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Volume 5 Issue 4 | 2024 | 177 Architecture Engineering and Science
Understanding the Transformation of Cities into Smart Cities: A
Sustainable Urban Environment Perspective
Tushar Bokhad1, Rupesh Surwade1, Abhishek Bangre1, Mohammad Arif Kamal2,*
1 Priyadarshini Institute of Architecture and Design Studies, Nagpur, India
2 Architecture Section, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
* Corresponding Author: architectarif@gmail.com
DOI: 10.32629/aes.v5i4.3144
Abstract: As we are aware of current demographic conditions, the urban sprawl, and promoting compact city growth,
high-density planning towards achieving sustainability. For uplifting the existing status of today’s city environment tech-
nology has played and played a major role. As cities become ‘engines of growth’ with their share in the global economy
and wealth their size, growth rate, and distribution of the population matter a lot in urban reforms. It is important to ensure
that cities are modied to achieve maximum eciency and sustainability while enhancing the quality of life in the city.
Transforming normal cities to smart cities by exploring the use of ever-improving technology to its extent, will be a step-
ping stone. The use of Radio-frequency identication (RIFD), Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), Arti-
cial intelligence (AI), Augmented reality (AR), Internet of Things (IoT) are being implemented in many dierent models
to achieve smart city objectives. It does seem the involvement of IT professionals only, but architects, urban planners, and
designers are the ones, to carefully plan the implementation of these technology and develop the technology roadmap (TRM)
of a smart city. As urbanization continues to accelerate globally, the integration of smart technologies oers opportunities
to enhance eciency, resilience, and the overall quality of life in urban environments. This paper delves into the key com-
ponents of smart cities, their impact on sustainability, and the challenges and opportunities associated with their implemen-
tation in public places. This research paper aims to study the role of technology in the improvisation of public places in
smart cities, concerning Environmental Variables & Sustainable Environment and some real-time context-aware scenarios.
This research paper explores the multifaceted transformation of cities into smart cities, primarily focusing on fostering
sustainability. This study will be useful to the architectural fraternity to think about infusing the technology at the initial
concept stage of planning that will add to the well-being of society at large
Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), smart city, environmental sustainability, urban urbanization,
1. Introduction
Globally, 1.3 million people are moving to cities each week – and as anticipated in by 2040, more than 65% of the
world’s population will live in cities. Urbanization is an ongoing physical process. Environmental, social, and economic sus-
tainability should be at pace with this rapid expansion that is burdensome on the city’s resources (Surwade et al., 2023a). To
cater to the needs and challenges related to the increased population concept of a Smart City is being developed to provide
complex systems of infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable environment, and
the application of ‘Smart’ Solutions. A Smart City provides an intelligent way to ameliorate factors similar to the quality of
the air and water, transport, health, energy, homes and structures communication systems, and the sustainable environment.
Indeed though there isn’t a complete description of smart cities, the most common aspect of its connections between dif-
ferent subsystems of the city, for illustration, is the surveillance system and the traffic control system. There are numerous
features to the smart environment such as autonomy, adaptive behavior to the sustainable environment, and commerce with
humans simply. The application of Smart Solutions covering larger parts of the city for improvement (retrofitting), city re-
newal (redevelopment), and city extension (Greenfield development) can address growing urbanization challenges. The cost
of the city’s physical infrastructure and services can be reduced with improved sustainability where a smart city ecosystem
encourages the citizens to use resources efficiently. The smart city will ultimately be facilitated by the “Internet of Things,”
which can be thought of as a latticed digital network facilitating interconnectedness throughout the built and sustainable
environment. Concept of smart cities is multidimensional and based on IoT and information communication technologies
which are the network of smart and connected objects in real time over IP address (Surwade et al., 2023)
Assessing the sustainable performance of IoT-enabled smart cities is a complex task that involves multiple factors
such as energy efficiency, waste management, transportation, and water conservation, among others. The integration of
Architecture Engineering and Science 178 | Tushar Bokhad, et al.
