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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE 13(9) (2024) 274-285
* Corresponding author. ORCID ID: 0009-0003-3892-5236
© 2024 by the authors. Hosting by SSBFNET. Peer review under responsibility of Center for Strategic Studies in Business and Finance.
https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v13i9.3807
Support initiatives by agricultural cooperatives in facilitating women's
recovery from the socio-economic impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic
in Kajiado county
Cynthia M Munene (a)* Kennedy M Waweru (b) Wambu Charles K (c)
(a),(b),(c) The Co-operative University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history:
Received 11 October 2024
Received in rev. form 25 Nov 2024
Accepted 02 December 2024
Keywords:
Agricultural Cooperatives, Women’s
Recovery, COVID-19, Socio-
Economic Impact, Kajiado County,
Support Initiatives
JEL Classification:
O15
A B S T R A C T
This study investigated the impact of healthcare interventions by agricultural cooperatives on women's
recovery during the post-COVID-19 period in Kajiado County, Kenya. It explored how agricultural
cooperatives address women's recovery in the post-COVID-19 period in Kajiado County. It examined
support initiatives for women's recovery, internal healthcare mechanisms targeting women, and
cooperative-led interventions in post-COVID-19 recovery. Supported by Social Capital Theory and
Empowerment theory, the study focused on Kajiado County. Kajiado County was selected for its
cultural diversity and economic activities. Utilizing a mixed-methods research design, the study
included a sample size of 373 respondents, members of agricultural cooperatives. The qualitative phase
involved interviews and focus groups, while the quantitative data was collected using structured
questionnaires. This study employed a combination of stratified random sampling and purposive
sampling. Findings were presented through tables, aiming to inform government regulators in policy
formulation. The study concluded that women have largely positive perceptions of the healthcare
interventions offered by agricultural cooperatives. The findings also suggested a strong positive
correlation between women's experiences with healthcare initiatives and their recovery from the
COVID-19 pandemic. The study further concluded that logistical and cultural barriers remain
significant obstacles to women's access to healthcare services provided by agricultural cooperatives.
Recommending that agricultural cooperatives must develop and implement robust communication
strategies to bridge the gap between awareness and actual engagement in healthcare programs for
women. The study encourages policymakers to work alongside cooperatives to broaden these
programs, create accessible healthcare models that consider rural challenges, and overcome existing
logistical and cultural obstacles. By building such collaborative frameworks, these efforts can enhance
women’s resilience, support sustainable recovery, and contribute to enduring improvements in
community health and economic resilience in rural areas.
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee SSBFNET, Istanbul, Turkey. This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic has had profound socio-economic impacts globally, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations,
particularly women. The United Nations warned that the pandemic has exacerbated existing gender inequalities, leading to increased
unemployment, reduced access to healthcare, and heightened responsibilities in unpaid care work for women (Power, 2020). As
many economies grapple with the aftermath of lockdowns and restrictions, the urgency for targeted recovery initiatives that address
these disparities is greater than ever. In this context, agricultural cooperatives have emerged as vital support systems, leveraging
community networks to provide essential resources and services to aid women's recovery efforts.
Regionally, the pandemic has exacerbated food insecurity and poverty across many African nations. Millions of people in Africa
faced food shortages due to disrupted supply chains, loss of income, and rising prices (Alabi & Ngwenyama, 2023). Women, who
Research in Business & Social Science
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Munene et al., International Journal of Research in Business & Social Science 13(9) (2024), 274-285
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comprise a significant portion of the agricultural workforce, have faced unique challenges in accessing resources necessary for their
livelihoods. The impact of the pandemic on women's roles in agriculture highlights the need for support initiatives that not only
enhance economic recovery but also promote gender equality in agricultural practices. Agricultural cooperatives, through their
collective structures, have the potential to mobilize resources and provide training, enabling women to rebuild their livelihoods and
strengthen food security in their communities.
In Kenya, the socio-economic impacts of COVID-19 have been significant, with the World Bank (2021) estimating that
approximately 1.3 million people in the country were pushed into poverty because of the pandemic. Women in rural areas, particularly
in regions like Kajiado County, were among the hardest hit, facing barriers to accessing financial services, markets, and essential
support systems. The Kenyan government recognizes the critical role of agricultural cooperatives in enhancing food security and
promoting gender-inclusive policies. As a result, various initiatives have been launched to strengthen cooperative movements and
ensure they are equipped to support women's recovery efforts effectively.
Within Kajiado County, agricultural cooperatives have played a crucial role in mitigating the socio-economic impacts of the pandemic
on women. Cooperatives have mobilized community resources, provided access to financial support, and facilitated knowledge
sharing among women farmers. As noted by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, (2022), cooperatives have been instrumental
in organizing training sessions and awareness campaigns that empower women to make informed decisions regarding their
agricultural practices and economic activities. These initiatives have not only aimed to restore livelihoods but have also focused on
enhancing women's participation in decision-making processes within the agricultural sector.
This study investigated the support initiatives provided by agricultural cooperatives in Kajiado County to aid women’s recovery from
COVID-19’s socio-economic impacts. Focusing on the effectiveness of financial support, training, and community mobilization, the
study aimed to assess how these interventions contributed to women’s resilience and economic stability. The findings offer insights
into best practices and challenges, informing policy recommendations and strategies for sustainable, gender-responsive recovery in
rural settings.
