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Rev. Inst. Flor., v. 36: e944, 2024
http://doi.org/10.24278/rif.2024.36e944
ISSN on-line 2178-5031
______
1 Recebido para análise em 20.08.2024. Aceito para publicação em 11.12.2024. Publicado em 20.12.2024.
2 Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais, Rua do Horto, 931, 02377-000, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
3 Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 234 - Fazenda Canchim, São Carlos - SP, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brasil.
4 Autor para correspondência: Israel Luiz de Lima - israellima@sp.gov.br.
EVALUATION OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS AS ALTERNATIVES FOR TIMBER
PRODUCTION AND CARBON STORAGE1
AVALIAÇÃO DE SISTEMAS AGROFLORESTAIS COMO OPÇÕES DE PRODUÇÃO DE
MADEIRA E ESTOQUE DE CARBONO1
Israel Luiz de LIMA2,4; Maurício RANZINI2; Maria Luiza Franceschi NICODEMO3; Eduardo Luiz
LONGUI2
ABSTRACT - In Agrossilvipastoril systems trees are cultivated together with agricultural
crops or animals, aiming at multiple uses therefore constituting a viable option for better soil
use. Thus, reversing the processes of degradation of natural resources, to increase the
availability of wood, food and environmental services and emerging as a sustainable alternative
to the currently used wood production systems. Here we investigate the effect of the Silvi-
agricultural and Silvi-pastoral systems on dendrometric data, mean annual increment (MAI),
CO2 sequestration, wood density and anatomical features of Croton floribundus and Guazuma
ulmifolia trees. The highest values of DBH (1.3 m from the ground), tree volume, volume per
ha and MAI were observed in the silvi-agricultural system. Among the systems, C. floribundus
presented higher values compared to G. ulmifolia in the silvi-agricultural system. While in the
silvi-pastoral system, greater DBH and consequently greater volume of trees, volume per ha
and MAI occurred in G. ulmifolia when compared to C. floribundus. CO2 sequestration values
corroborated the MAI, with higher values in the silvi-agricultural system. Wood properties are
affected in part by the type of system. C. floribundus has lower wood density values and higher
vessel element length values, regardless of the management system, and the reverse occurs for
G. ulmifolia. In this study, we demonstrated that integrating short-cycle crop cultivation with
timber tree production is a feasible approach, which not only enhances carbon storage but also
aligns with Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria. These findings highlight
that agroforestry systems not only enhance timber production but also diversify farmers'
income streams and make a significant contribution to carbon sequestration, establishing
themselves as a sustainable and economically viable land management solution.
Keywords: Forest management; Wood properties; Mean annual increment; CO2 sequestration.
RESUMO - Nos sistemas agrossilvipastoris, as árvores são cultivadas junto com culturas
agrícolas ou animais, visando múltiplos usos, constituindo, portanto, uma opção viável para
melhor uso do solo. Assim, esses sistemas revertem os processos de degradação dos recursos
naturais, aumentam a disponibilidade de madeira, alimentos e serviços ambientais, surgindo
como uma alternativa sustentável aos sistemas de produção de madeira atualmente utilizados.
Investigamos o efeito dos sistemas silviagrícola e silvipastoril sobre dados dendrométricos,
incremento médio anual (IMA), sequestro de CO2, densidade da madeira e características
anatômicas das árvores de Croton floribundus e Guazuma ulmifolia. Os maiores valores de
DAP (1,3 m do solo), volume de árvores, volume por hectare e IMA foram observados no
sistema silviagrícola. Entre os sistemas, C. floribundus apresentou valores superiores em
comparação com G. ulmifolia no sistema silviagrícola. No sistema silvipastoril, maiores DAP
e, consequentemente, maior volume de árvores, volume por hectare e IMA ocorreram em G.
ulmifolia quando comparado a C. floribundus. Os valores de sequestro de CO2 corroboraram
com o IMA, com maiores valores no sistema silviagrícola. As propriedades da madeira são
afetadas em parte pelo tipo de sistema. C. floribundus apresenta valores mais baixos de
densidade da madeira e maiores valores de comprimento dos elementos do vaso,
independentemente do sistema de manejo, e o inverso ocorre para G. ulmifolia. Além disso,
demonstramos que é possível combinar o plantio de culturas de ciclo curto com a produção de
árvores para madeira, ao mesmo tempo em que aumentamos o estoque de carbono e nos
alinhamos aos critérios Ambientais, Sociais e de Governança (ESG). Essas descobertas
destacam que os sistemas agroflorestais não apenas aumentam a produção de madeira, mas
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LIMA, I.L. et al. Production of wood from native species in agroforestry systems
Rev. Inst. Flor., v. 36: e944, 2024
também diversificam os fluxos de renda dos produtores e contribuem significativamente para o
sequestro de carbono, posicionando-se como uma solução sustentável e economicamente
viável para a gestão de terras.
Palavras-chave: Manejo florestal; Propriedades da madeira; Incremento médio anual;
Sequestro de CO2.
