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ROL Spor Bilimleri Dergisi / Journal of ROL Sports Sciences
Cilt/Volume: 5, Sayı/No: 4, Yıl/Year: 2024, ss. / pp.: 629-649
E-ISSN: 2717-9508
URL: https://rrpubs.com/index.php/rol
ROL Spor Bil Derg/J ROL Sport Sci, 5 (4): 629-649 ©JROLSS
An analysis of the relationship between football fans passion for sports and their levels
of fanaticism
Reşat SADIK1, Müberra ÇELEBİ2, Gıyasettin TAŞKIN3
1Düzce University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Düzce, Turkiye
2Trakya University, Faculty of Kırkpınar Sport Sciences, Edirne, Turkiye
3Düzce Üniversitesi, Institute of Postgraduate Education, Düzce, Türkiye
Araştırma Makalesi/Research Article
DOI: 10.70736/jrolss.445
Gönderi Tarihi/ Received:
13.09.2024
Kabul Tarih/ Accepted:
22.12.2024
Online Yayın Tarihi/ Published:
31.12.2024
Abstract
This study aims to examine the relationship between football fans’ passion for the sport and their levels of
fanaticism. The participants consisted of 414 fans, including 90 women and 324 men. The study employed the
“Football Fanaticism Scale” a 13-item Likert-type scale with all positive statements, and the “Passion Scale” which
has been adapted into Turkish for athletes. The results of the Passion Scale revealed significant differences based
on marital status, age, and family income. In the Fanaticism Scale, significant differences were found in
subdimensions based on marital status, frequency of watching football, gender, and education level. Additionally,
a weak to moderate positive correlation was observed between the two scales. A statistically significant but weak
relationship was found between passion and tendencies towards violent thoughts and behaviors. However, no
statistically significant relationship was found between passion and institutional loyalty. A significant and
moderate positive relationship was observed between tendencies towards violent thoughts and behaviors and
institutional loyalty. These results suggest that an increase in passion for sport may also increase tendencies
towards violent thoughts and behaviors, but it does not lead to a notable increase in institutional loyalty.
Furthermore, the results obtained provide significant insights for understanding fan psychology and sports
management, offering a new perspective on the effects of sports passion at both individual and societal levels. The
research opens the door to intriguing questions about the nature of passion in the sports world and lays a valuable
foundation for future studies.
Keywords: Fanaticism, football, passion
Futbol taraftarlarının sporda tutku anlayışı ile fanatiklik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin
incelenmesi
Öz
Bu çalışmada, futbol taraftarlarının sporda tutku ile fanatiklik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi
amaçlanmıştır. Katılımcılar, 90 kadın, 324 erkek toplam 414 taraftar kişiden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada, likert
tipi ve tamamı olumlu 13 maddeden oluşan “Futbol Taraftarı Fanatiklik Ölçeği” ve sporcular için Türkçe
uyarlaması yapılmış “Sporda Tutku Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Sporda tutku ölçeği sonuçlarında medeni durum, yaş
ve aile geliri değişkenlerinde anlamlı farklılıklar görülmüştür. Fanatiklik ölçeğinde ise medeni durum, futbol
izleme sıklığı, cinsiyet ve eğitim durumu değişkenlerinde alt boyutlar açısından anlamlı farklıklar saptanmıştır.
Ayrıca iki ölçek arasında pozitif yönlü zayıf ve orta düzeyli korelasyon görülmüştür. Tutku ve şiddete yönelik
düşünce ve eylem eğilimleri arasında, istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ancak zayıf bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Tutku ile
kurumsal aidiyet arasında ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır. Şiddete yönelik düşünce ve
eylem eğilimleri ile kurumsal aidiyet arasında, anlamlı ve orta düzeyde pozitif bir ilişki mevcuttur. Bu sonuçlar,
sporda tutkunun artmasının şiddete yönelik düşünce ve eylem eğilimlerini de artırabileceğini, ancak kurumsal
aidiyet üzerinde belirgin bir artış olmadığını göstermektedir. Ayrıca elde edilen sonuçlar, taraftar psikolojisi ve
spor yönetimi açısından önemli ipuçları sunarak, spor tutkusunun hem birey hem de toplumsal düzeydeki etkilerini
anlamak için yeni bir bakış açısı sağlamaktadır. Araştırmanın, spor dünyasında tutkunun doğasına dair merak
uyandıran sorulara kapı açacağı ve gelecekteki çalışmalar için değerli bir temel oluşturacağı düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Fanatiklik, futbol, tutku
Sorumlu Yazar/ Corresponded Author: Reşat SADIK E-posta/ e-mail: resatsadik@duzce.edu.tr
Atıf/ Cited in: Sadık, R., Çelebi, M., & Taşkın, G. (2024). An analysis of the relationship between football fans
passion for sports and their levels of fanaticism. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences, 5 (4), 629-649.
630
©JROLSS
INTRODUCTION
Passion in sports is often defined as an intense emotional attachment and commitment to
a sports event, team, or athlete. This emotional attachment goes beyond viewing sports merely
as an activity and is characterized by a deep passion and enthusiasm for sports. Passion involves
an individual’s focus on sports-related goals, the expenditure of time and energy on sports-
related activities, and an increased sense of enjoyment and satisfaction derived from sports.
