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Tecnologia de cuidado para a neuroproteção de pacientes no pós-operatório de neurocirurgia oncológica
Abstract
Objetivo: Desenvolver um modelo de checklist para guiar a prática de enfermeiros no cuidado pós-operatório de pacientes neurocríticos oncológicos, promovendo boas práticas de neuroproteção. Métodos: Estudo metodológico, realizado em três etapas: (1) revisão da literatura sobre cuidados de enfermagem no pós-operatório de neurocirurgia oncológica; (2) avaliação da prática de cuidados em entrevistas com dez enfermeiros de um hospital público oncológico; e (3) desenvolvimento de um protótipo de checklist. Resultados: A revisão destacou temas essenciais para o cuidado a pacientes neurocríticos oncológicos em terapia intensiva, ressaltando a necessidade de enfermeiros capacitados em neurologia. A avaliação prática identificou tópicos importantes, como: cuidados imediatos na admissão na UTI, monitorização nas primeiras horas, uso de escalas, manejo de dispositivos e curativos, e vigilância neurológica intensiva. O checklist, desenvolvido no Google Planilhas®, contém 16 itens, dos quais nove são de múltipla escolha e sete de preenchimento manual. Conclusão: O checklist desenvolvido qualifica a assistência de enfermagem a pacientes neurocirúrgicos, apoiando o processo de enfermagem ao facilitar a identificação precoce de alterações clínicas e o acompanhamento da evolução diária. Além disso, contribui para a qualificação dos registros em saúde, servindo como documentação acessível para consulta por toda a equipe de saúde.
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Background Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.
Objective
To validate a checklist for safe bathing in critically ill patients.
Methods
This is a methodological and quantitative study. Researchers developed a checklist for safe bathing in critically ill patients consisting of 41 items, which were submitted to the apparent and content validation process, evaluated by eleven judges, and interobserver reliability. For reliability analysis, the instrument was applied in 54 bed bath procedures in the ICU; Kappa and CHF tests were used.
Results
In the apparent and content validation, adjustments were made according to the judges’ suggestions. Kappa values ranged from moderate to almost perfect (0.462 to 0.962), and, in some items, there was 100% agreement; the reliability of the instrument was excellent (ICC = 0.962).
Conclusion
The instrument proved to be dependable and easy to apply. Its use will contribute to safe bed bathing and subsidize interventions aimed at increasing the quality of care.
Descriptors:
Bath; Checklist; Intensive Care Unit; Bedrindden Persons; Patient Safety
Objective:
To describe the elaboration and content validity stages of a digital educational technology for nursing professionals about Japanese bathtub (ofurô) in newborns in neonatal care units.
Method:
A methodological study conducted between August 2019 and July 2021, in a public maternity hospital in Manaus, Amazonas, developed in two stages. In the first, the e-book images, text and editing were produced. In the second, material content validity was carried out, through the opinion of 15 expert judges, nurses and neonatal care experts. In data analysis, the percentage of agreement was applied with agreement score estimation. Items with 80% or more agreement were considered valid.
Results:
The e-book "Japanese bathtub: manual for nursing professionals" was produced, organized into nine sessions, which describe the technique execution. Content was considered valid by expert judges (general score 90%).
Conclusion:
The e-book was considered suitable for use in training nursing professionals, with potential for dissemination of knowledge regarding humanization of care for premature babies.
Objective
to elaborate and validate the content of a digital guide educational technology on Systematization of Nursing Care and Nursing Process.
Methods
applied research of technological development, developed between 2020 and 2021, in three steps. First, a scoping review was carried out to elaborate the content. In the second step, the content was validated with 46 nurse judges selected for convenience. The minimum criterion of agreement among judges was 80%. The third step consisted of content organization and layout.
Results
the guide content was elaborated from the Federal Nursing Council legislation, scientific articles and textbooks. Content was considered appropriate, relevant and organized by judges.
Final considerations
the digital guide is an alternative that can contribute to the NP execution and implementation, supporting the planning and implementation of actions for quality of care.
