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2024, 9(2), 196-217
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Essuman, M. A., Adom, D., Asare-Aboagye, I. & Owusu Panin, K. B. (2024). Visual meanings
of newly created Ghanaian cultural symbols with inspirations from existing adinkra symbols from
indigenous communities in Ghana. Indigenous: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 9(2). 196-217. doi: https://
doi.org/10.23917/indigenous.v9i2.5795
Visual Meanings of Newly Created Ghanaian Cultural Symbols
with Inspirations from Existing Adinkra Symbols from Indigenous
Communities in Ghana
Michael Ato Essuman, Dickson Adom*,
Isaac Asare-Aboagye, Kwame Baah Owusu Panin⁴
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology , University of Energy and Natural
Resources, AsanSka University College of Design and Technology
Abstract. In Ghanaian culture, our predecessors' perception of symbols and meanings hold profound
significance, reflecting the rich cultural traditions and beliefs embedded in the society's heritage. e
perception of symbols in Ghana's cultural traditions depicts the visual language communicating
history, values, and identity. Symbols in Ghana are generally perceived to be merely decorative and
not recognized as carriers of deep meanings, handed down through generations, encapsulating stories,
proverbs, and spiritual beliefs. ere is a need for indigenous communities to be involved in the creation
and interpretation of cultural symbols, especially those inspired by Adinkra symbols in Ghana. is study
aims to describe the meaning of symbols rooted in Ghana's rich cultural traditions by creating designs
and meanings based on inspirations from Adinkra symbols. e study employed phenomenology and
creative arts-based research methods under the qualitative research design. Personal interviews and focus
group discussions were used in data collection, and participants were purposively sampled based on their
experiences with the newly created Ghanaian cultural symbols. e study results showed the perceptual
gap between the actual meanings of the symbols and what the respondents meant by interpreting these
symbols through the lens of their cultural upbringing, historical knowledge, societal values and the new
symbols as a continuation of Ghana's rich cultural heritage, bridging the past with the present.
Keywords: Adinkra symbols; cultural heritage; Ghanaian cultural symbols; Ghanaian philosophy;
visual meaning
INTRODUCTION
Symbols and their essence in culture are universal aspects that transcend geographical
boundaries and unite people worldwide through shared meanings and values. In cultures worldwide,
symbols are powerful tools for communication, storytelling, preserving heritage, and reflecting
different communities' beliefs, traditions and identities (Savitsky, 2019). According to Nizhnikov
and Grebeshev (2019), in the world, symbols play a crucial role in shaping cultural practices and
expressions. From ancient civilization to modern societies, symbols have been used to communicate
complex ideas, feelings, and experiences. Whether the symbols are visual representations, gestures,
or rituals, symbols can convey deep meanings that connect with individuals and communities on a
Submitted: 10 July 2024 Accepted: 11 July 2024 Published: 31 July 2024
*Corresponding author: dicksonadom@knust.edu.gh
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deep level. Also, Narziyeva (2022) opines that in many cultures, symbols are deeply intertwined in
everyday life and influence art, language, religion, and social interaction. ese symbols often have
historical significance and represent a particular group's key events, values, or aspirations. To cite
an example, using national flags, religious symbols, or traditional motifs on clothing and objects
around the world can create a sense of belonging, pride, and cultural identity in people.
Furthermore, the essence of symbols in culture is their ability to cross language barriers
and convey universal truths and feelings (Morris, 2014). Symbols such as the lotus flower, which
represents purity and rebirth in Eastern cultures, or the dove, which symbolizes peace in Western
traditions, demonstrate the power of symbols to communicate shared values and aspirations that
resonate with people from different backgrounds (Jung, 2012). is illustrates that by studying the
role of symbols and their nature in world cultures, we gain a deeper understanding of the diversity
and richness of human expression. Cultures use symbols to communicate their stories, beliefs, and
heritage, promoting connections and understanding between people from around the world.
Adom et al. (2016) expressed that symbols and concepts have deep meaning in Ghanaian
culture and support Ghanaian values, beliefs, and heritage. Deeply embedded in various aspects of
Ghanaian life, from art and clothing to architecture and jewellery, these symbols enrich the nation's
cultural fabric (Kuwornu-Adjaottor et al., 2016). In Ghana, symbols are central in conveying
shared meanings and traditions. One notable example is the Adinkra symbols, known for their
intricate designs and rich symbolism. Adinkra symbols are traditional visual symbols created in
Ghana that convey deep meanings and represent proverbs, concepts, beliefs, values and aphorisms.
e Adinkra symbols matter because they are vital to Ghanaian cultural heritage and identity. Each
Adinkra symbol has a unique meaning that reflects concepts such as wisdom, unity, or resilience.
ese symbols are not just decorative but function as a language of expression, conveying profound
messages and cultural values to those who understand their meaning (Kquofi et al., 2018). Jecty
(2022) arguably supported belief that incorporating symbols into Ghanaian culture goes beyond
visual representation to influence perceptions and interpretations of social norms and traditions.
Symbols are often used to convey historical events, sayings, or moral teachings that shape people's
feelings about their cultural identity and heritage. Mathematical concepts such as geometric
transformation, the cartesian plane and basic calculation resources in creating Adinkra symbols can
be used in teaching mathematics and science (Babbitt et al., 2015). It also provides inspiration for
creative writing, corporate design, architectural design and book design.
rough symbols, Ghanaian culture preserves its stories and values, passes them down
from generation to generation, and promotes a sense of continuity and pride among the people.
