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Determination of The Physical Carrying Capacity of The Günpınar Waterfall Nature Park in Malatya Province
Abstract
In determining the physical carrying capacity of Günpınar Waterfall Nature Park; initially, a survey was conducted to ask visitors how many hours they spend in the area on average. The physical carrying capacities of the Controlled Use Zones of the Nature Park, the Landscape Viewing Terrace, and the walking paths and stairs within the nature park have been calculated. According to the findings, the Physical Carrying Capacity for Controlled Use Area-1 is 319 visitors/day, for Controlled Use Area-2 is 469 visitors/day, and the total is 788 visitors/day. The physical carrying capacity for the Landscape Viewing Terrace is 26 people, for Walking Paths is 760 people, and for Stairs is 66 people. Considering the balance between conservation and use, and considering the quality of recreation in the area, solution proposals have been presented for Günpınar Waterfall Nature Park.
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Purpose: It is the determination of the Physical and Social Carrying Capacity in the Controlled Use Areas specified in the Development plans of Yozgat Çamlığı National Park, which was declared in 1958 and is the first National Park of our country. In addition, with this study, it is aimed to be a source for visitor management models for the correct use of resources by considering sustainability values.
Method: The study consists of 4 stages. In the first stage, it was a priority to select the working area and determine the objectives. In the second stage, national/international literature review was carried out and on-site observations were made in every season of the study area, photo archives were created, and necessary notes were taken during the field examination. In the third stage, Social Carrying Capacity (SCC) was calculated under two subheadings. In the first step, a face-to-face survey was conducted with 384 participants who used the national park. In the second step, participants were created with a series of simulation images and asked to score according to their own crowd tolerance levels. In the fourth stage, Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC) in controlled use areas is calculated under four subheadings. In the first step, according to the standards of the Recreation Area Regulation published by the GDF, the adequacy of the facilities and equipment in the National Park, the Physical Carrying Capacity of the daily picnic area and the special project area, which is the most intensive use area in the second step, the walking paths in the picnic area in the third step, and the landscape viewing points in the fourth step were calculated by separate methods.
Finding: According to the data obtained, the Social Carrying Capacity in the daily picnic area (DUA-1) of Yozgat Çamlığı National Park was determined as 524 visitors/day and 84 visitors/day on the route of the scenic viewing points. In the calculation of Physical Carrying Capacity, the capacities and adequacy of the facilities and reinforcement units were examined according to the Recreation Area Regulation. It was concluded that the picnic units were insufficient and could not serve the visitors adequately in intensive use, and considering this situation, a total of 198 picnic units, 50 fountains with 4 taps each, 50 picnic stoves and a parking lot for a total of 181 vehicles should be added throughout the area in order not to adversely affect recreation. Physical Capacity in Day Use Areas (DUA-1, 3491 visitors/day, 1533 visitors/day for DUA-2) was determined as 5024 visitors/day, 1,411 visitors/day on the walking paths in the picnic area at DUA-1 and finally 108 visitors/day at the scenic viewing points.
Conclusion: As a result of the research; It was concluded that Yozgat Çamlığı National Park was exposed to a use exceeding the capacity calculated in the Controlled Use Areas and that recreational facilities were suppressed during intensive area uses. Solutions were proposed to create the right visitor management model in the National Park, to enable visitors to the area to benefit from recreation opportunities more effectively and to have an uninterrupted recreational experience.
Şehirler sahip oldukları imkanlar ile insanlara büyük kolaylıklar sunmaktadır. Ancak yoğun nüfus ve iş temposu sebebiyle kırsal alanlara göre daha stresli bir yaşam ortamı oluşturduğu için kentlerdeki insanlar serbest zamanlarında çeşitli doğal mekanları tercih etmektedir. Bu mekanlar; Milli Parklar, Doğa Parkları, Kent ormanları, Tabiat Anıtları veya Tabiat Parkları olabilmektedir. Tabiat Parkları; tahrip edilmemiş doğal yapıları, doğa ve yaban hayatı ile iç içe olmaları, manzara güzelliği gibi imkanları bir arada sunan ve ziyaretçilerini memnun edip bu imkanları sunmasından dolayı Turgut Özal Tabiat Parkı çalışma sahası olarak seçilmiştir. Malatya ili, Battalgazi ilçesinde bulunan Turgut Özal Tabiat Parkında yapılan çalışmada, Gülez (1990) tarafından geliştirilen rekreasyonel mekanların potansiyelinin belirlendiği yöntem kullanılarak alanın rekreasyonel potansiyeli incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında Turgut Özal Tabiat Parkı’nın rekreasyon değerinin %78 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Gülez Yöntemine göre %75 ve üzeri bir puana sahip rekreasyon alanları çok yüksek potansiyele sahip alanlar olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışma alanının daha iyi rekreasyonel bir hizmet verebilmesi için alanda görülen eksiklikler tespit edilip giderilebilmesi için öneriler sunulmuştur.
