested was 26 participants in each group
making a total of 52 participants in each group. A total of
six participants was added to cater for the dropouts
making a total of 58 participants. The power of 80% was
used as it is accepted in most experimental studies
(Bausell & Li, 2002) and a total of 36 participants out of
58 completed the study.

Nahwera et al., 2024
Adv Health Exerc, 2024, 4(2), 147-153 149
Participants
Both male and female participants aged 30-59 years in
stage one hypertensive category were purposively
sampled to participate in this study. The study recruited
stage one hypertensive adults who were not involved in
any structured physical activity programme in the last six
months. The study excluded physically challenged and
pregnant participants due to possible risks and the
posibility of not operating within the required
programme. The study also excluded participants who
were in stage hypertension category and those with other
medical conditions. All the participants were entirely free
to participate, refuse, or withdraw from the study at any
time, without any consequences. The study was
conducted in strict adherence to the ethical principles
outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
Percent Body Fat Measurements
A Tanita body composition monitor, model BC-731,
manufactured by Tanita Corporation based in Tokyo,
Japan, was utilized to assess the percent body fat of the
participants at baseline and after the programme. Tanita
body composition monitor was chosen because it has
been proven to be valid and reliable in testing percent
body fat (Kelly & Metcalfe, 2012). Before the
measurement was taken, the required data was inputed
into the scale to ensure proper interpretation. The
participant was required to step onto the platform with
bare feet and clean soles of the feet. The heels of the
participant were correctly aligned with the electrodes on
the measuring platform and the participant stood in a
stable position without bending the feet and when in the
right position. After the measurement was taken, readings
were automatically displayed and recorded.
Aerobic Dance Programme
Participants in experimental group participated in a 12-
week aerobic dance programme. Training was done
following the frequency, intensity, time, and type of
exercise (FITT) principle. The training was done thrice a
week, 45 minutes per session at a moderate intensity
which was considered safe for the participants.The five
aerobic dance phases that included warm-up, aerobics
phase, standing cool down, muscle strengthening and
relaxation phases were performed in every session. The
control group participants maintained their normal
routines but they were followed up to ensure that they
remained part of the study. The study participants were
monitored by a professional nurse weekly to ensure that
blood pessure remained within the range.
Data Analysis
The Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20.0
was used to analyze data in this study. A p-value of ≤ 0.05
was considered statistically significant. In order to
compare mean differences of the two groups from
baseline to post tests, a paired-sample t-test was used to
assess the mean differences and provide the evidence on
the effects of the programme on percent body fat.
Results
Background Characteristics of the Study Participants
The experimental group had equal numbers of both male
(50%) and female (50%) participants whereas the control
group had more male (66.7%) than female (33.3%)
participants. The age range for all the participants was
within the required age group of 30-59 years for both
groups. More background characteristics of the study
participants are presented in Table 1.
Percent Body Fat in Stage One Hypertensive adults
This sought to establish the percent body fat readings for
the experimental and control groups for both the pre test
and post test assessments. Figure 1 shows the difference
in reduction between the experimental and control
groups.
Pre-test and post-test results, changes and comparisons
of % Body Fat are presented in Table 2. The results show a
reduction in percent body fat of 0.30% in the
experimental group, whereas the control group exhibited
an increase of 0.47% between the pre-test and post-test
measurements. The difference between groups in the
post-test was 0.13%, a value that is lower than the
difference between groups in the pre-test, which was
0.9%. This indicates that the difference between groups
decreased by 0.77%.
The t-test analysis revealed that the experimental group
did not achieve statistical significance, with a p-value of
0.47 (p > 0.05). Similarly, the control group also showed
no statistically significant difference, with a p-value of
0.52 (p > 0.05). These results indicate that the aerobic
dance intervention in this study did not result in a
statistically significant reduction in percent body fat
among adults with stage one hypertension.

Nahwera et al., 2024
Adv Health Exerc, 2024, 4(2), 147-153 150
Table 1
Demographic information of the study participants.
Variables
Parameters
Experimental Group
Control Group
n
%
n
%
Marital Status Married 12 66.7 18 100.0
Single
5
27.8
0
0.0
Divorced
1
5.6
0
0.0
Total
18
100.0
18
100.0
Education Level
Secondary
1
5.6
1
5.6
Diploma 3 16.7 7 38.9
Bachelor
9
50.0
4
22.2
Masters
3
16.7
5
27.8
PhD
2
11.1
1
5.6
Total
18
100.0
18
100.0
Position at the Centre Staff 14 77.8 10 55.6
Student
3
16.7
8
44.4
Member
1
5.6
0
0.0
Total
18
100.0
18
100.0
Figure 1. Percent body fat comparision between experimental and control groups.
Table 2
Changes of %BF in experimental and control groups.
Groups
Pre-test
Post-test
Change
t df p
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Experimental Group
34.22
8.01
33.92
8.59
0.3
1.73
.735
17
.472
Control Group
33.32
9.95
33.79
9.22
-0.47
3.05
-.657
17
.520
34,22
33,92
33,32
33,79
33
33,2
33,4
33,6
33,8
34
34,2
34,4
Pre-test Post-test
Experimental Group
Control Group

