Solid waste disposal is major problem in the world. Agricultural residues, temple waste, domestic waste, non-edible oil cakes waste are enriched with carbon content. Landfilling remediation approach is used for disposal of organic waste. Floral waste is one of the major concern. Flowers have applications in many industries viz; perfumes, cosmetics, food, liquor and textile industries. Disposal of flowers in rivers, oceans, etc. leads to water pollution as well as affects the living organisms present in the waters. This review describes the management of floral wastes by solid state fermentation for the conversion into different value-added products viz; compost; biofuels; biogas; bioethanol; organic acids; pigments; dyes; polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate production; food products; biosurfactants production; sugar syrup; incense sticks; etc. The floral waste is also a source for handmade paper production. These value-added products will have different applications; viz; compost can be used for various plant growth; biogas for electricity generation; food products as nutrients and additives. The dyes and pigments from floral wastes will have applications in various textile industries; while biofuels and bioethanol can solve the problem of energy crisis. The waste can thus be converted into wealth. The review highlights the industrial applications of value-added products obtained from the floral wastes. The review also focuses on important application of floral wastes in biosorption which will help in the treatment of waste waters and other industrial effluents. This will resolve the problems of disposal of floral waste and ultimately the water and environmental pollution will also be reduced.
In this investigation, the gerbera flowers were dried by employing different drying methods such as hot air drying at 40, 50 and 60°C, microwave oven drying with silica gel at 50°C, vacuum drying at 40°C and 760 mm Hg pressure besides solar and shade drying to find out the most suitable method and drying parameters to study the drying behaviour. Maximum drying time of five days was recorded during shade drying while minimum was 25 minutes in case of microwave oven drying. The drying of the flowers under all the treatments completely took place in the falling rate period. The maximum over all drying rate was found to be 3.2164%/min during microwave oven drying with silica gel at 50°C, followed by vacuum drying at 40°C, while minimum overall drying rate of 0.0112%/min was observed during shade drying. Based on the drying characteristics like drying rate and drying time, microwave oven drying with silica gel at 50°C followed by vacuum drying at 40°C was found reasonably good method for quality dried produce of gerbera flowers.
The flowers were dried in an electrically operated hot air oven by embedding them in two desiccating media (river sand and silica gel) and keeping them at controlled temperatures of 30, 40 and 50oC for 24, 36 and 48 hours. Observations were recorded on weight (g), moisture (%) and carotenoid contents (mg/100 g) of fresh and dried flowers. Appearance score was also given visually on the basis of colour, cupping and stiffness of the petals. The weight of fresh and dried flowers was in the range of 1.25-1.44 g and 0.13-2.6 g with the moisture content of 87.4-88.8% and 9.2- 15.7%, respectively. It was observed that weight and moisture content of dried flowers decreased significantly with an increase in oven temperature and duration of drying. The percent decrease was significantly more in silica gel as compared to river sand. The carotenoid contents were 3.42-3.62 mg/100 g in fresh and 2.30-2.90 mg/100 g in dried flowers which decreased with the increase in temperature and duration in oven for both media. Silica gel was found better as per cent decrease in carotenoid contents was significantly less as compared to sand. Best quality of dried flowers were obtained by embedding them in silica gel and keeping at 50oC for 48 hours in the oven as the per cent decrease in weight and moisture content was maximum and per cent decrease in carotenoid content was also less. The visual score for these flowers was also found to be best as compared to other treatments.
This investigation seeks to identify the effects of partial vacuums on the steady-state drying rate of cotton plates. Five pressure levels between atmospheric pressure and 33.6 kPa (20 " Hg vacuum) were tested in an aluminum vacuum chamber. Improvements in steady state drying rates on the order of 62% were observed at the lowest pressure level. The hoped-for design points were not discovered. Both theoretical and experimental values of the mass transfer rate are developed. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
This paper deals with experimental results obtained on a laboratory scale dryer. Two porous media were dried, a packing of initially water saturated glass beads and a packing of initially unsaturated pharmaceutical granules. For the first one, the main parameter is permeability of the bed varying the beads diameter and for the second one it is the porosity of the bed varying the amount of product. These experiments were carried out at fixed incident power and pressure level. In the first period of the drying, it was observed that permeability was a limiting parameter to internal mass transfers when free liquid water is expulsed, revealing high gas pressure gradients inside the product. They occur when we have a massive vaporisation with ebullition. As for the porosity of the granules bed, it has no effect on mass transfers. In the second period, we have no influence of both parameters on the drying kinetics. In the last period, so in the hygroscopic field or below the irreducible saturation, the internal mass transfers are governed by the electromagnetic energy absorption.
Standardization of drying techniques of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum Tzvelev)
Jan 2006
159-163
R Bhalla
Moona
S R Dhiman
K S Thakur
Bhalla R, Moona, Dhiman SR, Thakur KS.
Standardization of drying techniques of chrysanthemum
(Dendranthema grandiflorum Tzvelev). Journal of
Ornamental Horticulture. 2006;9(3):159-163.
Response of different drying techniques on quality of rose flowers
Jan 2006
114-117
S A Safeena
V S Patil
B H Naik
Safeena SA, Patil VS, Naik BH. Response of different
drying techniques on quality of rose flowers. Journal of
Ornamental Horticulture. 2006;9(2):114-117.