1 INTRODUCTION
The Agrossilvipastoril systems encompass all
production areas available in the integration,
strategically uniting farming, livestock, and the
forest. Integration systems provide considerable
productive gains with low impact on the
environment in which they are inserted, helping to
maintain good soil conditions and environmental
sustainability (Sousa et al. 2022). These systems
aim at the joint development of all factors
involved, according to spatial and temporal
arrangements and with significant ecological and
economic interactions between the components of
the system using a scientific basis (Tsukamoto
Filho and Medeiros 2022). Synergies are found
between ecosystem services, such as livestock,
wood production, and carbon sequestration targets.
Such actions can support decision-making
processes for the management of sustainable and
multifunctional systems (Lecegui et al. 2022;
Minini et al. 2024). Additionally, in the
agroforestry systems there are co-benefits to bee
populations for crop pollination services (Image et
al. 2023). While in livestock systems, trees can
provide thermal comfort for animals during warm
days (Teixeira et al. 2022).
In this context, it is essential to identify
combinations of tree crops associated with fast-
cycling species, to transform low-input agriculture
into land units with high economic returns,
increasing the carbon storage capacity, nutrients,
and acting to remedy environmental and social
difficulties in achieving sustainable development
goals (Verma et al. 2023). The correct choice of
woody species and crop varieties that will make up
the systems is essential, especially those adapted to
the growing region and the competition promoted
by the consortium (Alves et al. 2022).
There are some slightly different nomenclatures
in the literature to designate ways of land-use and
land-management, in which trees are used together
with crops or animals in the same location. In this
paper, we agree with the existing silvi-agricultural
nomenclature to designate the planting of trees
with agricultural crops, and with the existing silvi-
pastoral nomenclature to designate the planting of
trees combined animals and management of
pastures.
Silvi-agricultural (agroforestry) systems can be
defined as the cultivation of trees together with
agricultural crops in the same unit of area. It aims
at the joint development of all the factors involved,
according to spatial and temporal arrangements
and with significant ecological and economic
interactions between the components of the
system, and the scientific basis (Tsukamoto Filho
and Medeiros 2022).
Silvi-pastoral involves trees plus animals. The
forest species used in these systems usually aim to
bring thermal comfort to the animals, provide
environmental services such as soil improvements,
and in addition, supply rural properties with their
timber needs. However, other uses could be given
to these woods, thus expanding the supply of
products on the market, which would provide
added value to the species in these consortium
arrangements (Oliveira et al. 2020).
To foster interest in the implementation of
agroforestry systems based on the analysis of wood
quality and to promote more efficient and
sustainable end use, it is recommended to evaluate
the species' anatomical variables, as they are
strongly correlated with the wood's physical
properties (Eloy et al. 2014).
In designing the present study, in addition to
including some of the agricultural crops, which
contribute to the basis of human and animal
nutrition in the many countries of the world
(Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, Zea mays L.,
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp and Avena strigose
Schreb). The research evaluated two agroforestry
systems: silvi-agricultural and silvi-pastoral,
focusing on young plants of Croton floribundus
Spreng (Euphorbiaceae family) and Guazuma
ulmifolia Lam. (Sterculiaceae family). C.
floribundus is a pioneer species, invasive in
grasslands, known for its resilience to
environmental changes. In contrast, G. ulmifolia is
an early secondary or climax species that requires
light and thrives in open environments such as
logged forests and degraded areas. In the sequel,
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LIMA, I.L. et al. Production of wood from native species in agroforestry systems
Rev. Inst. Flor., v. 36: e944, 2024
we hypothesized that planting systems interfere
with the silvicultural data and mean annual
increment, CO2 sequestration, wood density,
anatomical features in the two tree species. To test
this hypothesis, the specific objectives of this study
were: 1) Determine diameter at breast high, tree
heigh, volume, volume/ha, mean annual increment;
2) Estimate the amount of carbon fixed and
sequestered in the two woody species; 3)
Determine anatomical features and wood density in
the silvi-agricultural and silvi-pastoral systems.
The key contribution and novelty of this study,
relies in demonstrating that the use of multiple
systems can provide a synergy of financial gain for
the producer. This is an important management
outcome because, it is possible to combine fast-
growing species, animals, forages, and woody tree
species, with a long-term production cycle, and
ecosystem services with distinct financial
resources, earned over decades.
2 MATERIAL AND METHODS
2.1 Description of study area
This study was conducted at Embrapa Pecuária
Sudeste, São Carlos, SP (21° 57'S, 47° 50'W,
elevation 860 m) (Figure 1). The region's climate is
classified as Cwa-Awa (Köppen), with an average
annual temperature of 21.2°C, an average annual
rainfall of 1,435 mm and an average annual
relative humidity of 75.6%, The relief is smooth,
with slopes of 3% to 5% (Alvares et al. 2013).
Figure 1. Location of the Silvi-agricultural and Silvi-pastoral systems in the Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, São Carlos, São
Paulo State, and overview of Silvi-pastoral systems.
Figura 1. Localização dos sistemas Silviagrícolas e Silvipastoris na Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, São Carlos, Estado de
São Paulo, e visão geral dos sistemas Silvipastoris.
2.2 General experimental design of systems
In both studies, seedlings of the tree species
were obtained from a local commercial nursery.