Suana IW, Ahyadi H, Hadiprayitno G, Amin S, Kalih LATTWS, Sudaryanto FX. 2020. Environment carrying capacity and willingness to pay for bird-watching ecotourism in Kerandangan Natural Park, Lombok, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2266-2274. Five trails of interest to bird-watchers and an observation point by the guest house of Kerandangan Natural Park (KNP) have potential to be developed as bird-watching ecotourism packages. In order to develop sustainable bird-watching ecotourism in KNP, we analyzed the environment carrying capacity and willingness to pay (WTP) for bird-watching ecotourism packages. All of the trails and an observation point in KNP were explored to determine the width and length of the trails, the visit time, as well as the soil texture and slope along the trails. Interviews with KNP managers and secondary data from Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Council (BMKG)-Climatology Station Class I-West Lombok were also used to determine the status of biophysical habitats. The environment carrying capacity was calculated by combining the physical carrying capacity, real carrying capacity, and effective carrying capacity. The results show that environment carrying capacity of bird-watching ecotourism packages in KNP was higher than the actual visitation levels. It indicates that opportunity to develop and increase the number of visitors is considerable. WTP was determined by Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) with payment card approach. Through the brochure, 150 respondents were given information on bird-watching ecotourism packages, then are offered three options, and only allowed to choose one that can be paid. Data were collected by the incidental sampling method. The results show that the visitors are willing to pay for bird-watching ecotourism packages, with mean WTP of US$ 20.7 per visitor. It implies that they are willing to shoulder the financial support for management and conservation of birds and their habitat in KNP. The findings provide important information for KNP managers for planning and marketing bird-watching ecotourism in KNP.
ÖZET: Bireylerin fiziksel ve psikolojik sağlıkları ile sosyal ilişkilerinin gelişmesi, bireysel ve/veya grup halinde katıldıkları rekreasyon etkinliklerine bağlıdır. Bu çalışmada eğitim-öğrenim dönemlerinin belli bir bölümünde rekreasyon ile ilişkili dersler alan, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi Peyzaj Mimarlığı Bölümü lisans öğrencilerinin dış mekan rekreasyon faaliyetlerine yaklaşımlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. 150 öğrenci ile yapılan anket çalışması sonucunda öğrencilerin en fazla katıldıkları etkinliklerin yürümek, bisiklet sürmek ve yüzmek olduğu, rekreasyon etkinliklere katılamama nedenlerinin başında ise zaman yetersizliğinin geldiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Elde edilen tüm sonuçlar ışığında peyzaj mimarlığı öğrencilerinin rekreasyon eğilimlerinin arttırılması için yapılabilecek bazı öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Rekreasyon, Serbest zaman, Akdeniz Üniversitesi, Antalya Outdoor Recreation Tendencies of Landscape Architecture Students: Case of Akdeniz University ABSTRACT: The development of social relations with the physical and psychological health of individuals on their participation in recreational activities as a group. In this study, it is aimed to determine the approaches of the undergraduate students of Akdeniz University Faculty of Architecture Department of Landscape Architecture to outdoor recreation activities, which have taken some courses related of recreation in a certain part of the education term. As a result of the survey conducted with 150 students, it was concluded that the activities attended by the students were too much for walking, cycling and swimming, and lack of time was the beginning of the reasons for not participating in recreational activities. Some suggestions have been developed obtained all the results that can be done to improve their recreation in the light of the trend of landscape architecture students.
