Tâche pour l’évaluation de la production et la compréhension de syntagmes nominaux complexes impliquant l’accord en genre en français

Abstract

Context: Few standardized tools exist to assess vocabulary, syntax and grammar in French. Objective: This study presents a tool, made of four entertaining puzzles, that can quickly assess proficiency in the production of noun phrases with color or size adjectives. Hypothesis: We'll observe a consolidation of adjective agreement between the ages of 3 and 6, but a mastery of gender assignment in the youngest children. Method: Data from 190 French-speaking children aged 3 to 9 are presented. We report results on four tasks of increasing difficulty involving adjectives of color and size (e.g., le petit canard vert ‘the small green duck’). Results: Our results enable one to situate a child's performance in relation to his or her peers, in a variety of ways. Risk thresholds, success rates and typical errors for each one-year age range are presented, as well as at what ages the tasks should be passed by a majority of children. Morphological or syntactic errors typical (or not) of children growing up in French-speaking environments are also reported. Conclusion: These quantitative and descriptive benchmarks can inform clinical assessment of speech-language therapists, whether with the task or from language corpora, and will inform reasoning leading to clinical decisions.

Full text

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
5*
*
6718(*9+-3*:;<=%:-%$,+#*/(*:%*93+/-1$,+#*($*:%*1+'93<8(#),+#*/(*)"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*
1+'9:(.()*,'9:,>-%#$*:;%11+3/*(#*&(#3(*(#*23%#4%,)*
*
?8%(/3%*@+":(*1, 2, 3*($*A%$%18%*63-/(%-1, 4, 5*
5B C1+:(*/;+3$8+98+#,(*($*/;%-/,+:+&,(D*E#,=(3),$<*/(*F+#$3<%:D*G%#%/%**
HB*G(#$3(*2+3*@()(%318*+#*I%#&-%&(D*J3%,#*%#/*F-),1*KG@JIFLD*F+#$3<%:D*G%#%/%*
MB*G(#$3(*/(*3(18(318(*)-3*:(*1(3=(%-*($*:N%993(#$,))%&(*KGO@GPLD*E#,=(3),$<*/(*F+#$3<%:D*
G%#%/%*
Q*G(#$3(*/(*3(18(318(*,#$(3/,)1,9:,#%,3(*(#*3<%/%9$%$,+#*/-*F+#$3<%:*'<$3+9+:,$%,#*
KG@O@LD*G%#%/%*
R*O#)$,$-$*-#,=(3),$%,3(*/(*3<%/%9$%$,+#*(#*/<2,1,(#1(*98"),>-(*/(*:;-#,=(3),$<*/(*
F+#$3<%:*KOE@S?FLD*G%#%/%*
*
*
*
*
*

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
H*
Contexte*T* ?(-* /;+-$,:)* #+3'<)* (.,)$(#$* 9+-3* :;<=%:-%$,+#* /-* =+1%U-:%,3(* /;%/0(1$,2)* /(*
1+-:(-3*($*/(*&3%#/(-3D*/(*:%*)"#$%.(*($*/(*:;%11+3/*(#*&(#3(*/-*)"#$%&'(*#+',#%:*(#*
23%#4%,)B*Objectif*T*G($$(*<$-/(*93<)(#$(*-#*+-$,:D*1+'9+)<*/(*>-%$3(*1%))(V$W$()*:-/,>-()D*
>-,*9(-$*<=%:-(3*3%9,/('(#$*:()*1+'9<$(#1()*(#*93+/-1$,+#*/(*)"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*%=(1*
/()*%/0(1$,2)*/(*&3%#/(-3*+-*/(*1+-:(-3B*Hypothèse*T*A+-)*+U)(3=(3+#)*-#(*1+#)+:,/%$,+#*
/(*:;%11+3/*/(*:;%/0(1$,2*(#$3(*:()*7&()*/(*M*X*Y*%#)D*'%,)*-#(*'%Z$3,)(*/(*:;%)),&#%$,+#*/-*
&(#3(*18([*:()*9:-)*0(-#()B*Méthode : I()*/+##<()*/(*5\]*(#2%#$)*23%#1+98+#()*7&<)*/(*M*
X* \* %#)* )+#$* 93<)(#$<()B* A+-)* 3%99+3$+#)* /()* 3<)-:$%$)* )-3* >-%$3(* $718()* /(* /,22,1-:$<*
13+,))%#$(*,'9:,>-%#$*/()*%/0(1$,2)*/(*1+-:(-3*($*/(*&3%#/(-3*K9B*(.B*le petit canard vertLB*
Résultats :*I()*3<)-:$%$)*9(3'($$(#$*/(*),$-(3*:%*9(32+3'%#1(*/;-#*(#2%#$*9%3*3%99+3$*X*)()*
9%,3)D*/(*'-:$,9:()*2%4+#)B*I()*)(-,:)*/(*3,)>-(D*:()*$%-.*/(*3<-)),$(*($*:()*(33(-3)*$"9,>-()*
X*18%>-(* 7&(* )+#$* 93<)(#$<)B* S(* 9:-)D* :;7&(* %->-(:* :()* /,22<3(#$()* $718()* /(=3%,(#$* W$3(*
3<-)),()* 9%3* :%* '%0+3,$<* /()* 0(-#()* ()$* 3<9(3$+3,<B* I()* (33(-3)* '+398+:+&,>-()* +-*
)"#$%.,>-()*$"9,>-()*K+-*#+#L*/()*(#2%#$)*&3%#/,))%#$*/%#)*/()*',:,(-.*23%#1+98+#()*)+#$*
%-)),* 3%99+3$<()B* Conclusion*T* G()* 9+,#$)* /(* 3(9^3()* >-%#$,$%$,2)* ($* >-%:,$%$,2)* 9+-33+#$*
%:,'(#$(3*:;<=%:-%$,+#*1:,#,>-(*/()*+3$8+98+#,)$()D*>-(*1(*)+,$*%=(1*:%*$718(*+-*X*9%3$,3*/(*
1+39-)* /(* :%#&%&(D* ($* <1:%,3(3+#$* :(* 3%,)+##('(#$* '(#%#$* %-* /,%&#+)$,1* 1:,#,>-(* (#*
1+#$3,U-%#$*X*:;(#)('U:(*/()*/+##<()*93,)()*(#*1+'9$(*/%#)*-#*93+1())-)*/(*3%,)+##('(#$*
1:,#,>-(B*
*
Mots clés*T*P11+3/*&3%''%$,1%:*_*!"#$%&'(*#+',#%:*_*F+398+)"#$%.(*_*?3+/-1$,+#*
,#/-,$(*_*P/0(1$,2)*_*`(#3(*&3%''%$,1%:*
*

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
M*
ContextT*a(b*)$%#/%3/,[(/*$++:)*(.,)$*$+*%))())*=+1%U-:%3"D*)"#$%.*%#/*&3%''%3*,#*a3(#18B*
ObjectiveT*68,)*)$-/"*93()(#$)*%*$++:D*'%/(*+2*2+-3*(#$(3$%,#,#&*9-[[:()D*$8%$*1%#*>-,1c:"*
%))())* 93+2,1,(#1"* ,#* $8(* 93+/-1$,+#* +2* #+-#* 983%)()* b,$8* 1+:+3* +3* ),[(* %/0(1$,=()B*
Hypothesis: d(N::*+U)(3=(*%*1+#)+:,/%$,+#*+2*%/0(1$,=(*%&3(('(#$*U($b((#*$8(*%&()*+2*M*
%#/*YD*U-$*%*'%)$(3"*+2* &(#/(3*%)),&#'(#$*,#*$8(*"+-#&()$* 18,:/3(#B*MethodT*S%$%*23+'*
5\]*a3(#18V)9(%c,#&*18,:/3(#*%&(/*M*$+*\*%3(*93()(#$(/B*d(*3(9+3$*3()-:$)*+#*2+-3*$%)c)*+2*
,#13(%),#&*/,22,1-:$"*,#=+:=,#&*%/0(1$,=()*+2*1+:+3*%#/*),[(*K(B&BD*le petit canard vert e$8(*
)'%::* &3((#* /-1c;LB* ResultsT* f-3* 3()-:$)* (#%U:(* +#(* $+* ),$-%$(* %* 18,:/N)* 9(32+3'%#1(* ,#*
3(:%$,+#*$+*8,)*+3*8(3*9((3)D*,#*%*=%3,($"*+2*b%")B*@,)c*$83()8+:/)D*)-11())*3%$()*%#/*$"9,1%:*
(33+3)*2+3*(%18*+#(V"(%3*%&(*3%#&(*%3(*93()(#$(/D*%)*b(::*%)*%$*b8%$*%&()*$8(*$%)c)*)8+-:/*
U(*9%))(/*U"*%*'%0+3,$"*+2*18,:/3(#B*F+398+:+&,1%:*+3*)"#$%1$,1*(33+3)*$"9,1%:*K+3*#+$L*+2*
18,:/3(#*&3+b,#&*-9*,#*a3(#18V)9(%c,#&*(#=,3+#'(#$)*%3(*%:)+*3(9+3$(/B*ConclusionT*68()(*
>-%#$,$%$,=(* %#/* /()13,9$,=(* U(#18'%3c)* 1%#* ,#2+3'* 1:,#,1%:* %))())'(#$* +2* )9((18V
:%#&-%&(* $8(3%9,)$)D* b8($8(3* b,$8* $8(* $%)c* +3* 23+'* :%#&-%&(* 1+39+3%D* %#/* b,::* ,#2+3'*
3(%)+#,#&*:(%/,#&*$+*1:,#,1%:*/(1,),+#)B*
*
Key wordsT*`3%''%$,1%:*%&3(('(#$_*A+-#*983%)(_*F+398+)"#$%._*g:,1,$(/*93+/-1$,+#_*
P/0(1$,=()_*`3%''%$,1%:*`(#/(3 *

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
Q*
1. Introduction*
* I()*+3$8+98+#,)$()*/-*h-<U(1*($*/-*G%#%/%*i-=3%#$*%-93^)*/()*(#2%#$)*23%#1+98+#()*
/+,=(#$*)+-=(#$*<=%:-(3*:(-3)*8%U,:($<)*/(*1+''-#,1%$,+#*($*/(*:%#&%&(*)%#)*%=+,3*3(1+-3)*
X*/()*$718()*<:%U+3<()*)9<1,2,>-('(#$*9+-3*:(*23%#4%,)*9%31(*>-(*/()*$718()* %/%9$<()*%-*
23%#4%,)*:%-3(#$,(#*K9%3:<*%-*h-<U(1*($*(#*f#$%3,+D*%-*G%#%/%L*#;(.,)$(#$*9%)*+-*#(*1,U:(#$*
9%)*:()* <:<'(#$)* 3(18(318<)D*9%3*(.('9:(* :;%11+3/* (#* &(#3(B** ?%3* 1+#)<>-(#$D* :()*+-$,:)*
/,)9+#,U:()*#(*2+#$*)+-=(#$*9%)*3<2<3(#1(*X*/()*<:<'(#$)*1:<)*/(*:%*)$3-1$-3(*&3%''%$,1%:(*
/-*23%#4%,)*(#*&<#<3%:*'%,)*9%3$,1-:,^3('(#$*/(*)%*=%3,%#$(*:%-3(#$,(##(B*P-*h-<U(1*\DQj*
/()*(#2%#$)*/(*R*%#)*+#$*-#*$3+-U:(*/<=(:+99('(#$%:*/-*:%#&%&(*K6SIL*($*kHj*/;(#$3(*(-.*
93<)(#$(3+#$* $+-0+-3)* /()* /,22,1-:$<)* X* :;7&(* /(* 5H* %#)* Kf3/3(* /()* +3$8+98+#,)$()* ($*
%-/,+:+&,)$()*/-*h-<U(1D*ffPhD*H]5QLB*I(*',#,)$^3(*/(*:%*)%#$<*($*/()*)(3=,1()*)+1,%-.*
KF!!!L*1+#)$%$(*/(9-,)*=,#&$*%#)*/%#)*)%*9+:,$,>-(*2%',:,%:(*:%*#<1()),$<*/;%))-3(3*%-93^)*
/()*0(-#()*(#2%#$)*-#(*)$,'-:%$,+#*93<1+1(*/()*8%U,:($<)*1+&#,$,=()*($*:%#&%&,^3()*KffPhD*
H]5QLB**
* I(* /<=(:+99('(#$* /;+-$,:)* %/%9$<)* X* :%* :%#&-(* 23%#4%,)(* %2,#* * /;<=%:-(3* :(*
/<=(:+99('(#$*/-*:%#&%&(*/()*0(-#()*(#2%#$)*K9%3*(.('9:(*/%#)*-#(*+9$,>-(*1:,#,>-(L*%,#),*
>-(*:()*8%U,:,$<)*:,#&-,)$,>-()*9%3$,1-:,^3()*/()*(#2%#$)*/;7&(*93<V)1+:%,3(*K9%3*(.('9:(*(#*
3(18(318(L*%*<$<* (#$%'<*9%3*9:-),(-3)*18(318(-3)*%-* h-<U(1*($*%-*G%#%/%*K9%3* (.('9:(**
a,:,%$3%-:$Vl(,::(-.*($*%:BD*H]5Y* _*?%-:* m*68+3/%3/+$$,3D*H]5\* _*?()1+* m*f;A(,::D* H]5Y*_*
68+3/%3/+$$,3D*H]]R_*68+3/%3/+$$,3*m*A%'%[,D*H]]k*_*68+3/%3/+$$,3*($*%:BD*H]5]*_*63-/(%-*
($*%:BD* 5\\\* _* 63-/(%-* m* !-$$+#D* H]55LB* P=%#$* :;%#* H]]]D* :()* $()$)* %/%9$<)* %-* 23%#4%,)*
:%-3(#$,(#*<$%,(#$*3%3()*($* )-3$+-$*#+#*)$%#/%3/,)<)* KJ+-18%3/D*($*%:BD* H]]\LD*'%,)*/(9-,)*
9(-D*1($*<$%$*/(*2%,$*18%#&(B**
* I()*93(',(3)*$3%=%-.*+#$*=+-:-*1%3%1$<3,)(3*:(*/<=(:+99('(#$*/-*:%#&%&(*/(*:;(#2%#$*
23%#1+98+#(*9%3:%#$*:(*23%#4%,)*:%-3(#$,(#*/(*'+,#)*/(*$3+,)*%#)*9%3*/()*,#=(#$%,3()*/(*'+$)*
($*&()$()* K63-/(%-* ($*%:BD* 5\\\LD* ($* 18([*:;(#2%#$* /(* '+,#)*/(*1,#>* %#)* 9%3*:;%#%:")(*/(*
1+39-)*/(* :%#&%&(*)9+#$%#<* K68+3/%3/+$$,3D*H]]R*_* 68+3/%3/+$$,3*m* A%'%[,D* H]]kLB*G()*
%993+18()*9(3'($$(#$*-#*9+,#$*/(*=-(*&:+U%:*)-3*:(*/<=(:+99('(#$*/-*:%#&%&(*/(*:;(#2%#$B*
f#*)%,$*1(9(#/%#$*>-(*18%>-(*:%#&-(*93<)(#$(*/()*<:<'(#$)*9:-)*/,22,1,:()*>-(*/;%-$3()*X*
'%Z$3,)(3D*9(-*,'9+3$(*:%*93<)(#1(*+-*#+#*/;-#*6SIB*G+#)<>-(''(#$D*-#(*%993<1,%$,+#*
&:+U%:(*/-*:%#&%&(*/(*:;(#2%#$*9(-$*#(*9%)*3(:(=(3*/()*/,22,1-:$<)*)-U$,:()*+-*)9<1,2,>-()*X*

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
R*
1(3$%,#()*)+-)V1+'9+)%#$()*/-*:%#&%&(B* I(*23%#4%,)* 93<)(#$(*/(* #+'U3(-.*/+'%,#()*/(*
/,22,1-:$<* ,/(#$,2,<)*/%#)* :%* '+398+)"#$%.(D* /+#$* 1(3$%,#)* )+#$* 9%3$,1-:,^3('(#$* (#* 0(-*
/-3%#$*:%* 9<3,+/(* 93<)1+:%,3(* T*5B*:%* 2:(.,+#* =(3U%:(* Kn%c-U+b,1[D*H]]M*_* n%c-U+b,1[* m*
A%)8D*H]]5*_*@+)(* m*@+":(D* 5\\\*_* @+":(D*H]]k* _*@+":(* m*68+3/%3/+$$,3D* H]]oLD*HB*:()*
93+#+')* 1:,$,>-()* K`3p$(3D* H]]R* _* n%c-U+b,1[* ($* %:BD* 5\\oL* ($* MB* :;%11+3/* (#* &(#3(*
Kn%c-U+b,1[D*($*%:BD*5\\o*_*n%c-U+b,1[*m*@+-:($D*H]]k*_*@+-:($VP',+$*m*n%c-U+b,1[D*H]]Y*
_*@+":(*m*@(,),#&*H]5\*_*@+":(*m*!$,#(D*H]5M*_*@+":(*($*%:BD*H]5]LB*G(*/(3#,(3*/+'%,#(*
#+-)*,#$<3())(*9:-)*9%3$,1-:,^3('(#$*1%3*#+#*)(-:('(#$*,:*93<)(#$(*-#*/<2,*X*:;%993(#$,))%&(*
/-*23%#4%,)*/-* '+,#)*(#* U%)*7&(* K@+-:($VP',+$*m*n%c-U+b,1[D*H]]Y*_* @+":(*m* l%:+,)D*
H]5]LD*'%,)*#N()$*9%)*93<)(#$*(#*%#&:%,)D*($*#(*9(-$*/+#1*9%)*2%,3(*9%3$,(*/(*$718()*%/%9$<()*
/(*:N%#&:%,)B*
* A+-)*93<)(#$+#)* ,1,* -#* +-$,:* /;<=%:-%$,+#*>-,*9+-33%* )(3=,3* /(* 93(',(3* 0%:+#*/%#)*
:;,/(#$,2,1%$,+#*/(*$3+-U:()*%-*#,=(%-*/-*/<=(:+99('(#$*/(*:;%11+3/*/-*&(#3(*(#*23%#4%,)*
'%,)*%-)),*/(* :%*)"#$%.(*/-*)"#$%&'(*#+',#%:* K%-)),*%99(:<* groupe nominalLB*G($*+-$,:*
9+-33%*%-)),*)(3=,3* X*:%* =<3,2,1%$,+#*/(*:%*'%Z$3,)(*+-* /(*:%* 1+##%,))%#1(*/(* 1+#1(9$)*/(*
1+-:(-3* ($* /(* &3%#/(-3* %,#),* >-;%-* /<=(:+99('(#$* /(* :%* 3<2<3(#1(D* (#* 1(* >-,* %* $3%,$* X*
:;-$,:,)%$,+#*/()*2+3'()*/<2,#,()*($*,#/<2,#,()*/()*/<$(3',#%#$)*K%3$,1:()L*/%#)*:(*)"#$%&'(*
#+',#%:B* G($$(* $718(* ()$* 1+'9:<'(#$%,3(* %-.* +-$,:)* /;<=%:-%$,+#* 9:-)* &<#<3%-.D* $(:)* :(*
GgIaVR*9+-3*:()*1+'9<$(#1()* &3%''%$,1%:()*Kd,,&*($*%:BD*H]5\LD*($*:;%#%:")(* /(*1+39-)*
)9+#$%#<D* 1%3* (::(* 9(3'($* /(* =<3,2,(3* -#* /+'%,#(* )9<1,2,>-(* /-* /<=(:+99('(#$* /(* :%*
'+398+)"#$%.(* /-* 23%#4%,)* (#* -$,:,)%#$* -#* +-$,:* %/%9$<* %-.* 1%9%1,$<)* :,#&-,)$,>-()* ($*
93%&'%$,>-()*/(*$3^)*0(-#()*(#2%#$)*7&<)*/(*M*X*Y*%#)B*A+-)*()9<3+#)*>-(*:()*)9<1,%:,)$()*
1+#1(3#<)* 9+-33+#$* "* =+,3* -#* +-$,:* -$,:(* %-* /<9,)$%&(* 93<1+1(* /;-#* $3+-U:(* /(* :%*
1+''-#,1%$,+#*%,#),*>-;%-*/<9,)$%&(*93<1+1(*/-*3,)>-(*>-;-#*$(:*$3+-U:(*<'(3&(B**
2. Particularités de la structure du syntagme nominal du français en particulier sur
l’accord intranominal
I(*)"#$%&'(*#+',#%:*);%3$,1-:(*%-$+-3*/-*#+'*+-*93+#+'*($D*/%#)*:%*9:-9%3$*/()*
1%)*(#*23%#4%,)D*/;-#*/<$(3',#%#$B*I(*)"#$%&'(*9(-$*%-)),*1+#$(#,3*-#*+-*9:-),(-3)*%/0(1$,2)*
>-%:,2,%#$*:(*#+'B*G($$(*)$3-1$-3(*()$*%1>-,)(*$3^)*$q$D*/^)*:()*93(',(3)*<#+#1<)*K=+,3*9B*(.B*
l%:+,)*m*@+":(D*H]]\*_*l%:+,)*($*%:BD*H]]\L*($*:(*:(.,>-(*/()*0(-#()*23%#1+98+#()*1+#$,(#$*

