Health Benefits of Honey and Propolis

Abstract

Honeybees are important for pollination and produce products including honey, propolis, royal jelly, pollen, beeswax, and bee venom. Honey is a sweet liquid substance prepared by honeybees, which collects nectar and pollen from different flowers, and propolis is a glue substance collected by bees from different plant parts. In this review aimed to provide comprehensive studies on honey and propolis composition, bioactive compounds contained. as well as the bioactive components that are present. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the biological potential of honey and propolis for human health. This includes their capacity to suppress bacteria, improve wound healing, and impact specific disorders. Furthermore, it is important to emphasize the benefits of honey and propolis for various health conditions, including allergies, oral problems, dermatological issues, and gastrointestinal disorders, as well as their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, and cardiovascular properties. However, we have not fully elucidated the mechanisms of action of propolis and honey on all the previously listed activities. To gain a fuller understanding of its mechanics and the potential uses of this phenomenon, additional research is required.

Full text


Chapter
Health Benefits of Honey and
Propolis
ShahAlam, Muhammad AsifAziz, MuhammadWaqar and
AafaqRasheed
Abstract
Honeybees are important for pollination and produce products including honey,
propolis, royal jelly, pollen, beeswax, and bee venom. Honey is a sweet liquid
substance prepared by honeybees, which collects nectar and pollen from different
flowers, and propolis is a glue substance collected by bees from different plant parts.
In this review aimed to provide comprehensive studies on honey and propolis compo-
sition, bioactive compounds contained. as well as the bioactive components that are
present. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the biological poten-
tial of honey and propolis for human health. This includes their capacity to suppress
bacteria, improve wound healing, and impact specific disorders. Furthermore, it is
important to emphasize the benefits of honey and propolis for various health condi-
tions, including allergies, oral problems, dermatological issues, and gastrointestinal
disorders, as well as their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory,
antioxidant, anti-tumor, and cardiovascular properties. However, we have not fully
elucidated the mechanisms of action of propolis and honey on all the previously listed
activities. To gain a fuller understanding of its mechanics and the potential uses of
this phenomenon, additional research is required.
Keywords: honeybee, honey, propolis, biological activity, health benefits
. Introduction
The honeybee is a social insect, a mainly important pollinator of different plants,
including crops, vegetables, and fruit trees [1, 2], additionally, produce honey and
many other products such as propolis, beeswax, royal jelly, pollen, and bee venom [3],
recently, utilization of bee products by humans for nutritional and medicinal purpose
all around world [4].
Recent research is increasingly focused on the health benefits and pharmacological
properties of bee products, driving the development of nutraceuticals and functional
foods derived from these sources. Functional foods are designed to enhance physi-
ological or psychological health beyond basic nutrition, offering significant health
maintenance, improved well-being, and reduced risk of chronic diseases. These foods
contain bioactive compounds that can provide therapeutic effects, making them a
promising area in preventive healthcare and nutrition science. The efficacies of bee

Health Benefits of Honey and Propolis

products in this domain are particularly notable, fostering innovation in health-
promoting dietary options [5, 6].
Honey is a natural sweet liquid substance with different colors, produced from
the nectar and pollen of flowers [7], and not only used as food but also as a symbol
of prosperity and health. Honey has been used extensively in traditional medicine
because of its nutritional value and therapeutic qualities, in addition to its culinary
purposes. Today’s scientists and health enthusiasts are still fascinated by honey
because of its complicated composition and endless health benefits. Honey has unpar-
alleled versatility, being used for anything from relieving sore throats to moisturizing
skin naturally. Its reputation as a material that promotes health is partly due to the
natural antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that it contains [8].
Propolis is a sticky substance collected by bees from the buds and exudates of
trees, known as bee glue [9], and utilized by bees to seal the creaks of hives and
humans have used it for traditional medicine because of its potent therapeutic
properties demonstrating its natural antimicrobial properties [10]. Propolis contains
various important compounds, including phenolic acids, terpenes, and flavonoids,
which contribute to biological activities. Also, its antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral,
and anti-inflammatory properties make it valuable as a natural remedy [11]. This
review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the biological activities and
health benefits of honey and propolis, highlighting their significance in promoting
human health and preventing diseases.
. Composition of honey and propolis
Honey is composed of various compounds, but on average, it contains
approximately 82.4 carbohydrates, 38.2% fructose, 31.3% glucose, and 17.2% water.
Additionally, it has 7.1% maltose and 1.5% sucrose, with higher sugars like trisac-
charides making up another 1.5%. The ash content, which includes minerals, is about
0.2%, while acids such as gluconic acid constitute roughly 0.57%. Honey also contains
around 0.5% amino acids, proteins, and enzymes. Phenolic acids and flavonoids,
which are antioxidants, are present in trace amounts, along with vitamins like the B
complex and vitamin C [12, 13]. Pollen grains and other aromatic compounds also
appear in trace amounts. These components collectively contribute to honey’s unique
taste, texture, and health benefits [14].
Propolis composition depends on its botanical source, and it consists of 50% resins
and balsams, which include plant exudates such as flavonoids and phenolic acids,
30% wax, while 10% essential oils, pollen is present at approximately 5%, providing
proteins and amino acids [15]. The remaining 5% comprises various organic and
inorganic compounds, including vitamins (e.g., B1, B2, B6, C, and E) and minerals
like magnesium, calcium, and potassium [16]. Propolis also contains 5–10% of other
substances, such as terpenes, benzoic acid, and caffeic acid, which is contribute to
its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, making propolis
valuable in traditional and modern medicine [17].
. Bioactive compounds of honey and propolis
Both honey and propolis contain highly rich bioactive compounds, as shown
in Tab le  , many essential compounds are found in honey and propolis which are