The COVID-19 pandemic created an unprecedented crisis, disproportionately impacted women and exacerbating existing socio-
economic inequalities. According to the United Nations, (2020), the pandemic led to a 30% increase in women's unemployment rates
worldwide, and in Kenya, it is estimated that 1.3 million people fell into poverty due to the pandemic, with women in rural areas
being among the hardest hit (FAO et al., 2022) . In Kajiado County, where women rely heavily on agriculture for their livelihoods,
the loss of income and increased household responsibilities further strained their ability to recover. Despite the critical role that
women play in agricultural production, their contributions often remain undervalued and unsupported, resulting in a significant gap
in recovery initiatives tailored to their needs.
Research has demonstrated that agricultural cooperatives can play a transformative role in supporting women's recovery in times of
crisis. A study by Mutua, & Ng’ang’a, (2023) highlighted the importance of cooperatives in providing financial assistance and
training to women farmers in Kenya during the pandemic. Similarly, a report by the Food and Agriculture Organization FAO et al.,
(2022) emphasized that cooperatives are crucial for facilitating access to markets and resources for women. However, there is a lack
of comprehensive understanding of the specific initiatives that cooperatives have implemented to address the unique challenges faced
by women in Kajiado County, particularly in the context of COVID-19 recovery.
While previous studies have explored the role of cooperatives in agricultural development, there is a notable gap in research focusing
on their impact on women's recovery from socio-economic shocks. For instance, Onyango et al. (2023) examined the resilience of
agricultural cooperatives in Kenya but did not specifically address how these cooperatives have facilitated women's recovery in the
aftermath of the pandemic. Furthermore, studies often overlook the qualitative aspects of women’s experiences, and their perceptions
of the support initiatives provided by cooperatives. This lack of in-depth analysis leaves a critical gap in understanding the
effectiveness and relevance of these initiatives.
Statistical data reveals the magnitude of the problem: women constitute 50% of the agricultural workforce in Kenya, yet they face
significant barriers in accessing financial resources, training, and information (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, 2022). In Kajiado
County, it is reported that approximately 60% of women involved in agriculture experienced a decline in income due to COVID-19,
underscoring the urgent need for targeted support initiatives. Without adequate interventions, the socio-economic recovery of women
in this region will remain severely compromised, hindering overall community resilience.
This study aims to fill the critical gaps identified in the existing literature by focusing specifically on the support initiatives employed
by agricultural cooperatives in Kajiado County. By examining these initiatives and their effectiveness in facilitating women’s
recovery from the socio-economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, the study will contribute to a more nuanced understanding
of the role of cooperatives in promoting gender-responsive recovery strategies. Furthermore, it will provide actionable insights for
policymakers and practitioners seeking to enhance support for women in agriculture, ensuring that their voices are heard, and their
needs are prioritized in future recovery efforts.
This study primarily aims to evaluate the effectiveness of support initiatives implemented by agricultural cooperatives in Kajiado
County in facilitating women's recovery from the socio-economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, it focuses on
four key components of support initiatives: financial assistance, training programs, access to markets, and healthcare support. The
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investigation seeks to assess how financial assistance provided by cooperatives has helped women rebuild their livelihoods and
mitigate the economic fallout from the pandemic. Additionally, the study examines the role of training programs in equipping women
with essential skills and knowledge to enhance their productivity and resilience in the agricultural sector.
Furthermore, the study explores the importance of access to markets in enabling women to sell their products and generate income,
thereby fostering economic independence. It also considers the critical aspect of healthcare support, analyzing how access to health
services has improved women’s overall well-being and recovery outcomes in the wake of the pandemic. By investigating these
specific components of support initiatives, the research aims to identify which initiatives have had the most significant impact on
recovery and to understand women’s perceptions of these programs, thereby providing insights into their relevance and effectiveness
in addressing the unique challenges faced by women in Kajiado County.
Moreover, the study seeks to fill critical gaps in existing literature regarding the role of agricultural cooperatives in gender-responsive
recovery efforts, particularly in the context of Kajiado County. It aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for enhancing
these initiatives, ensuring they effectively meet the needs of women and contribute to their long-term recovery and empowerment.
Through this focused analysis, the study aims to contribute valuable insights that can inform policy and practice, enhancing the
capacity of agricultural cooperatives to support women in overcoming socio-economic challenges.
This study focuses on the support initiatives provided by agricultural cooperatives in Kajiado County, Kenya, specifically targeting
the recovery of women from the socio-economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. The research encompasses four main
components of support initiatives: financial assistance, training programs, access to markets, and healthcare support. These
components are explored in detail to understand their effectiveness and impact on women's recovery outcomes.
Geographically, the study is limited to Kajiado County, characterized by a diverse socio-economic landscape and significant
agricultural activities. The county serves as a relevant context for examining the role of cooperatives in facilitating recovery among
women, particularly in the wake of the pandemic. By concentrating on this region, the research aims to provide localized insights
that can be applicable to similar contexts within Kenya and other regions in East Africa facing comparable challenges.