Impacts of recreational activities on natural reserves have reached a worrying level. As the result of this worrisome, it is suggested that use of these reserves, especially national parks, should not go beyond a certain level. Carrying capacity defining this situation is stated as the degree of acceptable recreational use density in natural areas considering long term conservation of these natural areas.
The concept of recreational carrying capacity coming out in 1960s has had different aspects in the last 50 years by gaining social, physical, ecological and economic characteristics. Some visitor management models have been put forward to provide protection, use and sustainability balance in national parks.
The aim of present study is to review development process of recreational carrying capacity, dimensions of recreational carrying capacity and visitor management models. In this study the benefits and challenges of capacity analyses and the factors which is effective in ensuring the success are discussed.
Due to a variety of recreational opportunities, National Parks are in great demand by increasing numbers of visitors day by day. Increasing recreational use may cause destruction of natural and cultural resource values at national parks. Therefore, estimating of national parks' carrying capacity is an essential factor for their sensible use and management. In this study, carrying capacity of Olympos Bey Mountains Coastal National Park was determined. "The Methodology for Estimating Protected Area Carrying Capacity" by Cifuentes (1992) [1] was used. This method supplies the calculation of physical, real and effective carrying capacities for all recreation sites (trails, beaches, camping and picking areas) by using environmental, ecological, climatic and managerial parameters in a formulation. Expected numbers which estimated three levels of carrying capacities were compared to current numbers of national parks' visitors. It was revealed that the current numbers were much more than estimated numbers of visitors. Study findings were evaluated in order to determine how to link and integrate them in a carrying capacity management plan through formulation of quality for the park's natural resources.
Tortum Waterfall is one of the most remarkable natural treasures of Turkey, and the third highest natural waterfall in the world. There is a recreation area around the waterfall for tourists visiting the site. An observation platform allows the visitors to have a close sight to the waterfall. A staircase leads to the underneath of the waterfall. Heavily used areas, such as viewing platforms, staircases, pedestrian walkways are under increasing pressure as visitor numbers increase year by year. High visitor numbers, more face to face encounters, not seeing the scene completely decrease visitors satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to determine the pedestrian capacities of the waterfall by using the method of Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) which has been published by The United State Federal Highway Administration (1998) [1] and adapted to pedestrian walkways and viewing platforms by Itami (2002) [2]. Uninterrupted and interrupted pedestrian flows on walkways were analyzed, and visitor number for optimum quality of recreation use was estimated. Visitor management plans were suggested for comfortable visitation at Tortum Waterfall.
Increased interest in the sustainability of tourism development initiatives has trig-gered expanding concerns about the capability of both tourism destinations and protected areasto accommodate recreationaluse. In many cases,planners and scientists have turned to the concept of tourism or recreationcarrying capacity as a way of formu-lating problem definitions and management actions. The concept of a tourism or recreation carrying capacity evolved from a neo-Malthusian perspective of resource limitations. The concept also carries a number of assumptions that are unsupported in the real world and raises questions about the objectives of tourism and protected area management actions. The conditions needed to establish a carrying capacity are rarely achieved in the real world. There may be specific and limited situations where numer-ical capacities may be appropriate (parking lots, etc.) but these are often a function of investment. By changing the character of the question from 'How many is too many?' to 'What are the appropriate or acceptable conditions?', the issues giving rise to discus-sions about carrying capacity are addressed. A variety of planning frameworks, such as Visitor Experience and Resource Protection and Limits of Acceptable Change have been developed to address issues of visitor impact.
This paper presents a method for finding critical path with Intuitionistic fuzzy project network. Triangular Intuitionistic fuzzy numbers are used to represent activity times in the project network and we propose an algorithm for finding critical path. A solution is also given to demonstrate our proposed approach.
The primary objective of this study is to develop a method to evaluate the LOS of pedestrians, so that people can understa nd how well a particular street accommodates pedestrian travel. In order to fulfill this objective, a statistical process called c onjoint analysis was used in this study to identify the best combination of factors to achieve an accurate LOS. Factors affe cting pedestrian LOS have been defined and they were weighted by relative importance. In case of sidewalks, the result i ndicates that the factor ‘flow rate’ has greater importance than other factors. At the crosswalks turning vehicles have much impact on pedestrians than the other factors. Finally a method for the assignment of pedestrian LOS was developed based on identified attributes. This study provides the method to determine the LOS of a pedestrian path, as well as factors contri buting to low and high LOS.
