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Journal Corner of Education, Linguistics, and Literature
Vol. 4 No. 001 (December, 2024), pp. 137-144
https://doi.org/10.54012/jcell.v4i001.376
137
Meta-Analysis of the Influence of Social Media on Students' Cooking
Skills in the Implementation of Pastry Bakery Subjects
Silpia silaban1, Sindi Judiati Nainggolan2, Fatma Tresno Ingtyas 3, Elsa Sabrina4
1,2,3,4 Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Negeri Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
email: silpia.5223142013@mhs.unimed.ac.id
ABSTRACT
This study aims to explore the impact of social media on students'
cooking skills in the implementation of Pastry Bakery subjects using a
meta-analysis method. Social media platforms, such as Instagram,
TikTok, and YouTube, have become significant tools in education,
offering easy access to interactive and visual learning content. The study
analyzes 15 relevant articles, with results indicating that social media has
a moderate positive influence (effect size = 0.50) on improving students'
cooking skills. Platforms like YouTube enable students to follow step-by-
step tutorials, while Instagram and TikTok facilitate peer interaction
through challenges and online communities.The analysis reveals that
social media can enhance the understanding of cooking techniques,
develop practical skills, and boost learning motivation through
visualization and interactivity features. However, challenges such as
distractions and content quality must be addressed. Teachers play a
crucial role in effectively utilizing social media, for instance, by providing
reliable resources and creating appropriate educational content.These
findings indicate that social media, when used wisely, can be an effective
complement to traditional teaching methods. This research is expected to
provide insights for educators on integrating technology into vocational
education curricula, particularly in the pastry and bakery field, to
optimally support students' skill development.
Keywords: Social media; cooking skills; Pastry Bakery; meta-analysis; practical
learning.
INTRODUCTION
Social media has become an integral part of daily life, especially among students.
Platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube are no longer just tools for
communication and entertainment but have also evolved into innovative learning
media. In the context of vocational education, particularly in the Pastry Bakery subject,
social media offers significant opportunities to expand access to information and
cooking skills through engaging tutorial content, recipes, and visual demonstrations.
Cooking skills, especially in the field of pastry and bakery, require technical
expertise that combines theory and practice. However, challenges in traditional
learning methods, such as limited practice time in class and insufficient access to
learning resources, can hinder skill mastery. In such situations, social media serves as
Received:
November 25,
2024
Revised:
December 1,
2024
Accepted:
December 3,
2024
Published:
December 9,
2024
Meta-Analysis of...
138
an alternative solution to bridge these gaps by providing flexible, easily accessible, and
visually rich content.
Several studies have explored the impact of social media on learning cooking
skills. The results show that social media can enhance students' learning motivation,
broaden their knowledge of cooking techniques, and even help them gain confidence in
applying the skills they have learned. However, the overall impact of social media on
implementing the Pastry Bakery subject has not been deeply analyzed.
The growing popularity of social media as a learning tool is also inseparable from
advancements in digital technology that enable instant access to information.
Platforms like Instagram and TikTok, for example, offer content formats suited to
students’ visual learning styles. Short video tutorials with clear step-by-step instructions
can help students easily understand complex cooking techniques. Additionally, the
comments and discussions on these platforms create an interactive learning community
where students can ask questions, discuss, and share experiences.
However, using social media in learning is not without challenges. Not all
content available on social media is of good quality or meets learning needs. The
abundance of unverified information or inaccurate cooking techniques can mislead
students. Therefore, educators play a crucial role in curating and recommending
relevant, high-quality content.
In vocational education, pastry and bakery skills require a deep understanding of
basic techniques such as dough mixing, precise ingredient measurements, and the use
of specialized tools. Social media can enrich this learning process by providing
practical examples from culinary experts or professionals. This can increase student
engagement as they gain direct inspiration from the real industry.
Moreover, social media allows students to learn at their own pace and style. They
can replay tutorial videos, slow down playback speeds, or revisit steps they do not
understand without feeling constrained by the limited time available in class. This
flexibility offers significant advantages over traditional learning methods, which often
rely on strict schedules.
Nevertheless, it is essential to assess how well social media can be integrated with
conventional learning. Social media should serve as a complement, not a replacement,
for existing teaching methods. Direct interaction between students and educators
remains crucial to ensuring proper understanding and application of the skills being
taught.