Nahwera et al., 2024
Adv Health Exerc, 2024, 4(2), 147-153 151
Discussions
The present study aimed at examining whether a 12-week
aerobic dance programme could trigger a reduction of
percent body fat of stage one hypertensive adults. We
found that aerobic dance does not statistically
significantly reduce the percent body fat of participants in
the experimental group. We also found that at the
completion of 12 weeks of aerobic dance, the percent
body fat of participants in the control group slightly
increased.
The findings that the percent body fat did not reduce
significantly after 12 weeks of aerobic dance programme
are similar to those in a study by Silva et al. (2014) who
examined the effects of aerobic exercise on the body
composition of overweight adolescents for 12 weeks. They
found that percent body fat did not reduce significantly.
They explained that there was absence of a dietary recall
instrument to enable potential exclusion of subjects who
may have changed their dietary habits which explained
the tread towards increased trylycerides in experimental
group. These results may also be attributed to the fact that
studies that examined combined effect of aerobic exercise
and nutrition on body composition found significant
results of percent body fat (27-29). Therefore, observed
insignificant reduction in percent body fat may be
attributed to failure to control additional triggers of fat
gain such as diet.
Several studies have concluded that there is a significant
reduction of percent body fat across varying population
groups across the world. However, such studies had
methodological differences which might explain the
different results from what we found. For instance, Nagy
& Hantiu (2017) used step aerobics, pilates and strength
training, thrice a week, 60-90 minutes for 12 months
working with adult women. Their results could be
attributed to the long duration of the programme which
took 12 months compared to our study that took only 12
weeks and longer training sessions that lasted for 60-90
minutes compared to our study where training sessions
lasted for only 45 minutes. Hsu et al., (2019) investigated
the effect of aerobic, resistance, and a combination of
aerobic and resistance exercise on body composition in
adults with sarcopenic obesity. They found a significant
reduction in percent body fat. These results could be
attributed to differences in training methods as the
biggest reduction was achieved with resistence method
compared to our study that used aerobic dance.
Dogra et al. (2022) also used a low-high intensity daily
structured physical activity programme to investigate the
effects of aerobic intervention on body composition in
Obese females. Their study revealed a significant
reduction in percent body fat. These results could be
attributed to the fact that significant reduction in fat loss
occurs with a higher intensity of training compared to our
study that used moderate intensity of training. Similary
Umamaheswari et al., (2017) examined the effect of
exercise intensity on body composition of 72 sedentary,
overweight and obese individuals. Their study
investigated the effect of moderate intensity versus high
intensity on body composition parameters including
percent body fat for a duration of 15 weeks, 40 minutes
per session for moderate intensity, 50-74% of heart rate
maximum reserve and 20 minutes per session for high
intensity training at 75-84% of heart rate maximum
reserve. Results from their study revealed that there was a
significant reduction in percent body fat after the
intervention in the moderate intensity and high intensity
training groups. These results however, showed that 15
weeks of high intensity exercise training is more effective
in reducing percent body fat compared to moderate
intensity exercise training. The group that was exercising
within the same intensity as the current study (moderate)
had a lower reduction in percent body fat compared to
the group that was exercising at high intensity training.
The lower reduction in percent body fat in the current
study may be attributed to the fact that the study duration
was shorter compared to their study and the training
intensity was moderate instead of high intensity that leads
to greater reductions.
Rankin (2015), Ross et al. (2020), and Wu et al. (2024)
investigated the combined effect of aerobic exercise and
diet on body composion and their study revealed that
emphasizing both exercise and diet was effective in
lowering percent body fat significantly. Perhaps a possible
reason as to why our results were insignificant was on
exclusion of control of diet which these studies have
shown as a critical component in their studies.
Conclusions
It can be concluded that a 12-week aerobic dance
programme did not statistically significantly reduce the
percent body fat for the participants contrary to the

Nahwera et al., 2024
Adv Health Exerc, 2024, 4(2), 147-153 152
findings by other studies which coupled the exercise
programme with diet programme, used high intensity
training and longer duration. Perhaps future studies
should consider adjustments of the programme
parameters such as training intensity and duration
coupled with controlled diet and the use of different
assessment methods which could present different results
for this population. Future studies can also consider
including behavioral adjustments and psycho-sociological
factors as part of the intervention.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge Kyambogo University
and the Regional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in
Agriculture for the financial support. We also acknowledge the
participants of the study and the research assistants for
supporting the data collection process. We appreciate
Kyambogo University Medical Centre for hosting the study. We
acknowledge the Faculty of Science, at Kyambogo University
for providing the facility to host the programme, Dr. Timothy
Makubuya and Dr. Nicolus Mwebaze for the assistance
rendered during the creation of this manuscript.
Authors’ Contribution
Study Design: LN, KEB, CANN, LJW; Data Collection: LN;
Statistical Analysis: MM, LN; Manuscript Preparation: LN,
EKB, CANN, MM and LJW
Ethical Approval
The study was approved by St Mary’s Hospital Lacor Institute
review board in Gulu, Uganda, (LHIREC NO: 0196/12/2021)
and the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology
(HS2202ES). The study was carries out in accordance with the
code of Ethics of the World Medical Association also known as
a decration of Helsinki.
Funding
The authors declare that the study received funding from
Regional Universities Forum for Capacity Building in
Agriculture (RUFORUM) and Kyambogo University.
Conflict of Interest
The authors hereby declare that there was no conflict of interest
in conducting this research.
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