Descriptors:
Nursing Process; Educational Technology; Professional Practice; Nursing Records; Standardized Nursing Terminology
Objetivo: descrever os cuidados de Enfermagem prestados aos pacientes acometidos por acidente vascular cerebral hemorrágico em uso de derivação ventricular externa. Método: estudo descritivo, do tipo relato de experiência, realizado em junho de 2021. O local do estudo é em um hospital público universitário do Sul do Brasil. Resultados: na admissão, cabe ao enfermeiro certificar-se da localização e permeabilidade da drenagem ventricular, posicionando o paciente em decúbito dorsal, com alinhamento esternal e cabeceira a 30º. Para realizar a instalação do sistema, é necessário acoplar o transdutor ao monitor multiparâmetros, sendo que o ponto zero do sistema deve estar alinhado ao meato acústico externo, fazendo uso de régua niveladora. O sistema é então fixado em suporte exclusivo para esta finalidade, mantendo a altura do ponto para o escoamento de líquido cefalorraquidiano em 20 centímetros acima do transdutor ou do ponto zero, considerando a pressão intracraniana normal em até 15 mmHg. Quando necessária a mudança na altura da cabeceira do leito, o circuito proximal da cabeça do paciente deve ser interrompido, fechando o clamp, mantendo a bolsa de drenagem bem fixada, evitando alterar nível e drenagem inadvertida. Considerações finais: constata-se a complexidade no cuidado diante do paciente neurocrítico, evidenciando, dessa forma, a necessidade da implantação de intervenções baseadas em planos de cuidados específicos para a obtenção do tratamento adequado.
Objectives
to analyze the implementation of multidisciplinary checklist-directed rounds before health indicators and multidisciplinary team perception of an Intensive Care Unit.
Methods
a mixed methods study, with an explanatory sequential design, carried out at a hospital in southern Brazil, from September 2020 to August 2021. The integration of quantitative and qualitative data was combined by connection.
Results
after the implementation of checklist-directed rounds, there was a significant reduction in hospital stay from ventilator-associated pneumonia, urinary tract infection and daily invasive device use. The investigated practice is essential for comprehensive care, harm reduction, effective work and critical patient safety.
Conclusions
the multidisciplinary rounds with checklist use reduced data on health indicators of critically ill patients and was considered a vital practice in the intensive care setting.
Descriptors:
Teaching Rounds; Checklist; Intensive Care Units; Patient Safety; Patient Care Team
Objective: to perform the adaptation, content validation and semantic analysis of a Multidisciplinary Checklist used in rounds in Intensive Care Units for adults. Method: a methodological study, consisting of three stages: Adaptation of the checklist, performed by one of the authors; Content validation, performed by seven judges/health professionals from a public teaching hospital in Paraná; and Semantic analysis, performed in a philanthropic hospital in the same state. Agreement of the judges and of the target audience in the content validation and semantic analysis stages was calculated using the Content Validity Index and the Agreement Index, respectively, with a minimum acceptable value of 0.80. Results: in the content validation stage, the checklist obtained a total agreement of 0.84. Of the 16 items included in the instrument, 11 (68.75%) were readjusted and four (25%) were excluded for not reaching the minimum agreement. The readjusted items referred to sedation; analgesia; nutrition; glycemic control; headboard elevation; gastric ulcer prophylaxis; prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism; indwelling urinary catheter, central venous catheter; protective mechanical ventilation and spontaneous breathing test. Regarding the items excluded, they referred to the cuff pressure of the orotracheal tube and to Nursing care measures such as taking the patient out of the bed, pressure injury prophylaxis, and ophthalmoprotection. In the semantic analysis, the final agreement of the instrument's items was 0.96. Conclusion: after two evaluation rounds by the judges, testing in critically-ill patients and high inter-evaluator agreement index, the Multidisciplinary Checklist is found with validated content suitable for use in rounds in intensive care.