IoT technology in urban infrastructure can provide real-time data and insights that can help city planners and policymakers
make informed decisions to improve the overall sustainability of the city (Surwade et al., 2023). The objective is to evalu-
ate the impact of IoT technologies on the sustainable performance of Smart Cities and identify key indicators for assessing
sustainability in the context of IoT-enabled urban environments. This study will analyze the evolution of cities into smart
cities through IoT integration keeping the goal of sustainability while using technology and data for efficiency, sensitivity,
and sustainability. To assess the sustainable performance of a smart city, several indicators can be considered, such as the
percentage of renewable energy sources used, the amount of waste diverted from landfills, the number of electric vehicles on
the roads, the availability and quality of public transport, and the efficiency of water management systems. Increased density
of urban population leads to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These indicators can provide a comprehensive picture of the
city’s sustainability performance and help identify areas for improvement.
Community engagement and participation play a crucial role in the success of a smart city. Citizens’ involvement
in decision-making processes and the implementation of sustainable initiatives can help create a sense of ownership and
commitment towards the city’s sustainability goals. For the adoption and acceptance of IOT-enabled smart cities oriented
towards sustainability environmental, economic, and social dimensions discussed in the study. Therefore, it is essential to
consider the social, economic, and environmental impacts of smart city initiatives and ensure that they benefit all members of
the community (Surwade et al., 2023). The objective is to evaluate the impact of IoT on urban sustainability and performance
and also to identify challenges and opportunities associated with the implementation of IoT-enabled solutions in cities.
2. Literature Review
The review of existing literature on Smart Cities, IoT technologies, and their contributions to sustainability analyze case
studies of IoT implementation in Smart Cities worldwide. Highlight gaps and limitations in current research that the study
aims to address. “A Smart Sustainable City is an revolutionary town that makes use of Information and Communication
Technologies (ICTs) and different manner to enhance nice of life, performance of city operation and services, and Competi-
tiveness at the same time as making sure that it meets the wishes of gift and destiny generations regarding economic, social,
environmental in addition to cultural aspects” (ITU-T FG-SSC, 2014).
A large number of IoT devices are operated from a common place for the functioning of a smart city, integrated with
modern wireless technologies and wireless sensor networks, providing powerful, intelligent, and flexible support for people
living in cities. Antonio Aguilar and Chanipa Prommuangdee in their Insight paper, discussed creating norms for using tech-
nology and very detailed planning to create built environments that are self-monitoring, self-configuring, self-diagnosing,
and self-correcting(Praharaj, no date). It would help to ensure an optimized user experience in real time with the use of data
as a key ingredient. With technological advancement in the form of sensors, automation, ubiquitous network interconnec-
tion systems, and robust data processing, the result is a high degree of efficiency in terms of space, time, cost, maintenance
requirements, and environmental performance. Smart cities, as defined by author Anthony Townsend, are “places where
information technology is combined with infrastructure, architecture, everyday objects, and even our bodies to address so-
cial, economic, and environmental concerns. The goal of the Internet of Things is to enable things to be connected anytime,
anyplace with anything and anyone ideally using a path/network and any service (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2022)
The collection of large data generated from many sources, its analysis and synthesis towards directing informed actions
and making decisions automatically or semi-automatically intelligently shaping the ecosystem of smart cities. All the critical
infrastructures within the cities can be monitored towards better optimization of resources, deciding preventive maintenance
activities along with security aspects of citizens (Bandyopadhyay et al.,2022).
An IoT ecosystem consists of Web-enabled smart devices that use integrated processors, sensors and communication
hardware to collect, send, and act on the data acquired from their environments. In an artificial system, the use of inform-
ative communication, if in case applied to automobiles connected through a wireless communication network, where each
car is completely automatic, and could communicate with another car in the vicinity (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2022). They
may want to cruise down the dual carriageway swiftly and safely. Design: the deliberate shaping of the environment in ways
that satisfy individual and societal needs. What does the rise of smart machines mean for designers? The future puts new
demands on designers. In the past, we had to think about how people would interact with technology. Today we also need to
take the machine’s point of view, their interaction, symbiosis, and cooperation both with people and other smart machines. In
the last decade, due to the demand to reduce energy and operational costs, building automation is been preferred and given
importance.