These seeldings were produced from seeds
collected from several matrix trees within an
approximate radius of 150 kilometers from the
nursery (Souza Junior and Bernardo 2006). The
seedlings were considered suitable for planting in
the field when they reached a size of 20 cm to 40
cm for 290 mL tubes, with a well-formed root
system. The tree planting lines were subsoiled, and
30 cm deep furrows were opened with a sugarcane
furrower.
The choice of tree species was due to adaptation
to local conditions, rapid development, ability to
fix nitrogen, provision of resources for fauna and
timber production (Nicodemo et al. 2010). The
forest species planted in the central line, randomly,
were Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan,
Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., Zeyheria
tuberculosa (Vell.) Bureau & K.Schum.,
Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi) Kuntze, Piptadenia
gonoacantha (Mart.) J.F.Macbr., and for the
staking of these species, to obtain larger stems, C.
floribundus and G. ulmifolia were planted
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LIMA, I.L. et al. Production of wood from native species in agroforestry systems
Rev. Inst. Flor., v. 36: e944, 2024
alternatingly in the marginal lines. All trees were
fertilized for the first eighteen months. Cultural
treatments involved combating leaf-cutter ants,
mowing the grass, and crowning the seedlings. In
the present study, we investigated C. floribundus
and G. ulmifolia, as they were the species selected
for thinning.
2.3 Silvi-agricultural system
The area was formed by Brachiaria decumbens
Stapf (Urochloa decumbens) in a Red Yellow
Oxisol (Embrapa 1999). The agroforestry system
was implemented with five strips of trees
interspersed with annual agricultural crops. The
strips of trees were planted in three lines, following
the level of the land and with a distance between
trees of 2.5 m x 2.5 m, resulting in 600 trees ha-1.
The seventeen meters between the tree strips were
planted with annual crops.
For the planting of agricultural crops,
conventional soil preparation was carried out since
implementation. Liming and fertilization were
supported by annual soil analyses. The following
agricultural crops followed: Sorghum bicolor
(forage sorghum), fertilized with NPK 8-28-16,
500 kg.ha-1 + zinc sulfate, 20 kg.ha-1 + dolomitic
limestone, 3.3 t.ha-1 and NPK 25-00-25, 400
kg.ha-1. Conducting sorghum regrowth, without
fertilization, incorporated into the soil; cutoff: Zea
mays (forage corn); soil amended with dolomitic
limestone, 1.5 t.ha-1, NPK 8-28-46 + Zn, 350
kg.ha-1) and NPK 20-05-20+0.6%S, 400 kg.ha-1.
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (guandu-fava-larga);
fertilized with simple superphosphate, 200 kg/ha +
50 kg of potassium chloride/ha. Forage sorghum,
fertilized with NPK 10-20-20, 300 kg.ha-1 and
NPK 20-05-20+6% Zn, 500 kg/ha. Forage corn,
soil correction with dolomitic limestone, 2.5 t.ha-1;
NPK 10-1-10 470 kg.ha-1 and NPK 25-0-25, 500
kg.ha-1. The pruning of C. floribundus and G.
ulmifolia with the aim of controlling the
established competition. The criteria for pruning
were the conservation of at least 50% of the green
crown, removing branches below the point where
the trunk was 6 to 8 cm in diameter. After pruning,
Avena strigosa (black oat) was planted at a depth
of 2-3 cm, with a spacing of 20 cm between rows.
The sowing density was 60-65 seeds/linear m, with
a density of 55 kg of seeds.ha-1. The oats received
fertilization with 300 kg 8-28-16/ha at planting and
100 kg ammonium sulfate/ha as top dressing. Tree
pruning was not enough to control the drop in
agricultural production caused by competition with
trees, justifying the recommendation for thinning
to maintain agricultural productivity. Thinning was
carried out (trees with 55 months, 4 and a half
years). This initial study on the quality of the wood
produced is part of the monitoring of the first 5
years of the implemented system.
2.4 Silvi-pastoral systems
The experimental area was formed by
Brachiaria decumbens Stapf in a Dark Red Oxisol
(Embrapa 1997) of medium texture. The trees were
planted in three lines, following the level of the
land and with a distance between trees of 2.5 m x
2.5 m, resulting in around 600 trees/ha. Thirty (30)
g of dolomitic limestone, 100 g of NPK 8-28-16
and 10 g of FTE BR12 were applied to the tree
holes at planting. The seedlings were planted with
2 g of soil conditioner dissolved in 500 mL of
water per hole, to minimize the need for irrigation
in case of summer. Glyphosate was applied to
desiccate the grass 15 days before planting the
seedlings in the pasture strips and 4,519 tree
seedlings were planted. The cultural treatments
involved combating leaf-cutter ants, mowing the
grass in the tree strips, and crowning the seedlings,
to minimize competition from invaders, all trees
received 100 g of NPK 08-28-16 in the crown.
Annually pastures of Brachiaria decumbens cv.
marandu, planted between strips of trees, receives
maintenance fertilizer. The thinning operation
carried out in this system aimed to enhance the
growth of the remaining trees, increase light
penetration into the pasture area, and control
excessive shading, while also assessing the quality
of the wood produced in the early years.
2.5 Sampling
For wood evaluation in two systems, 20 trees
with 4 and a half years were collected, five trees of
C. floribundus and five of G. ulmifolia managed by
the silvi-agricultural system and 5 trees of C.
floribundus and 5 of G. ulmifolia managed by the
by the silvi-pastoral system.