In addition, the use of symbols in Ghanaian craftsmanship and historical perspective reflects
the art and practice of Ghanaian artisans. ese symbols in crafts or artefacts are not only for
their aesthetic appeal but are also a sign of status, identity, and cultural heritage (Appiah-Kubi et
al., 2021). Also, Blount and Brookins (2022) show that delicate designs with symbols embody
Ghanaian culture's cultural significance. is showcases the country's rich artistic traditions and
skilled craftsmanship. Delving into the symbols and concepts of Ghanaian culture, we gain insight
into the complex tapestry of Ghanaian heritage and understand how symbols shape Ghanaian
society's stories, understandings, and expressions. rough symbols, Ghanaian culture continues
to thrive, connecting the past with the present and preserving the essence of its diverse cultural
identity for future generations.
e problem here is the need for indigenous communities to be involved in the creation
and interpretation of cultural symbols since there is the need for the development of our culture,
especially those inspired by Adinkra symbols in Ghana since the development of culture is not
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static but adapt to changing societal dynamics and reflect the growth and diversity within a
community (Zhang & Lopez-Pascual, 2012). is challenge highlights the importance of ensuring
that Indigenous people's perspectives are accurately represented in the design process to reflect their
cultural expressions and values fully. Addressing this issue, the researchers strive to promote cultural
inclusion, respect for traditions and a deeper understanding of Ghana's heritage through visual
representations.
Previous studies contextually were delved into by researchers. Chu (2003) studied cross-
cultural comparison and perception of symbols. e purpose of Chu's (2003) study was to review
the visual understanding of symbols among students in Hong Kong and the United States. e aim
was to investigate possible differences in visual perception and understanding of symbols and to
measure subjects' knowledge of images from their own culture and images from another culture.
One hundred and twenty graphic design students from the University of Minnesota and Hong Kong
Polytechnic were presented with twenty business and national symbols, ten from the United States
and ten from Hong Kong, with a survey about them. Oppong-Wadie (2020) researched educators’
perceptions of Adinkra symbols, a phenomenological study. is study aimed to discover the nature
of teachers' experience using Adinkra symbols as a teaching tool. e study discussed the meaning
that interacts with Adinkra symbols, which are multidimensional and multidisciplinary. Related to
this desire is the need to determine the impact of using multimodal communication tools within
a cultural framework to emphasize the importance of cultural, social, and historical knowledge in
literacy learning. e present study seeks to explore the formulation of newly developed symbols
and meanings in Ghanaian cultural traditions, delving into the intricate significance of symbols and
how they shape perceptions within Ghanaian society. It emphasizes the importance of involving
Indigenous communities in the creation and interpretation of Ghanaian cultural symbols to ensure
that they accurately reflect the community's evolving cultural expressions and values.
Study Area
e Ashanti region of Ghana is a vibrant region with a rich cultural heritage and historical
significance (Figure 1). It is one of the 16 administrative regions of Ghana and is located in the
central part of the country (Asabere et al., 2020). e Ashanti region is known for its strong cultural
identity and traditional practices, making it a fascinating area to explore. e Ashanti region is one
of the most populous regions in Ghana. According to the latest data, the population of the Ashanti
region is about 5 million people (Owusu et al., 2023).
e region's population is diverse and consists of different ethnic groups and communities.
e primary language spoken in the Ashanti region is bilingual. Twi is a widely spoken Akan
language and is the primary language of communication among the region's people. In addition,
English is also commonly spoken, especially in formal settings and educational institutions. e
Ashanti region is historically known for its traditional governance structure. e king of the Ashante
people, the Asantehene, plays an essential role in the cultural and political landscape of the region.
e current Asantehene is Otumfuo Osei Tutu II, who ascended the throne in 1999, as asserted by
Quampah et al. (2022).
Rattray (1927) opines that the Ashanti region is inhabited mainly by the Ashanti people, who
belong to the Akan ethnic group. Ashanti has a rich history and cultural heritage, including living
traditions, festivals, and customs that are integral to the region's identity. In addition to the Ashanti,
other ethnic groups and tribes such as the Brongi, Ahafo, and Bono live in the region. Exploring the
Ashanti region offers a unique opportunity to delve into the region's cultural dynamics, historical
significance, and social structures (Akyeampong & Obeng, 1995). By examining aspects such
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as population demographics, linguistic diversity, traditional leadership, and ethnic composition,
researchers gain valuable insight into the cultural tapestry of the Ashanti region and its role on the
broader context of Ghana.