A major concern of Increasing Urban sprawl hampering built environment performance. The methods and tools avail-
able for building environmental assessment such as BREEAM Communities, CASBEE for Urban Development, and LEED
Volume 5 Issue 4 | 2024 | 179 Architecture Engineering and Science
for Neighborhood Development are not enough (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2022). IoT has the potential to overcome challenges
of environmental sustainability with the improvement in city infrastructure spatial organizations, transport and traffic sys-
tems, mobility and travel behavior, land-use patterns, building automation, smart parking, smart lighting, and smart waste
collection by effectively managing the data received from these different sources (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2022). The data
collected from the study of existing literature discuss the components of the IoT systems architecture, listing identification,
sensing, communication, computation, services, and semantics. IoT is like a future internet considered as a system of linked
devices, computing mechanisms along data to exchange and cooperate with actuators at ease towards financial benefits
(Mehta, 2019).
3. Research Methodology
The study is organized to identify key metrics and data sources for measuring the impact of IoT technologies on sus-
tainability. Evaluation of the sustainable performance of Smart Cities by understanding its components and elucidating
sustainable cities components. The study is conducted to understand smart cities as a concept and comprehensive assess-
ment framework incorporating environmental, social, and economic indicators. Conducted a comparison of smart cities and
sustainable cities with an environmental perspective and its amalgamation towards the development of sustainable smart
cities. Understanding the confounding variables that are considered for the ranking of smart cities are studied in this paper.
4. Components of Smart City
The key part of smart city development is the Application programming interface (API) allowing software engineers to
interact with different components, resources, and data repositories to retrieve the information needed to improve the city.
Smart cities are urban areas that leverage technology and data to improve the quality of life for residents, enhance sustain-
ability, and streamline city operations(‘JGPP-Jan-June-2022-To-upload-on-IPE-Website’, no date). The components and
parameters of a smart city can vary depending on the specific goals, challenges, and resources of each city. However, some
common components and parameters include:
4.1 Smart infrastructure
It includes effective transport with high speed and low accident transport and real estate with the reduction in construc-
tion materials having efficient and optimal design towards achieving sustainability, integrated with technology and reducing
the emission (Mavropoulos et al., 2021).
4.2 Smart Energy and Water Management
The extent of the smart grid and the use of renewable resources with full potential for balancing the limited and deplet-
ing energy sources. Reducing scarcity of potable water by smartly using water runoff and harvesting and by implementing
smart water supply management.
4.3 Smart Information and Communication System
The extent of ICT usage in public systems to ease the processes involved in real-time data transfer and monitoring using
smart metering for controlling the usage. Smart cities rely on ICT infrastructure to collect, analyse, and disseminate data
for various purposes, such as traffic management, energy optimization, and public safety (Mavropoulos et al., 2021). This
includes sensors, IoT devices, data analytics platforms, and communication networks. Smart cities generate vast amounts of
data from various sources, including sensors, mobile devices, and social media. Effective data management and analytics are
crucial for extracting actionable insights, predicting trends, and optimizing city operations (Praharaj, et al., 2018).
4.4 Smart Education and Research
The extent of literacy amongst the population, improved level of education reflecting societal development. Connected
educational institutions promoting the importance of research for innovation and development by participating population.
4.5 Economic Development
Smart cities foster innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth by supporting digital industries, startup ecosys-
tems, and knowledge-based economies. Parameters include job creation, business innovation, digital inclusion, and econom-
ic competitiveness.
Architecture Engineering and Science 180 | Tushar Bokhad, et al.
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Figure 1. The components of smart city conguration
In the urban and semi-urban spaces, one of the other major concerns is street lighting. Either the street lights do not
get switched on in the evenings or do not get turned off in the mornings. What appears insignificant daily consumes tons of
electricity in the long run (Hayat, 2016). To eliminate both consequences, street lights can be replaced with smart street lights
that do not expect human intervention to illuminate the streets and roads. Energy-efficient buildings must be designed to sig-
nificantly reduce energy use, especially heating and cooling. The decrease in energy use can be performed when reducing the
demand for energy by avoiding waste and implementing energy-saving measures (Raghani et al., 2023). Waste energy can
be avoided by having good insulation, air tightness, and ventilation. Smart mobility solutions aim to improve transportation
efficiency, reduce congestion, and enhance accessibility. Components include intelligent transportation systems, real-time
traffic monitoring, public transit enhancements, bike-sharing programs, and pedestrian-friendly infrastructure (Al-Ghabra,
2022) (Surwade et al, 2024)
5. Case Studies
The study ranked cities based on their adoption of smart grid technologies, intelligent lighting, traffic improvement IT,
Wi-Fi access, smartphone penetration, and app landscape. Here’s a summary of the findings:
5.1 Singapore
Widely adopted contactless payment for public transport, digital health systems, wearable IoT devices, road sensors,
phased traffic lights, and smart parking. Leading in transport network innovation.
