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DIGITAL PLATFORMS AS BOOSTERS OF THE SECONDARY LABOUR MARKET? POLISH PERSPECTIVES ON COURIERS AND DRIVERS
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Online and Offline Gig Economy
The advent of online platforms has been considered to be one of the most significant economic changes of the last decade, with their emergence reflecting a longer trend of increasing contingent work, labor market flexibility, and outsourcing work to independent contractors. In this article, we conceptualize the so‐called gig economy along four dimensions, namely, online intermediation, independent contractors, paid tasks, and personal services. Using this framework, it is possible to derive both a narrow definition of the gig economy, as ex ante specified, paid tasks carried out by independent contractors mediated by online platforms, and broader definitions that include offline alongside online intermediation, employees alongside independent contractors, unpaid tasks alongside paid tasks, and asset sharing alongside performing gigs. The four dimensions also span four key regulatory questions: How should online platforms be classified and regulated; how should gig workers be classified and regulated; what should count as paid and unpaid work; and should we treat earnings from performing gigs differently than earnings from sharing assets? We conclude that the positions taken on these regulatory issues are essentially contingent upon political choices and will determine how the gig economy evolves in the future.
This report maps a kaleidoscopic array of platform-mediated working arrangements, by clustering the findings into three main subsets (passenger transport services, professional crowdsourcing, on-demand work at the client’s premises). Many initiatives taken by the European institutions and aimed at promoting decent work in the collaborative economy are analysed including (i) the European Commission’s Communication 356/2016, (ii) the principles enshrined in the European Pillar of Social Rights, and (iii) the ruling by the European Court of Justice on the nature of the service provided by Uber. After exploring the existing legal framework in several European countries, this study goes into the issue of the legal status of platform–based or –mediated workers by analysing what is at stake in pending litigations on the proper classification. In the end, this report is meant to contrast the sense that new realities of work have outgrown legal concepts. The application of existing regulation must be reinforced, in order to avoid the risk that platform workers are considered by default as falling in a normative vacuum. In the end, creating a level playing field between the traditional and the digitally-enabled companies is the only way to reap full benefits of the on-going digital transformation.
The emergence of online digital labour platforms has been one of the major transformations in the world of work over the past decade. This report focuses on web-based platforms, wherein tasks can be outsourced by businesses and other clients through an open call to a large, flexible workforce (“crowd”), which is geographically dispersed around the world.
The report provides one of the first comparative studies of working conditions on five major microtask platforms that operate globally. It is based on an ILO survey covering 3,500 workers living in 75 countries around the world and other qualitative surveys. It documents the characteristics of crowdworkers, the type of work they perform and their motivations and perceptions towards this work, and finds both commonalities and differences between workers from the global North and global South.
The report analyses the working conditions on these micro-task platforms, which includes pay rates, work availability, work intensity, rejections and non-payment, worker communication with clients and platform operators, social protection coverage, work-life balance and workers’ prospects for future career development.
The report shows that while digital labour platforms provide a number of opportunities, there are also some drawbacks. In this context, the report reviews the different initiatives that have been put forth, including the Crowdsourcing code of conduct initiated by IG Metall and the German crowdsourcing platforms to improve working conditions. The report recommends 18 principles towards ensuring decent work on digital labour platforms.
The quickly evolving platform-based reorganisation of work comes with a whole set of opportunities and risks. First, this demands a precise terminology and analysis of its functionalities. Secondly, a broad public debate is needed about what values society deems worth protecting and what constitutes decent work. Finally, it is the role of government to enforce the agreed-upon values through regulations and ensure that labour laws also apply in the digital realm. However, due to the structure of the platforms, this will be a serious challenge. The present publication offers first and foremost a categorisation of the different types of commercial digital labour platforms. It also discusses the particular characteristics and challenges of the different categories and maps how to tackle them politically.
Productivity growth in virtually all west European countries exceeded that of the United States throughout the period 1950 to 1995. Since then American productivity performance has strengthened and that of the EU has weakened. The most important reason is contrasting experiences with Information and Communications Technology (ICT). The article argues that this may reflect a failure of European countries to update their ‘social capability’ to the requirements of a new technological epoch and points in particular to weaknesses in human capital formation and to excessive employment protection as obstacles to rapid realization of the productivity potential of ICT.
The current economic crisis has deeply affected European labour markets. Employment has dropped more or less in all countries. Female employment was less affected by the recession phase of the crisis than male employment. The second stage, characterised by the implementation of stimulus packages, should have been more favorable to male employment. The third stage, during which austerity plans have been introduced, might be particularly harsh for female employment. These gendered effects of the crisis are basically explained by sectoral segregation based on gender. The aim of this paper is to describe and analyse the trend in employment for women and men during the different stages of current crisis in eight European countries. We break down the evolution of employment by sectors for men and women by using a shift-share analysis. In some countries, specifically in Spain, the impact of the crisis has led to a narrowing of the gender gap; this is mainly explained by gender sectoral segregation. In the UK and Denmark, women have been less protected by sectoral segregation, because they have experienced more job losses than they should have if their distribution across the different economic sectors had remained the same during the crisis.
[fre] Dualism in the labor maeket :. A response to uncertainty and flux.. The case of France. . This paper develops an argument about dualism in the French Labour Market. It is a condensed version of a more protracted argument about the origins and nature of duality in industriel economics built upon historical expérience in Italy, France and United States.. The first section develops, in summary form, the argument that a tendency toward duality is inherent in the flux and uncertainty of capitalist economics and in political straggle which thèse engender over who will bear their cost.. The second section uses the evolution of the Italien economy after 1959 as a paradigm, of a society in which the result of that struggle was a dual labour market structure and attemps to develop the case thaï Moi 68 France had analogous results The last section contains some concluding observations Taken togetner the caaes of United States Italy and France suggest that if is muionsi waves of worker militancy which make the inherent tendency toward duality manifest in uniform national pattern Revue économique 19 1) janvier 1978 pp 26-48 [eng] market structure, and attemps to develop the case that Mai 68 in France had analogous result.. The last section contains some concluding observations. Taken together, the 3 cases of United States, Italy and France suggest that it is national waves of worker militancy which make the inherent tendency toward duality manifest in uniform national pattern.
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