This definition is frequently used in psychological and sociological researches (Vallerand &
Miquelon, 2007; Vallerand, 2010; Curran et al., 2011). For example, in their study on the
psychological dimensions of passion in sports, Wann et al. (2001) define passion as an intense
emotional attachment and interest in sports. This definition encompasses the depth and various
elements of passion in sports, highlighting that it is not merely a commitment to an activity but
also has broad impacts on personal identity, social relationships, and lifestyle (Funk & James,
2001; Wann et al., 2001). In another study, the dualistic model of passion is discussed,
explaining how individuals develop passion for their activities and how this passion affects their
lives (Vallerand, 2010). Curran et al. (2011) examined the relationship between passion and
burnout, investigating the mediating role of self-determined motivation in athletes.
Undoubtedly, it is extremely important to regulate the dosage of passion. However, when
passion sometimes becomes excessive, a more intense and uncontrolled devotion called
fanaticism may emerge. When the literature is examined, it is seen that passion is described as
obsessive and harmonious. According to Vallerand (2008), harmonious and obsessive passion
can lead to positive and negative effects on a person’s health, respectively, through different
types of persistence and attachment exhibited in risky behaviors (Vallerand, 2008). In recent
years, along with motivation and achievement goal approaches, the concept of passion has also
been added to explain individuals’ different behaviors in sports and exercise settings (Kelecek
& Aşçı, 2013). When we push the boundaries of passion, it can turn into a state known as
fanaticism in sports. A review of the literature reveals studies indicating that when team
identification intensifies, it can turn into a negative form of team passion, leading to radical
forms of commitment known as fanaticism in the sports world (Dimmock et al., 2005). The
study by Wann et al. (2001) discusses the potential for passion to escalate into fanaticism when
taken to extremes, which can result in negative outcomes in the sports domain. Fanaticism in
sports, particularly in football, refers to extremely passionate and obsessive behaviors related
to a team or athlete. Fanatic supporters are excessively enthusiastic and committed to supporting
their teams, often closely linking their emotional state to their team’s success or failure. This
Atıf/ Cited in: Sadık, R., Çelebi, M., & Taşkın, G. (2024). An analysis of the relationship between football fans
passion for sports and their levels of fanaticism. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences, 5 (4), 629-649.
631
©JROLSS
level of devotion can sometimes exceed healthy boundaries, leading to negative behaviors such
as violence, aggression, and hostility. Many academic studies and literature examine and define
fanaticism in sports and football. Wann et al. (2001), in their study on the psychological and
social effects of fanaticism in sports, define fanaticism as a phenomenon characterized by
passionate support and excessive devotion. The study explains how fanaticism integrates with
individuals’ identities and consequently leads to extreme behaviors. Fanatic supporters
exaggeratedly celebrate their team’s victories and react to losses with great disappointment and
anger. This can result in negative outcomes such as aggressive behaviors and even violent
incidents (Wann et al., 2001). Similarly, many books and articles in sports sociology and
psychology provide definitions that associate fanaticism with extreme passion and commitment
in sports. These definitions often discuss the positive and negative aspects of fanaticism, how
fans’ emotional attachment can reach an excessive level, and the effects of this on sports events
and society (Giulianotti, 2002; Hognestad & Tollisen, 2004; Kerr & Males, 2010).
Examining the relationship between passion and fanaticism in sports fans is an important
topic in both academic literature and the sports world. When examining the passionate bonds
fans have with their teams within the framework of Social Identity Theory, it becomes clear
how individuals feel a sense of belonging to a particular group and how this belonging affects
their social environment (Tajfel & Turner, 2003). In this context, excessive passion can
transform into fanaticism, which can lead to both positive and negative outcomes. Studying
fanaticism helps identify the high levels of passion that significantly affect fan behavior.
Extreme fanaticism has been associated with negative behaviors such as vandalism and
violence. This situation can create significant problems in terms of security and social cohesion
at sports events (Guttmann, 1986; Wann, 2006).
Based on the explanations provided, the aim of this study has been determined as
“investigating the relationship between football fans’ understanding of passion for sports and
their levels of fanaticism.” Vallerand et al. (2003) highlighted that an individual’s personal
passion and obsessive behaviors play a significant role in the development of sports fanaticism.
Specifically, obsessive passion can lead to fanatical behaviors. Giulianotti (2002) examined the
formation of sports fanaticism in different cultural contexts and emphasized that societal norms
and values play a crucial role in the emergence of fanatical behaviors. Boyle (2009) noted the
significant role of sports media in the spread and reinforcement of fanaticism, with social
media’s impact on this process increasingly growing. Literature suggests that variables such as
marital status, gender, educational level, and income affect sports passion and fanaticism (Wann
Atıf/ Cited in: Sadık, R., Çelebi, M., & Taşkın, G. (2024). An analysis of the relationship between football fans
passion for sports and their levels of fanaticism. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences, 5 (4), 629-649.
632
©JROLSS
& Branscombe, 1993; Guttmann, 1986; Funk & James, 2001; Giulianotti, 2002). Recent studies
also emphasize that variables such as age, educational level, and income influence fanaticism
and passion (Smith & Stewart, 2007; Trail & James, 2015; Inoue et al., 2017). Based on these
identified variables, this study aims to thoroughly examine the psychological boundaries of
sports passion and the process of fanaticism and to understand the fine line between sports
passion and fanaticism. Additionally, by investigating the relationship between sports passion
and fanaticism, the study aims to address existing gaps in knowledge on this topic. Future
research could test the findings of this study in a broader context and contribute to a better
understanding of passion and fanaticism in sports.