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
Y*
-#(*'%0+3,$<*/(*#+')*K63-/(%-*m*!-$$+#D*H]55LB*S^)*:()*93(',^3()*1+'U,#%,)+#)*/(*'+$)D*
+#* 9(-$* /<0X* +U)(3=(3* /()* )$3-1$-3()* /(* $"9(* /<$(3',#%#$V#+'* K9B* (.B* la filleL* +-*
/<$(3',#%#$V%/0(1$,2*K9B* (.B*la petiteD* l%:+,)* ($*%:BD* H]]\LB* I(*)"#$%&'(*#+',#%:* 9(3'($*
/+#1*-#(*<=%:-%$,+#*$3^)*93<1+1(*/-*=+1%U-:%,3(*/(*:;(#2%#$D*(#*9:-)*/(*2+-3#,3*/()*/+##<()*
)-3* :()* +9<3%$,+#)* /;%$$3,U-$,+#* /-* &(#3(D* /;%11+3/* /(* :;%/0(1$,2D* ($* )-3* :%* '%Z$3,)(* /()*
<:<'(#$)*)"#$%.,>-()*>-,*:(*1+'9+)(#$B*E#(*<U%-18(*/(*:%*)$3-1$-3(*/-*)"#$%&'(*#+',#%:*
K%/%9$<(*/(*@+#%$D*5\kkL*()$*93<)(#$<(*/%#)*:%*2,&-3(*5B*f#*9(-$*"*=+,3*>-(*:%*)$3-1$-3(*/-*
)"#$%&'(*#+',#%:* 9(3'($* -#(* &3%#/(* 1+'9:(.,$<* /(*)$3-1$-3()*)"#$%.,>-()* ),* 9:-),(-3)*
<:<'(#$)*K9B*(.B*/()*%/0(1$,2)*($*>-%#$,2,(-3)L*"*)+#$*,#)<3<)B*
Figure 1 I%*)$3-1$-3(*)"#$%.,>-(*/-*)"#$%&'(*#+',#%:*(#*23%#4%,)*K%/%9$<(*/(*@+#%$D*
5\kkL*
I(*&(#3(*&3%''%$,1%:*K'%)1-:,#r2<',#,#L*()$*-#(*1%3%1$<3,)$,>-(*,'9+3$%#$(*/-*23%#4%,)B*O:*
()$*-$,:,)<*9+-3*<$%U:,3*:%*3<2<3(#1(*($*'%,#$(#,3*:%*1+8<),+#*/%#)*:(*/,)1+-3)*($*:(*$(.$(B*I()*
93+1())-)*/N%11+3/*)+#$*+U)(3=<)*)-3*:()*93+#+')*1:,$,>-()*Kil/elle, le/laLD*1(3$%,#)*9%3$,1,9()*
9%))<)*Kmort/eLD* :()* %/0(1$,2)* Kvert/eLD* %,#),* >-(* :()* 93+#+')* $+#,>-()* Kceux-ci/celles-ciD*

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
k*
($1BLB*I()*#+')*+#$*$+-)*-#*&(#3(*(#*23%#4%,)
1
*($*$+-)*:()*<:<'(#$)*/-*)"#$%&'(*#+',#%:*
/+,=(#$* );%11+3/(3* (#$3(* (-.* _* 1(* 93+1())-)* ()$* #+''<* concordance* KJ(%-[<(D* 5kYk* _*
J+:+8*m*OU(3#+#*H]5]*_*G+3U($$D*H]]YLB**I(*23%#4%,)*%*/()* %/0(1$,2)*($*/()*/<$(3',#%#$)*
/<2,#,)*($* ,#/<2,#,)* /,22<3(#$)* 9+-3*:(*'%)1-:,#* ($* :(* 2<',#,#*%-*),#&-:,(3* Kle/la/un/uneLB*
I;-$,:,)%$,+#*/(*/<$(3',#%#$)*)(*#+''(*l’attribution*/-*&(#3(*KJ+:+8*m*OU(3#+#D*H]5]LD*
1%3*)%*93+/-1$,+#*()$*$3,U-$%,3(*/-*&(#3(*>-;+#*%$$3,U-(*%-*#+'B*I(-3*2+3'(*()$*93<=,),U:(B*
I;accord* /-* &(#3(* )-3* :;%/0(1$,2* ()$* ,33<&-:,(3*T* :%* '%3>-(* '+398+:+&,>-(* 93(#/*
8%U,$-(::('(#$*:%*2+3'(*/(*1+#)+##()*2,#%:()*/,$()*s2:+$$%#$()s*K9B*(.B*vert-verte /=tuV=tu$rL*
>-,*%99%3%,))(#$*)-3*:()* 2+3'()*2<',#,#()* )(-:('(#$*K?%3%/,)* m*g:* a(##(D*5\\RLB*!(:+#*
9:-),(-3)*%-$(-3)*1()*2+3'()*)+#$*,'93<=,),U:()*($*#(*9(-=(#$*W$3(*/<13,$()*#,*via*-#(*3^&:(*
/;<:,),+#*K?%3%/,)*m*g:*a(##(D*5\\RL*#,*via*-#(*,#)(3$,+#*/(*1+#)+##(*2,#%:(*K63%#(:D*H]]]LB
g#*(22($D*,:*#;"*%*9%)*/(*3^&:(*/(*2+3'%$,+#*/-*'%)1-:,#*X*9%3$,3*/-*2<',#,#*#,*/-*2<',#,#*X*
9%3$,3*/-*'%)1-:,#*Ka,#cD*5\oR*_*v(3)18(#)+8#D*5\\M*_*?,1%3/D*5\\Y*_*@+":(D*H]55LB*
*
3. Acquisition du concept du genre et de son accord
l%:+,)* ($* @+":(* KH]]\L* +#$* +U)(3=<* /%#)* -#* 1+39-)* :+#&,$-/,#%:* >-;-#(* (#2%#$*
23%#1+98+#(*'%Z$3,)(*$3^)*$q$*:;%$$3,U-$,+#*/-*&(#3(*/-*/<$(3',#%#$D*($*1(D*/^)*:;7&(*/(*5o*
'+,)*K=+,3*%-)),* l%:+,)*($* %:BD*H]]\D* 9+-3*/()* /+##<()*/(* 1+39-)*$3%#)=(3)%-.* /;(#2%#$)*
7&<)* /(* H]* X* MY* '+,)LB* I()* (#2%#$)* 9(-=(#$* 93+/-,3(* )9+#$%#<'(#$* /()* )"#$%&'()*
#+',#%-.*%=(1* -#(* %)),&#%$,+#* /-* &(#3(*%993+93,<*K%-/,U:(* )-3* :(* /<$(3',#%#$L* /^)* :()*
93(',^3()*1+'U,#%,)+#)*/(*'+$)*Kl%:+,)*m*@+":(D*H]]\*_*l%:+,)*($*%:BD*H]]\LB*g#*1+#$3%)$(D*
1(3$%,#)* (#2%#$)* %"%#$* -#* 6SI* 9(-=(#$* (#1+3(* +'($$3(* :()* /<$(3',#%#$)* (#* 93+/-1$,+#*
)9+#$%#<(*X*:;7&(*/(*R*%#)*K@+":(*m*!$,#(D*H]5ML*+-*'+#$3(#$*/()*/,22,1-:$<)*X*:()*93+/-,3(*
)-3*/()*$718()*,#/-,$()*$(::(*>-(*1(::(*>-(*#+-)*93<)(#$+#)*/%#)*1($*%3$,1:(*K@+":(*m*@(,),#&D*
H]5\LB*
S%#)* :()* 1+39-)* /(* 93+/-1$,+#* )9+#$%#<(* 1,$<)* 9:-)* 8%-$D* +#* 1+#)$%$(* >-(*
:;,#=(#$%,3(*)9+#$%#<* /()* %/0(1$,2)*=%3,%U:()*()$* :,',$<B* O:* )(*9+-33%,$* >-(* :(* 1+#$(.$(*/(*
:;<18%#&(*#;%,$*9%)*&<#<3<*/;+11%),+#*/(*:()*93+/-,3(*+-*(#1+3(*>-(*:()*+11%),+#)*>-,*)(*
93<)(#$(#$*#(*)+#$*9%)*/()*1+#$(.$()*+w*:;('9:+,*/(*:;%/0(1$,2*()$*+U:,&%$+,3(*K9+-3*<=,$(3*
*
1
Les noms épicènes comme enfant peuvent avoir les deux genres, et le déterminant est alors d’autant plus
important pour en établir la référence.

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
o*
-#(*3-9$-3(*/(*1+''-#,1%$,+#*9%3*(.('9:(L*T*:()*(#2%#$)*<=,$(3%,(#$D*+-*#(*=(33%,(#$*9%)*:%*
#<1()),$<D*/(*93+/-,3(*/()*)$3-1$-3()*%=(1*/()*%/0(1$,2)*/%#)*:(*)"#$%&'(*#+',#%:*+-*/%#)*
:(*)"#$%&'(* =(3U%:*K9B* (.BD* elle est grande la maisonL* ($* %-*2,#%:* :(-3*,#=(#$%,3(*:(.,1%:*
)9+#$%#<*)(*:,',$(*X*-#*$3^)*9($,$*<18%#$,::+#*/;%/0(1$,2)*=%3,%U:()*T*grand, petit, gentil,*($1B*
O:*()$* /+#1* /,22,1,:(* /;<=%:-(3* :%* 93+/-1$,=,$<*($*:;%-$+'%$,)%$,+#* /(* 93+1())-)* /;%11+3/B*
A<%#'+,#)D*+#*+U)(3=(*>-(*:()*(#2%#$)*X*/<=(:+99('(#$*$"9,>-(*93<)(#$(#$*/()*/,22,1-:$<)*
X*93+/-,3(*:()*2+3'()*2<',#,#()*=%3,%U:()*K9B*(.B*verteL*/()*%/0(1$,2)*/-*23%#4%,)B*@+":(*($*
l%:+,)*KH]5]L*+#$*93+9+)<*>-N,:*#N(.,)$(*9%)*/(*3^&:(*/(*2:(.,+#*9+-3*:(*2<',#,#*/()*%/0(1$,2)*
K=+,3*%-)),*@+":(D*H]55D*9+-3*-#*%3&-'(#$%,3(*9:-)*<:%U+3<L*($*>-(*1()*,$(')*/(=%,(#$*W$3(*
(#&3%#&<)*,#/,=,/-(::('(#$*/%#)*:(*:(.,>-(*'(#$%:*/(*:;,#/,=,/-D*$+-$*1+''(*:()*=(3U()*
,33<&-:,(3)B*!+-:,&#+#)*>-;,:*(.,)$(*/()*/,22<3(#1()*(#$3(*:(*9+),$,+##('(#$*)"#$%.,>-(*/()*
%/0(1$,2)*T*1(3$%,#)*)+#$*93<#+',#%-.*K9B*(.B*&3%#/(-3D grand garçon,*+- 7&(, vieille chaiseL*
$%#/,)*>-(*/;%-$3()*)+#$*9+)$#+',#%-.*K9B*(.B*robe*verteD*($1BLB*I()*(#2%#$)*23%#1+98+#()*
'%Z$3,)(#$* 93<1+1('(#$* :;%11+3/* ,#$3%V#+',#%:* ($* :(* 9+),$,+##('(#$* )"#$%.,>-(* /()*
%/0(1$,2)*(#*:%#&%&(*)9+#$%#<*/^)*:;7&(*/(*$3+,)*%#)*Kl%:+,)*m*@+":(D*H]]\*_*l%:+,)*($*%:BD*
H]]\L*$+-$*(#*93<)(#$%#$*/()*/,22,1-:$<)*%=(1*:()*2+3'()*2<',#,#()*=%3,%U:()*>-;,:)*'($$(#$*
9:-)*/(*$('9)*X*'%Z$3,)(3*Kn%c-U+b,1[*($*%:BD*5\\o*_*n%c-U+b,1[*m*@+-:($D*H]]k*_*@+-:($V
P',+$*m*n%c-U+b,1[D*H]]Y*_*@+":(*m*l%:+,)D*H]5]LB*g#2,#*:()*0(-#()*%=(1*-#*6SI*2+#$*
%-)),*/()*(33(-3)*/;%11+3/*/(*:;%/0(1$,2D*>-(*1(*)+,$*(#*:%#&%&(*)9+#$%#<*+-*(#*93+/-1$,+#*
,#/-,$(B*G()*2%,$)*+#$*<$<*+U)(3=<)*(#*23%#4%,)*K`+9#,cD*5\\]*_*n%c-U+b,1[*m*@+-:($D*H]]k*
_*@+-:($VP',+$*m*n%c-U+b,1[D*H]]Y*_*@+":(*m*@(,),#&D*H]5\*_*@+":(*m*!$,#(D*H]5MLD*'%,)*
%-)),*(#* )-</+,)* KI(+#%3/* ($* %:BD* H]]5L*($*3-))(* K63,U-)8,#,#%* m* S-U,#c,#%D* H]5HD* =+,3*
I(+#%3/D*H]5Y*9+-3*-#(*3(=-(*/()*<$-/()*)-3*:(*)"#$%&'(*#+',#%:LB*
F%:&3<*:(-3*%1>-,),$,+#*93<1+1(D*:()*%/0(1$,2)*K=%3,%U:()*($*,#=%3,%U:()L*#(*)+#$*9%)*
93+/-,$)*(#*&3%#/(*>-%#$,$<* /%#)*:()*1+39-)* /(*:%#&%&(*)9+#$%#<* /N(#2%#$)*23%#1+98+#()*
Kl%:+,)*m* @+":(D* H]]\* _* l%:+,)* ($* %:BD* H]]\L*($*,:)* )+#$* '+,#)* U,(#* 3(93<)(#$<)* >-(* :()*
/<$(3',#%#$)B*G(1,*()$* 93+U%U:('(#$*/x* X*:(-3* #%$-3(*#+#V+U:,&%$+,3(D* ($*9+)),U:('(#$* X*
:(-3*3(/+#/%#1(*/%#)*9:-),(-3)*1+#$(.$()*/,)1-3),2)*T*-#*(#2%#$*#(*'(#$,+##(3%*9%)*>-;-#*
3<2<3(#$*()$*=(3$*/%#)*-#*1+#$(.$(*+w*,:*#;"*%*>-;-#*)(-:*3<2<3(#$*9+)),U:(*K9B*(.B*Donne-moi
la voitureLB*?+-3*1($$(*3%,)+#D*#+-)*%=+#)*/<=(:+99<*-#(*$718(*/(*93+/-1$,+#*,#/-,$(*/()*
%/0(1$,2)B*S(*1($$(*2%4+#*#+-)*9+-=+#)*1+#$3q:(3*:()*)$,'-:,*:,#&-,)$,>-()*93+/-,$)*9%3*$+-)*

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
\*
:()*(#2%#$)D*'%,)*%-)),*(#1+-3%&(3*:()*(#2%#$)*X*/<'+#$3(3*:()*1%9%1,$<)*:,#&-,)$,>-()*>-N,:)*
#(*93<)(#$(3%,(#$*9%)*(#*93+/-1$,+#*)9+#$%#<(B**
I;+U0(1$,2* /(* 1($$(* <$-/(* ()$* /(* /<13,3(* :%* 9(32+3'%#1(* /;(#2%#$)* )-3* -#(* $718(*
/;,#/-1$,+#*/(*:%*93+/-1$,+#*/(*:;%11+3/*(#*&(#3(*)-3*:()*%/0(1$,2)*($*:()*/<$(3',#%#$)B*I%*
$718(* 13<<(D* /,$(* y* U%33,^3(* zD* 93<)(#$(* /()* 1%))(V$W$()* %=(1* /()* ,'%&()* /;+U0($)* ($*
/;%#,'%-.*/(*1+-:(-3*($*/(*$%,::(*=%3,<()B**
v"9+$8^)()* T* <$%#$* /+##<* :()* <$-/()* /<'+#$3%#$* >-(* :;%11+3/* )-3* :()* %/0(1$,2)*
=%3,%U:()D* ($* )-3$+-$* :()* %/0(1$,2)* 9+)$V#+',#%-.D* 3()$(* /,22,1,:(* (#* 93+/-1$,+#* ,#/-,$(*
0-)>-;X*:;7&(*/(*Y*%#)*(#=,3+#*K@+-:($VP',+$*m*n%c-U+b,1[D*H]]YLD*#+-)*#+-)*%$$(#/+#)*
X*+U)(3=(3*-#*/<=(:+99('(#$*/(*:%*1+#)+:,/%$,+#*/(*:;%11+3/*/(*:;%/0(1$,2*(#$3(*:()*7&()*/(*
M*X*Y*%#)D*%=(1*-#(*'%Z$3,)(*%-$+-3*/(*:;7&(*/(*Y*%#)B*g#*1+#$3(9%3$,(D*:;%$$3,U-$,+#*/-*&(#3(*
%=(1*:(*/<$(3',#%#$*/(=3%,$*W$3(*'%Z$3,)<*/^)*:;7&(*/(*M*%#)*Kl%:+,)*m*@+":(D*H]]\*_*l%:+,)*
($* %:BD* H]]\LB* I%* 9+),$,+#* /(* :;%/0(1$,2* 93<#+',#%:* /(=3%,$* %-)),* )(* 1+#)+:,/(3* 9:-)*
$%3/,=('(#$*>-(*:%*9+)$#+',#%:(*K@+-:($VP',+$*m*n%c-U+b,1[D*H]]YLB*g#2,#*:%*93<)(#1(*
/(*/(-.*%/0(1$,2)*/%#)*-#*)"#$%&'(*K9B*(.BD*la grande grenouille verteL*/(=3%,$*,#/-,3(*9:-)*
/;(33(-3)*/;%11+3/*>-(*:%*93<)(#1(*/;-#*)(-:*%/0(1$,2*K9B*(.BD*la grenouille verteLB**
*
4. *Méthode
4.1 Participants
S(-.*<$-/()*+#$*<=%:-<*%-*$+$%:*5\]*(#2%#$)*K5]\*2,::()D*\5*&%34+#)LB*I%*'%0+3,$<*
/()*(#2%#$)*#;<$%,$*9%)*3<&-:,^3('(#$*(.9+)<(*X*/;%-$3()*:%#&-()*K>-(*:(*23%#4%,)L*($*$+-)*
93+=(#%,(#$*/(*:%*3<&,+#*/(*F+#$3<%:B*I(*$%U:(%-*5*93<)(#$(*/()*,#2+3'%$,+#)*/()13,9$,=()*
9%3*&3+-9(*/;7&(*/(*5H*'+,)*9+-3*:(*93(',(3*&3+-9(*/;(#2%#$)*/(*M{Y*%#)*K#*|*5RRD*@+":(*
($*%:BD*H]]Y{H]]oL*($*:(*)(1+#/*&3+-9(*/(*Y*X*\*%#)*K#*|*MRD*@+":(*($*%:BD*H]]\{H]5HLB*I()*
(#2%#$)* /(* $3+,)* X* ),.* %#)* %=%,(#$* (#$3(* MY* ($* kH* '+,)* /N7&(D* %=%,(#$* /(-.* 9%3(#$)*
23%#1+98+#()D*<$%,(#$* (.9+)<)* %-* 23%#4%,)* 9:-)*/(*o]j* /-* $('9)* ($* #(*93<)(#$%,(#$*9%)*
/N8,)$+,3(*2%',:,%:(*+-*'</,1%:(*9+-=%#$*#-,3(* X*:(-3*/<=(:+99('(#$B*O:)*+#$*<$<*3(13-$<)*
=,%*/()*%22,18()*/<9+)<()*/%#)*/()*:,(-.*9-U:,1)*=,)%#$*:(-3)*9%3(#$)*K1:,#,>-()*'</,1%:()*
($*/(#$%,3()D*98%3'%1,()D*'%&%),#)*/N%:,'(#$%$,+#D*1(#$3()*)9+3$,2)D*)(3=,1()*/(*&%3/(D*($1BLB*
I()*(#2%#$)*/(*9:-)*/(*kH*'+,)*%=%,(#$*%-*'+,#)*-#*9%3(#$*23%#1+98+#(D*<$%,(#$*)1+:%3,)<)*
(#* 23%#4%,)* ($* -$,:,)%,(#$* :(* 23%#4%,)* 9:-)* /(* o]j* /-* $('9)B* O:)* +#$* <$<* '%0+3,$%,3('(#$*