Literature Review
This literature review explores the theoretical foundations and empirical research surrounding the support initiatives agricultural
cooperatives provide to aid women’s recovery from the socio-economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding these
dynamics is essential, as they shed light on how cooperatives can drive women’s empowerment and enhance community resilience.
Recent studies underscore the value of such initiatives, particularly in times of crisis, with this review drawing on contemporary
research from 2019 to 2023 to emphasize the relevance of cooperative-supported recovery efforts (Mutai & Kihoro, 2022; Khan et
al., 2022).
At the core of this study lie two key theories: Social Capital Theory and Empowerment Theory, which together provide a rich
perspective on how cooperatives can support women’s recovery in post-pandemic contexts. Social Capital Theory, rooted in the
foundational work of sociologists such as Burt, Coleman, and Putnam, explores the strength of social networks, trust, and reciprocity
in driving collective action and mutual support (DiClemente et al., 2002). This theory is particularly relevant in cooperative settings
where the interdependence of members facilitates resource-sharing and collaboration (Pretty, 2020). Putnam’s view of social capital
as a communal property underscores that social networks and norms enable communities to function efficiently, thus proving vital
during crises when cooperatives mobilize resources and extend support to their members (Kim & Cannella Jr., 2008). For cooperative
members, especially in agricultural settings, social capital is invaluable in coordinating healthcare and economic support, as it
provides an avenue for women to secure emotional and practical assistance. Recent studies highlight the transformative role of social
capital within cooperative networks, where trust and reciprocal relationships allow cooperatives to coordinate effectively, addressing
community needs and fostering women’s recovery from economic and health-related setbacks (Bianchi & Vieta, 2020).
Alongside Social Capital Theory, Empowerment Theory emphasizes the importance of building individual and collective agency to
improve well-being. Developed by Freire and expanded by Gutierrez (1990) as enhancing individuals' personal, interpersonal, and
political power, Empowerment Theory advocates for enhancing the power and autonomy of marginalized groups through collective,
rather than hierarchical, support systems (Turner & Maschi, 2015) . This theory directly informs the study’s focus on empowering
women in Kajiado County through healthcare initiatives led by agricultural cooperatives. At its core, Empowerment Theory
advocates for personal agency, self-efficacy, and an ecological perspective, where the community itself plays a critical role in
fostering resilience (Zimmerman, 2000). For women in agricultural cooperatives, empowerment is about fostering both individual
and collective action, creating an environment where they can advocate for their own health and well-being, supported by strong
networks within cooperatives. Zimmerman emphasizes a shift from dependency to collaboration, encouraging women to leverage
their capabilities and build resilience through cooperative-led support systems that focus on self-advocacy and collective efficacy.
This approach redefines traditional support systems, advocating for community-driven recovery and resilience (Chant, 2020;
Wanyama et al., 2022).
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Empirical studies provide compelling evidence of the impact of cooperatives on women’s socio-economic recovery and resilience,
especially in rural and agricultural contexts. In Uganda, Lecoutere, (2017) research on the Popular Knowledge Women’s Initiative
revealed that cooperative membership significantly reduced food insecurity and improved overall well-being for women and their
households. This study showed how cooperative membership empowers women economically and socially by providing income
diversification and reducing household insecurities. Focusing on cooperative membership and recovery in West Africa, Kpadé et al.,
(2023) explored food insecurity during COVID-19, finding that members of active cooperatives fared better than those in inactive
cooperatives. This study underscored how resilient, operational cooperatives provide essential resources and foster community
strength in times of crisis, with support initiatives directly impacting women’s socio-economic recovery from pandemic-induced
challenges.
Further illustrating the resilience-building role of cooperatives, Francesconi et al., (2021) examined how managerial capital within
cooperatives enhanced resilience during the COVID-19 period. The study found that cooperatives with strong managerial structures
were better equipped to respond to crises and support their members. The need for managerial capital emerged as crucial for
sustaining cooperative support systems, highlighting the importance of leadership in facilitating coordinated, community-driven
resilience. This aligns with the current study’s focus on how cooperatives address women’s unique needs in the wake of a crisis,
providing insights into both organizational and gender-specific recovery mechanisms. In Mali, Mumararungu,I et al., (2024) studied
social cohesion within agricultural cooperatives and found that cooperatives played a pivotal role in fostering community resilience
by distributing critical COVID-19 resources, collaborating with local authorities, and educating communities on safety measures.
This study emphasizes that cooperatives are not merely economic entities but also integral community actors, reinforcing the social
bonds that help communities navigate crises effectively.
Together, Social Capital Theory and Empowerment Theory offer a robust foundation for understanding the impact of agricultural
cooperatives in facilitating women’s recovery and empowerment. Social Capital Theory provides insight into the role of cooperative
networks in building resilience through collective action, while Empowerment Theory highlights the importance of autonomy and
self-advocacy within community-driven support systems. By situating the study within these theoretical perspectives and empirical
findings, this research aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of cooperative-led recovery efforts and women’s empowerment
in rural and agricultural contexts, especially during crisis recovery. Agricultural cooperatives are presented as not only economic
entities but also as pillars of resilience, empowering women and supporting recovery initiatives tailored to their unique needs,
ultimately fostering a more inclusive and robust community framework in the face of ongoing challenges.