METHOD
Research model
In this study, the relational survey model, one of the general survey models from
quantitative research methods, was utilized. The survey model encompasses all processes
applied to describe a situation as it is in the past or present, facilitating learning and the
development of desired behaviors in individuals. In the general survey model, a survey is
conducted on either the entire population composed of a large number of elements or on a
sample group taken from the population to make general judgments about the population.
Random sampling method was preferred in this study. This method was used to create a reliable
sample group representing the population. The relational survey model is a survey approach
aimed at determining the presence of a co-variation between two or more variables (Karasar,
2011).
Research group
The study group consists of a total of 414 voluntary participants, selected through simple
random sampling, who were present at the football stadium to watch the TFF 1st League
football match during the 2023-2024 season. According to Fowler (2014), in simple random
sampling, the selection of individuals is entirely random, which enhances the representativeness
of the sample. Among them, 90 are women and 324 are men. In data collection, specific sections
of the stadium were identified as the target population, and data were obtained from each
section. Individuals attending the stadium were considered as supporters. Approximately 414
responses were collected from around 4000 people present in the stadium, and it was accepted
that the obtained data was sufficient for the study. In this context, when evaluating approaches
used to determine sample size, it is noted that with a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of
Atıf/ Cited in: Sadık, R., Çelebi, M., & Taşkın, G. (2024). An analysis of the relationship between football fans
passion for sports and their levels of fanaticism. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences, 5 (4), 629-649.
633
©JROLSS
error, a sample size representing 5-10% of the population is generally considered sufficient to
reflect the characteristics of the population (Fowler, 2014; Taherdoost, 2016).
In collecting research data, the researchers first obtained permission via email from the
survey respondents. Subsequently, an application was made for ethical approval, and approval
was granted by the Düzce University Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee in
its 5th meeting on April 25, 2024, under decision number 426788, approval reference 2024/155.
Ethical guidelines were adhered to during the data collection process.
Data collection tools
In addition to a demographic information questionnaire developed by the researchers, the
study utilized the “Football Fanaticism Scale” (FFS), a Likert-type scale with 13 positively
worded items developed by Taşmektepligil et al. (2015), and the “Sports Passion Scale”,
adapted into Turkish for athletes by Özdayı et al. (2021). Responses in the FFS were structured
with four options: “a) Strongly Agree” (1), “b) Agree” (2), “c) Disagree” (3), and “d) Strongly
Disagree” (4). The first 8 items of the scale (first factor) assess fans’ tendencies towards
thoughts and actions related to violence, while the remaining 5 items (second factor) measure
attitudes related to institutional belonging. The scale demonstrated an internal consistency
coefficient of 0.87.
In the study, the “Passion Scale” developed by Sigmundsson et al. (2020), and its Turkish
adaptation for athletes, the “Passion in Sport Scale” adapted by Özdayı et al. (2021), were used.
The original scale study reported a Cronbach’s Alpha (α) value of 0.86. The Passion in Sport
Scale consisted of 8 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from “1 = Strongly Disagree”
to “5 = Strongly Agree.” The maximum score achievable on the scale was 45 (Extremely
passionate), and the minimum score was 8 (Not passionate at all). There were no reverse-scored
items in the scale.
In this study, the reliability coefficients of the scales were found to be 0.90 for the
“Fanaticism Scale for Football Fans” and 0.91 for the “Passion Scale in Sports.”
Data analysis
Prior to the football match, data from voluntary participation of fans were collected
through face-to-face explanations, followed by an online survey prepared via academic Google
Forms accessible on mobile phones. The obtained data were transferred to the SPSS software
package, and it was determined that the dataset exhibited a normal distribution. The normality
test revealed that the skewness and kurtosis values fell between -1 and +1. These findings
Atıf/ Cited in: Sadık, R., Çelebi, M., & Taşkın, G. (2024). An analysis of the relationship between football fans
passion for sports and their levels of fanaticism. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences, 5 (4), 629-649.
634
©JROLSS
allowed for the use of statistical analysis methods such as t-tests and one-way ANOVA (George
& Mallery, 2010; Meyers et al., 2016). Post-Hoc tests, specifically the Tamhane T2 test were
used to determine the source of differences. The Tamhane test is commonly used in post-hoc
analyses following ANOVA tests when significant results are found. This allows for the
identification of which groups have significant differences (Meyers et al., 2016).
FINDINGS
This section presents the findings related to the statistical procedures conducted on the
data in the study.
Table 1. Frequency table for the study
Demographic features
Category
N
Percent
Gender
Woman
90
%21.7
Men
324
%78.3
Marital status
Married
157
%37.9
Single
257
%62.1
Active sports status
Yes
182
%44.0
No
232
%56.0
Age
18-24
137
%33.1
25-31
114
%27.5
32-38
81
%19.6
39-45
39
%9.4
46 +
43
%10.4
Education
Middle school
36
%8.7
High school
131
%31.6
Undergraduate
217
%52.4
Postgraduate
30
%7.2
Family income level
0-10000 TL
40
%9.7
10001- 20000 TL
87
%21.0
20001-30000 TL
95
%22.9
30001-40000TL
101
%22.0
40001 +
91
%24.4
Frequency of watching football
Every day
92
%22.2
One day apart
34
%8.2
Once a week
92
%22.2
Twice a week
58
%14.0
Other
138
%33.3
Total
414
%100
p<0.05*
According to Table 1, there are 90 females and 324 males; 157 are married, and 257 are
single. For active sports participation: 182 individuals answered “yes,” and 232 answered “no.”
