Artificial intelligence in writing and research: ethical implications and best practices

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field that utilizes computer technology to imitate, improve, and expand human intelligence. The concept of AI was originally proposed in the mid-twentieth century, and it has evolved into a technology that serves different purposes, ranging from simple automation to complex decision-making processes. AI encompasses Artificial Narrow Intelligence, General Intelligence, and Super Intelligence. AI is transforming data analysis, language checks, and literature reviews in research. In many fields of AI applications, ethical considerations, including plagiarism, bias, privacy, responsibility, and transparency, need precise norms and human oversight. By promoting understanding and adherence to ethical principles, the research community may successfully utilize the advantages of AI while upholding academic accountability and integrity. It takes teamwork from all stakeholders to improve human knowledge and creativity, and ethical AI use in research is essential.

Full text

Central Asian Journal of Medical Hypotheses and Ethics
2024; Vol 5(4)
259
© 2024 by the authors. This work is licensed under
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
eISSN: 2708-9800
https://doi.org/10.47316/cajmhe.2024.5.4.02
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN WRITING AND RESEARCH:
ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS AND BEST PRACTICES
Received: September 23, 2024
Accepted: December 11, 2024
Abdel Rahman Feras AlSamhori1 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2715-4320
Fatima Alnaimat2 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5574-2939
1School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman 11941, Jordan
2Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, The University of
Jordan, Amman 11941, Jordan
*Corresponding author:
Fatima Alnaimat, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan,
Amman 11941, Jordan;
E-mail: f.naimat@ju.edu.jo
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field that utilizes computer technology to imitate, improve, and expand human intelligence.
The concept of AI was originally proposed in the mid-twentieth century, and it has evolved into a technology that serves
different purposes, ranging from simple automation to complex decision-making processes. AI encompasses Artificial
Narrow Intelligence, General Intelligence, and Super Intelligence. AI is transforming data analysis, language checks, and
literature reviews in research. In many fields of AI applications, ethical considerations, including plagiarism, bias, privacy,
responsibility, and transparency, need precise norms and human oversight. By promoting understanding and adherence
to ethical principles, the research community may successfully utilize the advantages of AI while upholding academic
accountability and integrity. It takes teamwork from all stakeholders to improve human knowledge and creativity, and
ethical AI use in research is essential.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Ethics, Medical writing, Privacy, Ethics in publishing
How to cite: AlSamhori AR. F, Alnaimat F. Artificial intelligence in writing and research: ethical implications and
best practices. Cent Asian J Med Hypotheses Ethics 2024:5(4):259-268. https://doi.org/10.47316/cajmhe.2024.5.4.02
INTRODUCTION
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field that utilizes computer
technology to imitate, improve, and expand human
intelligence [1]. The concept of AI was originally
proposed by scientist Alan Turing, referred to as the
“father of AI,” in 1950. Turing invented the “Turing test,”
claiming that AIs were more advanced than human
brains [2,3]. Since its establishment in the 1950s, AI has
evolved into a technology that serves different purposes,
ranging from simple automation to complex decision-
making processes [4]. Because of its developing
abilities, AI is quickly becoming a vital tool in various
industries, including healthcare, finance, entertainment,
and transportation [5].
AI has become a common element of everyday living,
cutting across all sectors beyond just being confined to
research labs [6]. AI is everywhere, from
recommendation algorithms on streaming services to
voice assistants on smartphones. The immense ability to
analyze and predict data patterns has helped it in diverse
fields, such as productivity enhancement, efficiency
improvement, and creativity enhancement [5,7]. One
example where AI has made strides in medicine includes
enabling individualized treatment plans, improving
PUBLICATION ETHICS REVIEW

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diagnostics, or even forecasting possible disease
outbreaks [3,5]. AI-driven algorithms are used in finance
to identify fraudulent activity, evaluate credit risk, and
improve trading tactics [8].
This paper explores ethical issues and implications of
using AI in writing and research, focusing on the need for
clearly defined guidelines and responsible practices to
mitigate the benefits against possible threats.
Defining AI
AI can be defined as a machine (mainly a computer)
capable of replicating human capabilities like learning,
reasoning, and self-correction [9,10]. AI tools vary from
simple programs for specific tasks to complex systems
with human-like thinking and creativity [11]. Three
primary categories of AI exist [12]:
1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence: A task-focused
system that excels beyond human capacity but
cannot solve problems outside its skill sets.