A análise de dados qualitativos tem sido auxiliada por diferentes programas computacionais (e.g., Alceste, Iramuteq, TXM, Lexico). O Iramuteq é um software gratuito que auxilia o tratamento de dados textuais e oferece diferentes possibilidades de análise baseadas na estatística de texto, ou lexicometria. O artigo buscou apresentar essa abordagem e oferecer fundamentos teórico-metodológicos para o uso do Iramuteq em pesquisas qualitativas. O texto discorre sobre os princípios da lexicometria e apresenta as características, potencialidades e limites das diferentes técnicas de tratamento lexical viabilizadas pelo Iramuteq: Estatísticas Textuais Clássicas, Análise de Especificidades, Análise de Similitude, Análise Fatorial por Correspondência, Classificação Hierárquica Descendente (método Reinert - Alceste), Nuvem de Palavras e Análise Prototípica de evocações livres. Espera-se que o trabalho possa estimular a utilização crítica e contextualizada do Iramuteq em pesquisas qualitativas, assim como contribuir para a formação de estudantes de pós-graduação e pesquisadores da psicologia e áreas afins que possam se beneficiar do uso da ferramenta em seus estudos.
Objective:
To reflect on the environment of the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in the light of the Florence Nightingale's Environmental Theory.
Methods:
A theoretical-reflexive essay of constructs originated from the final work of a discipline related to the Florence Nightingale's Environmental Theory and the current legislation regarding the environment of the unit.
Results:
The elements "lighting," "noise," "colors, and varieties of objects," "location of nursing units," and "odors" follow Florence Nightingale's assumptions while the elements "ventilation," "spacing between beds," "furniture" underwent adaptations to suit the current structure of the unit.
Final considerations:
The environmental theory is a milestone in the history of nursing. Despite the transformations, such as the emergence of intensive care units and the permanence of the family in these units, the nursing team must maintain Florence Nightingale's concern about the environment influencing the health/disease process and promoting an adequate environment for the care of the child and his family.
Objective:
To perform a cross-cultural adaptation of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) to Brazilian Portuguese for the evaluation of sedation in pediatric intensive care.
Methods:
Cross-cultural adaptation process including the conceptual, item, semantic and operational equivalence stages according to current recommendations.
Results:
Pretests, divided into two stages, included 30 professionals from the pediatric intensive care unit of a university hospital, who administered the translated RASS to patients aged 29 days to 18 years. The pretests showed a content validity index above 0.90 for all items: 0.97 in the first stage of pretests and 0.99 in the second.
Conclusion:
The cross-cultural adaptation of RASS to Brazilian Portuguese resulted in a version with excellent comprehensibility and acceptability in a pediatric intensive care setting. Reliability and validity studies should be performed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the RASS.
Objetivo: identificar as intervenções de Enfermagem para pacientes neurocríticos em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Método: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, descritivo, transversal, com 84 pacientes neurocríticos. Coletaram-se as intervenções de Enfermagem mediante os registros de Enfermagem no instrumento de Sistematização da Assistência de Enfermagem da unidade. Realizaram-se a análise estatística dos dados. Resultados: revela-se que as principais intervenções de Enfermagem identificadas foram a realização da Escala de Coma de Glasgow (87,8%), Escala de Agitação e Sedação Richmond (84,3%), avaliação das pupilas (79,7%), cabeceira elevada a 30° (100%), monitorização dos sinais vitais (46,4%) e avaliação da Escala de Braden (36,9%). Conclusão: relacionam-se as principais intervenções de Enfermagem realizadas ao posicionamento neurológico, monitorização neurológica, monitorização dos sinais vitais e à prevenção de lesão por pressão. Acredita-se que os resultados deste estudo trazem