Figure 1.
e Ashanti region located on the Ghana map used as a study area
METHOD
e study employed phenomenological and creative-arts-based research under qualitative
research (Zahavi, 2018), which aimed to collect detailed verbal data through personal interviews
and focus group discussions. e phenomenological approach was most appropriate for this study
because it emphasized understanding the individual and shared experiences of the participants in
the Ashanti Region. Understanding these shared experiences was crucial to a deeper understanding
of the characteristics of interacting with participants for the symbols. e study recognized the
importance of clarifying the broad philosophical assumptions underlying phenomenology. is
study focused on the participants' lived experiences with symbols in the Ghanaian culture and their
creation of meaning, which informed the researchers’ formulation of symbols through creative art-
based research and their establishment. e study's population consisted of accessible individuals
from the Ashanti Region. All data collected in the Ashanti Region, with a total accessible population
of 60, is illustrated in Table 1. Creswell (2014) estimated that 30% of the accessible population
for a sample size would be ideal to offer significant and complete data for the study, making it
appropriate for the researchers to sample 20 respondents. Purposive sampling was employed for
the study. is technique was employed to select participants related to the study. Cultural experts
from the cultural center in Kumasi who are more knowledgeable on the symbols of the Ghanaian
culture. Also, art students from the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
(KNUST) expertise were required to obtain data. e Manhyia Palace gift shop was explored to
gain information on symbols from the palace tour guides. Lastly, Craftsmen at Ash-town and Asafo
produced artefacts relating to Ghanaian symbols. e selected participants, such as Cultural experts
at the Cultural Centre, Arts Students in KNUST, Manhyia Palace Tour Guides, and Craftsmen at
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Asafo and As-town, ensure the credibility and reliability of the findings because they are the experts.
Various views were sought through their engagements and the dominant themes were considered.
Table 1.
Distribution of the accessible and sampled population of the study
Population of the study Accessible population Sample size 30%
Cultural experts at Cultural Centre 9 3
Arts Students in KNUST 30 10
Manhyia Palace Tour Guides 6 2
Craftsmen at Asafo and Ashtown 15 5
Total 60 20
Data were collected mainly through in-depth interviews. Participants were asked to explain
their experiences with symbols such as Adinkra symbols and the context in which these experiences
occurred. e result of the data analysis led to the development of structural descriptions of the
participants' experiences, which helped establish formulated symbols and meanings. e researchers
did not force the original respondent's interviews against their will. However, they sought the
consent of the participants in the Ashanti Region with ethics taken into consideration for the study.
e focus group discussions were video-recorded. ey were all carefully converted from the local
languages to the English language by two of the researchers with the help of the study participants.
e views expressed by some participants were not tagged with their identities since not all of them
wanted to be a part of this vital process by keeping the confidentiality of their names in analyzing and
asserting the meaning of the symbols. In analyzing the data using thematic analysis asserted by Terry
et al. (2017), the researchers sifted through the interview transcripts. ey highlighted "significant
statements," phrases, or quotes that informed the participant's interactions with the phenomenon,
in this case, their understanding of the symbols. is allowed the researchers to develop "clusters of
meaning", identifying and categorizing those clusters as themes. e researchers used those themes
to write a description of the experiences of the participants. is description forms a description of
the experiences of the participants. e themes were considered to craft descriptions of the context
that shaped the participants' experiences, aiding in the development of symbols and meanings.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Perception of Traditional Symbols from Ghanaian Culture
Symbols of Ghanaian culture, which include Adinkra symbols, festivals, and rituals, play
an important role in shaping perceptions and preserving Ghana's rich cultural heritage. Deeply
rooted in Ghanaian traditions, Adinkra symbols established by tour guides and cultural experts in
the Ashanti Region have deep meanings that reflect various aspects of life, values, and beliefs. Each
Adinkra symbol tells a unique story, symbolizing wisdom, courage, unity, and resilience. ese
symbols are decorative and act as a visual language that communicates cultural values and social
norms. Symbols representing different themes and stories within the community play a central
role in Ghanaian festivals. Today's rituals are about honoring personal and community ancestors.
ere is a gathering called Akom, where drumming, dancing, and singing are frequent celebrations
honoring Abosom (minor gods in Akan tradition) and Nsamanfo (spiritually nourished ancestors).
Food offerings include dishes such as 'eto' (African yam soup) garnished with hard-boiled eggs,
asserted by Steegstra (2004). Every Ashanti celebrates this festival. For those Ashanti who do not
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observe the Odwira festival, Akwasidae is very important to celebrate their ancestors, where these
symbols were incorporated and idolized in the festival gatherings.
Festivals such as the Homowo Festival, which celebrates the migration and harvest of the
Ga people, contain symbolic elements such as colorful clothing, dances, and rituals that embody
the history and traditions of the community. ese symbols at festivals unite the community, boost
a sense of belonging, and strengthen cultural identity. e rituals of the Ghanaian culture are also
rich in symbols with deep meaning. From naming ceremonies to funerals, symbols are woven
into various rites of passage and ceremonies that mark transitions, honor ancestors, and invoke
blessings for the future. For example, pouring potions during ceremonies symbolizes connecting
with the spirit world and seeking guidance and protection from the ancestors. We gain insight
into Ghanaian culture by understanding the perception of symbols in Adinkra symbols, festivals,
and rituals. Acting as a link to the past, a reflection of the present, and a guide to the future, these
symbols embody the essence of Ghana's cultural wealth, heritage, and values. By studying these
symbols, we deepen our appreciation for the traditions by formulating symbols and meanings that
shape Ghanaian society and contribute to preserving and promoting its cultural identity.
Symbols Formulated and Meanings
Various symbols were formulated with corresponding names and meanings in Akan and
English. ese symbols serve as conduits for cultural expression and foster a sense of identity among
the Ghanaian people. e following symbols, meanings, and illustrations are highlighted below.