Tourism activities can generate both positive and negative effects on the
conditions of the areas where visiting and fruition activities take place; every
form of human use of natural environment causes changes to the environment
conditions. Evaluation of carrying capacity of a destination has as a purpose the
measurement of the threshold over which alteration due to human activities
becomes unacceptable. To evaluate the consequences of tourism activities
impacts it is necessary to know the characteristics of the environment where they
occur and especially its resilience, which is the measure of the disturbance that
the natural environment can tolerate without altering its equilibrium state. The
carrying capacity concept is linked with resilience and rises from the necessity of
measure which is the maximum acceptable level of impact for the environment
or for one of its components and the capability of recovery of the previous
condition. The purpose of this study is to suggest a model for assessing the
physical carrying capacity of tourism destinations, as a tool to evaluate whether
the current situation is sustainable or not and to determine if a rise in visitor
numbers could affect the quality of the environment, the resources available and
the quality of public services. For the assessment, all environmental aspects are
separately analysed and the main environmental issues related to the daily life of
residents and to tourism activities (air quality, water quality and disposability,
waste management, soil use) are considered. The methodology is based on an
evaluative procedure inspired by the DPSIR model, useful for underlining which
are the drivers of impacts and which is the most relevant dataset to describe
current and future scenarios. The innovative aspect of this study is the integration
of the physical carrying capacity assessment with the evaluation of the managing
capacity of environmental and public services, which can lead to depletion of
ecosystem quality.
Keywords: tourism, carrying capacity, destination management, DPSIR model.
The Highway Capacity Manual provides two methods, based on delay and space, for the assessment of pedestrian level of service (LOS) at signalized intersections. Current procedures for evaluating pedestrian LOS are examined, and results indicate that these procedures do not adequately reflect the negative impact of turning vehicles. Pedestrian LOS measures are proposed to reflect not only pedestrian delay and space but also traffic interruptions, freedom of movement, and comfort. These measures are consistent with LOS measures currently used for freeway segments and ramp merge areas. The percentage of compromised pedestrian crossings is proposed as a means to quantify the negative impact of turning vehicles on pedestrian service and as a LOS measure at signalized intersections. A pedestrian crossing is designated as compromised if a pedestrian is delayed or is forced to change travel path or speed in response to a turning vehicle. The percentage of compromised pedestrian crossings was assessed for 13 crosswalks. Results of the assessments illustrate that as right-turn volumes increase, the percentage of compromised pedestrian crossings increases. The proposed method provides an objective engineering tool for measuring the impact of turning vehicles on pedestrian service. It may be appropriate to use this measure to quantify the need for pedestrian improvements (e.g., if the percentage compromised exceeds 15 %, then it may be appropriate to implement a leading pedestrian interval or other enhancement).
The Florida Department of Transportation is in the process of developing a statistically estimated model of pedestrian quality of service for midblock street crossings as part of its Multimodal Quality of Service Program. This model is to be used in evaluating the level of service of street segments for pedestrian street crossing. The actual development of the model, including methodological issues explored, data collection, and model calibration and validation, is reported separately. A process was used to select potential determinants of perceived pedestrian quality of service for midblock street crossings. This process is structured and involves two steps. The first step involves the selection of a set of potential determinants through a theoretical analysis of pedestrian behavior for street crossing. The theoretical consideration ensures that these potential determinants have a sound behavioral foundation. The second step involves narrowing down this theoretical set through a practical analysis of planning needs and data requirements by an advisory committee. This practical consideration ensures that the final set of potential determinants and the model both are practically relevant.
In 1996, the State of Florida mandated a study of the Florida Keys, the most populated portion of Monroe County, explicitly calling for a carrying capacity analysis to function as a basis for determining building permit allocation in the future. The Florida Keys Carrying Capacity Study, conducted by the State of Florida and the US Army Corps of Engineers, has encountered challenges in trying to convert the vague carrying capacity concept into a functional, quantitative method. Difficulties in responding to external peer review advice suggests that institutional constraints are hindering re-direction of the study.
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