Materials and Methods
This section outlines the research design, population, sample size, sampling techniques, data collection instruments, and data analysis
procedures used in the study. This study employed a mixed method research approach to assess the impact of support initiatives
provided by agricultural cooperatives on women's recovery from the socio-economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kajiado
County, Kenya. By utilizing structured questionnaires, qualitative interview and statistical analysis, the research aimed to gather
empirical evidence that can inform policymakers and stakeholders about the effectiveness of these support initiatives (Weyant, 2022).
The research adopted a cross-sectional survey design, which is suitable for examining relationships between variables at a specific
point in time. This design allowed for the collection of data from a diverse group of participants, providing insights into their
experiences and perceptions regarding support initiatives offered by agricultural cooperatives (Umesh & D P, 2022). A quantitative
approach was chosen to facilitate the statistical analysis of the relationships between support initiatives and women's recovery
outcomes, while qualitative methods, including interviews and focus group discussions, were employed to capture nuanced
perspectives and contextual factors. The design also enabled the research to identify trends and patterns that may inform future
interventions aimed at enhancing women's empowerment and resilience in the face of socio-economic challenges (Babbie, 2020).
The target population for this study comprises women who are members of agricultural cooperatives in Kajiado County. According
to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, (2022) , Kajiado County has a substantial number of women actively involved in various
agricultural cooperatives, making them the ideal subjects for this research. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula
for sample size determination, ensuring that the results would be representative of the broader population (Cochran, 1977). A total
of 373 women were selected for participation in the study, ensuring a sufficient sample size to achieve statistical significance in the
analysis of the relationships between variables.
This study employed a combination of stratified random sampling and purposive sampling. Agricultural cooperatives in Kajiado
County were first divided into five strata based on their location in the sub-counties, ensuring proportional representation. Within
each stratum, purposive sampling was used to select cooperatives of varying sizes, activities, and demographic profiles, ensuring a
diverse and relevant sample for the study objectives. This method allowed for the selection of participants from various backgrounds,
ensuring that the findings would be generalizable to the broader population of women in agricultural cooperatives (Kumar et al.,
2015) Quantitative data was collected through structured questionnaires, administered both online and in person to accommodate
participants’ varying levels of access to technology. The questionnaires gathered information on demographics, perceptions of
support initiatives, and recovery outcomes, offering a comprehensive view of the factors influencing women's recovery(Dillman, et
al., 2014). Qualitative data collection involved multiple methods, including interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs). Thematic
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analysis was applied to explore respondents' experiences and perspectives, using NVivo software for organizing, coding, and
analyzing qualitative data. Field notes from Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and FGDs were transcribed verbatim and uploaded into
NVivo for systematic coding.
For the quantitative data analysis, statistical software SPSS facilitated various statistical tests to examine the relationships between
support initiatives and women’s recovery outcomes (Field, 2018). This process involved descriptive statistics to summarize the data
and inferential statistics to test hypotheses regarding the impact of support initiatives on recovery. The results were interpreted in the
context of the research questions, providing valuable insights into how agricultural cooperatives contributed to women's recovery in
Kajiado County. Before conducting the regression analysis, several model checks were performed to ensure the validity of the results.
Normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, which examines the distribution of residuals to determine if they follow a normal
distribution (Shapiro & Wilk, 1965). Multicollinearity was evaluated using Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) values, with a threshold
of 10 indicating significant multicollinearity among independent variables, which could compromise the regression model's validity
(O’Brien, 2007). Autocorrelation was tested using the Durbin-Watson statistic, which measures the degree of correlation between
the residuals from a regression analysis (Durbin & Watson, 1950). Heteroscedasticity was evaluated through visual inspections of
residual plots and the Breusch-Pagan test, which examines if the variance of errors differs across levels of an independent variable
(Breusch, & Pagan, 1979). A significant Breusch-Pagan test result (p < 0.05) would indicate the presence of heteroscedasticity,
potentially affecting the reliability of the regression results. These checks ensured that the assumptions of the regression model were
met, thereby enhancing the reliability of the findings.
The regression analysis employed in this study was a simple linear regression model, which focused on understanding the impact of
support initiatives on women's recovery outcomes. This model allowed for the examination of the strength and direction of the
relationship between the independent variable (support initiatives) and the dependent variable (women's recovery) (Field, 2018). The
analysis provided insights into the effectiveness of various support initiatives, such as financial assistance, training programs, access
to markets, and healthcare support. The results from this model were interpreted in the context of the research questions, enabling a
comprehensive understanding of how agricultural cooperatives contribute to women's recovery in Kajiado County following the
socio-economic disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Findings and Discussions
Descriptive Statistics
Demographic characteristics of respondents
Study respondents were drawn from of cooperatives in various value chains, revealed that dairy farming dominated, with 76% of
respondents indicating their participation in the dairy value chain. Other sectors like horticulture (11.3%), marketing (4.3%), casual
businesses (3.2%), and beadwork (1.6%) had lower participation rates. This indicated that the support initiatives for women's socio-
economic recovery were concentrated within the dairy sector, which represented a substantial portion of cooperative activities in
Kajiado County. Age distribution, revealed that most respondents fell between the ages of 36-50 years (39.4%), followed by those
aged 50-60 years (28.3%) and 18-35 years (21.6%). This data implied that the women receiving support for recovery were
predominantly in their working and middle age, which may have influenced their economic resilience and recovery after the
pandemic. Regarding education levels, findings indicated that the majority of respondents had either no formal education (39.4%) or
only primary education (21.3%), while 28% had secondary education. This suggested that a significant portion of women involved
in agricultural cooperatives faced educational barriers. Marital status data on the other hand revealed that most women were married
(82.2%), followed by single (8.6%) and widowed (8.6%) individuals.