Bravery (Akokoduru)
e flame represents courage that gives the power to chase after things that are important
to oneself. Akokoduru, a concept in Akan culture, signifies courage, strength, and determination
(Appiah, 2023). It is often associated with the story of a small bird that stood up to a mighty
elephant, showcasing the power of determination and bravery in the face of adversity. Akokoduru
serves as a reminder never to give up but to stand tall and face challenges head-on. (Figure 2). It
is a concept deeply ingrained in the Akan culture and is a source of inspiration and motivation for
individuals to overcome obstacles and achieve their goals (Oduro-Frimpong, 2021). It embodies
facing fear with determination and strength, demonstrating inner strength and moral courage.
Appiah (2023) explains the proverb in Akan ‘Ebinom wo akokoduro a wo-fa tu sa’ as some dare to
face war. In another instance, Akokoduru is seen as encouraging fearlessness, leadership, initiative,
and inspiration, often correlated with leadership qualities. Celebrated through storytelling, folklore,
and traditional practices, it highlights the value of bravery as a personal virtue and a contribution to
the community's well-being and progress (Appiah, 2023; Bonsu, 2007). It is a powerful reminder
to act bravely and decisively, demonstrating inner strength and moral courage.
Figure 2.
Bravery (Akokoduru) symbol
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Responses from Participants
In the study, the researchers presented a symbol of bravery resembling a flame to respondents for
their comments. is symbol signifies courage, strength, and the unwavering spirit to face challenges.
Respondent 1: "e symbol of bravery looks like grass on a support. It embodies the idea of
standing tall in the face of adversity, like grass that withstands any weather. It represents the courage to
persevere and overcome obstacles."
Respondent 2: "Hmm, a flame of fire for bravery? Sounds strange to me. I do not see how a
flame on something can symbolize bravery. It feels like a mismatch of elements and does not convey the
idea of courage."
Respondent 3: "Absolutely, the symbol that looks like fire, bravery is profound. It conveys the
message that even in the darkest times, a light of courage guides us forward. It symbolizes the inner
strength to confront fears and move ahead."
Respondent 4: "I am not sure I get the whole thing for bravery. It seems a bit random and does
not scream bravery to me. I think there could be better and more symbols out there that represent courage
more effectively."
Hope (Anidasoo)
A feeling of expectation and desire for a thing to happen. Hope reduces feelings of
helplessness and stress and increases happiness. Anidasoo, a philosophy in Akan culture, expresses
hope, optimism, resilience, faith, spiritual and emotional strength, and proactive behaviour. It
teaches individuals to have faith in themselves and their abilities, remain hopeful, and remain
resilient in challenging times (Figure 3). Yadav and Kumar (2016) describe hope as a positive
psychological resource and its relevance in the workplace. Anidasoo encourages individuals to take
proactive steps towards achieving their goals, cultivating inner strength and spiritual well-being
(Pruyser, 1986; Yadav & Kumar, 2016). It encourages perseverance, trusting in oneself, others, and
a higher power, and provides spiritual and emotional strength during challenging times. Anidasoo
is often reflected in proverbs, songs, and traditional beliefs, guiding individuals and communities
toward positive change and improvement.
Figure 3.
Hope (Anidasoo) symbol
Responses from Participants
In the study, the researchers presented the symbol of hope to participants for their comments,
depicting different ideas. is symbol represents resilience, unity, and the belief that strength comes
from diversity and togetherness.
Respondent 1: "e symbol of hope looks like it has three heads and looks fascinating. It signifies
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different perspectives in fostering hope. It shows that uniting and collaboration among diverse individuals
can lead to a brighter future."
Respondent 2: "Yes, the ball with three symbols of hope is quite intriguing. It conveys that hope
can stem from various sources and viewpoints, highlighting the importance of unity and solidarity in
facing challenges and moving forward."
Respondent 3: "Um, I am not sure about that symbol. It looks weird with three heads on
something. I do not see how that represents hope. It seems confusing and does not make much sense to me."
Unity (Nkabom)
Unity (Nkabom) means being united or joined as a whole. Unity equals good guidance,
proper growth, and true development (Figure 4). Unity symbolises growth, understanding, and
development, promoting strength, resilience, and collaboration (Smail, 2023). It is a powerful force
that can bring about positive change and create a sense of belonging and community. In Akan
culture, Nkabom is an active call to action that promotes unity, harmony, and solidarity among
people. It encourages peaceful coexistence, dialogue, and mutual understanding, recognizing
diversity's strength. Nkabom is a collective responsibility and cultural identity, reinforcing shared
values. It guides Ghanaian society's social interactions, governance, and national development,
emphasizing collaboration and solidarity for progress and prosperity. Smail (2023) explores
Ghanaian citizenship lessons from primary teachers in Accra, Ghana, emphasizing oneness,
relational Indigenous ontology, and harmony in difference for economic development and Black
African identity. In another study, Jeffreys (2022) explores the social identities of Asafo companies
among the Fantis of Ghana and conceals that unity is reflected in their role as they discharge duty in
violence, irrespective of political change. Understanding and applying these principles can foster a
sense of oneness and shared purpose in our communities and societies (Jeffreys, 2022; Smail, 2023).
Figure 4.
Unity (Nkabom) symbol
Responses from Participants
e study performed a pretest before presenting the symbols for participant comments.
is was done to make sure it met the expectations of the audience.
Respondent 1: "In the study, I encountered a symbol representing unity resembling a leaf
intertwined with another. I believe this symbol can signify strength in togetherness and the interconnectedness
of all aspects of life. e symbol of nkabom embodies the idea that unity brings about resilience and
support in challenging times."