5.2 Helsinki, Finland
Aims for carbon neutrality by 2035. Reducing traffic emissions, transitioning city buses to electric, expanding Metro
and electric car charging, and enhancing building energy efficiency.
5.3 Zurich, Switzerland
Started with adaptive streetlights, leading to 70% energy savings. Expanded sensory technologies for environmental
data, traffic flow, public Wi-Fi, and smart building management.
5.4 Oslo, Norway
Plans for all vehicles to go electric by 2025. Incentives for zero-emission cars include free parking, bus lane access, and
lower taxes. Aiming for carbon neutrality by 2050.
5.5 Amsterdam, Netherlands
Over 170 smart city projects since 2009. Renewable energy for garbage trucks, solar-powered bus stops, floating vil-
Volume 5 Issue 4 | 2024 | 181 Architecture Engineering and Science
lages, and extensive use of energy-efficient technologies.
5.6 New York, USA
Smart sensors for waste management, smart hubs with contactless technology, Wi-Fi, charging stations, and extensive
car-sharing services to reduce emissions and congestion.
5.7 Seoul, South Korea
Data-driven smart infrastructure. Sensors and CCTV monitor traffic, air quality, and support initiatives for the elderly.
Emergency services alerted by environmental sensors.
5.8 Barcelona, Spain
Uses sensors for traffic management, smart parking, streetlights, air quality, and noise monitoring. Expanded public
Wi-Fi and innovative water conservation systems with smart irrigation. Focus on sustainable energy and reducing carbon
emissions.
Below is a comparative analysis of the mentioned cities based on their ranking and performance as smart sustainable
cities (Bholey, 2017a). The criteria often used for such rankings include technology, infrastructure, mobility, sustainability,
and quality of life.
Table 1. Comparative analysis of smart cities based on their ranking and performance
City Country Smart City
Ranking Sustainability Technology Mobility Infrastructure Quality of Life
Singapore Singapore 1 High Very High High Very High High
Helsinki Finland 3 Very High High High High Very High
Zurich Switzerland 2 Very High High High High Very High
Oslo Norway 4 Very High High High High Very High
Amsterdam Netherlands 5 High High Very High High High
New York USA 10 Medium High Very High High High
Barcelona Spain 8 High High High High High
Notes:
Smart City Ranking: General position in global smart city rankings.
Sustainability: Efforts and initiatives towards environmental sustainability.
Technology: Integration of advanced technologies in city management and services.
Mobility: Efficient and sustainable transportation systems.
Infrastructure: Quality and modernity of city infrastructure.
Quality of Life: Overall living conditions including healthcare, education, and safety.
This table provides a snapshot based on common metrics used in various smart city rankings. Specific rankings and
positions can vary depending on the organization conducting the assessment.
6. Findings from the Case Studies
The core infrastructure elements in a smart city would include:
· Use of sensors to monitor and manage traffic.
· Plans to remodel traffic flow to reduce it by 21%.
· Smart parking, streetlights, air quality, and noise sensors.
· Expanding free Wi-Fi in public spaces.
· Smart grid pilot projects, smart meters, and a plan to reduce carbon emissions.
· Developed smart irrigation systems to address drought issues by analyzing and responding to rain forecasts.
· Introduction of smart hubs with contactless technology, WiFi, and online charging stations
· Renewable energy for electric garbage trucks, solar-powered bus stops, billboards, and lights.
· Incentives for zero-emission cars: free parking, bus lane access, lower taxes, and toll prices.
· Started with a streetlight project using adaptive sensors for energy savings of up to 70%.
· Expanded smart streetlights and sensory technologies citywide.