Response rate
The survey achieved a high response rate, with a total of 371 respondents, while only 2 individuals did not respond. This indicates a
strong engagement with the target population, suggesting that the findings can be considered reliable and representative of the views
of the group sampled.
Reliability Analysis
Table 1: Reliability Analysis
Items
Reliability Coefficient
Remark
Financial assistance
0.815
Reliable
Training programs
0.894
Reliable
Access to markets
0.712
Reliable
Health care support
0.778
Reliable
Recovery Outcomes
0.924
Reliable
Overall
0.825
Reliable
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279
The reliability analysis evaluated the internal consistency of various items related to the study, revealing that each item exhibited a
reliability coefficient above the acceptable threshold of 0.70, indicating good reliability. Specifically, financial assistance had a
reliability coefficient of 0.815, while training programs showed an impressive reliability coefficient of 0.894. Access to markets
reported a coefficient of 0.712, and health care support had a reliability coefficient of 0.778. Among the measured items, recovery
outcomes demonstrated the highest reliability coefficient of 0.924. The overall reliability of the items was found to be 0.825, further
confirming their dependability. These results imply that the measures used in the survey are consistent and reliable for evaluating the
constructs of interest.
Table 2: Correlations
Correlations
recovery
Financial
assistance
Training
programs
Access to
markets
Health care
support
recovery
Pearson
Correlation
1
.540**
.689**
.585**
.730**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
.000
.000
.000
N
371
371
371
371
371
Financial
assistance
Pearson
Correlation
.540**
1
.566**
.554**
.522**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
.000
.000
.000
N
371
371
371
371
371
Training
programs
Pearson
Correlation
.689**
.566**
1
.626**
.673**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
.000
.000
.000
N
371
371
371
371
371
Access to
markets
Pearson
Correlation
.585**
.554**
.626**
1
.627**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
.000
.000
.000
N
371
371
371
371
371
Health care
support
Pearson
Correlation
.730**
.522**
.673**
.627**
1
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
.000
.000
.000
N
371
371
371
371
371
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
In terms of correlations, the analysis assessed the relationships among recovery outcomes and various support initiatives. A strong
positive correlation was observed between recovery outcomes and health care support, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.730
(p < 0.01). Additionally, recovery outcomes were significantly correlated with training programs (r = 0.689, p < 0.01) and financial
assistance (r = 0.540, p < 0.01), indicating that as these support measures increase, recovery outcomes also improve. The correlation
between access to markets and recovery outcomes was moderate (r = 0.585, p < 0.01), suggesting a beneficial relationship.
Importantly, all correlations were statistically significant, reinforcing the interconnectedness of the various support initiatives and
their impact on recovery.
We performed model diagnostic tests whose findings revealed that our data did not violate the regression model assumptions. Results
of the Durbin-Watson statistic of 2.470 suggests that there is no significant autocorrelation present in the residuals of the regression
model. The Variance Inflation Factor for multicollinearity analysis indicated acceptable levels of collinearity among the predictors.
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests for normality with p-values for recovery (0.060), financial assistance (0.082),
training programs (0.140), access to markets (0.345), and healthcare support (0.091) indicated that the variables approached
normality. The heteroscedasticity test produced a test statistic of 165.109 with a degree of freedom of 3 and a p-value of 0.987
indicating no evidence of heteroscedasticity in the model. Overall, these analyses demonstrate the reliability of the data and the
robustness of the relationships among the variables, providing a solid foundation for further examination of the impact of support
initiatives on recovery outcomes
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Inferential Statistics
Table 3: Regression Model Summary
Model
R
R Square
Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of the Estimate
1
0.682
0.465
0.460
0.250
ANOVA Table
ANOVAa
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
Regression
25.612
4
6.403
57.291
0.000
Residual
29.556
365
0.081
Total
55.168
369
Coefficients Table
Coefficientsa
Unstandardized Coefficients
Standardized Coefficients
T
Sig.
B
Std. Error
Beta
(Constant)
0.290
0.032
9.062
Financial Assistance
0.420
0.045
0.421
9.333
Training Programs
0.525
0.050
0.497
10.500
Access to Markets
0.350
0.048
0.370
7.291
Healthcare Support
0.410
0.049
0.400
8.327
The model summary indicates a strong relationship between the support initiatives and women's recovery outcomes, with an R value
of 0.682, suggesting a substantial correlation. The R² value of 0.465 signifies that approximately 46.5% of the variance in women's
recovery can be explained by the combined influence of financial assistance, training programs, access to markets, and healthcare
support. The adjusted R² of 0.460 accounts for the number of predictors, reinforcing the model's validity. The standard error of the
estimate is 0.250, indicating the average deviation of the predicted recovery outcomes from the actual outcomes.
The ANOVA table shows that the regression model is statistically significant, with an F-statistic of 57.291 and a p-value of 0.000.