Respondent 2: “e symbol is deeply rooted in unity and cooperation within communities.
It reflects the belief that when individuals come together like the leaves on a branch, they create an
unbreakable bond that fosters growth and harmony.”
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Stability (Gyina pintinn)
Stability (Gyina pintinn) means being firm in everything you do - your “YES” should be
“YES” and “NO” should be “NO” (Figure 5). Gyina pintinn, a concept in Akan culture, represents
stability, balance, and reliability (Appiah, 2023). It is a desirable trait that individuals strive to
embody daily, reflecting their character and ability to maintain harmony within themselves and
relationships. Gyina pintinn is vital to personal integrity and building strong relationships in Akan
society. is symbol outlines the importance of consistency, reliability, and being true to oneself
for a fulfilling life. Stability is the quintessence of consistency, which is vital for building trust,
establishing awareness, fostering momentum in personal and professional relationships, driving
long-term success, avoiding failures, and shaping one's journey towards success (Villanueva et
al., 2020). Gyina pintinn promotes order and structure in personal, social, and community life,
promoting organised systems and routines. It is a skill (Smith, 2015) acquired through encouraging
individuals to cultivate strength through discipline, foresight, and commitment to maintaining
positive relationships.
Figure 5.
Stability (Gyina pintinn) symbol
Responses from Participants
is symbol represents strength, resilience, and the ability to remain steadfast in the face of
challenges, as presented to respondents for their comments:
Respondent 1: "e symbol of stability looks like a plant with its fruit, which is quite intriguing.
It signifies the importance of having a strong foundation to withstand life's ups and downs. It conveys the
idea of standing firm and unwavering amid uncertainties."
Respondent 2: "Yes, the image expresses a pole on a support as a symbol of stability is profound.
It represents the idea of finding balance and grounding in turbulent times. Just like a pole that holds
steady in the ground, this symbol conveys the essence of staying rooted and secure."
Respondent 3: "I am not sure I understand how this represents stability. It seems like a simple
and uninspiring symbol. I think there could be more creative ways to depict stability rather than just this
design."
Respondent 4: "A symbol for stability? at sounds a bit boring and unimaginative. I do not
see how that symbolizes stability effectively. It feels like a basic representation without much depth or
meaning for the symbol." “But in any case, having a wider base to hold firm the elements at the top
depicts stability”.
Comfort (Awerekyekyere)
Comfort (Awerekyekyere) means relieving someone who is sad or disappointed (Figure 6).
Awerekyekyere is associated with Akan culture, expressing emotional ease, tranquillity, and well-
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being. It includes physical comforts like shelter, clothing, food and emotional comfort like feeling
secure and free from anxiety (Agyekum, 2020). Awerekyekyere also values warmth, hospitality,
contentment, and satisfaction. It encourages gratitude and appreciation for one's circumstances
and relationships. Community support is an aspect of Awerekyekyere, valuing solidarity and a
harmonious social environment. Awerekyekyere, as an Akan philosophical concept, expresses
kindness, generosity, and mutual respect, which creates and maintains comfortable environments.
It promotes a harmonious and supportive society, fostering a sense of belonging and happiness
(Agyekum, 2020; Dzokoto et al., 2018).
Figure 6.
Comfort (Awerekyekyere) symbol
Responses from Participants
Our research explored a symbol for comfort that holds significant meaning in various
Ghanaian cultures. is symbol represents solace, reassurance, and the ability to provide emotional
support during challenging times.
Respondent 1: "I do not see the point of a symbol of comfort. e symbol seems unnecessary to
have a specific symbol for something like that. Comfort is a personal feeling, and I do not think it needs
to be represented by this symbol. It is a bit overrated and does not correlate with the meaning in my
opinion."
Respondent 2: "e symbol of comfort is like a warm embrace during difficult moments in our
Ghanaian culture. It offers a sense of security and peace, reminding us that we are not alone in our times
of need and during struggles. It serves as a beacon of hope in desperate times."
Wisdom (Nyansa)
Wisdom means having in-depth knowledge and understanding of many things. e symbol
shows an object with lines moving in eight directions, signifying knowledge (Figure 7). Wisdom,
known as Nyansa in Akan culture, holds deep significance in Ghanaian and Akan philosophical
traditions. It is not just knowledge or intelligence but the application of knowledge to promote
good judgment, understanding, and ethical living (Abban-Ampiah et al., 2020; Antwi et al.,
2020). In Akan's thought, wisdom, Nyansa, is acquired through experience, learning, reflection,
and the guidance of elders and the community (Antwi et al., 2020). Older people believe that
they should put wisdom into the minds of the younger generations. e Nyansa symbol draws
people's attention to knowledge acquired through learning, making mistakes, re-learning, and
application. e Akan maxim, "Nyansa, nyansa na wode kyere Prempeh”, to wit, ‘wisdom is applied
to win the elder’s heart’. is explains that wisdom is applied to win citizens when authorities
want to embark on a community project. It is seen as essential for navigating life's complexities,
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resolving conflicts, and maintaining harmony within oneself and society. Central to Nyansa
is the idea that true wisdom involves not just knowing (Abban-Ampiah et al., 2020), but also
acting by moral principles and the greater good of the community (Wiredu & Gyekye, 2010).
Figure 7.