2. Artificial General Intelligence: AGI operates
independently in various fields, helping to
achieve any cognitive task humans can do.
3. Artificial Super Intelligence: This type of
technology surpasses human performance in
every possible area and outmatches the human
mind in every respect, being able to quickly deal
with challenging dilemmas.
Nowadays, most AI applications are meant to have a
tight focus and excel in a certain set of tasks [13].
Professional and academic contexts increasingly
embrace AI applications like grammar checkers such as
Grammarly or Hemingway Editor [14]. These AI-powered
tools evaluate content, identify grammar errors, and
suggest ways to enhance clarity, conciseness, and
tone [15]. Contemporary grammar-checking programs
are significantly advanced compared to older ones,
focusing predominantly on basic corrections that ensure
clear and error-free communication in writing [16].
AI is making rapid pace with language models such as
Gemini from Google and GPT-4 by OpenAI [17,18].
Unlike grammar checkers, these models can create
writings that resemble those produced by human beings
based on the context given [18]. The models have
multiple capabilities, including translation across
languages using multi-lingual chatbots and writing
content like essays or articles [19]. Nonetheless, a small
portion of the AI community has raised concerns about
the potential misuse of this technology to generate
misinformation [20,21].
The way we handle data in school research is being
renovated by AI [22]. For example, AI-driven tools
analyze massive amounts of genomic data,
revolutionizing our understanding of complex diseases
[23]. In social sciences, AI utilizes huge sets of data,
such as those on social networks and surveys, to
uncover relationships or motifs that have been elusive
before [24]. On top of this, medical surveys can be
greatly improved through AI systems such as ChatGPT,
which enhance questionnaire designs, process data
quickly, improve analytical techniques, and modernize
reporting, hence improving healthcare outcomes and
better insights [25,26]. Therefore, Fasola states [27], that
these include applications like Iris.ai and Scite, which
help academics scan scholarly literature in large
volumes and summarize them, thus expediting literature
reviews and making them more comprehensive.
As technology becomes more prevalent, the question of
AI ethics is getting progressively more significant. They
encompass potential misuse concerns, privacy, liability,
and bias, all of which are complex issues [28]. Each field
should receive considerable attention to ensure that AI is
utilized properly and ethically.
I. Bias and Fairness
AI bias is an important ethical concern [29]. In training AI
systems, large datasets that may have contained
societal prejudices related to gender, race, social class,
etc., are often used [30]. If these biases are present in
the data sets, the AI may reproduce or amplify such
errors [29].
II. Privacy and Surveillance
Many AI applications often do not ask for users’ consent
while collecting information, including information on
social media and smart devices [31]. It is possible to
create detailed profiles of certain individuals using this
information for tracking or targeted advertising purposes
[32]. To ensure privacy, strong data protection laws such
as the General Data Protection Regulation, clear data
management practices, and technologies that maintain
confidentiality must all be implemented [33].
III. Accountability and Transparency
The other ethical issue is ensuring AI accountability and
transparency [34]. Specifically, many AI systems,
especially those relying on deep learning, work like
“black boxes,” meaning no one knows how they arrive at
their decisions [35]. The absence of clarity could create
problems for instance, during medical diagnosis, where
it is necessary to understand the reasoning behind
decisions [36].

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Enhancement vs. Diminishment
AI enhances productivity through the automation of
redundant tasks, support in literature reviews, and the
production of drafts of articles [37,38]. Consequently, AI
allows scholars and writers to focus more on analysis,
interpretation, and original thoughts [39]. These days,
manuscripts can be made almost free from errors with
the help of AI tools like Grammarly [40]. However, the
same advancements might hinder essential human skills
as well. People may lose critical thinking abilities,
problem-solving skills, and creativity when they rely too
much on AI-based information [41,42]. Moreover, career
automation tends to devalue meaningful work that
humans had previously done, which could lead to a loss
of knowledge and lower levels of satisfaction within
research or artistic fields [43].
Academic integrity: concerns about originality and
authenticity
Academic writing is now facing issues regarding
verification and originality due to using artificial
intelligence[44]. This raises fears about plagiarism due
to conflating skill machine-written vocabulary with made-
up stories and raises issues regarding the actual creator
even after the article has been published [45]. If
somebody attributes their authorship to something they
didn’t produce, it can threaten academic honesty [44,46].