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
5]*
3(13-$<)*/%#)*-#(*<1+:(*93,=<(*93+18(*/-*1(#$3(*/(*3(18(318(*+w*)(*/<3+-:%,$*:;<$-/(B*O:*"*
%=%,$*(#*'+"(##(*Qk{RY*(#2%#$)*9%3*)+-)V&3+-9(*/(*Y*'+,)*/(*M*X*Y*%#)D*($*5H*(#2%#$)*9%3*
&3+-9(*/(*5H*'+,)*/(*Y*X*\*%#)B*S()*,#2+3'%$,+#)*/<'+&3%98,>-()*)-3*:()*9%3(#$)*K#,=(%-*
/;</-1%$,+#L* ($* :()* (#2%#$)* K:%#&-()* 9%3:<()D* #+'U3(* /(* '+,)* (#* &%3/(3,(D* 3%#&* /%#)* :%*
23%$3,(*($*$%,::(*/(*:%*23%$3,(L*+#$*<$<*3(1-(,::,()*=,%*-#*>-()$,+##%,3(*9%3(#$%:B*I(*93+$+1+:(*
/(*3(18(318(* %* <$<*%993+-=<*9%3* :(* G+',$<*/N<$8,>-(*/-* G(#$3(* /(*3(18(318(*GvE* !$(V
n-)$,#(* 9+-3* :()* /(-.* <$-/()D* ($* :%* )(1+#/(* %* <&%:('(#$* <$<* %993+-=<(* 9%3* :(* 1+',$<*
/;<$8,>-(*/-*G(#$3(*/(*3(18(318(*G@OE`FB*I%*93(',^3(*<$-/(*=,)%,$*:(*/<=(:+99('(#$*/(*
:;%11+3/*18([* :()* (#2%#$)*(#* U%)* 7&(* (#*:%#&%&(* )9+#$%#<* ($*(#*93+/-1$,+#* ,#/-,$(* ($*:%*
)(1+#/(*=,)%,$*:()*U%)()*#(-3+1+&#,$,=()*/(*:;%1>-,),$,+#*/(*:;%11+3/*X*:;7&(*)1+:%,3(B**
*
6%U:(%-*5*T*G%3%1$<3,)$,>-()*/()*9%3$,1,9%#$)*9%3*)+-)V&3+-9()*/;7&(D*(#*'+"(##()*K($*
<1%3$)V$"9()LD*)%-2*9+-3*:()*1+:+##()*y*A+'U3(*K#L*z*y*a,::()r`%34+#)*zD*y*P-$3(K)L*
:%#&-(K)L*z*+w*:(*#+'U3(*$+$%:*()$*,#/,>-<*($*y*a3%$(3,(*F,#VF%.*z*+w*:;<$(#/-(*()$*
93<)(#$<(B*
Groupe
d'âge
(intervalle)
n
Filles/
Garçons
Âge
moyen
(en
mois)
Autre(s)
langue(s)
Scolarité
mère
(en
années)
Scolarité
père
(en
années)
Scolarité
parents
(en
années)
Garderie
(en mois)
Rang
Fratrie
Fratrie
Min-Max
3 (36–47)
56
33/23
41,88
(3,45)
10
15,93 a
(2,89)
14,63 b
(3,58)
15,24 a
(2,77)
29,63 a
(18,09)
1,52
(0,89)
2,09
(0,92)
1–5
4 (48–58)
50
31/19
53,06
(3,14)
16
15,25
(2,68)
14,47 c
(3,09)
14,98
(2,50)
33,02
(14,18)
1,42
(0,73)
2,02
(0,82)
1–4
5 (59–72)
47
25/22
65,64
(4,29)
8
15,92 a
(2,69)
15,51 d
(3,07)
15,71
(2,66)
30,86 a
(13,98)
1,36
(0,70)
2,13
(0,95)
1–5
6 (73–83)
12
5/7
77,52
(2,83)
5
17,42
(3,40)
16,91
(6,83)
17,17
(4,59)
16,00
(19,54)
2,00
(1,35)
2,67
(1,37)
1–6
7 (84–95)
13
8/5
91,39
(2,75)
3
18,00
(1,87)
15,42
(3,65)
16,81
(2,58)
27,15
(22,57)
1,45
(0,82)
2,08
(0,95)
1–4
8 (96–105)
12
7/5
99,75
(2,60)
5
18,27
(5,37)
17,82
(4,42)
17,58
(4,11)
21,75
(20,67)
2,00
(0,85)
2,58
(0,79)
1–4
Notes : a. 1 donnée manquante, b. 3 données manquantes, c. 5 données manquantes d. 4 données
manquantes, n : nombre d’enfants dans le groupe ; Filles/Garçons : nombre de filles et de garçons dans le
groupe ; Autre(s) langue(s) : Nombre d’enfants exposées à une (n = 39) ou deux (n = 7) autres langues ;

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
55*
Scolarité parents : scolarité moyenne des deux parents ; Garderie : nombre de mois en garderie ; Rang :
rang moyen de l’enfant par rapport à sa fratrie ; Fratrie : taille moyenne de la fratrie ; Fratrie Min-Max :
taille minimale et maximale de la fratrie.
4.2 Déroulement de l’étude
`3+-9(* M{Y* %#)* T* I(* 9%3(#$* +-* $-$(-3* <$%,$* ,#=,$<* %=(1* )+#* (#2%#$* %-* 1(#$3(* /(*
3(18(318(*/-*GvE*!$(Vn-)$,#(*KF%3,(Vg#2%#$L*9+-3*-#(*3(#1+#$3(*/;(#=,3+#*-#(*8(-3(B*P-*
1+-3)*/(* :%* 3(#1+#$3(D* :()* (#2%#$)* +#$*9%3$,1,9<*X* -#(* <$-/(* =,)%#$* :(* /<=(:+99('(#$*/(*
:;%11+3/*/%#)*:(*)"#$%&'(*#+',#%:B*`3+-9(*Y{\*%#)*T*I(*9%3(#$*+-*$-$(-3*<$%,$*,#=,$<*%=(1*
)+#*(#2%#$* %-* G@OE`F* 9+-3*/(-.* 3(#1+#$3()* /;(#=,3+#* -#(*8(-3(*(#* :N()9%1(* /(* /(-.*
)('%,#()B*P-*1+-3)*/(*/()*/(-.*3(#1+#$3()D*:()*(#2%#$)*+#$*9%3$,1,9<*X*-#(*<$-/(*=,)%#$*:(*
/<=(:+99('(#$* /()* 3<9+#)()* #(-3+#%:()* K%=(1* (#3(&,)$3('(#$* /(* :;gg`* V*
<:(1$3+(#1<98%:+&3%''(L*)-3*:;%11+3/*/%#)*:(*)"#$%&'(*#+',#%:B*I()*$718()*/(*1%))(V$W$(*
)-,=%,(#$*:%*)(1+#/(*)<%#1(*/;(#3(&,)$3('(#$B**
*
4.3 Procédure
6+-)*:()*(#2%#$)*+#$*<$<*<=%:-<)*%=(1*/()*+-$,:)*/(*/<9,)$%&(*+3$8+98+#,>-()*($*-#*
/<9,)$%&(*%-/,$,2*U,#%-3%:B*E#*)(-,:*%-/,$,2D*/%#)*:()*/(-.*+3(,::()D*)-9<3,(-3*X*H]*X*R]]*v[D*
+-*X*5R*X*5]]]D*H]]]*($*Q]]]*v[*(#$3%Z#%,$*:N(.1:-),+#*/(*:N(#2%#$*/(*:;<$-/(B
2
*
A+-)*%=+#)*<=%:-<*:()*(#2%#$)*/(*M*X*Y*%#)*)-3*:(-3*=+1%U-:%,3(*3<1(9$,2*%=(1*-#(*
$718(*#+3'<(*9+-3*:(*G%#%/%*KglO?*_*S-##*($*%:BD*5\\MLD*:%*)+-)V$718(*/(*'<'+,3(*#+#*
=(3U%:(*KI(,$(3*F('+3"*!13((#*_*@+,/*m*F,::(3D*5\\YLD*:%*93+/-1$,+#*($*:%*1+'93<8(#),+#*
/()*%/0(1$,2)*/(*1+-:(-3*($*/(*&3%#/(-3*($*:;%11+3/*(#*&(#3(*/-*/<$(3',#%#$*/<2,#,*($*/(*
:;%/0(1$,2*/(*&3%#/(-3*($*/(*1+-:(-3*%=(1*-#(*)<3,(*/(*1%))(V$W$()D*:%*93+/-1$,+#*/-*:%#&%&(*
)9+#$%#<* %-* '+"(#* /;-#* (#3(&,)$3('(#$* %-/,+V=,/<+* /;-#(* 9<3,+/(* /(* 0(-* %=(1* -#*
(#)('U:(*)$%#/%3/*/(*0+-($)*K'%,)+#D*$3%,#V1,3>-(D*97$(*X*'+/(:(3D*%-$+U-)L*K=+,3*%#%:")()*
/(*1(*1+39-)*/%#)*@+":(*m*@(,),#&D*H]5\*_*@+":(*m*!$,#(D*H]5M*_*@+":(*m*l%:+,)D*H]5]LB*
G()*<:<'(#$)*+#$*<$<*-$,:,)<)*9+-3*<=%:-(3*:()*)$3-1$-3()*/N,#$<3W$*($*9+-3*<$%U:,3*:()*)1+3()*
/(*:+#&-(-3*'+"(##(*/;<#+#1<*KIFgLB*A+-)*#(*3%99+3$+#)*,1,*:()*3<)-:$%$)*/<$%,::<)*>-(*
9+-3*:%*$718(*/(*1%))(V$W$()B**
*
2
Suivant la recommandation de l’audiologiste, les enfants étaient retenus si une difficulté monaurale était
observée. Seuls deux enfants de 3 à 6 ans n’ont pas été retenus suite à cette évaluation.

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
5H*
G8([*:()*(#2%#$)*/(*Y*X*\*%#)D*(#*9:-)*/()*1%))(V$W$()D*:()*1+'9<$(#1()*:,#&-,)$,>-()*
+#$*<$<*=<3,2,<()*%-*'+"(#*/;-#(*<=%:-%$,+#*/-*:%#&%&(*3<1(9$,2*>-,*#;()$*9%)*#+3'<(*9+-3*
:(*G%#%/%*KCIf*_*}8+'),D*H]]5L*($*/()*$718()*9)"18+:,#&-,)$,>-()*T*-#(*$718(*/(*0-&('(#$*
/(*&3%''%$,1%:,$<*K?+-:,#*($*%:BD*H]5RLD*($*$3+,)*$718()*/(*/<2,#,$-/(*K@+":(*($*%:BD*H]5oLD*(#*
9:-)*/;-#(*<$-/(*/(*#(-3+,'%&(3,(*%=(1*9+$(#$,(:)*<=+>-<)*)-3*:%*9(31(9$,+#*/()*(33(-3)*/(*
&(#3(*/%#)*:(*)"#$%&'(*#+',#%:*KG+-3$(%-*($*%:BD*H]5MLB**
?(#/%#$* :()* $718()* /(* 1%))(V$W$(* K$718()* %=(1* U%33,^3(LD* :%* 9(3)+##(* '(#%#$*
:;(.9<3,'(#$%$,+#*,#)$%::%,$* -#*<13%#* (#$3(*(::(r:-,*($* :N(#2%#$*9+-3* <=,$(3*>-(*:;(#2%#$* #(*
9+,#$(*/-*/+,&$*:%*3<9+#)(B*I()*9:%#18()*/(*1%))(V$W$(*+#$*<$<*93<)(#$<()*)<>-(#$,(::('(#$*
9%3*+3/3(*13+,))%#$*/(*/,22,1-:$<B*S(-.*)$,'-:,*/N(#$3%Z#('(#$*<$%,(#$*93<)(#$<)*X*:N(#2%#$*
%=%#$*18%>-(*1%))(V$W$(D*%=(1*/()*'+/^:()*1,U:()*2+-3#,)*+3%:('(#$*K9%3*(.('9:(D*y*!,*$-*
=+-:%,)*1($$(*9,^1(D*$-*9+-33%,)*/,3(*eS+##(V'+,*:(*18(=%:*3+)(;B*n(*)-,)*/(33,^3(*:N<13%#*($*
0(*#(*9(-.*9%)*=+,3*:(*1%))(V$W$(D*$-*/+,)*'(* /,3(*%=(1*/()*'+$)*>-(::(*9,^1(*$-*=(-.*zLB*
IN(#2%#$*<$%,$*(#)-,$(*(#1+-3%&<*X*/('%#/(3*:%*9,^1(*>-N,:*=+-:%,$*'($$3(*)-3*:(*1%))(V$W$(B*
!N,:*3<-)),))%,$*:(*93(',(3*1%))(V$W$(D*:;%/-:$(*9%))%,$*%-*)(1+#/D*($*%,#),*/(*)-,$(B*g#)-,$(D*
-#(* $718(* /(* 1+'93<8(#),+#* %* <$<* (22(1$-<(* (#* -$,:,)%#$* :(* 'W'(* '%$<3,(:* ($* :%* 'W'(*
93+1</-3(D*(#*,#=(3)%#$*:()*3q:()*/(*:;%/-:$(*($*/(*:N(#2%#$B**
*
4.4 Stimuli**
A+-)*%=+#)*13<<*>-%$3(*1%))(V$W$()*1+#$(#%#$*/()*,'%&()*/(*#+')*/+#$*:%*$%,::(*($*
:%*1+-:(-3*=%3,%,(#$*9+-3*)-)1,$(3*/()* %/0(1$,2)*1,U:<)B*6+-)* :()*%/0(1$,2)*($* #+')*-$,:,)<)*
)+#$*%1>-,)*93<1+1('(#$* ($*)+#$* /(*8%-$(*23<>-(#1(*(#*23%#4%,)* +3%:*KA(b* ($*%:BD* H]]5*_*
63-/(%-* ($* %:BD* 5\\\* _* =+,3* P##(.()* P* 9+-3* :()* /<$%,:)* )-3* :()* %/0(1$,2)* ($* J* 9+-3* /()*
1+'9%3%,)+#)*%=(1*:()*#+')LB*I()*,'%&()*+#$*<$<*,'93,'<()*)-3*:(*2+#/*/()*9:%#18()*/-*
9-[[:(*($*)-3*/()*9,^1()*/(*U+,)*);,#)<3%#$*/%#)*:%*9:%#18(*K=+,3*(.('9:(*(#*P##(.(*GLB*
I(*93(',(3*1%))(V$W$(*KCouleursL*$()$%,$*:(*=+1%U-:%,3(*/()*%/0(1$,2)*/(*1+-:(-3*T*),.*
#+')* /(* 1+-:(-3* +#$* <$<* -$,:,)<)D* $3+,)* =%3,%U:()* {vertD* blanc*($* brun
3
{* &<#<3%:('(#$*
93+/-,$)* %-* '%)1-:,#* 9%3* /<2%-$* K=+,3* %-)),* :()* <$-/()* 9)"18+:,#&-,)$,>-()* /(* J+:+8* m*
OU(3#+#D*H]5]*($*l,+:,#Vd,&(#$D*H]]YL*($*$3+,)*,#=%3,%U:()*{*jauneD*bleu*($*rouge{*rose*($*
*
3
‘Marron’ n’est généralement pas utilisé au Canada, sauf par des immigrants francophones européens.

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
5M*
bleuD*<$%,(#$* -$,:,)<)*/%#)*:()* (.('9:()* /(*2%',:,%3,)%$,+#* %=(1* 3<$3+%1$,+#*1+33(1$,=(* %-*
U()+,#B**
I(*/(-.,^'(*1%))(V$W$(*KSyntagmes GrandeursD*+-*SGL*93<)(#$%,$*8-,$*<:<'(#$)*T*
>-%$3(*#+')*KcanardD*grenouilleD*maison*($*bateauL*/+#$*:%*$%,::(*=%3,%,$D*1(*>-,*+U:,&(%,$*X*
-$,:,)(3*:()*%/0(1$,2)*=%3,%U:()*petit*($*grand*K+-*grosLD*9+-3*:()*#+''(3B*Cheval*Kgrand*($*
petitL*<$%,$*-$,:,)<*1+''(*(.('9:(*/(*2%',:,%3,)%$,+#B*I()*,'%&()*<$%,(#$*U:%#18()*%=(1*-#*
1+#$+-3*#+,3D*)-3*2+#/*U:%#1B**
I(*$3+,),^'(*1%))(V$W$(*KSyntagmes CouleursD*+-*SCL*1+#$(#%,$*:()*#+')*/;%#,'%-.*
Kcanard*($* grenouilleL* ($* :()* ),.* 1+-:(-3)* /-* 93(',(3* 1%))(V$W$(D* (#* 9:-)* /()* ,$(')* /(*
93%$,>-(*cheval rose*($*cheval bleuB*I()*5H*1+'U,#%,)+#)*9+)),U:()*+#$*<$<*3<9%3$,()*(#$3(*
/(-.*=(3),+#)D*P*($*JB*C$%#$*/+##<*>-(*#+-)*%=,+#)*)(-:('(#$*$3+,)*%/0(1$,2)*=%3,%U:()*%-*
$+$%:D*1(1,*%*13<<*-#*/<)<>-,:,U3(*(#$3(*:()*=(3),+#)*P*($*JB*I()*(#2%#$)*/(*M*X*Y*%#)*+#$*2%,$*
-#(*/()*/(-.*=(3),+#)D*$%#/,)*>-(*:()*(#2%#$)*/(*Y*X*\*%#)*+#$*2%,$*:()*/(-.B*A+-)*$,(#/3+#)*
1+'9$(*/(*1(*2%1$(-3*/%#)*:()*%#%:")()B**
I(*>-%$3,^'(*1%))(V$W$(*KSyntagmes Grandeurs et CouleursD*+-*SGCL*93<)(#$%,$*:()*
#+')*bateau*($*maison*%=(1*/()*1%3%1$<3,)$,>-()*/(*1+-:(-3*($*/(*$%,::(*%2,#*/;,#/-,3(*/()*
)$3-1$-3()* %=(1* /(-.* %/0(1$,2)D* -#* 93<#+',#%:* ($* -#* 9+)$#+',#%:* K9%3* (.('9:(D* le petit
bateau rougeLD* (#* 9:-)* /;,'%&()* 9+-3* grand cheval rose*($* petit cheval bleuD* ,$(')*/(*
2%',:,%3,)%$,+#B*G()*1+'U,#%,)+#)*3<)-:$(#$*(#*HQ*,$(')*3<9%3$,)*)-3*/(-.*=(3),+#)D*P*($*JB*
I()*(#2%#$)*/(*M*X*Y*%#)*+#$*2%,$*-#(*/()*/(-.*=(3),+#)D*$%#/,)*>-(*:()*(#2%#$)*/(*Y*X*\*%#)*
+#$*2%,$*:()*/(-.B**
*
5. *Analyses
5.1 Réponses cibles
S()*%#%:")()* /()13,9$,=()* +#$*<$<*2%,$()* )-3* :()*3<9+#)()*1,U:()* (#* 93+/-1$,+#* /(*
)$3-1$-3()* 1+'9:^$()D* 1;()$* X* /,3(* :;%/0(1$,2* )(-:* K93(',(3* 1%))(V$W$(* )(-:('(#$L* +-* :(*
)"#$%&'(*%=(1*:(*/<$(3',#%#$*/<2,#,D*:(*#+'*($*:;%/0(1$,2*%11+3/<B*S%#)*:(*1%)*/-*93(',(3*
1%))(V$W$(D*+#* =,)%,$*:%* 93+/-1$,+#*/(* :%* 1+-:(-3*1,U:(D* )%#)*<&%3/* 9+-3* :;-$,:,)%$,+#*/;-#*
/<$(3',#%#$B*I%*/<#+',#%$,+#*/;%/0(1$,2)*/(*2%4+#*,)+:<(*)-)1,$(*&<#<3%:('(#$*-#(*3<9+#)(*
)+-)*:%* 2+3'(*'%)1-:,#(D* '%,)* -#(*2+3'(* 2<',#,#(*<$%,$*%11(9$<(B* S%#)*:(*1%)* /()*$3+,)*
%-$3()*1%))(V$W$()D*+#* =,)%,$*:%* 93+/-1$,+#*/;-#*/<$(3',#%#$*/<2,#,*Kle* +-*laL* ($*:;%/0(1$,2*