2.5.1 Silvicultural data and mean annual
increment
The diameter was measured with a caliper, and the
height was measured with a hypsometer Vertex IV.
Tree volumes were calculated using the DBH (1.3
m from the ground) and height values. Then, the
volume per hectare was calculated according to the
spacing (2.5 m x 2.5 m), by multiplying the
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LIMA, I.L. et al. Production of wood from native species in agroforestry systems
Rev. Inst. Flor., v. 36: e944, 2024
number of plants by the average tree volume, and
finally, the volume per hectare per year was
calculated by dividing volume per hectare by the
age of the plantation (4 and a half years).
2.5.2 Wood sampling and analyses
From each tree, a 7 cm thick disk was collected
in the DBH region (diameter at breast height; 1.30
m from the ground). From each disk, three samples
were taken representing the positions (pith,
intermediate and bark), pith-bark direction
corresponding to the log radius, from which the
specific specimens for wood evaluation were
removed to determination of wood properties.
Basic density was determined by the method of
maximum moisture content, where samples of 2
cm x 2 cm x 3 cm were saturated by treatment with
a vacuum system for 72 h to obtain saturated
volume of wood. In sequence, the samples were
dried in a laboratory kiln to determine the oven-
dried mass at 103 ± 2°C (ABNT 2003). For the
study of the anatomical wood features, small
fragments were removed from each specimen, both
groups of samples were prepared according to the
Franklin method (Berlyn and Miksche 1976) to
achieve cell dissociation and stained with alcoholic
safranin. Slides were mounted with a solution of
water and glycerin (1:1). Measurement of the
fibers and vessels dimensions were according to
terminology recommended by IAWA committee
(1989). All measurements were obtained using an
Olympus CX 31 microscope equipped with a
digital camera (Olympus Evolt E 330) and image
analyzer software (Image-Pro Plus 6.3).
2.5.3 CO2 sequestration
After collecting the samples, the following
procedures were performed by tree and species,
according to Sousa et al. (2021): Calculation of
trunk volume (Tv) or bole volume as Equation 1.
Equation 1
where: Tv = trunk volume (in m3), DBH =
diameter at breast height (in cm), and HT = tree
height (in m).
Calculation of branch and root volume depends
on such factors as species, age, and location. In this
case, estimated 25% (1.25) over the trunk volume
(Tv) and calculated the total volume (tv) as
Equation 2.
Equation 2
where: tv = total volume (in m3).
Calculated tree weight (W) (in kg) as Equation
3.
Equation 3
where: BD = basic density (in kg m-3)
Basic density is the relationship between
absolutely dry mass and saturated volume of wood,
as described in the previous item. Then, to
calculate fixed carbon, we applied a factor of 0.5 to
tree weight, considering that 50% of the wood
consists of carbon with the remainder constituted
mainly by water and nutrients. We calculated
absorbed CO2 by multiplying the fixed carbon
content by 3.67, as obtained from CO2 / C, or a
ratio of 44/12.
2.5.4 Statistical analyses
In the statistical evaluation of the experiment,
initially the test of homogeneity of variance was
performed and for that the Hartley test was used.
Subsequently, the F test of analysis of variance
was carried out according to the experimental
design in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme (treatment x
radial position) to study the properties. Tukey's test
was applied whenever a significant difference was
observed, at the 5% probability level of some
treatment in the F test. Pearson's correlation test
was applied between wood properties in each
management system for each species. Statistical
analyses were performed using the R software (R
CORE TEAM 2019).
3 RESULTS
3.1 Silvicultural data and mean annual
increment
Concerning the growth and volume increase,
the species presented different results depending
on the system. In general, the highest values of
DBH, tree volume, volume per ha, and MAI were
observed in the silvi-agricultural system. Between
systems, we observed a notable difference, with C.
floribundus showing higher values in the silvi-
agricultural system compared to both G. ulmifolia
and C. floribundus in the silvi-pastoral system. In
the silvi-pastoral system, there were no significant
differences between species for the growth
variables (Table 1). In Table 2, the mean values
and standard deviations of the wood properties for
each treatment are presented.
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Rev. Inst. Flor., v. 36: e944, 2024
Table 1. Silvicultural data and mean annual increment of 4 and a half years Croton floribundus and Guazuma ulmifolia
in different planting systems
Tabela 1. Dados silviculturais e incremento médio anual de Croton floribundus e Guazuma ulmifolia aos 4 anos e meio
em diferentes sistemas de plantio.
Treatments
DBH
(cm)
HT
(m)
Tree volume (m3)
Volume per
ha (m³.ha-1)
MAI
(m³.ha-1.year-1)
1
SA - Croton floribundus
16.0a
9.1a
0.19909a
119.45
26.54
2
SA - Guazuma ulmifolia
12.5ab
7.6ab
0.11689ab
70.13
15.58
3
SP - Croton floribundus
11.1b
7.8b
0.09047b
54.28
12.06
4
SP - Guazuma ulmifolia
11.6b
6.8b
0.09949b
59.69
13.26
SA = Silvi-agricultural systems; SP = Silvi-pastoral systems; MAI = Mean annual increment
SA = Sistemas Silvi-agrícolas; SP = Sistemas Silvi-pastoris; MAI = Incremento Médio Anual
Different letters indicate statistical significance at p < 0.05 level (TUKEY test).