This meta-analysis aims to identify and summarize findings from various studies
conducted on the impact of social media on students' cooking skills in implementing
the Pastry Bakery subject. The study is expected to provide a comprehensive overview
of the extent to which social media contributes to improving students’ cooking skills
and offer recommendations for optimizing its use in educational settings.
Additionally, it is important to assess the variables that influence the effectiveness
of social media as a learning tool, such as the type of platform used, duration of use,
and content quality. By understanding these factors, educators and education
Silpia silaban, Sindi Judiati Nainggolan, Fatma Tresno Ingtyas, Elsa Sabrina
139
administrators can develop more effective strategies for utilizing social media to
support Pastry Bakery learning. This meta-analysis also aims to explore how social
media can function as a complement, not a substitute, for traditional teaching
methods. Thus, the findings of this study are expected to help integrate technology
optimally into vocational education curricula, particularly in the field of pastry and
bakery.
The successful integration of social media into learning also requires commitment
from various parties, including educators, students, and education policymakers.
Educators need training on how to effectively use social media as a learning tool.
Students must be guided to use social media wisely and responsibly, while education
policymakers should provide clear guidelines to support the use of digital technology in
learning.
Thus, this study focuses not only on the technical aspects of using social media
but also on broader pedagogical and social dimensions. It is hoped that this research
can serve as a basis for developing innovative and relevant learning strategies to meet
students’ needs in the digital era.
METHOD
This study employs a meta-analytical approach to examine the impact of social
media on students' cooking skills in the Pastry Bakery subject. Meta-analysis integrates
and analyzes findings from previous research, offering a comprehensive understanding
of the studied topic. This research includes data collection from 15 relevant studies
with varied research designs, including experimental, quasi-experimental, and survey
studies.
Inclusion criteria were established to ensure the validity and relevance of the analyzed
studies. The included studies met the following requirements:
1. Conducted within the context of vocational education or cooking skill training.
2. Utilized social media as the independent variable.
3. Measured cooking skills as the dependent variable.
4. Provided quantitative data necessary for effect size calculation.
Additionally, studies published in indexed journals or conference proceedings
were prioritized to ensure data quality.
The data collection process involved searching academic databases such as
Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest. Keywords used for the search included
"social media," "cooking skill learning," "pastry bakery," and "meta-analysis."
Extracted data included details about the authors, publication year, research design,
sample size, and effect size values.
A random-effects model was used for data analysis, considering the significant
variation between studies based on the heterogeneity test results (Q = 15.78; p < 0.05).
This model is preferred over the fixed-effects model as it accommodates differences in
study characteristics, such as population, data collection methods, and variable
measurements. The average effect size was calculated to estimate the overall impact of
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social media on students' cooking skills. Effect size values were categorized into small
(0.2), medium (0.5), and large (0.8), following Cohen's guidelines.
To enhance the validity of the findings, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to
assess the influence of individual studies on the overall estimate. This analysis ensures
that the meta-analysis results are not overly dependent on any single or few specific
studies. Additionally, a moderator analysis was performed to evaluate variables that
might affect the effectiveness of social media, such as platform type, usage duration,
and research design.
The study considered the risk of publication bias by utilizing funnel plots and
Egger's statistical test. These steps are crucial to detect tendencies of reporting only
significant results, which could impact the meta-analysis conclusions. This analysis
provides additional insights into the quality and reliability of the data used in the
research.
This systematic and evidence-based approach is expected to significantly
contribute to understanding the role of social media in Pastry Bakery learning.
Furthermore, it aims to provide a foundation for developing more effective teaching
strategies in the future.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1. Studies Summary
No
Author(s)
Year
Journal Title
Sample
Size
Research
Design
Effect
Size
1
Ahmad et
al.
2018
The Role of Social
Media in Culinary
Skills Development
150
students
Experimental
0.45
2
Sari & Budi
2020
Effectiveness of
Instagram in Learning
Pastry
200
students
Quasi-
experimental
0.52
3
Wijaya
2017
Social Media as a
Learning Tool in
Baking Education
120
students
Survey
0.38
4
Hartono
2021
YouTube Tutorials
and Students' Baking
Skills
180
students
Experimental
0.60
5
Zainuddin
2019
The Impact of Digital
Media on Student
Learning in Pastry
Bakery
100
students
Experimental
0.50
6
Kusuma et
al.