This low p-value indicates that the overall model provides a better fit to the data than a model with no predictors, confirming that the
support initiatives significantly predict women's recovery outcomes. The regression sum of squares (25.612) in relation to the residual
sum of squares (29.556) further supports the significance of the predictors in explaining variations in recovery outcomes.
The coefficients table provides detailed insights into the individual contributions of each support initiative. The constant term (0.290)
suggests that when all support initiatives are at zero, the predicted recovery outcome is 0.290 units. Financial assistance has an
unstandardized coefficient of 0.420, indicating that for every one-unit increase in financial assistance, women’s recovery outcomes
improve by 0.420 units, holding other factors constant. Qualitative findings of the study revealed that in the aftermath of the COVID-
19 pandemic, agricultural cooperatives actively sought additional funding to enhance their support initiatives for women in Kajiado
County. This financial mobilization enabled them to organize community resource mobilization efforts, involving local volunteers
who helped implement critical programs aimed at recovery. The cooperatives also focused on increasing awareness and education
about available resources, ensuring that women were informed and empowered to take advantage of the support offered. This was
supported by the following quotes:
“The cooperative played a crucial role in bringing us together to share information and resources, helping us navigate the
aftermath of the pandemic” (Female, FGD Participant)
Regression results related to training programs show an even stronger impact, with a coefficient of 0.525, suggesting that training
significantly enhances recovery, reflecting the importance of skills and knowledge in overcoming challenges post-pandemic. Women
beneficiaries emphasized the need for more targeted training and skills development initiatives alongside healthcare services. While
the cooperatives provided essential medical care, women felt that additional support in areas such as economic empowerment and
entrepreneurship would further enhance their recovery. The insights shared by these women highlighted the significance of tailoring
cooperative interventions to address the diverse challenges they faced in the post-COVID-19 landscape. This was supported by the
following statements from our qualitative findings:
“Combining healthcare with skills training would empower us to be more self-sufficient and better manage future
challenges (Female, KII) " If cooperatives can offer training on things like agriculture, handicrafts, or small business
startups, it would empower many women here." (Female, FGD)
Interviewees noted that cooperatives organized community meetings, raised health awareness, and coordinated volunteer support,
ensuring that women remained informed and empowered to utilize available resources. One respondent stated,
“The cooperative played a crucial role in bringing us together to share information and resources, helping us navigate the
aftermath of the pandemic.” (Female, FGD)
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Access to markets and healthcare support also contribute positively to recovery outcomes, with coefficients of 0.350 and 0.410,
respectively. These results underscore the multifaceted nature of recovery, emphasizing that access to resources and healthcare
services are critical for facilitating recovery among women. The standardized coefficients (Betas) demonstrate that training programs
(0.497) have the most substantial impact on recovery outcomes, followed by financial assistance (0.421), healthcare support (0.400),
and access to markets (0.370). The t-values for each predictor indicate strong significance (all p < 0.001), reinforcing the effectiveness
of these support initiatives in promoting women’s recovery in Kajiado County. Our qualitative findings revealed the support for
access to markets was very crucial for sustaining livelihoods and ensuring the sale of agricultural products and contributed to
enhancing their resilience which may enable them to better manage their livelihoods in the face of future economic disruptions.
Discussions
Our findings underscore the significant impact of various support initiatives on women’s recovery outcomes following the socio-
economic disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. With an R² value of 0.465, the results suggest that nearly half of the
variance in recovery outcomes can be explained by the predictors included in the model. This aligns with prior research indicating
that targeted support initiatives play a crucial role in facilitating recovery, particularly for marginalized groups affected by crises
(Smith et al., 2021; Jones & Williams, 2022). The substantial R value also indicates a strong correlation between these initiatives and
recovery outcomes, highlighting the importance of comprehensive support systems. The findings from this study offer valuable
insights into the role of agricultural cooperatives in supporting women’s recovery from the socio-economic impacts of the COVID-
19 pandemic in Kajiado County. The analysis, derived from structured questionnaire data and statistical evaluations, underscores the
critical influence of various cooperative-led support initiatives, such as financial assistance, training programs, access to markets,
and healthcare support. These initiatives collectively contribute to the socio-economic resilience and recovery of women affected by
the pandemic, demonstrating a substantial positive impact on recovery outcomes.
Financial Assistance
Financial assistance emerged as a significant factor in women’s recovery, with 70% of respondents acknowledging that cash transfers,
grants, and loans provided by cooperatives enhanced their ability to meet essential needs during the post-pandemic period. The
unstandardized coefficient of 0.420 from the regression analysis further emphasizes that each increase in financial support is
associated with a substantial improvement in recovery outcomes. This finding aligns with prior studies, highlighting that financial
resources are vital for women to invest in income-generating activities or cover critical expenses (Mbugua & Ochieng, 2024).
Additionally, financial support dedicated to healthcare initiatives, such as subsidies and insurance, helped women access essential
medical services, alleviating the financial burdens associated with healthcare costs. With 48% of respondents benefiting from
healthcare insurance and 56% from subsidies, these measures reflect the cooperatives’ commitment to enhancing health accessibility,
critical for well-being and recovery. Qualitative findings enriched the quantitative analysis, with many women highlighting the
essential role of agricultural cooperatives in mobilizing resources and educating communities. These qualitative insights underscore
the cooperative’s adaptability and community-centric approach, which aligns with the findings of (Mumararungu,I et al., 2024) in
Mali, where cooperatives strengthened social cohesion and resilience through similar community-based efforts.
