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Adding Chance to a Serious Game’s Mechanics to Encourage Action in Uncertain Situations
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Of current interest are the causal attributions offered by depressives for the good and bad events in their lives. One important attributional account of depression is the reformulated learned helplessness model, which proposes that depressive symptoms are associated with an attributional style in which uncontrollable bad events are attributed to internal (versus external), stable (versus unstable), and global (versus specific) causes. We describe the Attributional Style Questionnaire, which measures individual differences in the use of these attributional dimensions. We report means, reliabilities, intercorrelations, and test-retest stabilities for a sample of 130 undergraduates. Evidence for the questionnaire's validity is discussed. The Attributional Style Questionnaire promises to be a reliable and valid instrument.
Uncertainty may be an important component of the motivation provided by learning games, especially when associated with gaming
rather than learning. Three studies are reported that explore the influence of gaming uncertainty on engagement with computer-based
learning games. In the first study, children (10–11years) played a simple maths quiz. Participants chose their preferred
reward for a correct answer prior to seeing each question. They could either receive a single point or toss an animated coin
to receive 2 points for heads or none for tails. A preference for the uncertain option was revealed and this increased during
the quiz. The second study explored the discourse around learning when pairs of participants (13–14years) competed against
the computer in a science quiz. Progress depended on the acquisition of facts but also on the outcomes of throwing dice. Discourse
was characterised by a close intermingling of learning and gaming talk without salient problematic constructions regarding
fairness when losing points due to gaming uncertainty. A final experiment explored whether, in this type of game, the uncertainty
provided by the gaming component could influence players’ affective response to the learning component. Electrodermal activity
(EDA) of 16 adults was measured while they played the quiz with and without the element of chance provided by the dice. Results
showed EDA when answering questions was increased by inclusion of gaming uncertainty. Findings are discussed in terms of the
potential benefits of combining gaming uncertainty with learning and directions for further research in this area are outlined.
This study examines the potential effects of random gain, loss, or neutral outcomes on individuals' judgments of randomness in life and in unpredictable life events. Based on existing evidence, we hypothesize that experiencing gain would decrease the perception of randomness, whereas loss would have the opposite effect. One-hundred and ten students participated in a random bet for academic credit required for their introductory psychology course, where they could experience gain (bonus credit), loss (no credit), or neutral (exact credit as promised) outcomes. In addition, they filled out a questionnaire on their beliefs in randomness in general and in various everyday life events, as well as their judgment of the extent to which each event was pre-determined. The results provide partial support for our hypotheses. The participants experiencing a 'neutral' result report the highest level of randomness in general and in everyday life events, as well as the highest extent to which the events were judged as pre-determined. Randomness was judged as lower in both the 'loss' and 'gain' conditions. These patterns only emerge after controlling for gender and religiosity. The results are discussed in light of existing evidence and directions for future studies.
In this report on our ongoing work, we present initial findings from the development of a serious game to support primary prevention of intimate partner violence (IPV). We discuss educational goals and game mechanics ideas to address specific challenges that arise from conflicting implications for design of this issue.
This article discusses the advantages and limitations of systems mapping as a method of approaching serious game design on the highly complex social issue of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in an interdisciplinary team. The method of systems mapping has been evaluated for the research and design phase of a yet unfinished game. It has been shown to be useful as a tool for research, design and interdisciplinary collaboration. Systems mapping does not provide new knowledge in the respective research area nor does it offer direct solutions to difficult design problems, but it supports the process and makes it more structured and substantial.
Uncertainty in Games
- G Costikyan
Untersuchung möglicher Einflussfaktoren auf die Ausprägung erlernter Hilflosigkeit durch die Vorgabe lösbarer und unlösbarer Zahlenreihen
- D Deichstetter
Deutsche version der positive and negative affect schedule (panas)
- S Janke
- A Glöckner-Rist