To ensure the correct usage of AI technology in
academia, explicit regulations and moral guidelines are
needed [25,47]. Publishers and educational institutions
should develop rules specifying allowable AI applications
in research papers and writing pieces, stressing the need
for creativity preservation and proper citation [48].
Transparency: importance of disclosing ai usage
For trust and transparency, it is important to declare the
use of AI technologies when writing or doing research
[49]. This helps maintain academic integrity and
transparency, allowing people to know what role AI
played in creating a paper [50]. Such disclosure is
important in collaborative research because different
contributors may have various degrees of engagement
with AI-generated information [51]. Furthermore, just as
referencing references or acknowledging collaborators
for their work, disclosing AI usage must become a habit
[52]. Transparency increases confidence in the research
process through a commitment to ethics and
accountability [49].
Balancing Benefits and Risks
One must consider the advantages and disadvantages
of applying AI to research and writing [53]. It can change
research and communication processes by making them
more efficient and accessible [54]. Nevertheless, it may
affect human work's originality, hindering the
development of key skills and academic ethics [55,56].
To achieve this equilibrium, there is a need for best
practices that will make use of AI beneficial while
minimizing its potential downsides. These would involve
encouraging the acquisition of skills that go alongside AI
technologies instead of always relying on them solely,
setting out specific guidelines for their usage by
educators, and promoting transparency [57,58]. This
allows us to maintain the principles that underpin
academic and creative striving while using AI to enhance
our work [59].
Acceptable Uses of AI in Research
AI is transforming research by offering instruments that
improve several facets of the study process [54,60]. AI
has major benefits for anything from data analysis to
paper writing [61]. The appropriate applications of AI in
research, the associated hazards, and the ethical
standards that must be adhered to for responsible AI
integration are all covered in depth below.
1. Situations where ai usage is widely accepted
It is important to mention that AI technologies are being
widely utilized in research these days, especially in fields
that aid decision-making processes, precision, and
optimizing regular tasks [60,62]:
 Language and Grammar Checking: In research
written by many people, AI-powered
applications like Grammarly have been shown to
improve them [63]. They help point out sentence
errors and style suggestions and provide
coherence and clarity in scientific write-ups [15].
Additionally, this technology allows researchers
to focus more on their work’s relevance and
content [15].
 Data Analysis and Interpretation: AI algorithms
are being utilized more and more to analyze
massive datasets, spot trends, and produce
insights that may be hard for people to discover
[64]. To find novel associations or make highly
accurate predictions, for example, ML models
may be used for complicated biological data
[65].
 Literature Review Automation: AI literature
review tools, for instance, must move through
numerous publications, pinpoint important
research findings, and speak about them [66].
Therefore, this helps keep researchers informed
of the latest trends and saves them considerable
time [66].
 Plagiarism Detection: The study's originality is
ensured through AI-based plagiarism-checking

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tools such as Turnitin [67]. These algorithms
analyze a paper instantly and compare it with
vast databases containing records of previously
written articles to detect any anomalies relating
to originality and citation [44].
2. Potential pitfalls: risks of over-reliance and ethical
boundaries
Though there are many advantages of Artificial
Intelligence, it still possesses some risks when using it
for research [44,68]:
 Over-Reliance on AI: One risk is that
researchers may overly rely on AI technologies,
leading to diminished critical and creative
thinking abilities [69]. For instance, if
researchers rely too much on AI for data
interpretation, they might accept correct AI-
generated results without completely
understanding the processes involved in
producing them or questioning the results’
authenticity [50,70].
 Ethical Concerns: Several ethical concerns
emerge when using AI in research. To illustrate,
it is considered unethical to use AI-generated
materials to deceive reviewers or academia
through automatically written articles or
fraudulent information [71]. Additionally,
implementing AI models in sensitive fields, such
as predictive modeling within medical care, can
result in biased outcomes if these models are
not developed and tested appropriately [72].
3. Guidelines for ethical AI use
The next suggestions need to be adhered to in order to
avoid the possible dangers attached to use of AI in
research [73]:
 Transparency and Disclosure: Researchers
must be straightforward and clear about what
kinds of AI they are applying and how
extensively in their research [52]. This includes
specifications on the exact AI tools used, how
they have been used, and how they have
influenced the study outcomes [52].