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
5Q*
,#=%3,%U:(*+-*=%3,%U:(*/%#)*:%*9+),$,+#*)"#$%.,>-(*%$$(#/-(*K93<#+',#%:(*+-*9+)$#+',#%:(L*
/%#)* )%* 2+3'(* 2<',#,#(* +-* '%)1-:,#(D* :(* 1%)* <18<%#$B* E#* 9+,#$* <$%,$* /+##<* 9+-3* :%*
93+/-1$,+#*1+'9:^$(*/(*18%>-(*,$('D*%=(1*$+-)*:()*<:<'(#$)*+U:,&%$+,3()*K/<$(3',#%#$*($*
%/0(1$,2K)LLB*!,*:;(#2%#$*)(*1+33,&(%,$*($*93+/-,)%,$*-#(*3<9+#)(*1,U:(D*:(*9+,#$*<$%,$*/+##<B*
g#*3(=%#18(D*$+-$(*(33(-3*<$%,$*#+$<(*9+-3*:()*%#%:")()*>-%:,$%$,=()B*S%#)*:(*93(',(3*1%))(V
$W$(*:(*)1+3(*<$%,$* )-3*YD*/%#)* :(*)(1+#/*)-3*oD*/%#)*:(*$3+,),^'(*)-3*Y*+-*5H*K),*:()* /(-.*
=(3),+#)*<$%,(#$*2%,$()LD*($*/%#)*:(*>-%$3,^'(*)-3*5H*+-*HQB*S%#)*:(*1%)*+w*:()*,$(')*%=%,(#$*
/()*2+3'()*'%)1-:,#()*($*2<',#,#()D*:()*%#%:")()*,#1+39+3(#$*:(*2%1$(-3*&(#3(*K'%)1-:,#D*
2<',#,#LB*I()*1+'9%3%,)+#)*+#$*%-)),*$(#-*1+'9$(*/-*$"9(*/;%/0(1$,2*K<9,1^#(D*=%3,%U:(LB**
*
5.2 Analyses de productions non-cibles
E#(*%#%:")(*/()*93+/-1$,+#)*#+#V1,U:()*K&3%''%$,1%:()*+-*#+#L*%*%-)),*<$<*2%,$(B*
C$%#$*/+##<*:(*9(-*/;(33(-3)*(#*1+'93<8(#),+#D*1()*/+##<()*#;+#$*9%)*<$<*%#%:")<()*9:-)*
%=%#$B* I()* (33(-3)* /(* 93+/-1$,+#* %-* 1+-3)* /(* :%* 93(',^3(* $718(* #(* 1+#1(3#%,(#$* >-(* :%*
93+/-1$,+#*/;-#(*%-$3(*1+-:(-3D*9%3*(.('9:(*mauve*9+-3*brunD*+-*:;%U)(#1(*/(*3<9+#)(B**
P-*1+-3)*/()*$3+,)* %-$3()*$718()D*#+-)*%=+#)*+U)(3=<*/()*(33(-3)* /;%$$3,U-$,+#*/-*
&(#3(*)-3*:(*/<$(3',#%#$*+-*/;%11+3/*(#*&(#3(*)-3*:;%/0(1$,2*K9B*(.BD*la grenouille*~vert*+-*
~la petit bateau blancLD*/()*1+'',)),+#)*K+-*)-U)$,$-$,+#)L*/;%/0(1$,2)*K9B*(.BD*maman*9+-3*
grande*+-*grise*9+-3*bruneLD*:;+',)),+#*/(*/<$(3',#%#$)*K9B*(.BD*••*canard rougeLD*($*:%*
1+'',)),+#*/-* /<$(3',#%#$* K9B* (.BD* ~un grenouille rougeLB* I()*(#2%#$)*9+-=%,(#$* %-)),*
93+/-,3(*/()*)"#$%&'()*23%1$,+##<)*K9B*(.BD*le petit blancD*le bateauL*>-,*/%#)*:%*9:-9%3$*/()*
1%)*<$%,(#$*&3%''%$,1%:()D*'%,)*#;%=%,(#$*9%)*:%*)$3-1$-3(*1,U:(D*($*/;%-$3()*)$3-1$-3()*>-,*
)(3+#$*/<$%,::<()*/%#)*:()*)(1$,+#)*)-,=%#$()B*S%#)*/()*1%)*+w*,:*"*%=%,$*9:-)*/;-#(*(33(-3*
/%#)*:%*93+/-1$,+#D*$+-$()*:()*(33(-3)*<$%,(#$*1+'9$%U,:,)<()*9+-3*:;%#%:")(*/(*3<9+#)()*#+#V
1,U:()D*'%,)*-#(*)(-:(*<$%,$*1+'9$<(*9+-3*:%*3<-)),$(B*
*
5.3 Résultats
I()*3<)-:$%$)*%-.*$718()*1+&#,$,=()*($*:,#&-,)$,>-()*)+#$*93<)(#$<)*/%#)*:(*$%U:(%-*
HD*1+#2,3'%#$*>-(*:()*9%3$,1,9%#$)*1+33()9+#/%,(#$*%-*#,=(%-*%$$(#/-*9+-3*:(-3*7&(B*
*

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
5R*
6%U:(%-*H*T*@<)-:$%$)*)-3*:()*$718()*/(*/<9,)$%&(*/()*9%3$,1,9%#$)*9%3*)+-)V&3+-9()*/;7&(D*
(#*'+"(##()*K($*<1%3$)V$"9()LD*)%-2*9+-3*:%*1+:+##(*y*P-/,+*z*+w*:(*#+'U3(*$+$%:*()$*
,#/,>-<B*
Groupe
d'âge
QI
mémoire
ÉVIP
LMÉw
LMÉm
Audio
ÉLO
CI
ÉLO
CG
Gramm
3 (36–
47)
102,41a
(15,10)
71,69
(28,53)
4,24 b
(0,91)
5,60 b
(1,19)
50 a
NA
NA
NA
4 (48–
58)
109,94 a
(17,34)
80,89
(21,72)
4,86 c
(0,78)
6,46 c
(1,02)
47
NA
NA
NA
5 (59–
72)
110,19
(11,78)
90,97
(12,62)
5,36 d
(0,68)
7,13 d
(0,89)
47
NA
NA
NA
6 (73–
80)
NA
NA
NA
NA
12
56,36
(23,67)
47,50
(23,60)
2,33
(1,72)
7 (84–
95)
NA
NA
NA
NA
13
69,23
(27,22)
61,54
(16,51)
3,15
(1,28)
8 (96–
105)
NA
NA
NA
NA
12
60,83
(19,75)
69,17
(21,41)
3,08
(1,51)
Notes : a. 2 données manquantes, b. 27 données manquantes c. 22 données manquantes d. 20 données
manquantes. QI mémoire : score composite de la sous-tâche mémoire du Leiter (Roid & Miller, 1996) ;
ÉVIP : rang centile de l’Échelle de vocabulaire en images Peabody (Dunn et al., 1993) ; LMÉw : longueur
moyenne d’énoncés en mots ; LMÉm : longueur moyenne d’énoncés en morphèmes ; Audio : nombre
d’enfants ayant réussi le dépistage audiologique bilatéral ; ÉLO CI : évaluation du langage oral,
compréhension immédiate ; ÉLO CG : évaluation du langage oral, compréhension globale (Khomsi, 2001) ;
Gramm : jugement de grammaticalité sur des erreurs d’accord du déterminant ou de l’adjectif.
*
?+-3*18%1-#(*/()*$718()D*:()*$%U:(%-.*/()13,9$,2)*1,V/())+-)*93<)(#$(#$*:%*'+"(##(*
($*:;<1%3$*$"9(*/(*18%>-(*&3+-9(D*%,#),*>-(*/(-.*%-$3()*)1+3()*9+-3*,#$(393<$(3*:()*3<)-:$%$)B*
S%#)* -#* 93(',(3* $('9)D* :()* )(-,:)* /(* 3,)>-(* )+#$* 93+9+)<)* (#* /(4X* /()>-(:)* +#* 9(-$*
1+#),/<3(3*>-(*:;(#2%#$*93<)(#$(*/()*/,22,1-:$<)B*G(-.V1,*+#$*<$<*<$%U:,)*X*-#*<1%3$*$"9(*)+-)*
:%*'+"(##(B*S%#)*-#*/(-.,^'(*$('9)D*#+-)*%=+#)*2,.<*-#*)(-,:*/(*3<-)),$(*/(*o]j*X*:%*
$718(*9(-*,'9+3$(*:;7&(*/()*9%3$,1,9%#$)*K=+,3*l%:+,)*m*@+":(D*H]]\*9+-3*:N%1>-,),$,+#*/(*
:%*93(',^3(*:%#&-(*($*?%::+$$,D*H]]kD*9+-3*:;%1>-,),$,+#*/(*:%*:%#&-(*)(1+#/(LB*I%*/(3#,^3(*
1+:+##(*/()* $%U:(%-.*3%99+3$(* :%*93+9+3$,+#*/()* (#2%#$)*/(* 18%>-(*7&(*%"%#$* +U$(#-*-#*
)1+3(*<&%:*+-*)-9<3,(-3*X*o]jD*1(*>-(*#+-)*1+#),/<3+#)*1+''(*3(93<)(#$%#$*:%*93+9+3$,+#*
/()*(#2%#$)*%"%#$*3<-)),*:%*$718(B*
**

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
5Y*
5.3.1 Tâche 1 : Dénomination de couleurs
5.3.1.1. Réponses cibles sur la tâche*Couleurs
I()*/+##<()*/()13,9$,=()*/(*:%*$718(*Couleurs*)+#$*93<)(#$<()*/%#)*:(*$%U:(%-*MB*f#*
+U)(3=(*>-(*:%*'%0+3,$<*/()*(#2%#$)*3<-)),))(#$*:%*/<#+',#%$,+#*/(*1+-:(-3)*/^)*:;7&(*/(*
MY*'+,)B*I%*'+"(##(*/(*3<-)),$(*&:+U%:(*()$*/(*RDRHrY*KF</,%#(D*R*_*g6*]Dk\LB*S%#)*:()*
&3+-9()*/(*Q*%#)*($*9:-)D*)(-:)*/(-.*(#2%#$)*#;+#$*9%)*%-*'+,#)*R*3<9+#)()*1,U:()B*S%#)*:(*
&3+-9(*:(*9:-)*0(-#(D*+#*+U)(3=(*9:-)*/;(33(-3)D*)-3$+-$*%=(1*:;,$('*brun >-,*()$*$+-$(2+,)*
9:-)*/,22,1,:(*9+-3*$+-)*:()*(#2%#$) KYYDoQj*(#*'+"(##(D*g6*QkD]kjLB*S%#)*:(*$%U:(%-*M*+#*
9(-$*=+,3*>-(*:(*)(-,:*/(*3,)>-(D*<$%U:,*X*-#*<1%3$*$"9(*)+-)*:%*'+"(##(D*()$*/(*R*9+-3*:()*
&3+-9()*9:-)*7&<)D*($*/(*Q*9+-3*:(*&3+-9(*9:-)*0(-#(*KM{Q*%#)LB*S(*9:-)D*+#*9(-$*=+,3*>-;-#(*
9(32+3'%#1(*/(*o]j*+-*9:-)*()$*%$$(,#$(*9%3*$+-)*:()*(#2%#$)*/(*R*%#)*($*9:-)B*
*
6%U:(%-*MB*F+"(##()*K)-3*YLD*<1%3$)V$"9()D*)(-,:)*/(*3,)>-(*($*9(32+3'%#1(*)-3*:%*$718(*
Couleurs*)(:+#*:()*&3+-9()*/;7&(B***
`3+-9(*
F+"(##(*Kg6*)$%#/%3/L*
!(-,:*/(*3,)>-(*
€*o]*j*KRrYL*
M{M_55*
RD5Q*K5D5QL*
Q*
okDRj*
Q{Q_55*
RDRQ*K]DYRL*
R*
\Yj*
R{R_55*
RDkQ*K]DQQL*
R*
5]]j*
Y{Y_55*
RDkR*K]DQRL*
R*
5]]j*
k{k_55*
RDko*K]DQQL*
R*
5]]j*
o{o_55*
RDkR*K]DQRL*
R*
5]]j*
*
5.3.1.2 Analyse d’erreurs sur la tâche Couleurs
E#(*%#%:")(*/()*3<9+#)()*%:$(3#%$,=()*/+##<()*K$%U:(%-*QL*3<=^:(*>-(D*&:+U%:('(#$D*:()*
(#2%#$)*93+/-,)(#$*/(*2%4+#*<&%:(*-#(*%U)(#1(*/(*3<9+#)(*KMD5\jL*($*/;%-$3()*%/0(1$,2)*9%3*
(.('9:(*gris +-*mauve*9+-3*brun KRD5YjL*_*1(9(#/%#$D*1($$(*3<9%3$,$,+#*18%#&(*%=(1*:;7&(B*
g#*(22($D*:;%U)(#1(*/(*3<9+#)(*#;()$*3<(::('(#$*93<)(#$(*>-(*18([*:()*(#2%#$)*:()*9:-)*0(-#()D*
$%#/,)* >-;X* 9%3$,3* /(* :;7&(* /(* Q* %#)D* :()* (#2%#$)* +#$* 9:-$q$* $(#/%#1(* X* 93+/-,3(* /()*
1+'',)),+#)*K9%3*(.('9:(D*chocolat, gris, noir +- mauve 9+-3 brunLB**
*

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
5k*
6%U:(%-*QB*S,)$3,U-$,+#*/()*$"9()*/;(33(-3)D*(#*#+'U3(*($*(#*9+-31(#$%&()*/(*3<9+#)()D*
)-3*:%*$718(*Couleurs*)(:+#*:(*&3+-9(*/;7&(*K(#$3(*9%3(#$8^)()D*:(*9+-31(#$%&(*/;(#2%#$)*
/-*&3+-9(*>-,*93+/-,)(#$*18%>-(*$"9(*/(*3<9+#)(LB*
`3+-9(*
n*
P-1-#(*3<9+#)(rf',)),+#*
G+'',)),+#*
M{M_55*
RY*
H\D*oDYj*KHkjL*
5\D*RDkj*KMQjL*
Q{Q_55*
R]*
oD*HDkj*K5HjL*
5RD*RD]j*KHojL*
R{R_55*
Qk*
5D*]DQj*KHjL*
55D*MD\j*KHMjL*
Y{Y_55*
5H*
]*
QD*RDRj*KMMjL*
k{k_55*
5M*
5D*5DMj*KojL*
HD*HDYj*K5RjL*
o{o_55*
5H*
]*
MD*QDHj*KHRjL*
6+$%:*
5\]*
M\D*MDQj*K5HjL*
RQD*QDkj*KHojL*
*
6+-$()*:()*(33(-3)*9+3$(#$*)-3*:;,$('*brun*18([*:()*(#2%#$)*9:-)*7&<)B*G8([*:()*9:-)*0(-#()D*
,:*"*%*9:-)*/(*=%3,%U,:,$<*'%,)*:()*1+'',)),+#)*)+#$*(#*&3%#/(*'%0+3,$<*+U)(3=<()*9+-3*brunB*
I()*+',)),+#)D*/+#$* o* )+#$* +U)(3=<()* 9+-3* blanc,* );+U)(3=(#$* )(-:('(#$* 18([* :()* /(-.*
&3+-9()*:()*9:-)*0(-#()B**
*
5.3.2 Tâche 2 : Syntagmes nominaux avec adjectifs de grandeur
5.3.2.1 Réponses cibles sur la tâche Syntagmes Grandeurs
I()*/+##<()*/()13,9$,=()*/(*:%*$718(*Syntagmes Grandeurs*)+#$*93<)(#$<()*/%#)*:(*
$%U:(%-*RB*f#*+U)(3=(*>-(*1(3$%,#)*(#2%#$)*9(-=(#$*3<-)),3*1($$(*$718(*/^)*:;7&(*/(*MY*'+,)D*
'%,)* >-;-#* #+'U3(* ,'9+3$%#$* /;(#$3(* (-.* K•Q]jL* #(* :%* 3<-)),))(#$* 9%)B* I;8%U,:($<* X*
93+/-,3(*1()*)$3-1$-3()*)(* 1+#)+:,/(*=(3)*:;7&(*/(*R]*'+,)B*f#* #;+U)(3=(*%-1-#*(22($* /(*
&(#3(*&3%''%$,1%:*)-3*:%*1+'9<$(#1(*X*93+/-,3(*1()*)$3-1$-3()B*S%#)*:(*$%U:(%-*RD*+#*9(-$*
=+,3*>-(*:(*)(-,:*/(*3,)>-(D*<$%U:,*X*-#*<1%3$*$"9(*)+-)*:%*'+"(##(D*()$*/(*o*9+-3*:()*&3+-9()*
9:-)*7&<)D*/(*Y*9+-3*:()*Y{k*%#)D*/(*R*9+-3*:()*Q{R*($*R{Y*%#)*($*/(*M*9+-3*:(*&3+-9(*9:-)*
0(-#(*KM{Q*%#)LB*S(*9:-)D*+#*9(-$*=+,3*>-;-#(*9(32+3'%#1(*/(*o]j*',#,'-'*()$*%$$(,#$(*
9%3*$+-)* :()*(#2%#$)*/(* k* %#)*($* 9:-)B* ?%3*%,::(-3)D*-#* (#2%#$* /(*Y{k* %#)* %*2%,$*9:-),(-3)*
(33(-3)*/(*&(#3(*)-3*1($$(*$718(*K9B*(.BD*~le petite canardLB*G($*(#2%#$*#;%*9%)*/;8,)$+,3(*/(*
$3+-U:()*/;%993(#$,))%&(*($*()$*(.9+)<*5]]j*/-*$('9)*%-*23%#4%,)B*

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
5o*
*
6%U:(%-*RB*F+"(##()*K)-3*oLD*<1%3$)V$"9()D*)(-,:)*/(*3,)>-(*($*9(32+3'%#1(*)(:+#*:()*
&3+-9()*/;7&(*)-3*:%*$718(*Syntagmes GrandeursB***
`3+-9(*
F+"(##(**
Kg6*)$%#/%3/L*
!(-,:*/(*3,)>-(*
*€*o]*j*KkroL*
MVM_55**
RDQ]*KHDY]L*
M*
R\j*
QVQ_55*
YDk]*K5Do\L*
R*
oHj*
RVR_55*
kD]Q*KHD]oL*
R*
\Mj*
YVY_55*
kDHR*K5DY]L*
Y*
oMj*
kVk_55*
o*K]L*
o*
5]]j*
oVo_55*
o*K]L*
o*
5]]j*
*
RBMBHBH Analyse d’erreurs sur la tâche Syntagmes Grandeurs**
I()*$"9()* /(*3<9+#)()*#+#V1,U:()* 3<9(3$+3,<()*)-3*:%* $718(* !"#$%&'()*`3%#/(-3)*
)+#$*%L*:(*&(#3(*/(*:N%/0(1$,2*{*9B*(.BD*la grenouille vert –D*UL*:;+',)),+#*/(*:;%/0(1$,2D*1L*-#*
)"#$%&'(*#+',#%:*23%1$,+##<D*1(*>-,*()$*&3%''%$,1%:*{*9B*(.BD*le canard, le gros*9+-3*le
gros canard*{*/L*:;+3/3(*/(*:;%/0(1$,2*{*9B*(.BD*le canard gros*{D*(L*:(*&(#3(*/-*/<$(3',#%#$*
9B*(.BD*le grosse grenouille –D*($*2L*:;+',)),+#*/-*/<$(3',#%#$B
4
*I()*93+/-1$,+#)*#+#V1,U:()*
:()* 9:-)* 23<>-(#$()* )+#$* /()* (33(-3)* /(* &(#3(* /;%/0(1$,2D* :()* )"#$%&'()* 23%1$,+##<)* ($*
:;+',)),+#*/-*/<$(3',#%#$*K$%U:(%-*YLB*I()*(33(-3)*/(*&(#3(*)-3*:;%/0(1$,2*($*:(*/<$(3',#%#$*
#(*/,)9%3%,))(#$* >-;X* k* %#)D* '%,)* :%* 93+/-1$,+#* /(* )"#$%&'()* 23%1$,+##<)* ($* :()* (33(-3)*
/;+3/3(*/;%/0(1$,2*%=(1*-#*%/0(1$,2*/(*&3%#/(-3*K9B*(.BD*le canard grosLD*%,#),*>-(*:()*(33(-3)*
/;+',)),+#*#(*/(=3%,(#$*9:-)*W$3(*+U)(3=<()*X*1($*7&(B*
*
6%U:(%-*YB*S,)$3,U-$,+#*/()*$"9()*/;(33(-3)D*(#*#+'U3(*($*(#*9+-31(#$%&(*/(*3<9+#)()D*)-3*
:%*$718(*Syntagmes Grandeurs*)(:+#*:(*&3+-9(*/;7&(*K(#$3(*9%3(#$8^)()D*:(*9+-31(#$%&(*
/;(#2%#$)*/-*&3+-9(*>-,*93+/-,)(#$*18%>-(*$"9(*/(*3<9+#)(LB**
*
4
Les réponses erronées qui n’ont pas été répertoriées plus de 5 fois dans au moins un des groupes sont 1) la
commission de l’adjectif – p. ex. maman pour grand (n = 5, ce type de réponse ne s’observe que dans le
premier groupe), 2) la sur-régularisation, grote pour grosse (n = 1), 3) une structure relative (le bateau qui
est gros), copule (elle est grosse la maison), génitive (une grosse brune de maison), prépositionnelle (la
maison en petit), ou autre (n = 14)