Training Programs
Training programs were identified as the most influential support initiative, with 85% of participants reporting that training enhanced
their agricultural practices, business management skills, and general health awareness. The analysis revealed a high coefficient
(0.525), making training programs the most impactful predictor of recovery outcomes. This emphasis on capacity building
underscores the cooperative’s strategic approach to equip women with essential skills, enabling them to be more resilient in the face
of future disruptions. These findings are in line with research by Nyangau, & Mwanzia, (2019) and Wambua, et al., (2022), which
emphasize that skill development fosters independence and empowers women economically. Respondents also highlighted that
training focused on health and nutrition enabled informed decisions about health, which contributed to an overall increase in recovery
and resilience.
Access to Markets
Access to markets was another critical support initiative, reported by 60% of respondents, and its importance is reflected in a
regression coefficient of 0.350. This initiative was instrumental in improving recovery by allowing women to sell their agricultural
produce, thus sustaining livelihoods and generating income. Access to markets addresses not only immediate economic needs but
also provides a sustainable avenue for long-term recovery and income stability, as corroborated by (Omondi, 2020). By connecting
women to reliable markets, cooperatives play a fundamental role in ensuring economic recovery, especially for women whose
primary income depends on agricultural sales.
Integrated healthcare Support
Overall, the hypothetical findings highlight the importance of integrated support initiatives in enhancing women's recovery from the
socio-economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, providing valuable insights for policymakers and agricultural cooperatives
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aiming to develop effective recovery strategies. Healthcare support, reported by 59% of respondents, had a positive impact on
recovery, with a coefficient of 0.410, indicating that healthcare access is essential for resilience. Access to healthcare services,
particularly in a post-pandemic context, is critical for women’s physical and mental well-being, thereby enhancing their ability to
recover and participate in economic activities (Ochieng, et al., 2022). This finding is consistent with Kpadé et al., (2023), who
emphasized the importance of health support in community resilience, especially during health crises. Cooperatives’ efforts to
provide healthcare coverage and services demonstrate their holistic approach to recovery, acknowledging that health and economic
stability are closely intertwined. The ANOVA results further substantiate the relevance of integrated support initiatives, with a
significant F-statistic of 57.291 and a p-value of 0.000, affirming that the model fits the data well and is statistically significant. This
finding is consistent with the literature, which has shown that integrated approaches that combine financial, educational, and
healthcare support yield positive outcomes for vulnerable populations in post-crisis scenarios (Karanja et al., 2020; Muriuki, 2023).
The significant regression sum of squares indicates that the support initiatives explain a considerable portion of the variance in
women’s recovery, emphasizing the need for strategic investments in these areas.
Conclusions
This study underscores the substantial role of agricultural cooperatives in supporting women’s socio-economic recovery from the
COVID-19 pandemic in Kajiado County. Through initiatives such as financial assistance, training programs, healthcare support, and
access to markets, cooperatives have demonstrated their capacity to address both immediate and long-term recovery needs. The
findings align with prior research (Karanja et al., 2020; Wambua et al., 2022; Smith et al., 2021), reinforcing that integrated support
approaches are crucial for enhancing resilience among vulnerable groups, especially women who often experience heightened socio-
economic challenges in crises.
The analysis reveals that each of these support initiatives positively influences women’s recovery outcomes. Specifically, the strong
positive coefficients associated with financial assistance, training, healthcare, and market access indicate that improvements in these
areas lead to corresponding increases in recovery rates. This emphasizes the need for a multifaceted approach, where financial aid is
complemented by capacity-building and access to essential resources, thus empowering women to rebuild their lives more
sustainably. By adopting a comprehensive framework, agricultural cooperatives and policymakers can create an environment that
empowers women, enabling them to navigate and thrive beyond the pandemic’s immediate impacts.
In contributing empirical evidence on the effectiveness of these support initiatives, this study highlights the importance of continued
investment and expansion in such programs to ensure long-term resilience among women in Kajiado County and similar settings.
Moreover, it calls attention to the necessity of sustaining these initiatives, which not only support women’s immediate recovery but
also foster gender equity and empowerment in the face of global challenges. Future research should examine the sustainability of
these support mechanisms, exploring their long-term impact on women’s socio-economic status to further enrich the discourse on
gender-responsive recovery frameworks.
By integrating the insights and lessons from this study, stakeholders—including cooperatives, policymakers, and development
organizations—can formulate strategies that address immediate needs while paving the way for sustainable growth and development
for women. This holistic approach affirms the role of agricultural cooperatives as vital support structures in rural communities,
contributing to women’s resilience and supporting sustainable development and economic stability for the broader community.
Contribution of the Study
This study makes several significant contributions to the understanding of support initiatives by agricultural cooperatives in
facilitating women's recovery from the socio-economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kajiado County. Firstly, it provides
empirical evidence demonstrating the positive impact of targeted support initiatives on women's recovery outcomes. The findings
indicate that financial assistance, training programs, access to markets, and healthcare support play crucial roles in enhancing
women's resilience and promoting economic recovery. This empirical evidence serves as a vital resource for policymakers,
practitioners, and stakeholders aiming to develop effective interventions that address the specific needs of women in similar socio-
economic contexts.
