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Exploring the formation of ocean current and the underlying hydrology
Abstract
The first part of this article comprehensively reviews the relevant theories on ocean hydrology, with substantial discussion of new theories revealing the boundary layer formation process; Then representative case studies are conducted and based on the existing data that have been published, it is to re-edit these data by regression discontinuity design, which are re-analyzed with regards to the strong-wind driven current, sea-air interactions, various ocean circulation modes, ocean pollution transport and mitigation; Thirdly, this article builds up a numerical model to simulate the formation of boundary layers.
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Hurricane-intensity forecast improvements currently lag the progress achieved for hurricane tracks. Integrated ocean observations and simulations during hurricane Irene (2011) reveal that the wind-forced two-layer circulation of the stratified coastal ocean, and resultant shear-induced mixing, led to significant and rapid ahead-of-eye-centre cooling (at least 6 °C and up to 11 °C) over a wide swath of the continental shelf. Atmospheric simulations establish this cooling as the missing contribution required to reproduce Irene's accelerated intensity reduction. Historical buoys from 1985 to 2015 show that ahead-of-eye-centre cooling occurred beneath all 11 tropical cyclones that traversed the Mid-Atlantic Bight continental shelf during stratified summer conditions. A Yellow Sea buoy similarly revealed significant and rapid ahead-of-eye-centre cooling during Typhoon Muifa (2011). These findings establish that including realistic coastal baroclinic processes in forecasts of storm intensity and impacts will be increasingly critical to mid-latitude population centres as sea levels rise and tropical cyclone maximum intensities migrate poleward.
This article has comprehensively summarized the photosynthesis system in plant, illustrated by representative case studies. The improvement in both study theory and research method of physiological responses to various environmental stress have been substantially discussed in each part.
Article 10. Ancient Chinese Eight Diagrams and Application on Chemistry Reaction Rate/八卦与矩阵运算及其在化学反应速率中的应用研究 Author: Liu Huan (1983- ), Master of Science (First Class Honours), The University of Auckland.
Article 6. Modeling of annual net primary production of a forest in the Taramakau Valley, Westland, New Zealand Author: Liu Huan (1983-), Master of Science (First Class Honours), The University of Auckland Advisor: George Perry, School of Environment, The University of Auckland
Article 4: The formation mechanism of substance boundary layers/物质在各形态中的分层与边界形成机制: Author: Liu Huan(1983-), Master of Science (First Class Honours), The University of Auckland.
Article 6. Discussion of The Formation Mechanism of Tornadoes and Geological Faults Author: Liu Huan (1983- ), Master of Science (First Class Honours), The University of Auckland
Article 7. Discussion of Tornado Formation Mechanism Author: Liu Huan (1983-), Master of Science (First Class Honours), The University of Auckland.
Using multiplatform satellites and in situ Argo float observations, this study systematically examined the upper ocean response to Super Typhoon Tembin (2012) in the western north pacific, and the interaction between typhoon and a pre-existing cold core eddy (CCE) was particularly focused on. Significant sea surface temperature (SST) cooling and sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) decrease was detected along track after typhoon, with the maximum SST cooling and SSHA decrease reaching 4.0°C and 25 cm, respectively. The pre-existing CCE was located to the left of the typhoon track, resulting in an intriguing leftward bias of SST cooling. The maximum SST cooling appeared at about 25 km to the left of the typhoon track, with SST cooling to the left of the track 40–100% larger than that to the right. After typhoon, the CCE was expanded by 50% due to the typhoon’s cyclonic wind stress. The thermocline was uplifted by 15–25 m by the typhoon-induced upwelling. Typhoon-enhanced vertical mixing was inferred from high-resolution Argo float data based on the Gregg–Henyey–Polzin parameterization method. The diapycnal diffusivity reached 9 × 10−4 m2 s−1 after typhoon, which was more than 10 times larger than that before typhoon.
A 2D four-phase model to study the dispersion of non-conservative radionuclides in tidal waters, in conditions of disequilibrium for ionic exchanges, has been developed. At disequilibrium conditions, ionic exchanges cannot be formulated using distribution coefficients kd. Thus, kinetic transfer coefficients have been used. The model includes ionic exchanges among water and the solid phases (suspended matter and two grain size fractions of sediments), the deposition and resuspension of suspended matter and advective plus diffusive transport. In the second part of this work, which is presented in a separate paper, the model is applied to simulate 226Ra dispersion, discharged from a fertilizer processing plant, in an estuarine system in the south-west of Spain.
Modelling the dispersion of non-conservative radionuclides in tidal waters
- Abril J M Garcialeon M