Letras diferentes indicam significância estatística ao nível de p < 0,05 (teste de TUKEY).
Table 2. Summary analysis of variance for basic density (BD), fiber length (FL), fiber wall thickness (FWT) and vessel
element length (VEL) as a function of management systems and species.
Tabela 2. Análise de variância resumida para densidade básica (BD), comprimento da fibra (FL), espessura da parede
da fibra (FWT) e comprimento dos elementos de vaso (VEL) em função dos sistemas de manejo e das espécies.
Causes of variation
DF
Mean squares
BD
(g.cm-3)
FL
(µm)
FWT
(µm)
VEL
(µm)
Treatment (T)
3
0.0191**
84061**
0.8191n.s.
490741**
Radial Position (RP)
2
0.0125**
113392**
0.4673n.s.
2082n.s.
(T) x (RP)
6
0.0008n.s.
12455n.s.
0.2028n.s.
769n.s.
Treatments
silvi-agricultural
Croton floribundus
0.36
(0.04)
1058
(160)
4.78
(0.73)
630
(70.25)
silvi-agricultural
Guazuma ulmifolia
0.42
(0.03)
1223
(181)
4.93
(0.79)
341
(38)
silvi-pastoral
Croton floribundus
0.36
(0.04)
1112
(99)
4.54
(0.66)
656
(44)
silvi-pastoral
Guazuma ulmifolia
0.43
(0.05)
1190
(149)
5.09
(0.40)
321
(22)
mean
0.39
1146
4.83
487
CVe (%)
9.53
12.26
14.08
10.05
Note: standard deviations in parentheses
**Significant at 5% level of significance; n.s. = not significant and CVe= coefficient of experimental variation. DF=
degrees of freedom.
Nota: desvios padrão entre parênteses
**Significativo ao nível de 5% de significância; n.s. = não significativo e CVe = coeficiente de variação experimental.
GL = graus de liberdade
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Rev. Inst. Flor., v. 36: e944, 2024
The values for carbon fixed and carbon
sequestered corroborated the MAI, with higher values in the silvi-agricultural system (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Variation in fixed and sequestered carbon in 4 and a half years Croton floribundus and Guazuma ulmifolia in
silvi-agricultural (SA) and silvi-pastoral (SP) systems. Different letters indicate statistical significance at p < 0.05 level
(TUKEY test).
Figura 2. Variação no carbono fixo e sequestrado em Croton floribundus e Guazuma ulmifolia em 4 anos e meio em
sistemas silvi-agriculturais (SA) e silvi-pastoris (SP). Letras diferentes indicam significância estatística ao nível de p <
0,05 (teste de TUKEY).
3.3 Wood features
The analysis of variance performed is shown in
Table 2. According to the obtained results, the
treatments adopted did influence the wood
properties, except for fiber wall thickness. Basic
density and fiber length differed between radial
positions from pith to the bark, however, for vessel
length and fiber wall thickness, there were no
significant differences between radial positions. It
was also found that there were no significant
interactions between treatments and radial position
for all properties studied, which demonstrated that
there is no dependency between these three factors.
We verified that when we compared the
treatment, there were significant differences in the
wood properties up to the age of 4 and a half years
for the studied species, except for fiber wall
thickness (Figures 3A-D). The basic wood density
of G. ulmifolia was higher in both systems: Silvi-
agricultural and silvi-pastoral, while C. floribundus
presented the lowest values in both systems. The
fiber length of G. ulmifolia wood in the Silvi-
agricultural system significantly differed from the
fiber length of C. floribundus in the same system.
The fiber wall thickness of the two species did not
differ significantly in the two evaluated systems.
However, the vessel element length of C.
floribundus was significantly greater than that of
G. ulmifolia in both systems.
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Rev. Inst. Flor., v. 36: e944, 2024
Figure 3. Basic density [BD] (A), fiber length [FL] (B), fiber wall thickness [FWT] (C) and vessel element length
[VEL] (D) as a function of the treatment.
Figura 3. Densidade básica [BD] (A), comprimento da fibra [FL] (B), espessura da parede da fibra [FWT] (C) e
comprimento dos elementos de vaso [VEL] (D) em função do tratamento.
Where: SA-CF = Silvi-agricultural systems for Croton floribundus; SA-GU = Silvi-agricultural systems for Guazuma
ulmifolia;SP-CF = Silvi-pastoral systems for Croton floribundus; SP-GU =Silvi-pastoral systems for Guazuma
ulmifolia. Different letters indicate statistical significance at p < 0.05 level (TUKEY test).
Em que: SA-CF = Sistemas silvi-agriculturais para Croton floribundus; SA-GU = Sistemas silvi-agriculturais para
Guazuma ulmifolia; SP-CF = Sistemas silvi-pastoris para Croton floribundus; SP-GU = Sistemas silvi-pastoris para
Guazuma ulmifolia. Letras diferentes indicam significância estatística ao nível de p < 0,05 (teste de TUKEY).