Wisdom (Nyansa) symbol
Responses from Participants
Respondent 1: "Honestly, I do not get the whole symbol thing with wisdom and what the
researchers seek to accomplish. How can the researchers represent this symbol of being smart or making
good decisions? It feels like an extra layer of complexity that is not needed in designing the symbol but
showing a symbol one can easily identify such as a crown."
Respondent 2: "I do not see why wisdom comes out as this symbol. It seems unnecessary to assign
a specific symbol to something as abstract as wisdom. I think it is a bit of a misconception to represent
wisdom in this manner."
Abundance (Mmorosoo)
Abundance means having more than you need of something. In this symbol, something is
being split out of the triangular container, which signifies abundance (Figure 8). Mmorosoo, in the
Akan language, refers to abundance, which is explained as a surplus of something, often associated
with wealth, resources, opportunities, or emotions like love and happiness. Abundance (Mmorosoo)
is a mindset of prosperity and gratitude, recognizing the richness of life beyond material possessions.
Abundance promotes richness, fulfilment, and joy through love, opportunities, creativity, and well-
being. It requires understanding, worthiness, generosity, awareness, gratitude, and letting go of
scarcity-based beliefs (Baugh, 2021). In Akan culture, abundant love, kindness, and generosity
make them proud. Fear can lead to scarcity-based arguments, but when we are more grateful,
happier, mindful, self-aware, and generous, it swallows the fear. Shifting our mindset from fixed
to gratitude and giving thanks to God for His mercy, with faith over fear, will produce abundance
(Allan, 2024; Musya, 2023) . is perspective encourages a focus on abundance in relationships,
health, creativity, and personal growth. Cultivating an abundance mindset involves shifting from
scarcity thinking to celebrating existing abundance, promoting generosity, optimism, and belief in
development and fulfilment.
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Figure 8.
Abundance (Mborosor) symbol
Responses from Participants
Respondent 1: "I do not see why abundance needs a symbol like this. It seems the researchers
needed to assign a specific symbol to something as material for wealth."
Respondent 2: "Abundance is just shown as having much stuff, right? Why do we need a symbol
like this to represent that? It feels like the symbol should not be pretty straightforward. I do not see the
point in symbolizing abundance like this."
Time is money (Mmere ye sika)
Time should not be wasted, since one can use the time to work and earn money rather
than sit idle (Figure 9). Mmere ye sika is a proverb in Akan culture that specifies the efficient and
productive use of time (Quainoo, 2022). It suggests that wasting time is similar to wasting money,
as both are finite resources. e proverb encourages individuals to prioritize tasks, maximise their
time, and invest in activities contributing to their goals and success. When tasks are prioritizeded,
schedule usage and time management positively impact job performance (Islam et al., 2021). In
business and economic contexts, it highlights the cost of time lost or inefficiencies in work processes,
emphasizing the value of time as a precious commodity. A meta-analysis study conducted by Aeon
et al. (2021), Islam et al.'s (2021) study revealed that time management is moderately related
to job performance, academic achievement, and wellbeing, with a moderate negative relationship
with distress. ey conclude that time management enhances well-being more than performance,
challenging the common perception that it primarily enhances work performance.
Figure 9.
Time is money (Mmre ye sika) symbol
Responses from Participants
In studying the symbol "Time is Money" with the time and money signs, the researchers
gathered insights from various respondents. Here are their perspectives:
Respondent 1: "e symbol of 'Time is Money' with the time and money signs depicts that
time is a valuable resource that should be used wisely to generate wealth. It emphasizes the importance of
efficiency and productivity in using time to earn money."
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Respondent 2: "Indeed, the combination of the time and money signs in the symbol shows
productivity. ‘Time is Money' conveys the impression that time, like money, is a precious asset that should
be managed effectively. It serves as a visual reminder of the correlation between time management and
financial success."
Respondent 3: "I do not see the point of having a symbol like 'Time is Money' with time and
money signs. It is kind of obvious that time and money are important, and the researchers could have used
one simple design to represent both, not this complex one."
Findings from the Study
By exploring the perception of symbols in Ghanaian cultural traditions, the research
revealed the perceptual gap between the actual meanings of the symbols and what the respondents
meant. e first symbol of bravery depicts courage that gives the power to chase after things. ere
can be a big difference in what the bravery symbol means and how various respondents interpret
it when they look at it. Some people may associate bravery with facing obstacles head-on with
strength and fearlessness or facing danger or misfortune. Others, on the other hand, may view
bravery differently, connecting it to fortitude in the face of adversity or the courage to take chances
to achieve one's objectives.
e second symbol is hope, a feeling of expectation and desire for a thing to happen.