importantes contribuições para o planejamento da assistência ao paciente neurocrítico, contribuindo para a prática baseada em evidências científicas na Enfermagem. Descritores: Hipertensão Intracraniana; Cuidados de Enfermagem; Pressão Intracraniana; Terapia Intensiva; Cuidados Críticos; Traumatismos Craniocerebrais. AbstractObjective: to identify nursing interventions for neuro-critical patients in an Intensive Care Unit. Method: this is a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study with 84 neuro-critical patients. Nursing interventions were collected through the Nursing records in the unit of Nursing Care Systematization of the unit. Statistical analysis of the data was performed. Results: it is revealed that the main nursing interventions identified were the Glasgow Coma Scale (87.8%), Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (84.3%), pupil evaluation (79.7%), headboard elevated to 30 ° (100%), monitoring of vital signs (46.4%) and evaluation of the Braden Scale (36.9%). Conclusion: the main nursing interventions performed are related to neurological positioning, neurological monitoring, monitoring of vital signs and the prevention of pressure injury. It is believed that the results of this study bring important contributions to the planning of care for neuro-critical patients, contributing to the practice based on scientific evidence in Nursing. Descriptors: Intracranial Hypertension; Nursing Care; Intracranial Pressure; Intensive Therapy; Critical Care; Craniocerebral Injuries.ResumenObjetivo: identificar intervenciones de Enfermería para pacientes neurocríticos en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Método: es un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal con 84 pacientes neurocríticos. Las intervenciones de Enfermería se recogieron a través de los registros de Enfermería en la unidad de Sistematización de Cuidados de Enfermería de la unidad. Se realizó un análisis estadístico de los datos. Resultados: se revela que las principales intervenciones de Enfermería identificadas fueron la Escala de coma de Glasgow (87.8%), la Escala de Agitación y Sedación de Richmond (84.3%), la evaluación de los alumnos (79.7%), cabecero elevado a 30 ° (100%), monitoreo de signos vitales (46.4%) y evaluación de la Escala de Braden (36.9%). Conclusión: las principales intervenciones de Enfermería realizadas están relacionadas con el posicionamiento neurológico, el monitoreo neurológico, el monitoreo de los signos vitales y la prevención de lesiones por presión. Se cree que los resultados de este estudio hacen contribuciones importantes a la planificación de la atención de pacientes neurocríticos, contribuyendo a la práctica basada en evidencia científica en Enfermería. Descriptores: Hipertensión Intracraneal; Cuidado de Enfermería; Presión Intracraneal; Cuidados Intensivos; Cuidado Crítico; Lesiones Craneocerebrales.
Objetivo. Avaliar o conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem sobre neurointensivismo. Método. Trata-se de um estudo de caráter descritivo e exploratório com abordagem quantitativa realizada de março a abril de 2018, em duas unidades de terapia intensiva adulto. Utilizou-se um instrumento validado com dados demográficos e profissionais dos entrevistados e oito questões pertinentes ao conhecimento acerca do neurointensivismo. O Teste exato de Fisher foi usado para determinar diferenças nas respostas entre as categorias profissionais. Resultados. Responderam ao instrumento 61 profissionais de enfermagem, sendo 21 enfermeiros e 40 técnicos de enfermagem, 69% eram do sexo feminino. Os enfermeiros tiveram mais respostas corretas, que técnicos de enfermagem, porém, em nenhuma das questões esses profissionais apresentaram 100% de acertos. Cuidados específicos da enfermagem para prevenir a elevação da PIC, ainda não são suficientemente conhecidos pelos profissionais, houve diferença estatisticamente significativa somente para o parâmetro de oximetria jugular SJO2 (p<0,047) e estratégia de combate a hipertermia (p<0,007). Conclusão. Essa pesquisa demonstra a necessidade de intervenção que contemple aquisição de conhecimentos teórico-práticos, aprimoramento para interpretação dos parâmetros monitorados e consequente adoção de condutas seguras no manejo do doente neurocrítico.