2023
Instagram Reels and
Its Role in Teaching
Baking Skills
220
students
Survey
0.48
7
Lestari
2020
Exploring Social
140
Experimental
0.55
Silpia silaban, Sindi Judiati Nainggolan, Fatma Tresno Ingtyas, Elsa Sabrina
141
Media in Practical
Culinary Education
students
8
Pratama
2019
Enhancing Baking
Skills Through TikTok
160
students
Quasi-
experimental
0.40
9
Rahmawati
2021
Learning Pastry
Through Social Media
110
students
Experimental
0.53
10
Nugraha
2018
Social Media as a
Platform for Culinary
Learning
130
students
Survey
0.47
11
Susanto
2022
Impact of Video
Content on Baking
Skills Development
150
students
Experimental
0.51
12
Yulianti
2020
Effectiveness of Social
Media for Practical
Subjects
180
students
Quasi-
experimental
0.54
13
Handayani
2021
The Influence of
Instagram Tutorials on
Baking Practice
210
students
Experimental
0.49
14
Anggraini
2017
Social Media
Utilization in Baking
Class
170
students
Survey
0.42
15
Permana
2019
Exploring YouTube as
a Learning Tool for
Pastry Students
190
students
Experimental
0.46
Heterogeneity testing indicated a Q value of 15.78, p < 0.05, suggesting
significant variability across studies. Consequently, a random-effects model was used
to estimate the average effect.
Average Effect Size: 0.50 (moderate category).
Confidence Interval: 95%
This research reviewed 15 studies focusing on the impact of social media on
cooking skill development and pastry education among students. The studies
encompassed various social media platforms, including Instagram, YouTube, and
TikTok, chosen for their popularity among students and their capability to deliver
visually rich and interactive information. The research designs varied, including
experiments, quasi-experiments, and surveys, to provide a comprehensive view of
social media's impact on culinary education. Sample sizes ranged from 100 to 220
students, offering diverse data for analysis.
The analysis revealed an average effect size of 0.50, categorized as moderate.
This indicates that using social media as a learning tool significantly enhances students'
skills in culinary and pastry fields. These findings highlight the potential of social
media as an effective educational medium in the digital era.
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142
Hartono (2021) reported the highest effect size of 0.60, showing that YouTube
tutorials are highly effective in improving students' baking skills. The video
format allows students to see the step-by-step process of baking and provides the
flexibility to pause, rewind, or slow down the video, facilitating easier
comprehension of complex techniques.
Sari & Budi (2020) found an effect size of 0.52 in a quasi-experimental study
examining Instagram's effectiveness in pastry education. Instagram's short
videos and images accelerate students' understanding of basic cooking
techniques, supported by features like IGTV and Reels for anytime, anywhere
learning.
Studies by Rahmawati (2021) and Yulianti (2020) reported positive outcomes
with effect sizes of 0.53 and 0.54, respectively. These studies emphasized that
platforms like Instagram and educational videos enrich learning by providing
access to various tutorials and new techniques, offering a more personalized
and interactive learning experience.
Research by Wijaya (2017) and Anggraini (2017) showed smaller effect sizes of
0.38 and 0.42, indicating moderate impacts. These differences could stem from
variations in teaching methods, the duration of social media use, and levels of
interactivity in each study.
Nugraha (2018) and Permana (2019) reported below-average effect sizes of 0.47
and 0.46. These studies stressed the importance of combining social media with
traditional teaching methods to improve learning outcomes effectively.
Heterogeneity testing confirmed significant variability among studies (Q =
15.78, p < 0.05). Thus, the random-effects model was adopted to account for these
variations and provide a more accurate overall impact estimate of social media on
culinary education. This approach ensures results are more representative of the
broader study population, given the differences in research designs and participant
characteristics.
Additional factors influencing the effectiveness of social media in education
were identified. For instance, Handayani (2021) found that student engagement, such
as participating in online discussions, amplifies the positive impact of social media.
Students who actively engage with content show higher effect sizes compared to
passive content consumers.
Pratama (2019) highlighted the importance of high-quality tutorial content.
Professionally designed videos with clear instructions and appealing visuals
significantly enhance students' understanding compared to less-structured content.
Overall, this research underscores the significant potential of social media in
developing students' cooking and pastry skills. An average effect size of 0.50 supports
the hypothesis that social media can be an effective tool for culinary education. Despite
variations among studies, social media proves beneficial in enhancing student skills.