Respondent’s perceptions of it can range significantly from its actual meaning. Some respondents
use hope as a symbol of optimism, fortitude, and the conviction that better days are ahead, a beacon
of hope throughout trying times.
e third symbol is unity, which means the sense of being united or joined as a whole.
ere might be a significant discrepancy between the genuine meaning of the unity symbol and
how respondents understand it. Some respondents interpret unity as a symbol of people's oneness,
harmony, and solidarity, highlighting the power of teamwork and shared purpose. Others, on the
other hand, may view unity as little more than surface-level agreement or conformity.
e fourth symbol, stability, shows being firm in everything you do. e symbol's meaning
can range significantly from person to person when it comes to symbols. Stability can represent
safety, equilibrium, and dependability to some people, according to respondents, giving them a
sense of security and comfort during uncertain times. On the other hand, others see stability as
stiffness or stagnation, ignoring the dynamic combination of resilience and adaptation that true
stability requires.
e symbol comfort means giving comfort to someone who is sad or disappointed. When we
talk about the symbol of comfort, there can be a notable difference between its factual significance
and how respondents interpret it. For some, comfort may represent solace, ease, and a sense of
security, providing relief and well-being in challenging moments. However, others might perceive
comfort as complacency or avoidance of discomfort.
e symbol of wisdom means having in-depth knowledge and understanding of many
things. When the researchers delve into the symbol of wisdom, there can be an essential gap between
its true essence and how respondents see it. Some may view wisdom as profound knowledge, insight,
and sound judgment gained through experience, deeply understanding life's complexities and the
ability to make wise decisions.
e symbol of abundance means having more than you need of something. When we look
at the symbol of abundance, there can be a significant gap between its factual significance and
how respondents interpret it. Some respondents perceive abundance as a state of plentifulness,
prosperity, and wealth, symbolizing a bountiful and flourishing existence. However, others might
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view abundance merely as material possessions or external wealth, overlooking the deeper aspects of
abundance that depict richness in relationships, experiences and personal growth.
Lastly, the symbol of time is money, which shows time should not be wasted since one can
use the time to work and earn money rather than sit idle. Participants may perceive the "time is
money" symbol differently, indicating a perceptual discrepancy between what is truly understood
and one's perception. Some might see this symbol as highlighting the significance of productivity,
efficiency, and time management. It links time to money and emphasizes the necessity of using
time prudently to succeed financially. Indeed, on the other hand, may take a more philosophical
approach, seeing time as a precious resource that ought to be used prudently in pursuits that lead
to fulfilment and significant experiences rather than merely monetary gain.
ese kinds of perceptual gaps, and scientific meanings, happen when respondents understand
symbols or concepts differently than they intended. Cultural backgrounds, personal experiences,
and individual standpoints can influence these variations in understanding. Acknowledging and
bridging these perception gaps is essential for effective communication and ensuring that symbols
are comprehended in their full depth, encompassing a range of interpretations that reflect the
diverse insights and values of different Indigenous communities.
e Contribution to Cultural Symbolism Beyond Ghana
e findings illustrate the dynamic nature of cultural symbols as evolving expressions of
societal beliefs and values that are not confined to a single cultural context. It emphasises the
importance of involving Indigenous communities in the creation and interpretation of symbols.
e study highlights a universal principle that also applies to other cultures: the need for
authentic representation and the inclusion of diverse perspectives in cultural expressions. is
approach deepens the comprehension of symbols within a specific cultural context and offers a
methodological guide for researching and preserving cultural heritage globally. e study's findings
on the perceptual gaps between intended and interpreted meanings of symbols underscore the
complexity of cultural communication and offer valuable lessons for cross-cultural studies and the
development of culturally sensitive education and arts initiatives worldwide.
e study on newly created Ghanaian cultural symbols can be applied to other cultural
contexts by involving Indigenous communities in creating and interpreting cultural symbols.
is approach ensures that symbols accurately reflect a community's evolving cultural expressions
and values - a universal principle that applies to all cultures. By engaging local communities,
researchers and cultural practitioners will ensure that symbols represent traditional values and can
be adapted to today's societal dynamics. Furthermore, the study's methodology, which combines
phenomenological and creative arts-based research, can be used in other cultural contexts to explore
people's lived experiences and perceptions of their cultural symbols. is can lead to a deeper
understanding of how symbols shape cultural identity and heritage, fostering cultural inclusion
and respect for traditions globally. Furthermore, the study's recommendations for incorporating
symbolism into educational curricula and cultural events can be adapted to enhance cultural
awareness and appreciation in diverse cultural contexts.
CONCLUSION
In completing our study of the symbols of Ghanaian cultural traditions and on perception,
symbols, and meanings, the researchers formulated symbols embody Ghana's cultural essence. ese
symbols are pillars of tradition with the weight of history and depth of meaning defining Ghanaian
identity. In summary, the symbols and the gaps in perception around their meanings emphasise how
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crucial it is to match findings with observable interpretations. Based on recognition and acceptance
of respondents' diverse perspectives about symbols, the researchers appreciated the comprehension
of how symbols are portrayed in culture and the richness and complexity of symbol interpretation,
which reflects the various viewpoints and values within a cultural context. e researchers' journey
led to several key findings. First, the symbols of Ghanaian culture are not static; they are dynamic
expressions of the evolving beliefs and values of the Ghanaian people. Second, these symbols are
the threads that weave the fabric of Ghanaian identity, connecting the past with the present and
guiding the way forward. Ultimately, understanding and appreciating these symbols is essential to
protecting Ghana's cultural heritage and fostering a sense of pride and belonging among Ghanaians.
To ensure the preservation and promotion of Ghana's cultural symbols, key stakeholders such as
cultural institutions, policymakers, and educators must work together to increase the visibility and
importance of these symbols. ese symbols can be documented in books and made available as
supplementary books. Stakeholders can strengthen the appreciation of Ghana's cultural heritage by
incorporating symbolism into curricula, organizing cultural events, and supporting local artisans.
e research recommends prioritising ethical considerations, documenting findings for
preservation, engaging closely with indigenous communities to ensure their knowledge is integrated,
conducting a comparative analysis with traditional Adinkra symbols, and developing educational
initiatives to raise awareness about Ghana's cultural heritage. ese recommendations are based
on the study's objectives, which include exploring Ghanaian cultural symbols and incorporating
indigenous perspectives. By taking these actions, the research's authenticity, cultural representation,
and ability to help conserve Ghana's rich cultural heritage for future generations will all be
improved. Future research can consider integrating newly formulated and existing symbols in
STEAM education.