Age distribution: 18-24 years, 25-31 years: 114, 32-38 years: 81, 39-45 years: 39, and 46+
years: 43. Educational level: Middle school: 36, High school: 131, Bachelor’s degree: 217,
Postgraduate: 30. Family income: 0-10.000 TL: 40, 10.001-20.000 TL: 87, 20.001-30.000 TL:
95, 30.001-40.000 TL: 101, and 40.001+ TL: 91. Frequency of watching football: Every day:
Atıf/ Cited in: Sadık, R., Çelebi, M., & Taşkın, G. (2024). An analysis of the relationship between football fans
passion for sports and their levels of fanaticism. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences, 5 (4), 629-649.
635
©JROLSS
92, Every other day: 34, Once a week: 92, Twice a week: 58, and “Other” consists of 138
individuals.
Table 2. Results of the passion in sport scale t-test
Demographic features
Category
N
X
s.d.
T
P
Gender
Woman
90
3.45
0.79
0.530
0.412
Men
324
3.50
0.96
Marital status
Married
157
3.60
0.81
1.921
0.045*
Single
257
3.42
0.99
Active sports status
Yes
182
3.56
1.04
1.325
0.186
No
232
3.44
0.83
Total
414
p <0.05*
According to Table 2, while no significant differences were observed in terms of gender
and active sports participation, a significant difference was found in favor of men regarding
marital status. Married individuals generally tend to have a more structured lifestyle. This
organized way of living may allow them to focus more on sports, contributing to the
development of sports as a passion.
Table 3. Results of ANOVA test for passion scale in sports
Demographic features
Category
N
X
s.d.
F
P
Age
18-24
137
3.44
1.02
3.135
0.015*
25-31
114
3.33
0.98
32-38
81
3.52
0.90
39-45
39
3.67
0.60
46 +
43
3.87
0.61
Education
Middle school
36
3.22
1.06
1.815
0.144
High school
131
3.49
0.99
Undergraduate
217
3.50
0.88
Postgraduate
30
3.76
0.76
Family income level
0-10000 TL
40
2.98
1.11
6.484
0.000*
10001- 20000 TL
87
3.41
0.99
20001-30000 TL
95
3.55
1.00
30001-40000TL
101
3.40
0.86
40001 +
91
3.80
0.64
Frequency of watching
football
Every day
92
3.58
1.03
1.229
0.298
One day apart
34
3.44
1.02
Once a week
92
3.52
0.97
Twice a week
58
3.64
0.80
Other
138
3.37
0.85
Total
414
p < 0.05*
According to Table 3, a significant difference was observed in the age variable. The
Tamhane test results indicated that the difference is in favor of those aged 39 and above. As
individuals age, their commitment to sports and other interests may deepen. Older individuals
might appreciate the positive effects of sports on their lives more, leading to higher levels of
passion. While no differences were observed in terms of educational level and frequency of
watching football, differences were found in family income. There is a statistically significant
difference among income groups (p < 0.05). Specifically, participants in the 40001+ TL income
Atıf/ Cited in: Sadık, R., Çelebi, M., & Taşkın, G. (2024). An analysis of the relationship between football fans
passion for sports and their levels of fanaticism. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences, 5 (4), 629-649.
636
©JROLSS
bracket had the highest average. Higher-income individuals may have more financial resources
to frequently engage in sports activities and cover related expenses, allowing them to maintain
higher levels of passion for sports.
Table 4. Results of t-test for the “tendency towards violent thoughts and actions” subscale of the sports
fanaticism scale
Demographic features
Category
N
X
s.d.
T
P
Gender
Woman
90
3.39
0.56
1.270
0.205
Men
324
3.29
0.67
Marital status
Married
157
3.40
0.55
2.149
0.032*
Single
257
3.26
0.70
Active sports status
Yes
182
3.29
0.70
-.685
0.494
No
232
3.34
0.61
Total
414
p < 0.05*
As shown in Table 4, there is a statistically significant difference between married and
single participants (p < 0.05). There is no significant difference between groups based on active
sports participation (p > 0.05). The variable of marital status shows a difference in favor of
married supporters. Marriage can strengthen individuals’ social identity and sense of belonging.
Consequently, married individuals might exhibit a stronger attachment to their sports teams.
This strong attachment may sometimes include tendencies toward aggression, as a deep sense
of belonging can lead to intense reactions and emotional responses regarding the team’s
success.
Table 5. Results of ANOVA test for the “violent thoughts and actions tendencies” subscale of the sports
fanaticism scale
Demographic features
Category
N
X
s.d.
F
P
Age
18-24
137
3.20
0.71
1.981
0.096
25-31
114
3.33
0.73
32-38
81
3.43
0.49
39-45
39
3.37
0.51
46 +
43
3.40
0.56
Education
Middle school
36
3.18
0.53
1.965
0.119
High school
131
3.27
0.67
Undergraduate
217
3.34
0.67
Postgraduate
30
3.54
0.44
Family income level
0-10000 TL
40
3.25
0.66
.144
0.966
10001- 20000 TL
87
3.33
0.62
20001-30000 TL
95
3.3
0.65
30001-40000TL
101
3.34
0.71
40001 +
91
3.31
0.63
Frequency of watching
football
Every day
92
3.16
0.74
5.780
0.000*
One day apart
34
3.34
0.51
Once a week
92
3.19
0.74
Twice a week
58
3.28
0.59
Other
138
3.52
0.53
Total
414
P < 0.05*
Atıf/ Cited in: Sadık, R., Çelebi, M., & Taşkın, G. (2024). An analysis of the relationship between football fans
passion for sports and their levels of fanaticism. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences, 5 (4), 629-649.