Comparing pith-bark variation of wood
properties of two species, in each separate system,
we can see that fiber length and basic density
increased from pith to the bark in both systems
(Figures 4A, 4B, 4E and 4F). The fiber thickness
of the two species in the silvi-pastoral system
increased in the pith-bark direction (Figure 4G).
However, in the silvi-agricultural system, this
same trend did not occur, with a decrease in the
pith for the intermediate position and an increase
in the intermediate pith for the bark position
(Figure 4C).
The vessel element length of both species in
the silvi-agricultural system increased in the pith-
bark direction (Figure 4D). In the case of the silvi-
pastoral system, there was a decrease from the
pith to the intermediate position and an increase
from the intermediate to the bark position for the
species C. floribundus, for the species G.
ulmifolia there was an increase in the direction
from the pith to the bark (Figure 4H).
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LIMA, I.L. et al. Production of wood from native species in agroforestry systems
Rev. Inst. Flor., v. 36: e944, 2024
Figure 4. Radial variation of basic density (BD) [A], fiber length (FL) [B], fiber wall thickness (FWT) [C] and vessel
element length (VEL) [D] in the silvi-agricultural system and Radial variation of basic density (BD) [E], fiber length
(FL) [F], fiber wall thickness (FWT) [G] and vessel element length (VEL) [H] in the silvi-pastoral system.
Figura 4. Variação radial da densidade básica (BD) [A], comprimento da fibra (FL) [B], espessura da parede da fibra
(FWT) [C] e comprimento dos elementos de vaso (CEL) [D] no sistema silvi-agricultural e variação radial da densidade
básica (BD) [E], comprimento da fibra (FL) [F], espessura da parede da fibra (FWT) [G] e comprimento dos elementos
de vaso (VEL) [H] no sistema silvi-pastoril.
To better explain the relationships between the
properties of the wood of C. floribundus and G.
ulmifolia, Pearson's correlation analyses were
performed, separately by agroforestry systems
(Figures 5A-D). Negative and positive
correlations are represented by red and blue,
respectively. The magnitude of all correlations is
represented by color intensity. basic density (BD),
fiber length (FL), fiber wall thickness (FWT) and
vessel element length (VEL).
In the silvi-agricultural system for C.
floribundus, all properties had high positive
corrections, with the vessel element length and
fiber length relationship being the highest, and for
G. ulmifolia only the basic density x fiber length
relationship had high positive correction (Figures
5 A-B). In the silvi-pastoral system for C.
floribundus only the basic density x fiber length
relationship was high and positive, while for G.
ulmifolia only the vessel element length and fiber
length relationship were high and positive
(Figures 4 C-D).
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LIMA, I.L. et al. Production of wood from native species in agroforestry systems
Rev. Inst. Flor., v. 36: e944, 2024
Figure 5. Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient between the properties of the wood of Croton floribundus in the silvi-
agricultural system (A), Guazuma ulmifolia in the silvi-agricultural system (B), Croton floribundus in the silvi-pastoral
system (C), Guazuma ulmifolia in the silvi-pastoral system (D).
Figura 5. Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson entre as propriedades da madeira de Croton floribundus no sistema
silvi-agricultural (A), Guazuma ulmifolia no sistema silvi-agricultural (B), Croton floribundus no sistema silvi-pastoril
(C), Guazuma ulmifolia no sistema silvi-pastoril (D).
4 DISCUSSION
This study investigated the effect of the silvi-
agricultural and silvi-pastoral systems on
silvicultural data, mean annual increment, CO2
sequestration, basic density, and wood features in
C. floribundus and G. ulmifolia. Our results are
significant and can provide valuable insights into
the potential benefits of both types of systems. In
addition to serving as examples for similar
plantations around the world and, at the same time,
showing that it is possible to align the production
of native Brazilian wood, reducing the impact on
native forests. The results show that species growth
and volume increase presented different results
depending on the system. The values for carbon
fixed and carbon sequestered corroborated the
MAI, with higher values in the silvi-agricultural
system. Species differed significantly in basic
density and vessel element length in the two
evaluated systems. The species differed
significantly in fiber length only in the Silvi-
agricultural system. There was no difference
between species in fiber wall thickness in both
systems. Basic density and anatomical dimensions
varied in the pith-bark direction, where the lowest
values are in the position close to the pith, and the
highest near the bark. It was found that there were
no significant interactions between management,
species, and radial position for all properties under
study, which demonstrated that there is no
dependency between these three factors. The
relationships between the properties of C.
floribundus and G. ulmifolia wood varied
depending on the management system.
4.1 Silvicultural data and mean annual
increment
Our results indicated a better performance of
the trees and consequently of the MAI in the silvi-
agricultural system compared with silvi-pastoral
system. In Pinus taeda it was observed that trees
grown under uniform and fertilized conditions
showed the highest growth (height, DBH),
productivity (IMA and stem volume) and biomass
(stem, trunk, branches, thick and total roots)
compared to trees grown in heterogeneous and
unfertilized conditions (Kulmann et al. 2023).