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Appendix
Symbols Symbolic Name and Meaning
Mind of the Wicked (Adwene fi)
Be careful about people in this world, since one doesn't
know their intentions. Not everyone who laughs with you
wants the best for you.
Victory (Nkonimdie)
ere is a victory when one defeats his/her
enemy or opponent in a battle or competition.
Hard work (Adwumaden)
is symbolises hard work. One works very hard to achieve
his/her aim.
Peacefulness (Asomdwoe)
e state of having peace of mind, joy and being calm.
Faith (Gyidie)
Faith is a strong word in the doctrines of a religion, based on
spiritual conviction rather than proof.
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Humility (Ahobrasee)
Humility plays a vital role in every endeavour of our lives,
that is having patience in everything you do leads to a great
success.
Loyalty (Nokwafo)
Loyalty talks about being honest, trusting and committed
to each other through both good times and bad times.
Knowledge is Power (Nimdee ye tumi)
You are not easily influenced when you have knowledge. It
is hard to be deceived.
Diligence (Dee n'ani ku n'adwuma ho)
e cowry represents money and can only be acquire
through continuous efforts of work.
What goes Around, Comes Around (whimwhim ade ko
surosuro)
e consequences of one's action will have to be dealt with
eventually.
Endurance (Ahohyeso)
Enduring hardship that comes one’s way. Nothing lasts
forever - things will change.
Love (odo)
Love means to feel deep affection for someone. It is seen
in the symbol that an object of different structure is being
buried deep in a bowl-like container and that signifies love.
Growth (Onyini)
Growth can simply be said as moving from the bottom to
the top and avoiding any resistance. In the symbol, it is seen
that a line moves from the bottom through a heavy object
which seems to be an obstacle but still resist to the top.
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Split or Division (Mpaepaemu)
It is an act or state of being separated. is symbol is telling
us how people keep apart, disconnect, or divide themselves.
Transition of life (Asetena mu nsakrae)
Life starts from a certain point before you get to another.
Focus (Baabi a ani si)
Focus can be said as paying close attention and concentration
on a particular thing.
Wickedness (Abonefosem)
is symbol depicts the wickedness in the mind of people.
If we know what is in the mind of people, we will be very
careful when we get closer to people. is is a stool turned
upside down to hurt whoever sits on it.
Lean on me (Twere me)
We all need someone we can get help from In one way or
the other to move forward in life.
Key to Success (Nkunimdie safoa)
e most important determining factor needed to achieve
success. A positive adjective can be used between “success”
and “key” to have diligent work ethics.
Wisdom (Nyansa)
It is the body of knowledge and experience that develops
within a specific society or period.
Survival (Nkwa nya)
e semicolon punctuation becomes a symbol with a slight
modification to represent/signify survival of people affected
by suicide, depression, addiction, anxiety, and self-injury.
Fruitfulness (Abasoo)
is symbol shows fruitfulness. It shows the fertility and
productivity of people or a society.
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Co-operation (Nkabomdie)
e action or process of working together to the same end.
Individuals or groups combine their effort in an organized
way for the attainment of common objective.
Pure heart (Akoma a eho tew)
is symbol is traditionally seen as a symbol of faithfulness,
love, purity, innocence and relationships filled with love.
Divine Protection (Akokyem)
is symbol represents a force providing protection against
external attacks.
e Heart (Akoma)
is symbol represents a pierced and shattered heart (In
Akan, “Akoma a ebubu”). It can also be referred to as a
broken heart.
Friendship (Adamfofa)
is symbol depicts friendship. It represents the cordial
relationship that exists among individuals.
Shield or Protection (Ahobammo)
is symbol depicts protection against the enemies’
weapons.
Abundance (Mmorosoo)
e word “Abundance” means exceeding, very highly, beyond
measures, a quantity so abundant as to be considerably more
than what one would expect or anticipate.
Security (Banbo)
is symbol represents security against any external harm
such as theft.
Impartation (Dawuro)
is symbolizes communication being key, as the saying
goes, 'Distance should not deter the ability of conveying
messages to people'.
African eye (Ani a ehu biribiara)
Synonymous to Omnipresent. e power of being present
everywhere at the same time.
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Brilliance (Nsaa)
Nsaa is a type of women cloth. It is a symbol of excellence,
genuineness, authenticity, from the Akan proverb “Nea
onnim nsaa na oto n'ago'.
Justice (Atentrenee)
It is a symbol of law and justice.
Ankh (Daa nkwa)
is symbol sometimes referred to as the key to life,
representing eternal life.
Sanctum (Kronkronbea)
is symbol represents a sacred or holy place, an inviolably
private place or retreat.
Hope (Anidasoo)
To hope for something is to look forward to it with desire
and reasonable confidence.
Understanding (Ntsiase)
e ability to understand. e capacity to apprehend
general relations of particulars.
Royalty (Adehye)
is symbol represents royalty. It shows the royal blood that
runs through our traditional society.