637
©JROLSS
According to Table 5, there are no statistically significant differences in age, education
level, and family income (p > 0.05). However, there are statistically significant differences in
football viewing frequency groups (p < 0.05). Particularly, the “Other” category has a higher
average score compared to other categories. The “Other” option encompasses viewing habits
outside the standard categories for sports watching frequency, which may include different or
irregular viewing patterns.
Table 6. T-test results for the “institutional belonging” subscale of the sports fanaticism scale
Demographic features
Category
N
X
t
p
Gender
Woman
90
2.47
2.463
0.014*
Men
324
2.23
Marital status
Married
157
2.20
-1.494
0.136
Single
257
2.33
Active sports status
Yes
182
2.28
-0.009
0.993
No
232
2.28
Total
414
p < 0.05*
In Table 6, while no differences were observed in marital status and active sports
participation variables, a significant difference was found in favor of women (p<0.014) for the
gender variable. Women are generally stronger in forming social and emotional connections.
Such strong connections to sports teams may enhance corporate identity. The sense of
belonging to sports teams could be a reflection of these social bonds.
Table 7. Results of ANOVA test for the “institutional belonging” subscale of the sports fanaticism scale
Demographic
features
Category
N
X
s.d.
F
P
Age
18-24
137
2.29
0.89
0.627
0.643
25-31
114
2.35
0.86
32-38
81
2.17
0.78
39-45
39
2.25
0.70
46 +
43
2.31
0.64
Education
Middle school
36
1.72
0.85
9.622
0.001*
High school
131
2.18
0.87
Undergraduate
217
2.38
0.74
Postgraduate
30
2.64
0.80
Family income level
0-10000 TL
40
2.26
0.99
1.291
0.273
10001- 20000 TL
87
2.20
0.88
20001-30000 TL
95
2.17
0.83
30001-40000TL
101
2.38
0.72
40001 +
91
2.37
0.76
Frequency of
watching football
Every day
92
1.88
0.79
1.895
0.001*
One day apart
34
2.15
0.65
Once a week
92
2.15
0.66
Twice a week
58
2.24
0.78
Other
138
2.68
0.83
Total
414
p < 0.05*
Atıf/ Cited in: Sadık, R., Çelebi, M., & Taşkın, G. (2024). An analysis of the relationship between football fans
passion for sports and their levels of fanaticism. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences, 5 (4), 629-649.
638
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According to Table 7, there is no significant difference in terms of age and family
income (p > 0.05). However, significant differences are found with respect to education level
and frequency of watching football (p < 0.05). Test results indicate that individuals with only a
middle school level education score lower. Individuals with a middle school education might
have developed fewer social connections and a less strong sense of belonging. As educational
levels increase, individuals typically have broader social networks, which can affect their sense
of belonging to sports teams. Regarding the frequency of watching football, those who watch
football “every day” have a lower average compared to other groups. Daily viewers may
achieve a sense of satisfaction from their regular exposure to the sport. This constant exposure
can make the sense of belonging to a sports team less pronounced, as being part of the team
daily may make the sense of belonging feel more normalized rather than intensified.
Table 8. Correlation table between sports passion levels and fanaticism
Passion
Thought and Action
Tendencies Towards
Violence
Institutional
Belonging
Passion
Pearson Correlation
1
0.231**
0.084
P
0.000
0.086
N
414
414
414
Thought and Action
Tendencies Towards
Violence
Pearson Correlation
0.231**
1
0.499**
P
0.000
0.000
N
414
414
414
Institutional Belonging
Pearson Correlation
0.084
0.499**
1
P
0.086
0.000
N
414
414
414
The correlation is significant at the 0.01 significance level (two-sided).
In Table 8, upon examination: The correlation between passion and tendencies towards
violent thoughts and actions is r = 0.231, with a significance level of p = 0.000. There is a weak
positive correlation between passion and tendencies towards violent thoughts and actions. This
relationship is statistically significant (p < 0.01), indicating that as passion increases, tendencies
towards violent thoughts and actions also tend to increase. However, this correlation is not
strong. The correlation between passion and institutional belonging is r = 0.084, with a
significance level of p = 0.086. There is a very weak positive correlation between passion and
institutional belonging. However, this relationship is not statistically significant (p > 0.01),
suggesting that there is no significant relationship between passion and institutional belonging.
The correlation between tendencies towards violent thoughts and actions and institutional
belonging is r = 0.499, with a significance level of p = 0.000. There is a moderate positive
correlation between tendencies towards violent thoughts and actions and institutional
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belonging. This relationship is statistically significant (p < 0.01), indicating that as tendencies
towards violent thoughts and actions increase, institutional belonging also tends to increase.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The study aimed to examine the relationship between sports passion and fanaticism levels
among football fans. Specifically, it investigated whether there are differences in sports passion
and fanaticism levels among football fans based on various variables, and also explored the
correlation dimension of the study. The results obtained in this study, which is limited by the
sample group, the scale used, and the knowledge and experience of the researchers, are given
below.
The study data were obtained from 414 voluntary participants. The study is limited to the
scales used and the randomly selected sample group. In terms of the sports passion scale, no
significant difference was found in the mean scores between male and female participants.