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
5\*
`3+-9(*
n*
`(#3(*
%/0(1$,2*
f',)),+#*
%/0(1$,2*
!"#$%&'(*
23%1$,+##<*
f3/3(*
%/0(1$,2*
`(#3(*
/<$(3',#%#$*
f',)),+#*
/<$(3',#%#$*
M{M_55*
RY*
QkD*5]DHj*
KMojL*
5MD*HDoj*
*KkjL*
Q\D*5]Dkj*
KMojL*
5]D*HDHj*
K\jL*
\D*Hj*
*K\jL*
Q]D*oDkj**
K5ojL*
Q{Q_55*
R]*
H5D*RDHj*
KHHjL*
5D*]DHj*
KHjL*
5MD*MDHj*
KH]jL*
RD*5DHj**
KojL*
5RD*MDkj*
KH]jL*
\D*HDHj**
K5QjL*
R{R_55*
Qk*
oD*HD5j*
KH5jL*
MD*]Doj*
KYjL*
kD*5D\j*
K\jL*
QD*5D5j*
KQjL*
5]D*HDkj*
K5kjL*
5oD*QDoj*
K55jL*
Y{Y_55*
5H*
kD*kD5j*
KHRjL*
]*
5D*5j**
KojL*
]*
kD*kD5j*
KHRjL*
]*
k{k_55*
5M*
]*
]*
]*
]*
]*
]*
o{o_55*
5H*
]*
]*
]*
]*
]*
]*
6+$%:*
5\]*
oMD*5oD]j*
KHH*jL*
5kD*MDkj**
K5jL*
k]D*5RDHj*
K5\jL*
5\D*QD5j*
KRjL*
QMD*\D]*j**
K5H*jL*
YkD*5QDYj*
K5jL*
*
5.3.3 Tâche 3 : Syntagmes nominaux avec adjectifs de couleur
5.3.3.1 Réponses cibles sur la tâche Syntagmes Couleurs
I()*/+##<()*/()13,9$,=()*/(*:%*$718(*Syntagmes Couleurs* )+#$* 93<)(#$<()* /%#)* :(*
$%U:(%-*k*($*:%*2,&-3(*HD*%,#),*>-(*/()*$()$)*)$%$,)$,>-()*/(*!$-/(#$*%=(1*/(-.*<18%#$,::+#)*
9+-3*1+'9%3(3*:()*/(-.*=(3),+#)*KP*($*JLB*I()*3<)-:$%$)*9%3*&3+-9(*/;7&()*)+#$*/,=,)<)*)(:+#*
:%*=(3),+#*KP*+-*JL*%/',#,)$3<(B*G(3$%,#)*(#2%#$)*9(-=(#$*3<-)),3*1($$(*$718(*/^)*:;7&(*/(*
Mk*'+,)D*'%,)*,:*"*%*-#(*&3%#/(*=%3,%U,:,$<*/(*$%-.*/(*3<-)),$(*($*:%*=(3),+#*P*KF*|*QDRkD*
g6*|*5DQ\LD*>-,*1+#$,(#$*9:-)*/(*2+3'()*2<',#,#()*=%3,%U:()D*()$*'+,#)*U,(#*3<-)),(*>-(*:%*
=(3),+#*J*KF*|*RD]RD*g6*|* 5DR]D*$KHDHYLD*HDkRD*p |* ]D]]YLB*g#*(22($D*:(* 93(',(3*)1+3(*/(*
5]]j*/(*:%*=(3),+#*P*#(*);+U)(3=(*>-;X*Qk*'+,)B*S(*9:-)D*+#*9(-$*=+,3*>-;-#(*9(32+3'%#1(*
/(*o]j*+-*9:-)*()$*%$$(,#$(*9%3*93()>-(*$+-)*:()*(#2%#$)*/(*k*%#)*($*9:-)B*
*
6%U:(%-*kB*F+"(##()*K)-3*YLD*<1%3$)V$"9()*($*)(-,:)*/(*3,)>-(*($*9(32+3'%#1(*)(:+#*:()*
&3+-9()*/;7&(*)-3*:%*$718(*Syntagmes CouleursD*)(:+#*:%*=(3),+#*P*+-*JB***
Version A
Version B

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
H]*
Groupe
n
Moyenne
(ET
standard)
Seuil
de
risque
≥ 80 %
(5/6)
n
Moyenne
(ET
standard)
Seuil
de
risque
≥ 80 %
(5/6)
Test F
Test-T
3–4 ans
2
9
3,28
(1,80)
1
31%
2
6
3,92
(1,73)
2
46%
0,86
ns
4–5 ans
2
5
4,44
(0,90)
4
52%
2
7
5,04
(1,20)
4
81%
0,16
0,027
5–6 ans
2
4
4,67
(1,28)
4
75%
2
3
5,48
(1,10)
4
91%
0,48
0,014
6–7 ans
1
2
5,33
(0,62)
5
92%
1
2
5,42
(1,44)
4
83%
–
ns
7–8 ans
1
3
5,62
(0,62)
5
100%
1
3
5,85
(0,36)
6
100%
–
ns
8–9 ans
1
2
5,83
(0,37)
5
91%
1
2
5,92
(0,28)
6
100%
–
ns
*
E#(*1+'9%3%,)+#*/()*3<)-:$%$)* /(*18%>-(*&3+-9(*/;7&(*)-3*:()*$718()* P*($*J*%*<$<*
2%,$(*%2,#*/(*=<3,2,(3*),*:()*/,22<3(#1()*&:+U%:()*(#$3(*:()*$718()*)(*3<9(31-$%,(#$*X*$3%=(3)*:()*
&3+-9()*/;7&(B*?+-3*:()*&3+-9()*/(*M*X*R*%#)D*/()*$()$)*a*9+-3*:;8+'+&<#<,$<*/(*:%*=%3,%#1(*
+#$*<$<*+9<3<)*9-,)*/()*$()$*6*-#,:%$<3%-.*9+-3*/(-.*(.('9:()*X*=%3,%#1(*<&%:(D*+-*,#<&%:(D*
+#$*<$<*+9<3<)B*?+-3*:()*&3+-9()*/(*Y*X*\* %#)D*/()* $()$)*6* -#,:%$<3%-.*9%3* 9%,3()*+#$* <$<*
+9<3<)B*I()*3<)-:$%$)*)+#$*93<)(#$<)*/%#)*:(*$%U:(%-*kB*S()*/,22<3(#1()*(#$3(*:%*=(3),+#*P*($*
JD*(#*2%=(-3*/(*:%*=(3),+#*JD*%99%3%,))(#$*)(-:('(#$*/%#)*:()*&3+-9()*Q*($*R*%#)B**
g#*$+-$(*1+8<3(#1(*%=(1*:()*3<)-:$%$)*&:+U%-.*)-3*:()*$718()D*:;8%U,:($<*X*93+/-,3(*1()*
)$3-1$-3()* /,22^3(* )(:+#* :(* &(#3(* &3%''%$,1%:* K'%)1-:,#* vs* 2<',#,#L* ($* :%* =%3,%U,:,$<* /(*
:;%/0(1$,2*K<9,1^#(*vs =%3,%U:(LB*S()*PAflP)*+#$*<$<*3<%:,)<()*)-3*:()*3<)-:$%$)*/(*18%>-(*
=(3),+#* /(* :%* $718(* %=(1* :()* 2%1$(-3)* 2,.()* =%3,%U,:,$<* K=%3,%U:(* vs* <9,1^#(L* ($* &(#3(*
&3%''%$,1%:*K'%)1-:,#*vs*2<',#,#LB*I()*/(-.*2%1$(-3)*)+#$*),&#,2,1%$,2)*K=%3,%U,:,$<*T*F*‚*
5HD*p ƒ*]D]]5*/%#)*:()*/(-.*1%)*_*&(#3(*&3%''%$,1%:*T*F*‚*QRD*p <*]D]]5*/%#)*:()*/(-.*1%)L*
($*,#$(3%&,))(#$*/%#)*:()*/(-.*$718()*K=(3),+#*P*T*FK5D55QL*RYDMHD*p ƒ*]D]]]5_*=(3),+#*J*T*
FK5D55HL*oDkHD*p |*]D]]MoLB*I()*)"#$%&'()*)+#$*),&#,2,1%$,=('(#$*'+,#)*U,(#*3<-)),)*)-3*
:()*,$(')*2<',#,#)*=%3,%U:()*>-(*)-3*$+-)*:()*%-$3()*,$(')D*($*1(1,*/%#)*:()*/(-.*$718()*K=+,3*
2,&-3(*HLB*

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
H5*
Figure 2*@<-)),$(*(#*9+-31(#$%&()*/(*93+/-1$,+#)*1,U:(*/-*)"#$%&'(*)-3*:%*$718(*
Syntagmes Couleurs*)(:+#*:(*&(#3(*&3%''%$,1%:*K2<',#,#*=)B*'%)1-:,#L*($*:(*$"9(*
/;%/0(1$,2*K<9,1^#(*=)B*=%3,%U:(L*/%#)*:()*=(3),+#)*P*($*J*KPL*($*)(:+#*:;%/0(1$,2*($*:(*&(#3(*
KJLB*
*
S(*9:-)*:;%/0(1$,2*/(*1+-:(-3*:-,V'W'(*9(-$*W$3(*9:-)*+-*'+,#)*3<-)),D*),',:%,3('(#$*
X*1(*>-(*#+-)*%=+#)*=-*/%#)*:%*$718(*5B*I%*2+3'(*2<',#,#(*brune*()$*:%*'+,#)*U,(#*3<-)),(*
K2,&-3(*HJLB*C$%#$*/+##<*>-(*:()*2+3'()*brune ($ blanche*)+#$*$+-$()*/(-.*/%#)*:%*=(3),+#*
P*/(*:%*$718(*MD*,:*#;()$*/+#1*9%)*<$+##%#$*>-;(::(*)+,$*&<#<3%:('(#$*'+,#)*U,(#*3<-)),(*>-(*
:%*J*>-,*#(*1+#$,(#$*>-(*:%*2+3'(*2<',#,#(*=%3,%U:(*verteB*
*
5.3.3.2 Analyse d’erreurs sur la tâche Syntagmes Couleurs
S%#)*:(*$%U:(%-*oD*#+-)*93<)(#$+#)*:(*$"9(*/(*3<9+#)()*#+#V1,U:()*3<9(3$+3,<()*)-3*:()*
)"#$%&'()* %=(1* %/0(1$,2)* /(* 1+-:(-3B* G(-.V1,* )+#$* %L* :;(33(-3* /(* &(#3(* /N%/0(1$,2D* UL*
:;+',)),+#*/(*:;%/0(1$,2D*1L*:%*1+'',)),+#*/(*:;%/0(1$,2*/L*:;+3/3(*/(*:;%/0(1$,2*{*9B*(.BD*le
canard gros* {D* (L* :;+',)),+#* /-* /<$(3',#%#$D* 2L* -#(* (33(-3* /(* /<2,#,$-/(* {*9B* (.BD* une
grenouille blancheD*&L*-#*)"#$%&'(*#+',#%:*23%1$,+##<*{*9B*(.BD*le canard, le brun*9+-3*le
canard brun*{D*($*8L*:%*93+/-1$,+#*/;-#(*3(:%$,=(*{9B*(.BD*la grenouille qui est blanche*K>-,*

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
HH*
#;()$*+U)(3=<(*>-(*/%#)*:(*&3+-9(*M{Q*%#)LB
5
*O:*()$*X*#+$(3*>-(*9+-3*:()*(#2%#$)*/(*M{Y*%#)D*
:(*#+'U3(*/;(33(-3)*()$*1+'9,:<*)-3*5H*K)%-2*/%#)*-#*1%)L*($*/%#)*:(*&3+-9(*Y{\*%#)D*)-3*HQB**
*
6%U:(%-*oB*S,)$3,U-$,+#*/()*$"9()*/;(33(-3)D*(#*#+'U3(*($*(#*9+-31(#$%&(*/(*3<9+#)()D*)-3*
:%*$718(*Syntagmes Couleurs*)(:+#*:(*&3+-9(*/;7&(*K(#$3(*9%3(#$8^)()D*:(*9+-31(#$%&(*
/;(#2%#$)*/-*&3+-9(*>-,*93+/-,)(#$*18%>-(*$"9(*/(*3<9+#)(LB*
Groupe
n
Genre
adjectif
Omission
adjectif
Commission
adjectif
Omission
déterminant
Définitude
Syntagme
fractionné
Relative
3–3;11
55
50, 18,2%
(64%)
19, 5,7%
(24%)
14, 4,2%
(22%)
20, 6,1%
(12,7%)
3, 0,9%
(4%)
38, 11,5%
(33%)
8, 0,2%
(5,5%)
4–4;11
50
38, 12,2%
(60%)
7, 2,2%
(8%)
9, 2,9%
(16%)
5, 1,6%
(2%)
11, 3,5%
(4%)
10, 3,2%
(14%)
0
5–5;11
47
26, 9,2%
(45%)
0
4, 1,8%
(11%)
12, 4,3%
(8,5%)
3, 1,1%
(2%)
1, 0,1%
(2%)
0
6–6;11
12
6, 8,3%
(42%)
0
3, 2,1%
(25%)
9, 6,2%
(16,7%)
0
0
0
7–7;11
13
5, 6,4%
(31%)
0
3, 1,9%
(15%)
0
0
0
0
8–8;11
12
2, 2,8%
(17%)
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
18
9
121, 11,6%
(51%)
26, 2,4%
(9%)
34, 3,1%
(16%)
46, 4,2%
(7,4%)
17, 1,6%
(3%)
49, 4,5%
(13%)
8, 0,7%
(1,6%)
*
I()*93+/-1$,+#)*#+#V1,U:()*:()*9:-)*23<>-(#$()*)+#$*/()*(33(-3)*/(*&(#3(*/;%/0(1$,2D*
:()* )"#$%&'()* 23%1$,+##<)D* :;+',)),+#* +-* :%* 1+'',)),+#* /(* :;%/0(1$,2* ($* :;+',)),+#* /-*
/<$(3',#%#$B*I;+',)),+#* /(* :;%/0(1$,2* /,)9%3%,$*X* R* %#)* ($* :()*(33(-3)* /(* /<2,#,$-/(* ($* :%*
93+/-1$,+#*/(*)"#$%&'()*23%1$,+##<)*)+#$*3%3()*X*1($*7&(B*I()*(33(-3)*/(*&(#3(*)-3*:;%/0(1$,2*
/,',#-(#$*%93^)*:;7&(*/(*k*%#)D*'%,)*1($$(*(33(-3*)(*3($3+-=(*9%3$,1-:,^3('(#$*)-3*:%*2+3'(*
brune*($*#+#*9%)*blanche*+-*verteB**
*
5.3.4 Tâche 4 : Syntagmes Couleurs et Grandeurs
*
5
Les réponses erronées qui n’ont pas été répertoriées plus de 5 fois dans au moins un des groupes sont 1)
l’erreur de genre sur le déterminant (n = 5), 2), une structure copule (elle est jaune la grenouille) (n = 1), et
3) l’ordre de l’adjectif – p. ex, le canard gros – (n = 2).

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
HM*
5.3.4.1 Réponses cibles sur la tâche Syntagmes Couleurs et Grandeurs
I()* /+##<()* /()13,9$,=()* /(* :%* $718(* Syntagmes Couleurs et Grandeurs* )+#$*
93<)(#$<()* /%#)* :(* $%U:(%-* \D* %,#),* >-(* /()* $()$)* )$%$,)$,>-()* /(* !$-/(#$* %=(1* /(-.*
<18%#$,::+#)*9+-3*1+'9%3(3* :()*/(-.* =(3),+#)*KP*($*JLB*G(3$%,#)* (#2%#$)*9(-=(#$* 3<-)),3*
1($$(*$718(*/^)*:;7&(*/(*QM*'+,)D*'%,)*,:*"*%*-#(*&3%#/(*=%3,%U,:,$<*/%#)*:()*$%-.*/(*3<-)),$(B*
I%*=(3),+#*P*KF*|*oDQoD*g6*|*MDRoL*)('U:(*&<#<3%:('(#$*'+,#)*U,(#*3<-)),(*>-(*:%*=(3),+#*
J*KF*|*\DMoD*g6*|*MDRML*'%,)*1($$(*$(#/%#1(*#;%$$(,#$*9%)*:(*)(-,:*/(*),&#,2,1%$,=,$<*/%#)*
-#(*PAflP*&<#<3%:,)<(*,#1:-%#$*$+-)*:()*&3+-9()*/;7&(*KFK5D5]oL*5BoYD*p*|*]DRD*$K5DH5oLD*
5DoYD*p |*]D]YLB*I(*93(',(3*)1+3(*/(*5]]j*/(*:%*=(3),+#*P*()$*+U)(3=<*X*QQ*'+,)D*($*)-3*:%*
2+3'(*J*X*QM* '+,)D*'%,)*:()*3<)-:$%$)*)-3*:()*/(-.* =(3),+#)*3()$(#$*&<#<3%:('(#$*2%,U:()*
18([*:()*(#2%#$)*7&<)*/(*M*($*Q*%#)B*g#2,#D*+#*9(-$*=+,3*>-;-#(*9(32+3'%#1(*/(*o]j*+-*9:-)*
()$*%$$(,#$(*9%3*$+-)*:()*(#2%#$)*/(*k*%#)*($*9:-)*)-3*:%*=(3),+#*J*($*9%3*:()*(#2%#$)*/(*o*%#)*
($*9:-)*)-3*:%*=(3),+#*PB*
?:-),(-3)*(#2%#$)*/-*&3+-9(*7&<)*/(*M*%#)D*Y*7&<)*/(*MY{Mo*'+,)D*($*H*/(*9:-)*/(*QH*
'+,)D*#;+#$*9%)*=+-:-*2%,3(*1($$(*$718(D*+-*#;+#$*3<-)),*>-;X*93+/-,3(*H*+-*M*<#+#1<)B*G()*
Y*(#2%#$)* +#$* <$<* 3($,3<)* /()*3<)-:$%$)B*E#(* 1+'9%3%,)+#* /()* 3<)-:$%$)* /(*18%>-(*&3+-9(*
/;7&(*)-3*:()*$718()*P*($*J*%*<$<*+9<3<(B*f#*#;+U)(3=(*/()*/,22<3(#1()*),&#,2,1%$,=()*(#$3(*
:()*=(3),+#)*P*($*JD*(#*2%=(-3*/(*:%*=(3),+#*JD*>-;X*:;7&(*/(*R{Y*%#)B*
*
6%U:(%-* \B* F+"(##()* K)-3* 5HLD* <1%3$)V$"9()D* )(-,:)* /(* 3,)>-(* ($* 9(32+3'%#1(* )(:+#* :()*
&3+-9()*/;7&(*)-3*:%*$718(*Syntagmes Couleurs et GrandeursD*)(:+#*:%*=(3),+#*P*+-*JB***
Version A
Version B
Groupe
n
Moyenne
(ET
standard)
Seuil de
risque
≥ 80 %
(10/12)
n
Moyenne
(ET
standard)
Seuil de
risque
≥ 80 %
(10/12)
Test F
Test-T
3–3;11
25
6,08
(4,12)
2
28%
23
6,26
(3,80)
2
22%
0.36
ns
4–4;11
24
7,52
(2,39)
5
24%
26
8,12
(3,35)
5
38%
0,45
ns
5–5;11
24
8,38
(3,24)
5
42%
23
10,91
(1,93)
9
83%
0,01
0,003
6–6;11
12
9,17
(3,60)
9
67%
12
9,38
(4,02)
10
83%
–
0,10

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
HQ*
7–7;11
13
11,23
(1,42)
10
85%
13
11,85
(0,53)
11
100%
–
ns
8–8;11
12
12 (0)
12
100%
12
12 (0)
12
100%
–
ns
Notes : 3 enfants de 36 mois, 2 de 37, 1 de 38, 1 de 42 et 1 de 46 mois n’ont pas participé ou n’ont pas pu
répondre à suffisamment d’items à la tâche. 1 enfant de 4 ans ainsi que tous les enfants de 7–9 ans ont fait
les deux versions de la tâche.
*
E#(* =<3,2,1%$,+#* /(* :;(22($* /-* &(#3(* &3%''%$,1%:* K'%)1-:,#* vs* 2<',#,#L* ($* /(* :%*
=%3,%U,:,$<*K<9,1^#(*vs*=%3,%U:(L*)-3*:;8%U,:($<*X*93+/-,3(*1()*)$3-1$-3()*%*<$<*+9<3<(B*C$%#$*
/+##<*>-(*:()*%/0(1$,2)*/(*&3%#/(-3*<$%,(#$*$+-)*=%3,%U:()D*:(*2%1$(-3*=%3,%U,:,$<*#;%*<$<*93,)*
(#*1+'9$(*>-(*9+-3*:()*%/0(1$,2)*/(*1+-:(-3
6
B*S()*PAflP)*+#$*3<=<:<*-#*,'9%1$*)-3*:()*
3<)-:$%$)*/()*/(-.*=(3),+#)*K=%3,%U,:,$<D*F K5D*5]oL*‚*5QDRkD*p <*]D]]H*/%#)*:()*/(-.*1%)_*
&(#3(*&3%''%$,1%:*T*F K5D*5]oL*‚*kD\QD*p <*]D]]R*/%#)*:()*/(-.*1%)L*'%,)*#;,#$(3%&,))(#$*
>-(*9+-3*:%*=(3),+#*P*K=(3),+#*P*T*FK5D55]L*M5DYoD*p ƒ*]D]]]5_*=(3),+#*J*T*FK5D5]oL*]D]5\D*
p*|*]Do\LB*I;,#$(3%1$,+#*3(2:^$(*:(*2%,$*>-(*:%*2+3'(*brune*)(*3($3+-=(*/%#)*:%*=(3),+#*P*T*
1($$(* 2+3'(* %-* 2<',#,#* ()$* :%* '+,#)* U,(#* 3<-)),(* K2,&-3(* M* JLB* I()* )"#$%&'()* )+#$*
),&#,2,1%$,=('(#$*'+,#)*U,(#*3<-)),)*)-3*:()*,$(')*2<',#,#)*=%3,%U:()*>-(*)-3*$+-)*:()*%-$3()*
,$(')D*/%#)*:%*$718(*PB*S%#)*:%*$718(*JD*1(*)+#$*&<#<3%:('(#$*:()*2+3'()*2<',#,#()*>-,*)+#$*
:()*'+,#)*U,(#*3<-)),()*%=(1*-#*(22($*%//,$,2*/(*:%*=%3,%U,:,$<*)-3*:(*&(#3(*K=+,3*2,&-3(*MPLB**
Figure 3*@<-)),$(*(#*9+-31(#$%&()*/(*93+/-1$,+#)*1,U:(*/-*)"#$%&'(*)-3*:%*$718(*
!"#$%&'()*G+-:(-3)*($*`3%#/(-3)*)(:+#*:(*&(#3(*&3%''%$,1%:*K2<',#,#*=)B*'%)1-:,#L*($*:(*
$"9(*/;%/0(1$,2*/(*1+-:(-3*K<9,1^#(*=)B*=%3,%U:(L*/%#)*:()*=(3),+#)*P*($*J*KPLD*($*)(:+#*
:;%/0(1$,2*($*)+#*&(#3(*KJLB*
*
*
6
Voir la section des analyses d’erreurs pour plus de détails sur la réussite des différentes catégories
d’adjectifs.