Daily interruption of sedative therapy and limitation of deep sedation have been shown in several randomized trials to reduce the duration of mechanical ventilation and hospital length of stay, and to improve the outcome of critically ill patients. However, patients with severe acute brain injury (ABI; including subjects with coma after traumatic brain injury, ischaemic/haemorrhagic stroke, cardiac arrest, status epilepticus) were excluded from these studies. Therefore, whether the new paradigm of minimal sedation can be translated to the neuro-ICU (NICU) is unclear. In patients with ABI, sedation has ‘general’ indications (control of anxiety, pain, discomfort, agitation, facilitation of mechanical ventilation) and ‘neuro-specific’ indications (reduction of cerebral metabolic demand, improved brain tolerance to ischaemia). Sedation also is an essential therapeutic component of intracranial pressure therapy, targeted temperature management and seizure control. Given the lack of large trials which have evaluated clinically relevant endpoints, sedative selection depends on the effect of each agent on cerebral and systemic haemodynamics. Titration and withdrawal of sedation in the NICU setting has to be balanced between the risk that interrupting sedation might exacerbate brain injury (e.g. intracranial pressure elevation) and the potential benefits of enhanced neurological function and reduced complications. In this review, we provide a concise summary of cerebral physiologic effects of sedatives and analgesics, the advantages/disadvantages of each agent, the comparative effects of standard sedatives (propofol and midazolam) and the emerging role of alternative drugs (ketamine). We suggest a pragmatic approach for the use of sedation-analgesia in the NICU, focusing on some practical aspects, including optimal titration and management of sedation withdrawal according to ABI severity.
Introduction:
The integrative review is the methodology that provides synthesis of knowledge and applicability of results of significant studies to practice.
Objective:
To present the phases of an integrative review and the relevant aspects to be taken into account when using this methodological resource.
Methods:
This study was based on bibliographic search and on the experience of the authors when performing an integrative review.
Results:
Presentation of the six stages of the integrative review process: preparing the guiding question, searching or sampling the literature, data collection, critical analysis of the studies included, discussion of results and presentation of the integrative review.
Conclusions:
Considering the need to assure care based on scientific evidence, the integrative review has been identified as a unique tool in healthcare for it synthesizes investigations available on the given topic and guides practice based on scientific knowledge.
Methodological studies are those with the purpose of: developing new instruments or tools, creating care protocols, as well as translating, validating and adapting preexisting instruments. To describe the profile of methodological research developed by nursing in Brazil. This is an integrative review. For sample selection, the search for articles indexed in the following databases was undertaken: LILACS, BDENF and MEDLINE. From the 40 files found in the search 13 articles were evaluated in this review. In the studies evaluated it was not possible to identify a pattern in the research development phases and in the design of the different types of methodological studies. The studies evaluated reveal a certain preference for the construction of printed media that address health issues. The production of booklets, folders and other types of printed media has been explored by the nursing professional with the help of the multiprofessional team.
Purpose/objectives:
Prolonged mechanical ventilation results from deeper levels of sedation. This may lead to impaired respiratory muscle functioning that develops into pneumonia, increases antibiotic use, increases delirium risk, and increases length of hospitalization. A trauma and surgical intensive care unit interdisciplinary team conducted a quality improvement project to lighten sedation levels and shorten mechanical ventilation time.
Description of the project:
The project included multimodal elements to improve sedation practice. Standardizing the spontaneous awakening trial algorithm, creation of electronic health record tools, integration of sedation practices into daily rounds, and focused education for nursing were implemented in April 2021 through October 2021.
Outcome:
A reduction of median hours spent on mechanical ventilation was achieved. Mechanical ventilation hours decreased from 77 to 70. Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale levels improved from a median of -2 to -1, and daily spontaneous awakening trials increased from 10% to 27% completed.
Conclusion:
The quality improvement project demonstrated that, with increased daily spontaneous awakening trials and lighter sedation levels, the time patients spent on mechanical ventilation was shortened. There was no increase to self-extubation with lighter sedations levels. Shorter time on mechanical ventilation can reduce patient harm risks.