However, in terms of marital status, married participants exhibited higher mean scores
compared to single participants, and this difference was statistically significant. No difference
was observed based on active sports participation. Gender is a variable that could potentially
influence sports passion; however, according to t-test results in this study, no significant
difference was found between genders. This suggests that both men and women may have
similar levels of sports passion. Nevertheless, some research suggests that gender can affect
sports passion: men typically participate in more sports activities and consume more sports-
related media, which can influence their sports passion, while women tend to engage in more
social and community-oriented sports activities (Wenner, 1998). In the study conducted by
Şahin (2017), titled “An examination of passion levels of high school students in physical
education class environments” it was concluded that male students had higher levels of
obsessive and harmonious passion. In the study conducted by Bayköse et al. (2019), titled “The
impact of passion and life satisfaction on the burnout levels of Muay Thai coaches” no
statistically significant difference was found in terms of gender. However, in terms of the
variable of active sports background, it was determined that Muay Thai coaches’ levels of
harmonious and obsessive passion differed statistically. In the study conducted by Ceyhun et
al. (2023), titled “An examination of the relationship between passion for sports and mental
resilience levels among sports science faculty students” a significant result was found in favor
of males in relation to the gender variable.
Active participation in sports can strengthen individuals’ connections with sports;
however, this engagement may not fully reflect the breadth of their sports passion. Factors such
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as the frequency and type of sports participation can also play a role. The lack of a significant
difference in the sports passion scale based on active sports participation indicates that sports
passion is not solely limited to physical involvement. Rather, individuals’ emotional or
psychological connections to sports can be shaped by various factors. This situation underscores
that sports passion is a multidimensional construct and that frequency of participation or
physical activity alone may not be the sole determinant of this passion (Vallerand & Miquelon,
2007). As previously highlighted, significant results were obtained in favor of married
participants. It is well known that marriage can provide social support and family support.
Social support can encourage individuals to invest more in sports and other interests.
Participation in sports activities among family members can enhance passion for such activities
(Wann & Branscombe, 1993). Research suggests that marital status may influence sports
passion. Married individuals often display higher levels of passion for sports, as sports can be
considered an activity that strengthens social bonds and identities among married individuals
(Funk & James, 2001).
According to the results of the one-way anova for the sports passion scale, a statistically
significant difference was observed among age groups. Specifically, the 39+ age group
exhibited higher mean scores. Age plays a crucial role in shaping sports passion and the
development of fanaticism. It has been found that younger individuals, particularly during
adolescence and young adulthood, tend to have more intense passion for sports teams, with a
higher likelihood of this passion turning into fanaticism. During these periods, the development
of identity and a strengthened sense of social belonging can enhance attachment to sports teams
(Wann & Branscombe, 1993). In the study conducted by Koç et al. (2024), it was concluded
that the age factor significantly affects fan perceptions and sports identity. No significant
differences were observed in the variables of educational attainment and frequency of watching
football. The lack of significant differences between educational attainment, frequency of
watching football, and sports passion suggests that these variables do not directly affect sports
passion. Instead, sports passion may be influenced more by personal experiences, social
environment, and motivation rather than by educational level or viewing habits. A significant
difference was found in terms of family income. In the study by Madan and Karagözoğlu
(2019), titled “An investigation of the relationship between passion, perfectionism, and well-
being in football coaches” no differences were observed in passion levels based on coaches’
age, years of experience, or educational background. Similarly, Mageau et al. (2009), in their
study “on the development of harmonious and obsessive passion: the role of autonomy support,
Atıf/ Cited in: Sadık, R., Çelebi, M., & Taşkın, G. (2024). An analysis of the relationship between football fans
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activity specialization, and activity engagement” concluded that passion levels did not vary
according to experience (Mageau et al., 2009; Kelecek et al., 2015). Furthermore, the study by
Çebi et al. (2019) titled “An investigation of passion levels among tennis players” identified a
statistically significant difference between scores for harmonious passion and activity-related
passion. Participants in the income group of 40001+ TL exhibited the highest mean scores. It
can be suggested that income level influences sports passion. According to existing studies,
individuals with higher income levels are better able to access sports activities and equipment.
This access can increase opportunities for engaging in sports and, consequently, nurture sports
passion. Individuals with higher income levels can allocate more resources for memberships in
sports clubs, personal trainers, and various sports activities (Eime et al., 2013).
In the subscale “violence-related thoughts and actions” of the sports fanaticism scale, the
t-test results indicate that there is no significant difference in mean scores between female and
male participants. However, married participants have higher mean scores compared to single
participants, with this difference being statistically significant. No significant difference was
observed based on the variable of active sports participation. When examining the subscale
“violence-related thoughts and actions” through One-Way Anova, no differences were found
based on educational level, age groups, or family income. However, a significant difference
was found in terms of football watching frequency, with the “other” category showing higher
mean scores. Regarding the subscale “organizational affiliation” of the sports fanaticism scale,
the t-test results show a significant difference between genders, with women having higher
mean scores. No significant differences were found for marital status or active sports
participation. In the One-Way Anova test for the “organizational affiliation” subscale, no
significant difference was found among age groups. However, there is a significant difference
based on educational level; mean scores increase with higher education levels. No significant
difference was found based on family income. In terms of football watching frequency, a
significant difference was observed; those who watch football daily had lower mean scores
compared to other groups. Several studies have concluded that men are generally more fanatic
than women (Bahçe & Turan, 2022; Yılmaz, 2023). Another finding is that younger students
are more fanatic than older students (Yılmaz, 2023). Those who follow their team’s matches
from stadiums and all channels tend to have higher levels of fanaticism. Conversely, one study
found no significant gender differences in fanaticism levels (Dimmock et al., 2005). In the study
titled “investigation of the relationship between football fans’ feelings of fanaticism and
cyberbullying behaviors” conducted by Çakiroğlu (2022), significant differences were found in
Atıf/ Cited in: Sadık, R., Çelebi, M., & Taşkın, G. (2024). An analysis of the relationship between football fans
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the fanaticism levels of football fans when compared based on the age variable (p>0.05).