Wound inflicted by livestock to trees may include
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LIMA, I.L. et al. Production of wood from native species in agroforestry systems
Rev. Inst. Flor., v. 36: e944, 2024
branch breakage, trunk breakage, leaves browsing
and bark stripping, causing severe damage to the
trees, which can lead to plant death and depression
in the wood quality (Nicodemo et al. 2010). In our
study, both systems received fertilization, however,
even though cattle are restricted to grazing in the
paddocks, therefore, no barkstripping damage was
inflicted by livestock, we wonder if just the
grazing may explain the lower performance of the
silvi-pastoral system compared to the silvi-
agricultural system.
Another possible explanation would be soil
variation, since the silvi-agricultural system is in
Red Yellow Oxisol, which are soils associated with
flat, gently undulating, or wavy relief. They occur
in well-drained environments, being very deep and
uniform in terms of color, texture and structure in
depth; and the silvi-pastoral system is in dark Red
Oxisol, which are soils with accentuated red
colors, due to the higher levels and nature of iron
oxides present in the material originating in well-
drained environments, and characteristics of
uniform color, texture and structure in depth,
however, if the texture is clayey there will be a low
amount of water available to plants and
susceptibility to compaction (Santos et al. 2018).
We suggest that soil type better explains the
difference in performance between systems than
livestock grazing.
Another suggestion for the differences found in
the trees between the system could be the
evaluation time of our experiment (4 and a half
years) or the species used and their different
development. In a study with Eucalyptus trees in
agroforestry systems, it was reported that pasture
renewal in the first years after system
implementation promoted greater initial tree
growth, which led to higher values of stem volume
and biomass in the system with pasture renewal
when compared to system without pasture renewal
(Pezzopane et al. 2021). In our study, there was
renewal of the pasture with Brachiaria decumbens
cv. marandu, plus the addition of maintenance
fertilizers, even so the performance of the silvi-
pastoral system was inferior to that of the silvi-
agricultural system.
We emphasize that C. floribundus and G.
ulmifolia are shade-forming species well used in
agroforestry systems in Brazil. However, it is
important to clarify that C. floribundus is a classic
pioneer species (Durigan and Nogueira 1990),
while G. ulmifolia is cited as a pioneer (Rozza,
1997) or non-pioneer (Ferretti et al. 1995). Which
partly explains the volume and MAI results, since
the results were different between species for each
system (Table 2). It is suggested that in the system
with cattle, even though the trunks are far from the
animals, they could have access to the tree crown,
the most susceptible or most preferred being the
leaves of C. floribundus, which could reduce their
photosynthetic area and consequently interfere in
growth. In silvi-pastoral systems, special attention
must be paid to the crown area, due to the shading
caused by the tree component over the pasture. In
this system, therefore, pruning must be carried out
to reduce the shading caused by the trees, with the
crown area being a variable to be observed with
greater care (Almeida et al. 2022). In silvi-pastoral
systems, it is recommended that animals have
access only to older trees with greater total height
and DBH, as animals can damage smaller trees,
thereby affecting wood quality (Gonçalves et al.
2022).
4.2 CO2 sequestration
Here we notice that values for CO2
sequestration corroborated the silvicultural data
and mean annual increment with higher values in
the silvi-agricultural system. Studies with
agroforestry systems are essential to meet the
needs of the growing world population, however,
the environmental impact of these systems must be
considered. In a study with four types of system, it
was reported that over four years, the system with
livestock and forestry was more efficient, with a
more negative net balance C (i.e., C storage) when
expressed as ha. Additionally, the association of
crops and forestry in livestock systems increases
environmental benefits, emphasizing the potential
of integrated systems to offset greenhouse gas
emissions (Monteiro et al. 2024). For a few
decades, especially in the last few decades, the
topic of carbon capture has gained importance
around the world, due to its influence on climate
change. Therefore, specific studies on carbon
capture calculations by forests are essential
(Arevalo et al. 2022). We understand that more
studies must be registered so that wood producers
are aware and can price the possibilities that
ecosystem services can add to tree plantings.
However, regardless of the results of our study,
there is an urgency to increase forest cover.
Planting trees continues to be one of the most
effective strategies for mitigating climate change,
as trees could store many gigatons of carbon
(Bastin et al. 2019).
4.3 Wood properties
Guazuma ulmifolia presented an average value
of 0.36 g cm-3 of basic density, a value lower than
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the 0.51 g cm-3 that was obtained by Sousa et al.
(2021) for 10-year-old wood. For C. floribundus,
an average value of 0.42 g cm-3 of basic density
was found, a lower value (0.48 g cm-3) than that
found by Lima et al. (2010). It is widely known
that anatomical variations directly influence wood
density (Wiedenhoeft and Eberhardt 2021), and
that density, a key physical property in wood
quality investigations, in turn influences and is
used to estimate mechanical properties (Senalik
and Farber 2021), wood chemicals and energetics
(Rowell 2013). It was verified that for basic
density and vessel element length, the two species
had the same behavior in both systems. Since G.
ulmifolia had the highest basic density values and
the smallest vessel element length, and C.
floribundus had the lowest basic density values and
the largest vessel element length.
Some studies evaluate wood quality from
species managed by the agroforestry system,
mainly using species native to Brazil. In a study on
agroforestry system on wood quality of
Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum, it was
found that the timber produced had vessels with a
smaller tangential diameter and fewer rays in the
juvenile wood, and the wood also showed lower
values of basic density and resistance to
compression parallel to the fibers, when compared
to the monocultural system (Silva et al. 2020).