· Established smart building management systems for heating, electricity, and cooling.
Architecture Engineering and Science 182 | Tushar Bokhad, et al.
7. Internet of Things (IoT) Ecosystem
Internet of Things (IoT) Examining how IoT devices and sensors contribute to data collection, analysis, and deci-
sion-making for improved city management (Ibraigheeth, 2023). Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) In-
vestigating the role of ICT infrastructure in enabling connectivity, communication, and data sharing among various urban
systems. Conscious efforts for the development of urban settlements into smart ones with the landscape of capitalized Infor-
mation and Communications Technology (ICT) in a strategic way to gain prosperity, effectiveness, and competitiveness on
multiple socio-economic levels. Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence (AI) Exploring how data analytics and AI enhance
predictive modelling, optimize resource allocation, and improve the overall urban planning (Abbas and Syed, 2022).
8. Benefits of IoT in Urban Design and Planning
8.1 Enhanced Data Collection and Analysis
a) Real-Time Data Collection: IoT devices can continuously gather data on various urban parameters such as traffic
flow, air quality, noise levels, and energy consumption.
b) Comprehensive Data Analysis: Advanced analytics can process this data to provide insights into urban dynamics,
helping planners make informed decisions (Gaur et al., 2015).
8.2 Efficient Resource Management
a) Energy Efficiency: Smart grids and energy management systems can optimize electricity distribution, reducing wast-
age and enhancing sustainability.
b) Water Management: IoT-enabled sensors can monitor water usage, detect leaks, and manage distribution, ensuring
efficient use of water resources.
8.3 Improved Transportation Systems
a) Traffic Management: IoT can monitor and manage traffic flow, reducing congestion and improving transportation
efficiency (Garg et al., 2023).
b) Public Transit Optimization: Real-time data from IoT devices can optimize public transit routes and schedules, en-
hancing service reliability and efficiency (Gaur et al., 2015).
8.4 Enhanced Environmental Monitoring
a) Air Quality Monitoring: Sensors can measure pollutants and provide real-time air quality data, helping to address
pollution issues.
b) Waste Management: Smart waste bins and IoT-enabled waste management systems can optimize collection routes
and schedules, reducing operational costs and environmental impact.
8.5 Smart Infrastructure and Buildings
a) Building Management Systems: IoT can enhance the management of building systems such as HVAC, lighting, and
security, improving energy efficiency and occupant comfort.
b) Infrastructure Monitoring: IoT sensors can monitor the health of infrastructure such as bridges, roads, and tunnels,
enabling predictive maintenance and reducing the risk of failures.
8.6 Enhanced Public Safety
a) Surveillance and Security: IoT-enabled cameras and sensors can improve surveillance and security, helping to reduce
crime rates.
b) Emergency Response: IoT can enhance emergency response systems by providing real-time data to first responders,
improving their ability to manage emergencies (Ibraigheeth, 2023).
8.7 Citizen Engagement and Participation
a) E-Participation Platforms: IoT can facilitate greater citizen engagement through online platforms that allow residents
to participate in urban planning processes.
b) Smart Apps: Mobile applications can provide citizens with information about city services, events, and infrastruc-
ture, enhancing their connection to the urban environment.
8.8 Geo-Referenced Systems and GIS Applications
a) Urban Mapping and Simulation: GIS applications and geo-referenced systems can create detailed maps and simula-
Volume 5 Issue 4 | 2024 | 183 Architecture Engineering and Science
tions of urban areas, helping planners visualize and analyze spatial data.
b) Land Use Planning: These tools can assist in land use planning by providing accurate, real-time data on land use
patterns and trends.
8.9 Cloud Technologies
a) Data Storage and Access: Cloud technologies provide scalable storage solutions for the vast amounts of data gener-
ated by IoT devices, ensuring easy access and management.
b) Collaboration and Integration: Cloud platforms enable collaboration among various stakeholders in urban planning,
facilitating the integration of diverse data sources and tools.
IoT technologies offer numerous benefits for urban design and planning by providing enhanced data collection, ef-
ficient resource management, improved transportation systems, and greater citizen engagement. The integration of GIS
applications, cloud technologies, and geo-referenced systems further enhances these capabilities, enabling planners to create
smarter, more sustainable urban environments (Ibraigheeth, 2023).