Specifically, significant differences in fanaticism were found between fans aged 16-20 and
those aged 41 and over, as well as between fans aged 21-25 and those aged 41 and over. These
findings indicate that levels of fanaticism vary with age and that there are particularly notable
differences between younger and older age groups. The study also concluded that male fans are
more aggressive compared to female fans. In the study titled “Investigation of the attachment
styles and personality traits of football spectators based on their identification as fanatics, fans,
and football lovers” conducted by Yildirim (2020), it was found that male fans tend to identify
themselves as fanatics. In the study titled “Determining the tendencies of violence and
hooliganism among fans who are members of football associations: The case of Kayseri”
conducted by Koçer (2012), it was found that women’s tendencies toward supporting their
team, being affected by events, provocation, violence, and aggression are lower compared to
men. The study indicated that women have significantly lower tendencies towards violence and
hooliganism compared to men. This finding suggests that female fans are less inclined towards
violence and hooliganism than their male counterparts. Koçer’s study highlights this difference
between genders, indicating that women exhibit more peaceful and less aggressive behavior in
the context of football fandom (Koçer, 2012). In the study titled “opinions of super league
football team fans on fanaticism and violence in sports” conducted by Kural (2017), no
significant differences were found among fans based on the gender variable. In the study titled
“Examining the relationship between fanaticism levels and psychological attachment of
football fans” conducted by Durgutluoğlu (2020), it was found that the institutional belonging
sub-dimension of fanaticism in football does not differ according to marital status, but the sub-
dimensions of thoughts and actions related to violence do show differences. According to the
study, widowed individuals scored higher in the sub-dimensions of thoughts and actions related
to violence compared to married or single individuals. This finding indicates that widowed
individuals have higher tendencies towards violence compared to those who are married or
single. Durgutluoğlu’s study provides significant insights into how certain sub-dimensions of
fanaticism vary according to marital status (Durgutluoğlu, 2020). According to the findings of
the study titled “determining the fanaticism levels of football fans” conducted by Doğaner et
al. (2021), it was found that female fans had higher fanaticism scores compared to male fans.
Additionally, significant statistical differences were observed in terms of education and income
levels. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were identified among fan groups
regarding the environment in which they watch matches and their preferred locations for
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watching matches. In conclusion, the study determined that the fanaticism levels of fans vary
according to demographic variables, and overall, the fanaticism levels of fans were found to be
high. These findings highlight that fans’ levels of fanaticism vary depending on demographic
factors such as gender, education, income, and preferences in watching matches. In the study
conducted by Atasoy (2019), titled “An examination of the attitudes of Adanaspor and Adana
Demirspor fans towards fanaticism,” the age factor related to fanaticism was explained through
a phenomenon observed in young adults, described as a latency period, and it was emphasized
that this factor is considered a normal part of the socialization process.in the study, it was noted
that the high levels of fanaticism among young adults are considered a natural part of their
developmental process. Another study focusing on football teams found that younger viewers
tend to exhibit higher levels of fanaticism compared to other age groups. Yamen (1999)
conducted research titled “Comparative analysis of fanaticism in sports among different social
groups (Sivas sample),” indicating that as education levels increase, so does fan consciousness.
Açak et al. (2017) explored the fanaticism levels of fans in the Turkish football federation 1st
league, finding statistically significant differences in tendencies towards violence, institutional
belonging, and overall scores based on variables such as age and student status among members
and non-members of fan communities. Additionally, significant differences were observed in
fan attitudes towards violence, institutional belonging, and overall scores based on variables
such as marital status, education level, monthly income, and occupation. However, among
participants who were members of fan communities, no statistically significant differences were
found in these dimensions. These findings suggest that fan attitudes vary according to
demographic characteristics, with membership in fan communities not significantly influencing
these attitudes. The study also identified statistically significant differences in fan attitudes
towards violence, institutional belonging, and overall scores based on monthly income levels.
Additionally, when participants who were members of fan communities were evaluated
based on their monthly income levels, statistically significant differences were found in
tendencies towards violence and overall scores. These findings indicate that fan attitudes
towards violence and fandom may vary depending on their monthly income levels. Çakmak et
al. (2022) conducted a study titled “Examination of psychological team attachment, fanaticism,
and happiness levels of football fans” revealing that those who are fanatics exhibit higher levels
of psychological team attachment, fanaticism, and happiness compared to male participants,
non-members of their team’s supporter groups, those who watch all their team’s matches, and
those who do not. In the study conducted by Kurak (2020), titled “An examination of high
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school students’ levels of football fanaticism” statistically significant differences were found in
the sub-dimensions of violence and institutional loyalty based on variables such as gender, type
of school, supported team, and the purchase of licensed products. These results indicate that fan
attitudes vary among fan groups with different demographic characteristics.