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
HR*
5.3.4.2 Analyse d’erreurs sur la tâche Syntagmes Couleurs*et Grandeurs
I()*$"9()*/(*3<9+#)()*#+#V1,U:()*3<9(3$+3,<()*)-3* :()* )"#$%&'()* %=(1* %/0(1$,2)* /(*
1+-:(-3*($* /(*&3%#/(-3* )+#$*:()*)-,=%#$)*T* %L*:(* &(#3(*/N%/0(1$,2*/(* &3%#/(-3D*UL* :(*&(#3(*
/N%/0(1$,2* /(* 1+-:(-3D* 1L* :;+',)),+#* /(* :;%/0(1$,2D* /L* :%* 1+'',)),+#* /(* :;%/0(1$,2D* (L*
:;+',)),+#*/-*/<$(3',#%#$D*2L*-#(*(33(-3*/(*/<2,#,$-/(*{*9B*(.BD*une grenouille blancheD*&L*
:;+3/3(*/(*:;%/0(1$,2*{*9B*(.D*le canard gros brun*{D*8L*-#*)"#$%&'(*#+',#%:*23%1$,+##<*{*9B*
(.BD*le gros canard, le brun*9+-3*le gros canard brun*{D*,L*-#(*3(:%$,=(*{9B*(.BD*la grosse
grenouille qui est blancheD*($*(#2,#*0L*-#(*1+9-:(*K9B*(.BD*le bateau noir, y’est petitLB
7
*I()*
3<9+#)()* /(* $"9(* y*#+#V)"#$%.,>-()*z* )+#$* 93<)(#$<()* /%#)* :(* $%U:(%-* 5]D* ($* :()*
y*)"#$%.,>-()*z*/%#)*:(*$%U:(%-*55B*
*
6%U:(%-*5]B*S,)$3,U-$,+#*/()*$"9()*/;(33(-3)*#+#*)"#$%.,>-()D*(#*#+'U3(*($*(#*
9+-31(#$%&(*/(*3<9+#)()D*)-3*:%*$718(*Syntagmes Couleurs et Grandeurs*)(:+#*:(*&3+-9(*
/;7&(*K(#$3(*9%3(#$8^)()D*:(*9+-31(#$%&(*/;(#2%#$)*/-*&3+-9(*>-,*93+/-,)(#$*18%>-(*$"9(*
/(*3<9+#)(LB**
Groupe
n
Genre
adjectif
grandeur a
Genre
adjectif
couleur a
Omission
adjectif
grandeur
ou couleur
Commission
adjectif
grandeur
ou couleur
Omission
déterminant
Définitude
3–3;11
4
8
52, 8,7%
(44%)
72, 12,5%
(65%)
23, 4%
(17%)
46, 8,0%
(40%)
31, 5,4%
(15%)
7, 1,2%
(4%)
4–4;11
5
0
22, 3,7%
(16%)
66, 11,0%
(56%)
5, 0,3%
(6%)
22, 3,7%
(24%)
14, 2,3%
(6%)
12, 2,0%
(4%)
5–5;11
4
7
6, 1,1%
(11%)
29, 5,1%
(29%)
2, 0,4%
(2%)
8, 1,4%
(15%)
21, 3,7%
(13%)
0
6–6;11
1
2
4, 1,4%
(25%)
5, 1,7%
(25%)
2, 0,7%
(8%)
8, 2,8%
(25%)
45, 15,5%
(16,7%)
0
7–7;11
1
3
5, 1,6%
(15%)
6, 1,9%
(15%)
0
0
0
0
8–8;11
1
2
2, 0,7%
(17%)
0
0
2, 0,7%
(8,3%)
0
0
*
7
Les réponses erronées qui n’ont pas été répertoriées plus de 5 fois dans au moins un des groupes sont 1) la
surrégularisation (p. ex., noirte, n = 3), 2), une structure conjointe (la grenouille grosse et brune) (n = 5),
génitive (la grande maison de brune, n = 1), ou prépositionnelle (le petit bateau comme le soleil, n = 7)

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
HY*
Total
1
8
2
91, 3,5%
(23%)
178, 6,8%
(43%)
32, 1,2%
(10%)
86, 1,0%
(23%)
111, 4,2%
(10%)
19, 0,1%
(10%)
Notes : a Ce type d’erreurs ne s’observe que sur les adjectifs variables
*
6%U:(%-*55B*S,)$3,U-$,+#*/()*$"9()*/;(33(-3)*)"#$%.,>-()D*(#*#+'U3(*($*(#*9+-31(#$%&(*/(*
3<9+#)()D*)-3*:%*$718(*Syntagmes Couleurs et Grandeurs*)(:+#*:(*&3+-9(*/;7&(*K(#$3(*
9%3(#$8^)()D*:(*9+-31(#$%&(*/;(#2%#$)*/-*&3+-9(*>-,*93+/-,)(#$*18%>-(*$"9(*/(*3<9+#)(LB*
*
Groupe
n
Syntagme fractionné
Ordre de l’adjectif
Relative
Copule
3–3;11
48
145, 24,3% (67%)
21, 3,5% (19%)
23, 3,9% (6,3%)
7, 1,2% (10,4%)
4–4;11
50
100, 16,2% (70%)
17, 2,8% (14%)
0
4, 0,6% (6%)
5–5;11
47
35, 6,2% (38%)
19, 3,3% (15%)
3, 0,5% (2,1%)
2, 0,4% (2,1%)
6–6;11
12
14, 4,7% (33%)
3, 1% (17%)
0
1, 0,3% (8,3%)
7–7;11
13
0
0
0
0
8–8;11
12
0
0
0
0
Total
182
292, 11,2% (49%)
60, 2,3% (14%)
26, 0,2% (2%)
14, 0,5% (6%)
*
I()*93+/-1$,+#)*#+#V1,U:()*:()*9:-)*23<>-(#$()*)+#$*/()*)"#$%&'()*23%1$,+##<)D*/()*
(33(-3)*/;+3/3(*/;%/0(1$,2)*K$%U:(%-*55LD*/()*(33(-3)*/(*&(#3(*/;%/0(1$,2)*/(*1+-:(-3*+-*/(*
&3%#/(-3D* :;+',)),+#* /-* /<$(3',#%#$D* ($* :%* 1+'',)),+#* /(* :;%/0(1$,2* /(* 1+-:(-3* +-* /(*
&3%#/(-3*K$%U:(%-*5]LB*I()*(33(-3)*/(*&(#3(*)-3*:;%/0(1$,2*3()$(#$*93<)(#$()*'W'(*%93^)*:;7&(*
/(* k* %#)D* ($* 1($$(* (33(-3* )(* 3($3+-=(* 93()>-;(.1:-),=('(#$* )-3* :%* 2+3'(* bruneB* I(*
23%1$,+##('(#$*/-*)"#$%&'(*K>-,*()$*&3%''%$,1%:L*()$*-#(*)$3%$<&,(*$3^)*1+-3%#$(*18([*:()*
0(-#()* (#2%#$)* '%,)* ()$* 3%3(* +-* /,)9%3%,$*%93^)* Y* %#)B* S()* (33(-3)* /;+3/3(* /;%/0(1$,2*
);+U)(3=(#$*18([*-#*)+-)V(#)('U:(*/()*(#2%#$)*0-)>-;X*Y*%#)B*I()*3(:%$,=()*#(*);+U)(3=(#$*
>-(* 18([* Q* (#2%#$)D* '%0+3,$%,3('(#$* /-* &3+-9(* M* %#)B* I;+',)),+#* ($* :%* 1+'',)),+#*
/;%/0(1$,2)* +-* /(* /<$(3',#%#$)* #(* /(=3%,$* 9%)* );+U)(3=(3* %93^)* Y* %#)D* ($* :()* (33(-3)* /(*
/<2,#,$-/(*($*:%*93+/-1$,+#*/(*3(:%$,=()*+-*/(*1+9-:()*%93^)*Q*%#)*)+#$*3%3()*($*93<)(#$()*
18([*-#(*',#+3,$<*/;(#2%#$)B*
*

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
Hk*
6. Discussion
6.2 Accord du genre et assignation de genre
S%#)*/()*<$-/()*:+#&,$-/,#%:()*Kl%:+,)*m*@+":(D*H]]\L*($*$3%#)=(3)%:()*Kl%:+,)*($*
%:BD*H]]\LD*:%*'%Z$3,)(*93<1+1(*/(*:;%11+3/*(#*&(#3(*()$*%99%3(#$(*18([*:()*0(-#()*(#2%#$)*
23%#1+98+#()B* G(1,* ),&#,2,(* >-(* 1(-.* ($* 1(::()V1,* 9(-=(#$* 93+/-,3(* )9+#$%#<'(#$* /()*
)"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*%=(1*-#(*%)),&#%$,+#*/(*&(#3(*%993+93,<*K=,),U:(*)-3*:(*/<$(3',#%#$L*
/^)*:()*93(',^3()*1+'U,#%,)+#)*/(*'+$)B*6+-$(2+,)D*:;('9:+,*)9+#$%#<*:,',$<*/;%/0(1$,2)*#(*
9(3'($* 9%)* /(* )$%$-(3* )-3* :%* '%Z$3,)(* /(* :;%11+3/* /(* 1($$(* 1%$<&+3,(* /(* '+$)B* S(* 9:-)*
:;,#=(#$%,3(*:(.,1%:* )9+#$%#<* /()* (#2%#$)* )(* :,',$(* X* -#* $3^)* 9($,$*<18%#$,::+#*/;%/0(1$,2)*
=%3,%U:()*T* grand, petit, gentil,* ($1B* O:* ()$* /+#1* /,22,1,:(* /;<=%:-(3* :%* 93+/-1$,=,$<* ($*
:;%-$+'%$,)%$,+#*/(*93+1())-)*/;%11+3/*(#*/(8+3)*/()*$718()*>-,*:()*1,U:(#$*)9<1,2,>-('(#$B*
I()*1%))(V$W$()*>-(*#+-)*%=+#)*13<<)*+#$*<$<*1+#4-)*X*1($*(22($D*($*#+)*/+##<()*9(3'($$(#$*
/;,/(#$,2,(3*:()*7&()*18%3#,^3()*%-.>-(:)*:()*(#2%#$)*/(=3%,(#$*'%Z$3,)(3*1()*)$3-1$-3()D*1;()$V
XV/,3(*>-;+#*(#*1+##%Z$*:;7&(*%$$(#/-*/(*'%Z$3,)(*K,B(BD*o]j*+-*9:-)LB**
I()*3<)-:$%$)*%1$-(:)*)-&&^3(#$*>-(*:()*%/0(1$,2)*/(*&3%#/(-3*)+#$*',(-.*'%Z$3,)<)*
>-(*:()*1+-:(-3)B*g#*(22($D*/%#)*:()*)"#$%&'()*X*-#*)(-:*%/0(1$,2D*%-1-#(*(33(-3*/;%11+3/*
#;()$*#+$<(*X*9%3$,3*/(*k*%#)*9+-3*:()*,$(')*1,U:%#$*:()*%/0(1$,2)*/(*&3%#/(-3B*P*1+#$3%3,+D*
1(3$%,#)*,$(')*1,U:%#$*:()*%/0(1$,2)*/(*1+-:(-3*93+=+>-(#$*/()*(33(-3)D*#+$%''(#$*y*U3-#*z*
($* y*U:%#1*zB* I%* '%Z$3,)(* 9:-)* 3%9,/(* /()* %/0(1$,2)* /(* &3%#/(-3* /%#)* #+)* $718()* ()$*
9+)),U:('(#$*:,<(*%-.*1+#$3%,#$()*)<'%#$,>-()*)-3*:()*1%$<&+3,()*/;%/0(1$,2)*>-,* 9(-=(#$*
W$3(*/%#)*-#(*9+),$,+#*93<#+',#%:(*K=+,3*l%:+,)*($*%:BD*H]]\*9+-3*/()*/<$%,:)LB*I(*2%,$*>-(*
:%*$718(*/(*&3%#/(-3*#;%,$*93<)(#$<*>-(*/(-.*%/0(1$,2)D*>-,*)+#$*$+-)*/(-.*3%99+3$<)*1+''(*
<$%#$*%1>-,)*93<1+1('(#$*($*'W'(*93<)(#$)*/%#)*:()*1+39-)*)9+#$%#<)D*9(-$*%-)),*(.9:,>-(3*
(#*9%3$,(*1($$(*+U)(3=%$,+#B*
S%#)*:()*)"#$%&'()*X*/(-.*%/0(1$,2)D*/()*(33(-3)*9(3),)$(#$*)-3*:;%11+3/*(#*&(#3(*/()*
%/0(1$,2)* /(* 1+-:(-3* 0-)>-;X* o* %#)D* ($* /()* %/0(1$,2)* /(* &3%#/(-3* 0-)>-;X* \* %#)B* I%*
1+'9:(.,2,1%$,+#* /(* :%* )$3-1$-3(* 9+-33%,$* %* 93,+3,* 3(#/3(* :;%11+3/* (#* &(#3(* 9:-)* 23%&,:(D*
'W'(*9+-3*/()*%/0(1$,2)*>-,*)('U:%,(#$*U,(#*'%Z$3,)<)*:+3)>-;('9:+"<)*/%#)*-#*)"#$%&'(*
#+',#%:*9:-)*),'9:(B*S(*9:-)*/;%-$3()*<$-/()*/<'+#$3(#$*>-(*:;%11+3/*/(*=(3U()*KG+-3$(%-*
($*%:BD*H]HQ*_*a3%#1c*($*%:BD*H]]QL*#(*);%-$+'%$,)(*9%)*%=%#$*:;7&(*/(*o*%#)D*1(*>-,*9+-33%,$*
),&#,2,(3*-#*/<:%,*$"9,>-(*/%#)*:;%-$+'%$,)%$,+#*/(*93+1())-)*:,#&-,)$,>-()*/(*=<3,2,1%$,+#*

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
Ho*
&3%''%$,1%:(*/(*:;%11+3/B*A<%#'+,#)D*(#*1+'9%3%#$*:()*$%-.*/;(33(-3)*9+-3*18%>-(*$"9(*
/;%/0(1$,2*/%#)*:%*$718(*:%*9:-)*1+'9:(.(*K$%U:(%-*55LD*+#*1+#)$%$(*>-(*:(*$%-.*/;(33(-3*)-3*
:()*1+-:(-3)*()$*&<#<3%:('(#$*9:-)*<:(=<*>-(*9+-3*:()*&3%#/(-3)D*1+#2,3'%#$*:()*3<)-:$%$)*
(.9+)<)*9:-)*$q$B*
O:*2%-$* #+$(3*>-(*:;(33(-3* /(*&(#3(*)-3* -#*%/0(1$,2*/(* 1+-:(-3*)-3*1()* $718()*<$%,$*
%$$(#/-(*9+-3*:;(#2%#$*>-,*%993(#/*:(*23%#4%,)*(#*IHD*'W'(*),*:%*I5*1+#$,(#$*/()*$3%,$)*/(*
&(#3(*K9%3*(.('9:(D*=+,3*/()*/+##<()*/(*:;()9%&#+:*($*/-*23%#4%,)D*@+":(*($*%:BD*H]5RLB*„*:%*
/,22<3(#1(*/()*(#2%#$)*%=(1*-#*6SID*:()*(#2%#$)*8,)9%#+98+#()*%993(#%#$*:(*23%#4%,)*:%#&-(*
)(1+#/(* 93+/-,)(#$* 93+9+3$,+##(::('(#$* 9:-)* /;(33(-3)* /(* &(#3(* )-3* :()* %/0(1$,2)* /(*
&3%#/(-3D*'%,)*%-)),*-#(*>-%#$,$<*,'9+3$%#$(*/;(33(-3)*/;,#=(3),+#*)"#$%.,>-(*/(*:;%/0(1$,2D*
(#*1+8<3(#1(*%=(1*:%*&3%''%,3(*/(*:;()9%&#+:*K9B*(.BD*le bateau grandLB*I%*'%0+3,$<*/()*
%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*)+#$*9+)$#+',#%-.D*1+''(*(#*()9%&#+:D*($*/(*1(*2%,$*+#*);%$$(#/3%,$*X*
$3+-=(3*/()*(33(-3)*/(*)"#$%.(*/-*)"#$%&'(*#+',#%:*>-,*)-,=3%,$*1($$(*$(#/%#1(D*'%,)*1(*
#;()$*9%)*1(*>-,*()$*+U)(3=<*(#*)9+#$%#<*(#*23%#4%,)*Kl%:+,)*m*@+":(D*H]]\LB*O:*)(*9+-33%,$*
>-(*1($$(*%U)(#1(*/;(33(-3)*)+,$*$3,U-$%,3(*/(*:;,'9+3$%#1(*>-(*:()*%/0(1$,2)*93<#+',#%-.*
+#$*9+-3*:%*3<2<3(#1(*T*,:)*,/(#$,2,(#$*/()*$3%,$)*)<'%#$,>-()*1+''(*:%*&3%#/(-3*($*:;7&(D*($*
1(*)+#$* /()*%/0(1$,2)*>-,* 9(3'($$(#$*#+$%''(#$*:;(22%1('(#$* /-*#+'*K9B* (.BD*je veux la
grande, l%:+,)* m* @+":(D* H]]\LB* I(-3* =%:,/,$<* /(* ),&#%:* Kcue validityL
8
* 9+-33%,$* (#*
93+'+-=+,3*:;%993(#$,))%&(*3%9,/(B*F%:&3<*:(-3*,'9+3$%#1(*9+-3*:%*3<2<3(#1(D*+#*+U)(3=(*
-#*#+'U3(*3(:%$,=('(#$*23<>-(#$*/;(33(-3)*/;+3/3(*/(*:;%/0(1$,2*9+)$#+',#%:*%=%#$*:;7&(*/(*
R*%#)*)-3*:%*$718(*H*KGrandeursL*($*0-)>-;X*:;7&(*/(*Y*%#)*)-3*:%*$718(*:%*9:-)*1+'9:(.(*
KCouleurs et GrandeursLB*G(*3<)-:$%$*/<'+#$3(*>-;X*:%*/,22<3(#1(*/()*1+39-)*/(*:%#&%&(*
)9+#$%#<D*:%*$718(*/;,#/-1$,+#*/()*%/0(1$,2)*()$*)(#),U:(*X*1($$(*/,22<3(#1(*/(*$3%,$('(#$*/()*
%/0(1$,2)*93<V*($*9+)$#+',#%-.B**
g#2,#*,:*()$*,#$<3())%#$*/(*1+'9%3(3*:()*/+##<()*/;(#2%#$)*X*/<=(:+99('(#$*$"9,>-(*
KS6L*X*1(::()*/;(#2%#$)*93<)(#$%#$*-#*6SI*($*/(*=<3,2,(3*),*:()*#+3'()*93+9+)<()*)+#$*-$,:()*
9+-3*:;,/(#$,2,1%$,+#*/-*6SIB*S()*/+##<()*/(*o*(#2%#$)*%"%#$*-#*6SI*($*7&<)*(#$3(*R*($*
R_55*%#)*K@+":(*m*!$,#(D*H]5M*_*@+":(*m*@(,),#&D*H]5\LD*%,#),*>-;-#*(#2%#$*/(*Y_]Y*%#)*>-,*
#;%=%,$*9%)*<$<*,#1:-)*/%#)*:()*<$-/()*93<1</(#$()*<$%#$*/+##<*)+#*7&(D*)+#$*93<)(#$<)*/%#)*
*
8
C’est-à-dire « la valeur informative d’un dispositif linguistique donné en tant qu’indice d’un sens ou
d’une intention sous-jacente » (traduction libre de Bates et MacWhinney 1989, p. 37)