9. Sustainability in Smart Cities
Sustainability in Smart Cities focuses on creating urban environments that balance economic growth, environmental
protection, and social well-being (Abbas and Syed, 2022). It leverages advanced technologies, innovative designs, and ef-
fective policies to enhance the quality of life for residents while minimizing ecological footprints (Jain et al., 2022). The key
aspects include:
a) Resource Efficiency: Utilizing IoT, big data, and smart grids to optimize the use of energy, water, and other resources,
reducing waste and promoting conservation.
b) Transportation: Implementing smart transportation systems that reduce congestion, lower emissions, and provide
efficient, accessible public transit options.
c) Green Buildings: Promoting the construction and retrofitting of buildings to meet sustainable standards, improving
energy efficiency, and reducing carbon footprints.
d) Waste Management: Using smart waste management systems that enhance recycling efforts, reduce landfill usage,
and convert waste into energy.
e) Citizen Engagement: Encouraging public participation through e-participation platforms and social media, ensuring
that citizens have a voice in urban planning and decision-making processes.
f) Economic Growth: Fostering innovation and entrepreneurship through smart infrastructure and policies that attract
businesses and create job opportunities.
g) Quality of Life: Enhancing the livability of cities by improving public services, healthcare, education, and recreation-
al facilities through the integration of smart technologies (Kamal et al., 2024).
h) Environmental Protection: Implementing policies and technologies that reduce pollution, protect natural habitats,
and promote biodiversity.
Sustainable Smart Cities aim to create resilient, adaptable urban environments that can thrive in the face of challenges
such as climate change, population growth, and resource scarcity. By integrating technology and innovation with sustainable
practices, these cities strive to improve the overall quality of life for their residents while ensuring the long-term health of
the planet (Praharaj et al, 2018).
10. Conclusions
In conclusion, while Smart City initiatives promise significant economic benefits and contribute to social progress, ef-
fectively strategizing and executing these plans remains challenging for institutions. The equitable management of resources
is crucial for sustaining and enhancing urban assets (Bholey, 2017). Technological advancements and automation are driving
Smart City developments globally, aligning with the European Union’s agenda. Despite being a relatively new concept,
Smart Cities are gaining traction worldwide. Future studies should focus on quantifying these economic benefits through
management and innovation theories to further economic sustainability and enhance human productivity. In conclusion,
Smart City initiatives in India aim to enhance urban efficiency and achieve sustainable urbanization through technology,
design, innovation, and policy reforms. However, addressing the challenges of urbanization requires radical improvements
rather than incremental changes, especially in communication and transportation systems (Gupta, 2019).
The advancements in IoT have garnered significant attention from researchers and developers globally, aiming to lever-
age the technology for societal benefits (Mishra et al, 2017). However, achieving these improvements requires addressing the
current technical challenges and shortcomings. There are several key issues IoT developers must consider to create a better
Architecture Engineering and Science 184 | Tushar Bokhad, et al.
model. It also discusses important IoT application areas where ongoing work is being done. Additionally, the role of big data
analytics is emphasized, as it can provide accurate insights essential for developing an enhanced IoT system (Ibraigheeth,
2023). This study highlights significant differences in the construction and implementation of Smart Cities (SCs) between
developed and developing countries. SCs in high-income countries tend to focus more on technological advancements, cre-
ating numerous smart projects and e-participation tools to engage citizens in public decisions (Manan and Jaydev, 2016). In
contrast, SCs in developing countries often emphasize urban planning, economic growth, and quality of life improvements.
Technological tools in developed SCs are primarily used for communication rather than active citizen participation, with
social media being more prevalent than e-participation platforms (Fawzi et al., 2014). The study underscores the necessity
of tailored assessment metrics that consider the unique contexts and priorities of SCs in different economic settings. Future
research should investigate the impact of these technological tools on governance and democracy further, exploring citizen
engagement and the devolution of power in urban local bodies. Additionally, international collaboration and knowledge
sharing are essential to bridge the gap between SCs in developed and developing countries, ensuring equitable growth and
sustainability in urban development (Gaur et al., 2015).
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