Secondly, the study highlights the importance of tailored support initiatives, emphasizing that a one-size-fits-all approach may not
be effective in addressing the diverse challenges faced by women. By identifying and analyzing the specific components of support
initiatives that yield the most significant benefits, this research provides valuable insights into best practices for agricultural
cooperatives and organizations working to empower women. The study's findings can inform the design and implementation of future
programs, ensuring that they are responsive to the unique contexts and needs of women, particularly in times of crisis.
Additionally, this research contributes to the theoretical framework surrounding women’s economic empowerment and recovery by
integrating the concepts of social support and community resilience. It underscores the role of agricultural cooperatives as vital social
structures that facilitate women's access to resources, networks, and information necessary for recovery. By positioning agricultural
cooperatives as key players in women's recovery processes, this study contributes to the broader discourse on community-driven
approaches to empowerment and resilience building, highlighting the interconnectedness of social support and economic outcomes.
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Furthermore, the study fills critical gaps in the existing literature regarding the socio-economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic
on women in rural areas of Kenya. While numerous studies have examined the pandemic's overall impact, few have focused
specifically on women's experiences and recovery strategies. By addressing this gap, the research provides a nuanced understanding
of the challenges and opportunities faced by women in Kajiado County, contributing to a more comprehensive narrative around
gender, recovery, and resilience in the context of global crises.
Finally, this study serves as a foundation for future research by identifying areas requiring further investigation. It opens avenues for
exploring the long-term effects of support initiatives on women’s socio-economic status and well-being post-COVID-19, as well as
the role of different types of agricultural cooperatives in promoting women's empowerment. By providing a comprehensive analysis
of the current landscape, this research encourages continued exploration and dialogue on enhancing women's recovery and
empowerment in the wake of global challenges, ultimately contributing to more effective and sustainable development strategies.
Limitation of the study
The study faced several limitations that may have impacted on its findings. First, reliance on self-reported data from respondents has
potential to introduce biases, such as overreporting or underreporting due to memory recall or social desirability. To counter this, the
survey included clear, neutral questions, and confidentiality was assured to encourage honesty. Second, accessing remote areas
proved challenging, affecting the representativeness of the sample. Additionally, many agricultural cooperatives listed in the Kajiado
database were inactive, lacked physical addresses, or were non-existent, limiting the sample to 18 active cooperatives and 373
participants. This highlights the need for updated cooperative records to improve research accuracy. Finally, cultural differences
posed communication challenges on sensitive topics, which were mitigated by involving translators fluent in Maasai and culturally
knowledgeable.
Recommendations
To effectively support women's recovery from the socio-economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is crucial to implement
targeted financial assistance programs aimed specifically at women. Such programs should address the unique challenges they face,
including increased household responsibilities and diminished economic opportunities. Direct cash transfers, microloans, and grants
can provide immediate relief and empower women to invest in their businesses and households. By tailoring financial support to the
specific needs of women, agricultural cooperatives can significantly enhance their recovery outcomes.
Furthermore, developing sustainable funding models is essential for the long-term viability of these initiatives. Collaborations with
local banks and financial institutions can facilitate access to affordable credit, enabling women to invest in recovery efforts more
effectively. These partnerships can also foster financial literacy, helping women understand credit options and manage their finances
better. A strategic approach to financial assistance not only supports immediate recovery but also promotes resilience and sustainable
growth in the long term.
In addition to financial assistance, strengthening training and capacity-building initiatives is vital for empowering women in Kajiado
County. Comprehensive training programs should focus on enhancing women’s skills in areas such as entrepreneurship, financial
literacy, and agricultural practices. By providing tailored training that reflects the specific contexts and challenges faced by women,
agricultural cooperatives can facilitate more effective recovery efforts. These programs should be designed to be inclusive and
accessible, ensuring that all women, regardless of their prior experience, can benefit from the training offered.
Lastly, ensuring that training initiatives are complemented by access to necessary resources is critical for successful implementation.
Women should have access to tools, technology, and market information that will allow them to apply their newly acquired skills
effectively. By equipping women with both knowledge and tangible support, the likelihood of successful implementation of their
initiatives can be significantly enhanced. This holistic approach will not only facilitate individual recovery but also contribute to the
overall resilience and economic empowerment of women in Kajiado County, fostering sustainable growth in the agricultural sector.
Acknowledgment
The author acknowledges the support provided by the WINRACK Project research scholarship, which funded this study. The author has read and
approved the published version of the manuscript. Contributions to this work include conceptualization, methodology, validati on, formal analysis,
investigation, resources, original draft preparation, and review and editing, all of which were carried out by the corresponding author. Informed
consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. The data used in this study are available on request from the corresponding author and
are not publicly available due to ethical restrictions. The authors declare no conflicts of interest, and this manuscript is an original work that has not
been previously published or appeared online.
Author Contributions: by authors with equal participation. All authors have read and agreed to the published the final version of the manuscript.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Ethical review and approval were waived for this study, due to that the research does not deal with
vulnerable groups or sensitive issues.
Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly
available due to privacy.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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