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
H\*
:(* $%U:(%-* 5HB* f#* +U)(3=(* >-(* :()* (#2%#$)* %=(1* -#* 6SI* 3<-)),))(#$* 8%U,$-(::('(#$* :%*
/<#+',#%$,+#*/(*1+-:(-3)D*($*>-(*9(-*/;(#2%#$)*<18+-(#$*)-3*:%*$718(*H*KgrandeursL*+-*M*
KcouleursL*_*1(9(#/%#$*:%*'%0+3,$<*Kk*)-3*\L*<18+-(#$*X*:%*$718(*Q*J*Kcouleurs et grandeursLB*
G()*(#2%#$)*+#$*$(#/%#1(*X*93+/-,3(*9:-)*/;(33(-3)*/(*&(#3(*)-3*:()*%/0(1$,2)*=%3,%U:()*>-(*
:(-3)*9%,3)* /(* 'W'(* 7&(B*E#* %-$3(* )18^'(* +U)(3=<* 18([*-#* (#2%#$* %=(1* -#*6SI*()$* :%*
)-3-$,:,)%$,+#*/;%/0(1$,2)*2<',#,#)*%-*:,(-*/(*'%)1-:,#)B*G(*1+'9+3$('(#$*#;%*jamais*<$<*
+U)(3=<*18([*:()*5\]*$<'+,#)*/(*:;<$-/(B*G(3$%,#)*(#2%#$)*6SI*93+/-,)(#$*/()*(33(-3)*/(*
&(#3(*)-3*:()*/<$(3',#%#$)*+-*:()*+'($$(#$D*1+'9+3$('(#$)*3%3()*18([*:()*$<'+,#)*X*1($*7&(B*
G()* /+##<()* )('U:(#$* ,#/,>-(3* >-(* :()* (#2%#$)* %=(1* 6SID* (#* /<9,$* /(* :(-3* U+##(*
1+##%,))%#1(*/-*=+1%U-:%,3(*-$,:,)<D*93<)(#$(#$*/()*/,22,1-:$<)*/,)93+9+3$,+##<()*%=(1*:()*
93+1())-)* /;%11+3/* /-* 23%#4%,)D* )-3$+-$* /(* :;%11+3/* %/0(1$,2V#+'* '%,)* %-)),* 9%32+,)* /(*
:;%$$3,U-$,+#*/-*&(#3(*)-3*:(*/<$(3',#%#$D*1+'9+3$('(#$*>-,*#;()$*9%)*+U)(3=<*(#*:%#&%&(*
)9+#$%#<*K@+":(*m*@(,),#&D*H]5\LB**
*
6%U:(%-*5H*T*@<)-:$%$)*/;(#2%#$)*23%#1+98+#()*%=(1*6SI*)-3*:()*>-%$3(*$718()D*U%)<)*)-3*
:()*)(-,:)*<$%U:,)B*
*
g#2%#$*
…&(*
K(#*'+,)L*
`3+-9(*
/;7&(*
65*
6H*
6M*P*
6M*J*
6Q*P*
6Q*J*
6SI5*
o]*
Y{Y_55*
@<-)),$(*
@<-)),$(*
{*
Échec
–
Échec
6SIH*
YR*
R{R_55*
@<-)),$(*
Échec
@<-)),$(*
{*
@<-)),$(*
{*
6SIM*
k]*
R{R_55*
@<-)),$(*
@<-)),$(*
@<-)),$(*
@<-)),$(*
@<-)),$(*
Échec
6SIQ*
Y]*
R{R_55*
Échec
Échec
Échec
–
Échec
–
6SIR*
Yk*
R{R_55*
@<-)),$(*
@<-)),$(*
@<-)),$(*
@<-)),$(*
@<-)),$(*
Échec
6SIY*
Yk*
R{R_55*
@<-)),$(*
Échec
@<-)),$(*
@<-)),$(*
@<-)),$(*
Échec
6SIk*
Y\*
R{R_55*
@<-)),$(*
@<-)),$(*
Échec
Échec
Échec
Échec
6SIo*
Y\*
R{R_55*
@<-)),$(*
@<-)),$(*
@<-)),$(*
@<-)),$(*
@<-)),$(*
@<-)),$(*
6SI\*
k5*
R{R_55*
@<-)),$(*
@<-)),$(*
@<-)),$(*
@<-)),$(*
@<-)),$(*
@<-)),$(*
*
*
6.1 La syntaxe du syntagme nominal

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
M]*
G($$(* <$-/(* #+-)* %* 9(3',)* /;<=%:-(3* 1(3$%,#)* %)9(1$)* /-* /<=(:+99('(#$* /(* :%*
'%Z$3,)(* /(* :%* )"#$%.(* /-* )"#$%&'(* #+',#%:* 18([* :;(#2%#$* 23%#1+98+#(B* S()* <$-/()* /(*
1+39-)*+#$*'+#$3<*>-(* :%*93+/-1$,+#*/(* )"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*%=(1* /()*%/0(1$,2)*()$* 3%3(*
/%#)*:(*/,)1+-3)*)9+#$%#<*/()*(#2%#$)*Kl%:+,)*m*@+":(D*H]]\*_*l%:+,)*($*%:BD*H]]\L*($*>-(*
:()*)$3-1$-3()*1+'9:(.()*%=(1*/()*%/0(1$,2)*#(*3(93<)(#$(#$*>-(*oDR*X*5H*j*/(*1(*/,)1+-3)*
K@+":(*m*!$,#(D*H]5MLB*g#*(22($D*/%#)*:()*1+39-)D*:()*)$3-1$-3()*%=(1*/()*%/0(1$,2)*/%#)*:(*
)"#$%&'(*#+',#%:*+-*/%#)*:(*)"#$%&'(*=(3U%:*K9B*(.BD*elle est grande la maisonL*)+#$*9(-*
=%3,<()*($*9(-*23<>-(#$()B*P,#),D*:%*$718(*93+9+)<(*,1,*1+#)$,$-(*-#*+-$,:*&371(*%->-(:*:()*
1:,#,1,(#)*9+-33+#$*+U)(3=(3*:%*93+/-1$,+#*/(*/,22<3(#$)*/(&3<)*/(*1+'9:(.,$<*/-*)"#$%&'(*
#+',#%:*($*(#*<=%:-(3*:%*'%Z$3,)(*(#*93<)(#$%#$*/()*+11%),+#)*/(*93+/-1$,+#*1+#$3q:<()*%=(1*
/()*#+')*($*%/0(1$,2)*1+##-)*/()*(#2%#$)B**
Figure 4 : C=+:-$,+#*/()*1+'9<$(#1()*(#*)"#$%.(*/-*)"#$%&'(*#+',#%:*18([*:;(#2%#$*
23%#1+98+#(
*
A+-)*3(93<)(#$+#)*)18<'%$,>-('(#$*/%#)*:%*2,&-3(*Q*#+)*3<)-:$%$)*%=(1*-#(*=(3),+#*
),'9:,2,<(*/(*:;%3U3(*)"#$%.,>-(*93<)(#$<*/%#)*:%*2,&-3(*5B*I%*93(',^3(*)$3-1$-3(*'%Z$3,)<(*
9%3*:()*(#2%#$)*()$*:;%/0(1$,2*9+)$#+',#%:*KcouleurL*/^)*:;7&(*/(*Q*%#)*T*,:*#;"*%*9%)*/;(33(-3)*
/;+3/3(*/;%/0(1$,2)*($*9(-*/(*23%1$,+##('(#$B*I()*)$3-1$-3()*%=(1*/()*%/0(1$,2)*/(*&3%#/(-3*
K93<#+',#%-.L*)+#$*%1>-,)()*0-)$(*%93^)D*)+,$*(#$3(*Q*($*R*%#)B*I()*(33(-3)*/;+3/3(*/;%/0(1$,2*
)+#$*3%3()*%93^)*Q*%#)*($*:()*)"#$%&'()*23%1$,+##<)*:(*)+#$*%93^)*R*%#)B*g#2,#D*:()*)$3-1$-3()*
9:-)* 1+'9:(.()* ,'9:,>-%#$* :()* /(-.* $"9()* /;%/0(1$,2)* )+#$* '%Z$3,)<()* 9:-)* $%3/,=('(#$D*
(#$3(*Y* ($*k*%#)B* f#* +U)(3=(*>-(* :()* (33(-3)*/(*23%1$,+##('(#$* 9+-3* 1()*)$3-1$-3()* 9:-)*
1+'9:(.()*)+#$* (#1+3(* 93<)(#$()* X* Y* %#)D*%,#),*>-(*/()* (33(-3)* /;+3/3(* /;%/0(1$,2)B* G()*
/(3#,^3()*)(*3($3+-=(#$*)-3*:()*%/0(1$,2)*93<#+',#%-.*>-,*)+#$*'%0+3,$%,3('(#$*93+/-,$)*X*
:%*2,#*/-*)"#$%&'(D*9%3*(.BD*le bateau noir grandB*G(1,*%99-,(*:;,#$(393<$%$,+#*)(:+#*:%>-(::(*

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
M5*
:()*(#2%#$)*#;+#$*9%)*(#1+3(*U,(#*'%Z$3,)<*:%*9+),$,+#*)"#$%.,>-(*/(*1()*%/0(1$,2)D*)-3$+-$*
/%#)* /()* )$3-1$-3()* /('%#/%#$* 9:-)* /;-#* $"9(* /;%/0(1$,2B* A<%#'+,#)D* :%* '%0+3,$<* /()*
(#2%#$)*1+''($$%#$*1($$(*(33(-3*K#*|5\L*:%*2+#$*(#$3(*-#(*($*$3+,)*2+,)*%-*1+-3)*/(*:%*$718(*
($*)(-:)*),.*(#2%#$)*2+#$*(#$3(*R*($*o*(33(-3)*/(*1(*$"9(B*
*
*
7. Conclusion
G($$(*<$-/(*%=%,$*9+-3*U-$*/(*/<13,3(*:%*93+/-1$,+#*/(*)"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*X*-#*+-*
/(-.* %/0(1$,2)* /%#)* -#(* )<3,()* /(* $718()* &3%/-<()D* %2,#* /(* /+1-'(#$(3* :;%1>-,),$,+#* /(*
)$3-1$-3()*=%3,<()*/-*)"#$%&'(*#+',#%:*($*/(*:;%11+3/*(#*&(#3(*/(*:;%/0(1$,2B*I()*3<)-:$%$)*
3%99+3$<)* 9(3'($$(#$* /(* ),$-(3* :%* 9(32+3'%#1(* /;-#* (#2%#$* 9%3* 3%99+3$* X* )()* 9%,3)* /(*
'-:$,9:()*2%4+#)B*6+-$*/;%U+3/D*,:*()$*9+)),U:(*/(*)$%$-(3*)-3*:;%$$(,#$(*/-*)(-,:*13,$,>-(*<$%U:,*
9+-3*18%>-(*$718(*($*18%>-(*&3+-9(*/;7&(B*E#*(#2%#$*)+-)*:(*)(-,:*13,$,>-(*)(*$3+-=(3%,$*
/%#)*:()*5]j*:()*9:-)*2%,U:()*/(*)+#*&3+-9(*/;7&(B*g#)-,$(D*,:*()$*9+)),U:(*/(*)$%$-(3*)-3*:%*
3<-)),$(*/;-#(*$718(*%=(1*-#*)(-,:*2,.(*/(*o]jD*9(3'($$%#$*%,#),*/;<$%U:,3*:%*93+U%U,:,$<*9+-3*
-#*(#2%#$*/(*3<-)),3*:%*$718(*(#*2+#1$,+#*/(*)+#*7&(B*a,#%:('(#$*-#(*%#%:")(*/()*(33(-3)*
9(-$*W$3(*3<%:,)<(*%2,#*/(*=+,3*),D*%-V/(:X*/(*:(-3*#+'U3(D*:()*(33(-3)*93+/-,$()*9%3*:;(#2%#$*
)+#$*$"9,>-()*9+-3*)+#*7&(*+-*9%)B*g#*%::,%#$*/()*9+,#$)*/(*3(9^3(*>-%#$,$%$,2)*($*>-%:,$%$,2)D*
:;%#%:")(* /()* 93+/-1$,+#)* /(* :;(#2%#$* );(#* $3+-=(3%* (#3,18,(* ($* 9+-33%* %:,'(#$(3* :(*
3%,)+##('(#$*/()*+3$8+98+#,)$()* '(#%#$*X*:%* 1+#1:-),+#*1:,#,>-(B*S;%-$3()*$3%=%-.*)+#$*
<=,/(''(#$*3(>-,)*%2,#*/(*3(#2+31(3*#+)*1+##%,))%#1()*)-3*:%*'%Z$3,)(*/(*1()*)$3-1$-3()D*
#+$%''(#$* %-93^)* /;(#2%#$)* %::+98+#()* +-* 93<)(#$%#$* /()* $3+-U:()* +-* /()* 3($%3/)* /(*
:;%993(#$,))%&(*/-*:%#&%&(.
Déclaration d'intérêts *
I()*%-$3,1()*+#$*/<1:%3<*#;%=+,3*%-1-#*:,(#*/;,#$<3W$*(#*3(:%$,+#*%=(1*1($*%3$,1:(B**
*

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
MH*
Références*
J%$()D*gBD*m*F%1d8,##("D*JB*K5\o\LB*a-#1$,+#%:,)'*%#/*$8(*1+'9($,$,+#*'+/(:B*S%#)*JB*
F%1d8,##("*($*gB*J%$()*K/,3BLD*The Crosslinguistic Study of Sentence Processing*K9B*M{
kMLB*G%'U3,/&(*E#,=(3),$"*?3())B**
J(%-[<(D*AB*K5kYkLB*Grammaire générale ou Exposition raisonnée des éléments nécessaires du
langage : pour servir de fondement à l'étude de toutes les langues K:,=3(*OOOD*$B*OOLB*?%3,)D*
J%3U+-B*
J+:+8D*†BD*m*OU(3#+#D*IB*KH]5]LB*`(#/(3*%$$3,U-$,+#*%#/*&(#/(3*%&3(('(#$*,#*QV*$+*5]V"(%3V+:/*
a3(#18*18,:/3(#B*Cognitive DevelopmentD*25K5LD*5{HRB*
8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B5]5Yr0B1+&/(=BH]]\B]\B]55***
J+-18%3/D*FB*gBD*a,$[9%$3,1cD*gB*FBD*m*f:/)D*nB*KH]]\LB*P#%:")(*9)"18+'<$3,>-(*/;+-$,:)*
/;<=%:-%$,+#*-$,:,)<)*%-93^)*/()*(#2%#$)*23%#1+98+#()B*Revue canadienne d’orthophonie et
d’audiologie, 33KMLD*5H\V5M\B*
G+3U($$D*`B*`*KH]]YLB*`(#/(3D*&3%''%$,1%:B*S%#)*}B*J3+b#*K/,3BLD*Encyclopedia of Language &
Linguistics K9B*kQ\VkRYLB*g:)(=,(3B*
G+-3$(%-D*gBD*@+":(D*?BD*`%)1+#D*PBD*F%3>-,)D*PBD*S3-3"D*nB*gBD*m*!$(,#8%-(3D*}B*KH]5MLB*`(#/(3*
1+#1+3/*%#/*)('%#$,1*93+1()),#&*,#*a3(#18*18,:/3(#T*P#*%-/,$+3"*g@?*)$-/"B*S%#)*!B*
J%,[D*AB*`+:/'%#D*m*@B*v%bc()*K/,3BLD*BUCLD 37: Proceedings*of the 37th annual
Boston University Conference on Language Development*K=+:B*5D*9B*okV\\LB*G%)1%/,::%*
?3())B*
G+-3$(%-D*CBD*@+":(D*?BD*m*!$(,#8%-(3D*}B*KH]HQLB*A-'U(3*%&3(('(#$*93+1()),#&*,#*%/+:()1(#$)*
b,$8*%#/*b,$8+-$*/(=(:+9'(#$%:*:%#&-%&(*/,)+3/(3*KSISLT*g=,/(#1(*23+'*(=(#$V3(:%$(/*
U3%,#*9+$(#$,%:)B*Scientific ReportsD 13D*HHoMYB*8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B5]Mor)Q5R\oV]HMV
Q\5H5V5***
S-##D*IB*FBD*68<3,%-:$Vd8%:(#D*GBD*m*S-##D*IBFB*K5\\MLB*EVIP :*Échelle de vocabulaire en
images PeabodyB*?)"1%#B*
a,:,%$3%-:$Vl(,::(-.D*?BD*S()'%3%,)D*GBD*J+-18%3/D*GBD*63-/(%-D*ABD*m*I(U:+#/D*nB*KH]5YLB*
G+#1(9$,+#*($*>-%:,$<)*9)"18+'<$3,>-()*/;-#*+-$,:*/;<=%:-%$,+#*/(*:%*1+'93<8(#),+#*
/;,#2<3(#1()*(#*1+#$(.$(*/(*3<1,$*18([*/()*(#2%#$)*7&<)*/(*M*X*Y*%#)B*Revue canadienne
d’orthophonie et d’audiologie, 40KHLD*5Q\{5YMB***
a,#cD*@B*K5\oRLB*a3(#18*%/0(1$,=(*'+398+98+#(',1*9%$$(3#)T*68(,3*&(#(3%:,[%$,+#*%#/*

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
MM*
3(93()(#$%$,+#B*Linguistics, 23KQLD*RYk{R\YB*8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B5R5Rr:,#&B5\oRBHMBQBRYk*
a3%#1cD*nBD*G3+#(:Vf8%"+#D*!BD*G8,::,(3D*IBD*a3%-(#2(:/(3D*EB*vBD*v%'%##D*GBD*@,[[,D*IBD*m*
‡(),&(3D*?B*KH]]QLB*A+3'%:*%#/*9%$8+:+&,1%:*/(=(:+9'(#$*+2*)-U0(1$V=(3U*%&3(('(#$*,#*
)9((18*93+/-1$,+#T*P*)$-/"*+#*a3(#18*18,:/3(#B*Journal of NeurolinguisticsD 17KH{MLD*
5Qk{5o]B*8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B5]5Yr!]\55VY]QQK]ML]]]RkVR***
`+9#,cD*FB*K5\\]LB*a(%$-3(*U:,#/#())T*P*1%)(*)$-/"B*Language Acquisition,*1KHLD*5M\{5YQB*
8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B5H]kr)5RMHko5k:%]5]H•5***
`3p$(3D*6B*KH]]RLB*G+'93(8(#),+#*%#/*93+/-1$,+#*+2*a3(#18*+U0(1$*1:,$,1)*U"*18,:/*)(1+#/*
:%#&-%&(*:(%3#(3)*%#/*18,:/3(#*b,$8*)9(1,2,1*:%#&-%&(*,'9%,3'(#$B*Applied
Psycholinguistics, 26KMLD*MYM{M\5B*8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B5]5kr!]5QHk5YQ]R]R]H5Y***
v(3)18(#)+8#D*nB*K5\\MLB*P99:",#&*:,#&-,)$,1)*$+*$(%18*'+398+:+&"T*l(3U*%#/*%/0(1$,=(*
,#2:(1$,+#*,#*a3(#18B*International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language TeachingD
31KHLD*\k{55HB*8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B5R5Rr,3%:B5\\MBM5BHB\k*
n%c-U+b,1[D*GB*KH]]MLB*G+'9-$%$,+#%:*1+'9:(.,$"*%#/*$8(*%1>-,),$,+#*+2*2-#1$,+#%:*1%$(&+3,()*U"*
a3(#18V)9(%c,#&*18,:/3(#*b,$8*!IOB*Linguistics, 41KHLD*5k5{H55B*
8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B5R5Rr:,#&BH]]MB]]k*
n%c-U+b,1[D*GBD*m*A%)8D*IB*KH]]5LB*a-#1$,+#%:*1%$(&+3,()*%#/*)"#$%1$,1*+9(3%$,+#)*,#*K%UL#+3'%:*
:%#&-%&(*%1>-,),$,+#B*Brain and Language, 77KMLD*MH5{MM\B*
8$$9)*Trr/+,B+3&r5]B5]]YrU3:#BH]]]BHQ]R*
n%c-U+b,1[D*GBD*A%)8D*IBD*@,&%-$D*GBD*m*`<3%3/D*GBVIB*K5\\oLB*S($(3',#(3)*%#/*1:,$,1*93+#+-#)*,#*
a3(#18V)9(%c,#&*18,:/3(#*b,$8*!IOB*Language Acquisition, 7KH{QLD*55M{5Y]B*
8$$9)TrrbbbB0)$+3B+3&r)$%U:(rH]]]]HoM**
n%c-U+b,1[D*GBD*m*@+-:($D*IB*KH]]kLB*A%33+b*)"#$%.*+3*,#$(32%1(*/(2,1,$ˆ*`(#/(3*%&3(('(#$*,#*
a3(#18*!IOB*S%#)*nB*I,1(3%)D*vB*‡+U:*($*vB*`++/:-1c*K/,3BLD*The Role of Formal Features
in Second Language Acquistion*K9B*5oQ{HHRLB*I%b3(#1(*g3:U%-'B**
}8+'),D*PB*KH]]5LB*ÉLO :*Evaluation du langage oralB*gG?PB**
I(+#%3/D*IB*JB*KH]5YLB*A+-#V3(:%$(/*'+398+)"#$%1$,1*/,22,1-:$,()*,#*)9(1,2,1*:%#&-%&(*
,'9%,3'(#$*%13+))*:%#&-%&()B*First LanguageD 36K5LD*M{H\B*
8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B55kkr]5QHkHMk5RYHY]k]***
I(+#%3/D*IB*JBD*!%:%'(8D*gBV}BD*m*v%#))+#D*}B*KH]]5LB*A+-#*983%)(*'+398+:+&"*,#*!b(/,)8V
)9(%c,#&*18,:/3(#*b,$8*)9(1,2,1*:%#&-%&(*,'9%,3'(#$B*Applied PsycholinguisticsD 22KQLD*