In another study on agrosilvi-pastoral systems
using the species Myracrodruon urundeuva and
Peltophorum dubium, it was found that this system
can be used successfully, as they produce wood
with greater mechanical resistance and better
quality for energy (Longui et al. 2021). In a study
with Tectona grandis wood from an agrosilvi-
pastoral system, it was found that when compared
with literature results referring to homogeneous
plantations, teak wood from an agrosilvi-pastoral
system maintained its technological qualities in
terms of basic density, which is a favorable option
for the use of this species in the format of
associated plantations (Oliveira et al. 2020). Also,
the biomass values found in Cordia goeldiana
wood were consistent with the expected
characteristics for species used in an agroforestry
system (Mascarenhas et al. 2020).
The basic density and charcoal ash content of
Mimosa scabrella introduced in an agroforestry
system far from its natural occurrence site of the
species, show few differences compared to those
found for the species in natural occurring sites
(Friederichs et al. 2015).
A similar result of radial variation was obtained
for basic density, length of vessel elements, fiber
length and fiber wall thickness, for wood from
trees derived from natural population of C.
floribundus by (Lima et al. 2010). C. floribundus
showed mean values of 1085, 4.66 and 643 µm for
fiber length, fiber wall thickness and vessel
element length, respectively, with these values
being lower than that was observed by Lima et al.
(2010), which were 1360, 5.3 and 751 µm, for
wood from C. floribundus trees, originating from
natural populations.
For fiber length, it was found that in the silvi-
agricultural system, G. ulmifolia presented the
highest values, differing significantly from the
lowest values of C. floribundus in the silvi-pastoral
system. In the case of fiber wall thickness, in both
the silvi-agricultural system and silvi-pastoral
system, it was found that there is no significant
difference between species (Table 2 and Figure
3D).
When compared with other works with native
species from Brazil managed by the agroforestry
system, we must consider the fact that the wood
analyzed in this research is considered still young
(4 and a half years), and this is a factor that has a
lot of influence on the quality of the wood
produced for certain uses.
A similar result was verified for the fiber length
of Ocotea porosa wood, where variation occurred
in the direction of the bark pith, where the fiber
length was smaller close to the pith, tending to
increase towards the bark region (Vivian et al.
2021).
For the species Caryocar brasiliense, there is a
positive correlation between basic density and fiber
length (Abrahão et al. 2020). Therefore, we can
consider that the relationships between the wood
properties of the two species varied depending on
the management system.
In general, it was found that we have few
studies that assess the quality of wood produced by
agrossilvi-pastoril systems. The results are still
incipient, and many factors still must be considered
to define the ideal management that produces
wood in quantity and quality managed.
Incorporating trees into agricultural landscapes
represents a promising approach to sustainably
supply goods for society, simultaneously
enhancing biodiversity, ensuring animal welfare,
and generating profits for stakeholders (Kruchelsk
et al. 2021). Therefore, considering the adaptation
of the species to the two soils under study, we can
infer that C floribundus exhibited greater initial
growth and lower wood density, which is typical of
traditional pioneer species. In contrast, G. ulmifolia
demonstrated slower initial growth but higher
wood density, a trait commonly associated with
non-traditional pioneer species.
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In summary, agrossilvi-pastoril systems have
shown to be promising in several aspects, being
possible to successfully combine fast-growing
shrub species, resistant grasses consumed by
animals and tree species that can produce different
products with a cycle of more than 50 years, for
example, ornamental plants, hearts of palm,
landscaping, fruits, seeds, bee pasture and wood
with different properties (Longui et al. 2021).
4 CONCLUSIONS
The highest values of DBH, tree volume,
volume per hectare, and MAI were observed in the
silvi-agricultural system. Among the systems,
Croton floribundus exhibited higher values
compared to Guazuma ulmifolia within the silvi-
agricultural system. The tree growth results may be
attributed to the successional group of the two
species or to cattle access and preference for C.
floribundus leaves in the silvi-pastoral system. CO2
sequestration values aligned with the MAI results,
showing higher values in the silvi-agricultural
system. However, regardless of the system, it is
concluded that the arboreal component is essential
for contributing to carbon stock. Wood properties
were partially influenced by the type of system. G.
ulmifolia displayed higher wood density and
shorter vessel elements, irrespective of the
management system. Conversely, C. floribundus
exhibited lower wood density and longer vessel
elements, also independent of the management
system. These findings encourage the adoption of
agroforestry systems that provide multiple income
sources. The results related to wood quality are
particularly significant, even in trees with
diameters around 12 cm. As the trees grow in
height and diameter, much of this 12 cm will form
the heartwood, which can be utilized in sawmills
with quality unaffected by cattle presence in the
system. As expected, the wood of both species
showed radial variation, with basic density and
anatomical dimensions changing from the pith to
the bark. Lower values were observed near the
pith, and higher values near the bark. The data
confirm the feasibility of combining short-cycle
crop planting with tree production for wood.
5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thanks Sonia Regina Godoi
Campião, Donizete Aparecido Nunes Faria for
laboratory assistance (Instituto de Pesquisas
Ambientais. São Paulo, SP, Brazil) and Francisco
Bianco - Instituto Florestal, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
(retired).
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