Transparency ensures that AI has a defined role
in research, making it possible to assess its
effect on research appropriately [74].
 Human Oversight: Instead of substituting human
judgment, AI should help it [75]. Maintain that
researchers should have final control over a
research process, using AI to support their
analysis and conclusions rather than as a
substitute for their expertise [75]. This ensures
that human judgment and critical reasoning will
always underpin the study [54].
 Ethical AI Development and Use: AI
technologies should be created and applied in a
way that upholds moral values, including
accountability, transparency, and justice [30,76].
This entails guaranteeing that AI models are
devoid of prejudice, that their decision-making
procedures are comprehensible and interpreted,
and that their application is carried out to uphold
the rights and dignity of every person concerned
[77].
4. Establishing clear policies and guidelines for ai
usage in various domains
Institutions and research groups must set Specific rules
and regulations to use AI responsibly in research [78].
Some of the important things that these policies should
cover are:
 Data Privacy and Security: Policies should
ensure that AI uses comply with data privacy
and security regulations like the General Data
Protection Regulation in Europe [79]. This
implies safeguarding personal data, ensuring its
use is strictly for legitimate research, and
preventing misuse or unauthorized access[80].
 Intellectual Property Rights: This includes
defining how AI data and materials will be
treated and those policies [81]. Furthermore, it
involves identifying who owns the research
outcomes generated by AI and ensuring that its
application does not infringe on somebody else's
intellectual property rights [82].
 Ethical Review Processes: Research with AI
should go through as stringent ethical review
procedures as those used to study human
participants [83,84]. Consequently, the pros and
cons of using AI must be weighed; one must
consider what ethical implications the decisions
made using AI carry with them and ensure that
the use of AI fits the broader ethical aims of the
research [85,86].
 The following points summarize the guidelines
for researchers using generative AI and AI-
assisted technologies [87]: First, make sure to
declare any AI use in your writing. Second, while
AI can be useful for improving language and
readability, it must not replace human beings in
critical instances such as research and
conclusion-making. Third, always remember
that when it comes to thorough review and other
tasks involving AI, there may be inaccuracies
and certain biases at times. Fourth, since these

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roles should only be undertaken by human
beings, authorship or co-authorship should not
be attributed to an AI. Ultimately, you are
responsible for the integrity, originality, and
correctness of published texts.
5. Promoting Awareness and Education About
Ethical AI Practices
Knowledge and education on attitudes regarding ethical
AI are inducements to correct AI power devices for
research in the long term [88]:
 Training Programs: Organizations must offer
training programs on ethically utilizing AI for
professionals, students and researchers [56].
Such programs should incorporate issues
relating to data privacy, intellectual property
rights, AI ethics, and ethical use in scientific
inquiry [89].
 Workshops and Seminars: Many workshops and
seminars provide an avenue for discussions on
current developments in AI ethics and best
practices [90].
 Guidance Documents and Resources: Providing
researchers access to ethical frameworks,
advisory papers and other useful resources
could help them navigate the complex ethical
issues in AI [91].
Whenever there is a research mentality over AI usage
that comes with the best accountability and integrity, this
research community will be able to benefit from the
advantage of AI at the same time.
CONCLUSION
AI should be used ethically in writing research, as we are
entering an era increasingly following AI's example.
While its transformative abilities are strong for these
areas, they also carry onerous responsibilities. So,
academic honesty and moral standards should not be
sacrificed if human creativity and productivity are to be
boosted by AI.
For the future, we need to develop clear guidelines and
standards for using AI in academic research and
professional efforts. To achieve this, there should be
clarity regarding the use of AI systems, responsible
utilization of ML that enhances human expertise at work,
and the development of organizations whose activities
include training stakeholders on technological
competencies. The success of implementing these ideas
will depend largely on teamwork involving scientists and
engineers who create robots with high intelligence levels,
teachers who are educators in universities, individuals
studying moral philosophy, or those working as public
servants responsible for making policies.
We must follow ethical guidelines and continue to have
conversations regarding the uses of AI in writing and
research, which would enable us to make the best use of
its benefits without compromising our intellectual
pursuits.
Submission statement
This work has not been submitted for publication
elsewhere, and all the authors listed have approved the
enclosed manuscript.
AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS
Not applicable
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS
Conceptualization, investigation, and supervision:
Fatima Alnaimat. Writing - original draft: Abdel Rahman
Feras AlSamhori. Writing - review & editing: Fatima
Alnaimat, Abdel Rahman Feras AlSamhori.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
None
FUNDING
None
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Grammarly (https://app.grammarly.com/ )was utilized to
enhance the grammar and clarity of this manuscript.
DISCLAIMER
This review is an original work, and no part of it has been
copied, published, or submitted elsewhere in whole or in
part in any language.

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ҒЫЛЫМИ МАҚАЛАЛАРДЫ ЖАЗУ МЕН ЗЕРТТЕУЛЕРДЕГІ ЖАСАНДЫ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТ:
ЭТИКАЛЫҚ САЛДАРЫ ЖӘНЕ ҮЗДІК ТӘЖІРИБЕ
Түйін
Жасанды интеллект (ЖИ) — бұл адам интеллектін ұқсату, жақсарту және кеңейту үшін компьютерлік
технологияны қолданатын сала. ЖИ тұжырымдамасы бастапқыда ХХ ғасырдың ортасында
ұсынылып, қарапайым автоматтандырудан бастап күрделі шешім қабылдау процестеріне дейін
әртүрлі мақсаттарға қызмет ететін технологияға айналды. ЖИ жасанды біржақты интеллектті, жалпы
интеллект пен суперинтеллектіні қамтиды. Зерттеу жұмыстарында ЖИ деректерді талдауды, тілді
тексеруді және әдебиеттерді шолуды өзгертеді. ЖИ пайдаланылатын көптеген салаларда плагиат,
ағат пікірлілік, құпиялылық, жауапкершілік және ашықтықпен қоса этикалық ойлар нақты нормалар
мен адамның қадағалауын қажет етеді. Этикалық қағидаттарды түсінуге және сақтауға ықпал ету
арқылы, зерттеу қауымдастығы академиялық жауапкершілік пен адалдықты сақтап, ЖИ
артықшылықтарын сәтті пайдалана алады. Адамның білімі мен шығармашылығын жақсарту үшін
барлық мүдделі тараптардың топтық жұмысы қажет, ал зерттеулерде ЖИ-ны этикалық қолдану өте
маңызды болып табылады.
Түйін сөздер: жасанды интеллект, этнос, медициналық мақала, құпиялылық, баспа ісіндегі этика.
Дәйексөз үшін: Аль-Самхори АР. Ф, Альнаймат Ф. Ғылыми мақалаларды жазу мен зерттеулердегі
жасанды интеллект: этикалық салдары және үздік тәжірибе. Орта Азиялық медицина гипотезасы мен
этикасы журналы 2024:5(4):259-268. https://doi.org/10.47316/cajmhe.2024.5.4.02
ИСКУССТВЕННЫЙ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТ В НАПИСАНИИ НАУЧНЫХ СТАТЕЙ И ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯХ:
ЭТИЧЕСКИЕ ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ И ЛУЧШИЕ ПРАКТИКИ
Резюме
Искусственный интеллект (ИИ) — это область, которая использует компьютерные технологии для
имитации, улучшения и расширения человеческого интеллекта. Концепция ИИ была первоначально
предложена в середине двадцатого века и превратилась в технологию, которая служит различным
целям, от простой автоматизации до сложных процессов принятия решений. ИИ охватывает
искусственный узкий интеллект, общий интеллект и суперинтеллект. ИИ трансформирует анализ
данных, проверку языка и обзоры литературы в исследованиях. Во многих областях применения ИИ
этические соображения, включая плагиат, предвзятость, конфиденциальность, ответственность и
прозрачность, требуют точных норм и человеческого надзора. Содействуя пониманию и соблюдению
этических принципов, исследовательское сообщество может успешно использовать преимущества
ИИ, одновременно поддерживая академическую ответственность и честность. Для улучшения
человеческих знаний и креативности требуется командная работа всех заинтересованных сторон, и
этическое использование ИИ в исследованиях имеет важное значение.
Ключевые слова: искусственный интеллект, этика, медицинские статьи, конфиденциальность, этика
в издательском деле.
Для цитирования: Аль-Самхори АР. Ф, Альнаймат Ф. Искусственный интеллект в написании
научных статей и исследованиях: этические последствия и лучшие практики. Центральноазиатский
журнал медицинских гипотез и этики 2024:5(4):259-268. https://doi.org/10.47316/cajmhe.2024.5.4.02