Analisar os principais diagnósticos e intervenções de enfermagem traçados pelo enfermeiro intensivista ao paciente neurocirúrgico. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, BDENF e SCIELO. Foram elencados cinco artigos completos, publicados entre 2012 a 2021. Foi traçado duas categorias temáticas: Diagnósticos de Enfermagem para pacientes neurocríticos; Intervenções de Enfermagem para pacientes neurocríticos. Evidenciou-se poucas publicações sobre o tema, entre os estudos incluídos, foi possível descrever 35 diagnósticos de enfermagem e suas respectivas intervenções. Apesar de observamos um número expressivo de diagnósticos, é necessário que os profissionais de enfermagem se atualizem quanto ao processo de enfermagem a desenvolva uma assistência sistematizada baseada em evidências e focadas nas individualidades de cada paciente.
OBJECTIVE
Clinical features such as those included in the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, pupil reactivity, and patient age, as well as CT findings, have clear established relationships with patient outcomes due to neurotrauma. Nevertheless, predictions made from combining these features in probabilistic models have not found a role in clinical practice. In this study, the authors aimed to develop a method of displaying probabilities graphically that would be simple and easy to use, thus improving the usefulness of prognostic information in neurotrauma. This work builds on a companion paper describing the GCS-Pupils score (GCS-P) as a tool for assessing the clinical severity of neurotrauma.
METHODS
Information about early GCS score, pupil response, patient age, CT findings, late outcome according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale, and mortality were obtained at the individual adult patient level from the CRASH (Corticosteroid Randomisation After Significant Head Injury; n = 9045) and IMPACT (International Mission for Prognosis and Clinical Trials in TBI; n = 6855) databases. These data were combined into a pooled data set for the main analysis. Logistic regression was first used to model the combined association between the GCS-P and patient age and outcome, following which CT findings were added to the models. The proportion of variability in outcomes “explained” by each model was assessed using Nagelkerke’s R ² .
RESULTS
The authors observed that patient age and GCS-P have an additive effect on outcome. The probability of mortality 6 months after neurotrauma is greater with increasing age, and for all age groups the probability of death is greater with decreasing GCS-P. Conversely, the probability of favorable recovery becomes lower with increasing age and lessens with decreasing GCS-P. The effect of combining the GCS-P with patient age was substantially more informative than the GCS-P, age, GCS score, or pupil reactivity alone. Two-dimensional charts were produced displaying outcome probabilities, as percentages, for 5-year increments in age between 15 and 85 years, and for GCS-Ps ranging from 1 to 15; it is readily seen that the movement toward combinations at the top right of the charts reflects a decreasing likelihood of mortality and an increasing likelihood of favorable outcome.
Analysis of CT findings showed that differences in outcome are very similar between patients with or without a hematoma, absent cisterns, or subarachnoid hemorrhage. Taken in combination, there is a gradation in risk that aligns with increasing numbers of any of these abnormalities. This information provides added value over age and GCS-P alone, supporting a simple extension of the earlier prognostic charts by stratifying the original charts in the following 3 CT groupings: none, only 1, and 2 or more CT abnormalities.
CONCLUSIONS
The important prognostic features in neurotrauma can be brought together to display graphically their combined effects on risks of death or on prospects for independent recovery. This approach can support decision making and improve communication of risk among health care professionals, patients, and their relatives. These charts will not replace clinical judgment, but they will reduce the risk of influences from biases.
Optimal management of post-operative wounds in the community is important to prevent potential complications such as surgi-cal-site infections and wound dehiscence from developing. As such, general practitioners, who play an important part in the sub-acute management of post-operative wounds, should appreciate the physiology of wound healing and the principles of post-operative wound care.
The objective of this article is to update general practitioners on the important aspects of post-operative wound care. This includes a review of the physiology behind wound healing, an update on wound cleansing and dressing methods, as well as a guide on how common post-operative wound complications should be managed.
The key elements of post-operative wound care include timely review of the wound, appropriate cleansing and dressing, as well as early recognition and active treatment of wound complications.
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