When examining the correlation between Passion and Tendencies towards Violence in
Thought and Action, a correlation coefficient of r = 0.231 with a significance level of p = 0.000
is observed. There exists a weak positive correlation between Passion and Tendencies towards
Violence in Thought and Action. This relationship is statistically significant (p < 0.01),
indicating that as passion increases, tendencies towards violence in thought and action also tend
to increase, albeit weakly. A study by Mageau et al. (2009) found that obsessive passion might
be linked with negative behaviors, including aggression, whereas harmonious passion generally
has more positive outcomes. This could help explain why a weak but significant correlation
might be found between passion and violence-related tendencies. Research has explored how
intense emotional states, including passion, can influence aggressive behaviors. For example,
Vallerand et al. (2003) have discussed how passionate engagement in activities can sometimes
lead to negative outcomes, such as aggressive behavior, when the passion becomes obsessive.
Anderson and Dill (2000) examine the relationship between passion for competitive activities
and aggression, providing contextual support for understanding the dynamics between passion
and tendencies toward violence.
The correlation between Passion and Institutional Belonging, measured by the Pearson
correlation coefficient, is r = 0.084 with a significance level of p = 0.086. There is a very weak
positive correlation between Passion and Institutional Belonging, but this relationship is not
statistically significant (p > 0.01). This indicates that there is no significant relationship between
Passion and Institutional Belonging. The relationship between passion and organizational
commitment is complex. Meyer and Allen (1991) proposed that organizational commitment
consists of affective, normative, and continuance components. Passion might influence
affective commitment to some extent, but this influence may not be strong enough to show a
significant correlation. Additionally, contextual factors such as organizational culture, job
characteristics, and personal values can influence organizational commitment. For example, a
study by Tett and Meyer (1993) found that organizational commitment is affected by multiple
factors beyond individual passion. The correlation between Violence-Related Thoughts and
Actions and Organizational Commitment is r = 0.499 with a significance level of p = 0.000.
There is a moderate positive correlation between Violence-Related Thoughts and Actions and
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Organizational Commitment. This relationship is statistically significant (p < 0.01), indicating
that as Violence-Related Thoughts and Actions increase, Organizational Commitment tends to
increase as well. In the study by Vallerand et al. (2003), the effects of passion and organizational
commitment in the workplace were examined. The findings indicate that the relationship
between personal passion and organizational commitment is not always strong. Gagné and Deci
(2005), on the other hand, investigated the relationship between personal motivation and
organizational commitment in their work. They noted that, in some cases, this relationship can
be weak while examining the impact of different types of motivation on organizational
commitment.
In conclusion, a statistically significant but weak relationship was found between passion
and violence-related thoughts and actions. There was no statistically significant relationship
found between Passion and Organizational Commitment. However, there is a statistically
significant and moderate positive relationship between Violence-Related Thoughts and Actions
and Organizational Commitment. These findings suggest that increasing passion may increase
tendencies towards violence-related thoughts and actions, but it does not significantly impact
organizational commitment. The increase in violence-related thoughts and actions may also
enhance feelings of organizational commitment, suggesting a potential link between behaviors
involving violence and organizational commitment.
In addition to this study, research could be conducted on different fan groups. In addition
to quantitative data, qualitative research methods can also be utilized. In-depth interviews can
provide insights into how fans experience notions of passion and fanaticism. Studies can be
enriched by including individuals with different demographic characteristics. Additionally,
research can be directed toward other sports, rather than being limited to football alone.
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KATKI ORANI
CONTRIBUTION RATE
AÇIKLAMA
EXPLANATION
KATKIDA BULUNANLAR
CONTRIBUTORS
Fikir ve Kavramsal Örgü
Idea or Notion
Araştırma hipotezini veya fikrini oluşturmak
Form the research hypothesis or idea
Reşat SADIK
Müberra ÇELEBİ
Tasarım
Design
Yöntem ve araştırma desenini tasarlamak
To design the method and research design.
Reşat SADIK
Müberra ÇELEBİ
Literatür Tarama
Literature Review
Çalışma için gerekli literatürü taramak
Review the literature required for the study
Reşat SADIK
Müberra ÇELEBİ
Gıyasettin TAŞKIN
Veri Toplama ve İşleme
Data Collecting and Processing
Verileri toplamak, düzenlemek ve raporlaştırmak
Collecting, organizing and reporting data
Reşat SADIK
Gıyasettin TAŞKIN
Tartışma ve Yorum
Discussion and Commentary
Elde edilen bulguların değerlendirilmesi
Evaluation of the obtained finding
Reşat SADIK
Müberra ÇELEBİ
Destek ve Teşekkür Beyanı/ Statement of Support and Acknowledgment
Bu çalışmanın yazım sürecinde katkı ve/veya destek alınmamıştır.
No contribution and/or support was received during the writing process of this study.
Çatışma Beyanı/ Statement of Conflict
Araştırmacıların araştırma ile ilgili diğer kişi ve kurumlarla herhangi bir kişisel ve finansal çıkar çatışması yoktur.
Researchers do not have any personal or financial conflicts of interest with other people and institutions related to the
research.
Etik Kurul Beyanı/ Statement of Ethics Committee
Bu araştırma, Düzce Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etik Kurulunun 5. Toplantısı 25.04.2024 tarih ve 426788
sayılı 2024/155 sayılı kararı ile yürütülmüştür.
This research was conducted with the decision of Duzce University Ethics Committee at 25.04.2024 and numbered 426788
426788-2024/155
This study is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC
BY 4.0).