Educators and students should consider integrating social media into the learning
process to achieve more effective and engaging outcomes. Structured social media use,
Silpia silaban, Sindi Judiati Nainggolan, Fatma Tresno Ingtyas, Elsa Sabrina
143
combined with supplementary learning methods, can optimize its potential in culinary
education.
The findings revealed that social media moderately positively impacts students'
cooking skills. Platforms like YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok help students better
understand cooking techniques through tutorials, cooking challenges, and interactive
online communities. Live streaming features also allow teachers to provide direct
feedback to students.
Factors Supporting Effectiveness:
1. Direct Visualization: YouTube tutorials enable students to observe cooking
processes in detail, from basic techniques to complex recipes.
2. Interactivity: Online communities on Instagram and TikTok let students share
their creations, receive feedback, and participate in cooking challenges that
boost motivation.
3. Accessibility: Social media offers easy access to diverse learning materials
anytime, anywhere.
4. Self-Paced Learning: Students can learn cooking techniques at their own pace,
improving comprehension and practical skills.
Challenges in Social Media Use:
Distractions: Social media may become a source of distraction if not properly
guided.
Content Quality: Not all information on social media is valid or aligned with
curriculum standards.
Teachers play a crucial role in effectively integrating social media into formal
education by curating reliable accounts or creating specific educational content for
students.
Studies show that students actively using social media for pastry education
demonstrate better skills than those relying solely on classroom learning. For example,
Hartono (2021) found that students who followed YouTube tutorials improved their
skills by 30% compared to a control group.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of this meta-analysis, it can be concluded that social media
has a moderate positive impact on students' cooking skills, particularly in the
implementation of Pastry Bakery subjects. Platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, and
TikTok have proven effective in helping students understand cooking techniques
through video tutorials, cooking challenges, and interaction with online communities.
With features like live streaming, students can receive real-time feedback from
instructors, enriching the learning process.
Social media offers several advantages, including clear visualization, user
interactivity, high accessibility, and support for self-paced learning. However, its use
must be balanced with supervision to avoid distractions and ensure content quality
aligns with the curriculum.
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144
It is important for educators to play an active role in strategically integrating
social media into the teaching and learning process. By providing proper guidance and
reliable resources, teachers can maximize the potential of social media to enhance
students' cooking skills. This study also shows that students who actively use social
media for learning Pastry Bakery tend to show significant improvements in skills
compared to those who rely solely on traditional learning methods. For example,
Hartono's (2021) research showed a 30% improvement in skills among students who
followed YouTube tutorials compared to the control group.
Overall, social media can be an effective supplement to conventional teaching
methods, provided that its use is well-managed and supported by appropriate teaching
strategies.
REFERENCES
Ahmad, R., et al. (2018). The role of social media in culinary skills development.
Journal of Educational Technology.
Sari, L., & Budi, T. (2020). Effectiveness of Instagram in learning pastry. Journal of
Hospitality Education.
Wijaya, H. (2017). Social media as a learning tool in baking education. Indonesian
Journal of Education.
Hartono, A. (2021). YouTube tutorials and students' baking skills. Asian Journal of
Education.
Zainuddin, A. (2019). The impact of digital media on student learning in pastry
bakery. Journal of Vocational Studies.
Kusuma, D., et al. (2023). Instagram reels and its role in teaching baking skills. Journal
of Modern Education.
Lestari, Y. (2020). Exploring social media in practical culinary education. Culinary
Education Journal.
Pratama, F. (2019). Enhancing baking skills through TikTok. Journal of Educational
Research.
Rahmawati, D. (2021). Learning pastry through social media. Journal of Food and
Education.
Nugraha, T. (2018). Social media as a platform for culinary learning. Journal of
Vocational Learning.
Susanto, E. (2022). Impact of video content on baking skills development. Asian
Culinary Studies.
Yulianti, R. (2020). Effectiveness of social media for practical subjects. International
Journal of Vocational Education.
Handayani, S. (2021). The influence of Instagram tutorials on baking practice. Journal
of Practical Education.
Anggraini, M. (2017). Social media utilization in baking class. Journal of Applied
Learning.
Permana, A. (2019). Exploring YouTube as a learning tool for pastry students. Journal
of Vocational Training.