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
MQ*
Y5\{YM\B*8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B5]5kr!]5QHk5YQ]5]]Q]kY***
A(bD*JBD*?%::,(3D*GBD*a(33%#/D*IBD*m*F%$+)D*@B*KH]]5LB*E#(*U%)(*/(*/+##<()*:(.,1%:()*/-*23%#4%,)*
1+#$('9+3%,#*)-3*,#$(3#($*T*Ig‰OhEgB*L'Année Psychologique, 101KMVQLD*QQk{QYHB*
8$$9Trr/+,B+3&r5]BMQ]Yr9)"BH]]5B5MQ5**
ffPh*KH]5QLB*Mémoire de l’Ordre des orthophonistes et audiologistes du Québec présenté à la
Commission de la santé et des services sociaux relativement au projet de loi n°10B*Loi
modifiant l’organisation et la gouvernance du réseau de la santé et des services sociaux
notamment par l’abolition des agences régionales. *
8$$9)TrrbbbB%))#%$B>1B1%rF(/,%r?3+1())B%)9.ˆF(/,%O/|PAhBl,&,(BJ::BS+1-'(#$`(#(3,
>-(•o\oMkm93+1())|f3,&,#%:m$+c(#|‡"F+.AbE#o,chŠ6@}†b?G0d3}b&Š=O=\30,0
k9M.I`6‡S'Il!'nI+>(r=`kr†d[[*
?%::+$$,D*`B*KH]]kLB*P#*+9(3%$,+#%:*/(2,#,$,+#*+2*$8(*('(3&(#1(*13,$(3,+#B*Applied Linguistics,
28KMLD*MY5{MoHB*8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B5]\Mr%99:,#r%'']5o**
?%3%/,)D*GBD*m*g:*a(##(D*aB*K5\\RLB*a3(#18*=(3U%:*,#2:(1$,+#*3(=,),$(/T*G+#)$3%,#$)D*3(9%,3)*%#/*
2:+%$,#&*1+#)+#%#$)B*Lingua, 95K5VMLD*5Y\{H]QB*8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B5]5Yr]]HQV
MoQ5K\RL\]5]RV5**
?%-:D*FB*nBD*m*68+3/%3/+$$,3D*gB*6B*KH]5\LB*O#=()$,&%$,+#*+2*$8(*9)"18+'($3,1*93+9(3$,()*+2*$8(*
‹F,:()$+#()*(#*23%#4%,)*/-*h-<U(1Œ*KF,:J(1LD*%*#(b*:%#&-%&(*)13((#(3*2+3*a3(#18V
)9(%c,#&*18,:/3(#*U($b((#*5H*%#/*k5*'+#$8)B*Canadian Journal of Speech-Language
Pathology and Audiology,*43KHLD*5MMV5RHB*
8$$9)TrrbbbB10):9%B1%r2,:()rH]5\•Gn!I?P•l+:•QMrA+•HrGn!I?P•l+:•QM•A+•H•H]5\•
F!•55]MB9/2**
?()1+D*SBD*m*fNA(,::D*SB*KH]5YLB*P))()),#&*(%3:"*:%#&-%&(*-)(*U"*a3(#18V)9(%c,#&*G%#%/,%#*
18,:/3(#T*O#$3+/-1,#&*$8(*IEOVa3(#18B*Canadian Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
and Audiology, 40KMLD*5\oVH5kB**
?,1%3/D*FB*K5\\YLB*68(*('9$"*+#)($*93,#1,9:(T*P*93+U:('%$,1*98+#+:+&,1%:*1+#)$3%,#$B*Revue
québecoise de linguistique théorique et appliquéeD*5MD*5\R{H]5B*
?+-:,#D*FBVnBD*F%3>-,)D*PBD*m*@+":(D*?B*KH]5RLB*C$-/(*/(*2%,)%U,:,$<*9+3$%#$*)-3*:;<=%:-%$,+#*/(*:%*
93+/-1$,+#*($*/(*:%*1+'93<8(#),+#*/-*:%#&%&(*+3%:*(#*23%#4%,)B*S%#)*FB*?+'(3:(%-*m*gBV
FB*`(#/3+#V?+#$U3,%#/*K/,3BLD*ScriptUM : revue de l’édition 2014 du colloque
multidisciplinaire sur le langage VocUM*K#•5D*9B*RQ{YoLB**

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
MR*
8$$9)Trr)13,9$-'B=+1-'B1%r,#/(.B989r)13,9$-'r%3$,1:(r=,(brHo**
@+,/D*`B*vBD*m*F,::(3D*IB*nB*K5\\YL*The Leiter International Performance Scale-RevisedB*
!$+(:$,#&*G+B*
@+#%$D*FB*K5\kkLB*E#(*1+#$3%,#$(*)-3*:;(22%1('(#$*/-*#+'B*S%#)*FB*@+#%$*K/,3BL*Langue*T*
théorie générative étendue K9B*5RMV5Y\LB*v(3'%#B*
@+)(D*†BD*m*@+":(D*?B*K5\\\LB*E#,#2:(1$(/*)$3-1$-3(*,#*2%',:,%:*:%#&-%&(*,'9%,3'(#$T*g=,/(#1(*
23+'*a3(#18B*Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 51K5VHLD*k]V\]B
8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B55R\r]]]]H5QoH*
@+-:($VP',+$D*IBD*m*n%c-U+b,1[D*GB*KH]]YLB*?3+/-1$,+#*%#/*9(31(9$,+#*+2*&(#/(3*%&3(('(#$*,#*
a3(#18*!IOB*Advances in Speech-Language Pathology, 8KQLD*MMRVMQYB*
8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B5]o]r5QQ5k]Q]Y]5]]\QH]**
@+":(D*?B*KH]]Y{H]]oLB*Outils morphosyntaxiques pour le dépistage de la dysphasie chez les
jeunes francophones.*!-U=(#$,+#*ah@!G*C$%U:,))('(#$*/(*#+-=(%-.*93+2())(-3)V
18(318(-3)*KH]]YVA?V5]Qk\]LB*
@+":(D*?B*KH]]kLB*l%3,%U:(*(22(1$)*+2*'+398+:+&"*%#/*23(>-(#1"*+#*,#2:(1$,+#*9%$$(3#)*+2*a3(#18*
93()18++:(3)B*The Mental Lexicon Journal, 2K5LD*5]MV5HRB
8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B5]kRr':BHB5B]k3+"**
@+":(D*?B*KH]55LB*f#*$8(*(.,)$(#1(*+2*GrŽ*%:$(3#%$,+#)*,#*a3(#18*%/0(1$,=()T*68(+3($,1%:*%#/*
('9,3,1%:*>-()$,+#)B Proceedings of the 17th ICPhS. 4 pD*v+#&*}+#&D*5kM]V5kMMB**
8$$9)TrrbbbB,#$(3#%$,+#%:98+#($,1%))+1,%$,+#B+3&r,198)V
93+1((/,#&)rOG?8!H]55r,#/(.B8$'**
@+":(D*?BD*J(3&(3+#D*gBD*m*F%3>-,)D*PB*KH]5RLB*I;%1>-,),$,+#*/-*&(#3(*>-%#/*,:*()$*/<0X*%1>-,)*T*
:;(.9<3,(#1(*/;(#2%#$)*8,)9%#+98+#()*%993(#%#$*:(*23%#4%,)*Revue canadienne
d'orthophonie et d'audiologieD 39KMLD*HMo{HR\B*8$$9)Trr8/:B8%#/:(B#($r5oYYr5\\5M**
@+":(D*?BD*a3+'+#$D*IB*PBD*m*S3-3"D*nB*gB*KH]5oLB*S(2,#,$(#())*%#/*'%.,'%:,$"*,#*a3(#18*
:%#&-%&(*%1>-,),$,+#D*'+3(*%/-:$V:,c(*$8%#*"+-*b+-:/*(.9(1$B*Frontiers in
CommunicationD 3D*HkB*8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]BMMo\r21+''BH]5oB]]]Hk***
@+":(D*?BD*m*@(,),#&D*IB*KH]5\LB*g:,1,$(/*%#/*)9+#$%#(+-)*/($(3',#(3*983%)(*93+/-1$,+#*,#*
a3(#18*)9(%c,#&*18,:/3(#*b,$8*/(=(:+9'(#$%:*:%#&-%&(*/,)+3/(3B*Canadian Journal of
Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, 43KMLD*5Yk{5okB*
8$$9)TrrbbbB10):9%B1%r/($%,:B989ˆOS|5HQ\($:%#&|(#***

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
MY*
@+":(D*?BD*m*!$,#(D*OB*KH]5MLB*68(*a3(#18*#+-#*983%)(*,#*93()18++:*18,:/3(#*b,$8*!IOT*
'+398+)"#$%1$,1*%#/*(33+3*%#%:")()B*Journal of Child LanguageD 40KRLD*\QR{\k]B*
8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B5]5kr!]M]R]]]\5H]]]Q5Q*
@+":(D*?BD*m*68+3/%3/+$$,3D*gB*6B*KH]]oLB*g:,1,$%$,+#*+2*$8(*passé composé*,#*a3(#18*93(V
)18++:(3)*b,$8*%#/*b,$8+-$*!IOB*Applied Psycholinguistics, 29KMLD*MQ5VMYRB
8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B5]5kr!]5QHk5YQ]o]o]5Yo***
@+":(D*?BD*6+-9,#D*nBD*J+-3&-,&#+#D*ABD*63-/(%-D*ABD*m*l%:+,)D*SB*KH]5]LB*I;%11+3/*/(*:N%/0(1$,2*
18([*:()*(#2%#$)*23%#1+98+#()*%=(1*-#*$3+-U:(*)9<1,2,>-(*/-*:%#&%&(B*SPECTRUM, 2D*5{
5oB*8$$9)Trr(+%B-'+#$3(%:B1%rb9V1+#$(#$r-9:+%/)r),$()rMHr)9(1$3-'l+:H@+":(6!IB9/2**
@+":(D*?BD*m*l%:+,)D*SB*KH]5]LB*P1>-,),$,+#*+2*%/0(1$,=()*,#*h-(U(1*a3(#18*%)*3(=(%:(/*
U"*(:,1,$%$,+#*/%$%B*Journal of French Language Studies, 20KMLD*M5M{MMoB*
8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B5]5kr!]\R\HY\R5]]]]]5M***
@+":(D*?BD*l%:+,)D*SBD*!$(''(3D*JBD*!$(,#8%-(3D*}BD*S3-3"D*nB*gBD*m*n-$3%)D*JB*KH]]\{H]5HLB*
Tracking the acquisition of syntax and semantics in French noun phrases: A theoretical,
behavioral and electrophysiological approachB*!-U=(#$,+#*G@!v*KQ5]VH]]\V]HRYLB**
68+3/%3/+$$,3D*gB*6B*KH]]RLB*g%3:"*:(.,1%:*%#/*)"#$%1$,1*/(=(:+9'(#$*,#*h-(U(1*a3(#18*%#/*
g#&:,)8T*O'9:,1%$,+#)*2+3*13+))V:,#&-,)$,1*%#/*U,:,#&-%:*%))())'(#$B*International Journal
of Language & Communication Disorders, 40KMLD*HQM{HkoB*
8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B5]o]r5MYoHoH]Q5]]]5kH\YRR**
68+3/%3/+$$,3D*gBD*}(8(",%D*gBD*I())%3/D*ABD*!-$$+#D*PBD*m*63-/(%-D*AB*KH]5]LB*6"9,1%:*
9(32+3'%#1(*+#*$()$)*+2*:%#&-%&(*c#+b:(/&(*%#/*:%#&-%&(*93+1()),#&*+2*a3(#18V)9(%c,#&*
RV"(%3V+:/)B*Canadian Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, 34K5LD*R{
5YB*8$$9)TrrbbbB10):9%B1%r/($%,:B989ˆOS|\\Ym:%#&|(#**
68+3/%3/+$$,3*gB*6BD*m*A%'%[,D*FB*KH]]kLB*!9(1,2,1*:%#&-%&(*,'9%,3'(#$*,#*a3(#18V)9(%c,#&*
18,:/3(#T*J("+#/*&3%''%$,1%:*'+398+:+&"B*Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing
Research, 50KMLD*Y\o{k5RB*8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B5]QQr5]\HVQMooKH]]kr]Q\L***
63%#(:D*JB*KH]]]LB*P)9(1$)*/(*:%*98+#+:+&,(*/-*a3%#4%,)*($*:%*$8<+3,(*/(*:;+9$,'%:,$<B*Langue
françaiseD*5HYD*M\{kHB*8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]BMQ]Yr:23BH]]]B\o\**
63,U-)8,#,#%D*gBD*m*S-U,#c,#%D*gB*KH]5HLB*P/0(1$,=(*93+/-1$,+#*U"*@-)),%#V)9(%c,#&*18,:/3(#*
b,$8*)9(1,2,1*:%#&-%&(*,'9%,3'(#$B*Clinical Linguistics & PhoneticsD 26KYLD*RRQ{Rk5B*
8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]BM5]\r]HY\\H]YBH]5HBYYYkk\***

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
Mk*
63-/(%-D*ABD*a3%#cD*OBD*m*?+-:,#VS-U+,)D*SB*K5\\\LB*E#(*%/%9$%$,+#*(#*23%#4%,)*/-*F%1P3$8-3*
G+''-#,1%$,=(*S(=(:+9'(#$*O#=(#$+3"B*Revue canadienne d'orthophonie et
d'audiologieD 23KHLD*Y5{kMB*8$$9)Trr(+%B-'+#$3(%:B1%r%&+3%V/()V
93+2()),+##(:)r3())+-31()r,#=(#$%,3()V'%1%3$8-3VU%$()V,'U/1r**
63-/(%-D*ABD*m*!-$$+#D*PB*KH]55LB*g.93()),=(*=+1%U-:%3"*%#/*(%3:"*&3%''%3*+2*5YV*$+*M]V'+#$8V
+:/*18,:/3(#*%1>-,3,#&*h-(U(1*a3(#18B*First Language, 31KQLD*Qo]{R]kB*
8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B55kkr]5QHkHMk55Q5]oHo**
l%:+,)D*SBD*m*@+":(D*?B*KH]]\LB*?%3$,$,=,$"D*%$+',[%$,+#D*%#/*AVS3+9T*P*:+#&,$-/,#%:*)$-/"*+2*
a3(#18*18,:/*:%#&-%&(B*Language Acquisition, 16KHLD*oH{5]RB*
8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B5]o]r5]Qo\HH]\]HkkM]k\***
l%:+,)D*SBD*@+":(D*?BD*!-$$+#D*PBD*m*J+-3/-%V@+"D*gB*KH]]\LB*IN(::,9)(*/-*#+'*(#*23%#4%,)*T*:(*
3q:(*/()*/+##<()*/(*:N%1>-,),$,+#*9+-3*:%*$8<+3,(*:,#&-,)$,>-(B*Revue canadienne de
linguistique, 54KHLD*MM\{MYYB*8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B5MRMr10:B]B]]R]*
l,+:,#Vd,&(#$D*PB*KH]]YLB*`(#/(3*%)),&#'(#$*$+*#+-#)*1+/()b,$18(/*,#$+*a3(#18T*fU)(3=%$,+#)*
%#/*(.9:%#%$,+#)B*International Journal of BilingualismD*10KMLD*HRMVHkYB*
8$$9)Trr/+,B+3&r5]B55kkr5MYk]]Y\]Y]5]]]M]5]5*
d,,&D*gB*vBD*!('(:D*gBD*m*!(1+3/D*dB*PB*KH]5\LB*CELF 5. Batterie d’évaluation des fonctions
langagières et de communicationB*?(%3)+#B*8$$9)TrrbbbB9(%3)+#1:,#,1%:B23r1(:2VRVU%$$(3,(V
/V(=%:-%$,+#V/()V2+#1$,+#)V:%#&%&,(3()V($V/(V1+''-#,1%$,+#* *

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
Mo*
P##(.(*P*{*a3<>-(#1(*/()*%/0(1$,2)*/(*1+-:(-3*)(:+#*:%*U%)(*/(*/+##<()*a3%#$(.$*KA(b*($*
%:BD*H]]5L**
*
*
I(''(*
a+3'(*
98+#+:+&,>-(*
G-'23(>*a*
d(U1-'23(>*b*
P/0(1$,2)*=%3,%U:()*
blanc**
U:•*r*U:••*
MQ5DQM*
RYDHY*
*
brun*
U3i‘*r*U3"#*
RHDkQ*
YkD\R*
*
vert**
=tu*r*=tu$*
5HkD5\*
M]DYQ*
F+"(##(*Kg6L*
*
*
5kMDk\*K5Q\DooL*
M5DHM*KHQDkQL*
P/0(1$,2)*,#=%3,%U:()*
jaune**
’+#*
oRDok*
H]DYo*
*
rouge*
e3(/;*
3-’*
H5\D]M*
M5DMo*
*
*eU:%1c;*
#b%u*
MYQDk*
Q5DH]*
F+"(##(*Kg6L*
*
*
HHMDH\*K5M\DYL*
M5D]\*K5]DHkL*
O$(')*/(*93%$,>-(*
bleu*
U:“*
5k]DQ\*
HRDQo*
*
rose*
3+[*
5]YDH\*
5QDk]*
a Somme des fréquences orthographiques dans le corpus texte (New et al., 2001)
b Somme des fréquences orthographiques dans le web /1 000 (New et al., 2001)*
*
* *

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
M\*
P##(.(*J*{*?3+93,<$<)*/()*%/0(1$,2)*($*#+')*-$,:,)<)*9+-3*:()*1%))(V$W$()*K%/%9$<*/(*@+":(*
($*l%:+,)D*H]5]L*
*
Adjectifs
Noms
Variables
Invariables
Test-t
Féminins
Masculins
Test-t
Émergence
26,33 (1,53)
23,75 (2,50)
n.s.
22,83 (2,48)
20,50 (2,95)
n.s.
Phonèmes
3 (0)
3,25 (0,50)
n.s.
4,16 (1,33)
4,50 (0,84)
n.s.
Syllabes
1 (0)
1 (0)
_
1,50 (0,55)
1,83 (0,41)
n.s.
Fréquence lexicale
27,35 (25,37)
49,66 (31,19)
0,08
23,76 (24,50)
60,20 (93,04)
n.s.
Fréquence lemmatique
84,86 (52,25)
61,50 (53,35)
0,06
35,07 (42,80)
69.48 (96,02)
n.s.
Notes : Émergence = utilisé par 50% des enfants, en mois (Trudeau et al., 1999) ; Phonèmes = longueur en phonèmes ;
Syllabes = longueur en syllabes (syllabation québécoise) ; Fréquence lexicale = fréquence orale (sous-titres des films,
New et al., 2001) ; Fréquence lemmatique = fréquence orale (sous-titres des films, New et al., 2001)
*
* *

!"#$%&'()*#+',#%-.*($*%/0(1$,2)*(#*23%#4%,)*
Q]*
P##(.(*G*T*O'%&(*/-*1%))(V$W$(*9+-3*:;,#/-1$,+#*/;%/0(1$,2)*/(*1+-:(-3D*=(3),+#*J*
*
*
*