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Health Benefits of Honey and Propolis
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1007039
important for the biological activity of life and are the main part of our food chain
including polyphenols and vitamins, and also hydrogenated compounds are occurred
as corresponding function origin [30]. Honey and propolis contain Flavonoids (pino-
cembrin, galangin, and chrysin) with strong antioxidant and antimicrobial properties
along with phenolic compounds (caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and p-coumaric
acid), which have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties [26, 31].
. Biological activities of honey and propolis
In health benefits, honey and propolis exhibit a wide range of biological activities,
including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory
properties [32], as shown in Figure . Briefly, honey is broad-spectrum antimicrobial
Product Bioactive
compounds
Compounds Properties References
Honey Flavonoids Apigenin, quercetin,
kaempferol, and galangin
Antioxidant and
anti-inflammatory
[18]
Phenolic acids Caffeic acid, p-coumaric
acid, and ferulic acid
Antioxidant activity [19]
Enzymes Glucose oxidase Antibacterial effects, and
catalase
[20, 21]
Organic acids Gluconic acid Honey acidic pH and
antimicrobial properties
[22]
Amino acids Proline Protein synthesis and
metabolism
[23]
Vitamins B vitamins (B1, B2, and
B6), vitamin C, and folic
acid
metabolic functions [24]
Minerals Potassium, calcium,
magnesium, and zinc
Overall health [25]
Propolis Flavonoids Pinocembrin, galangin, and
chrysin
Antioxidant and antimicrobial
effects
[26]
Phenolic
compounds
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester
(CAPE) and p-coumaric
acid
Anti-inflammatory and
immunomodulatory properties
[26]
Terpenes Beta-caryophyllene and
other sesquiterpenes
Anti-inflammatory and
antimicrobial activities
[5]
Aromatic acids Benzoic acid and cinnamic
acid
Antimicrobial properties [5]
Essential oils Eucalyptol and limonene Antiseptic and anti-
inflammatory effects
[27]
Amino acids Arginine and proline Tissue repair and immune
function
[28]
Vitamins B complex (B1, B2, B6),
vitamin C, and vitamin E
Immune support and
antioxidant defense
[29]
Tab le 1 .
The bioactive compounds of honey and propolis and further details of different function properties.

Health Benefits of Honey and Propolis

Figure 2.
Various types of biological activities of propolis.
Figure 1.
Various types of biological activities of honey.

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Health Benefits of Honey and Propolis
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1007039
properties against bacteria, fungus, etc., because of high acidity, low water activity,
and percentage of hydrogen peroxide, which contribute as key factors of antimicro-
bial efficacy [33]. On the other hand, propolis important compounds including flavo-
noids and phenolic acids which is the high rate of antimicrobial properties, inhibit the
microbial growth by disrupting the microbes’ cell wall [34]. Additionally, both honey
and propolis have the properties of antioxidant, which neutralize the free radicals and
protect the cell from oxidative damage, and compounds like phenolic in propolis and
enzymes (catalase and glucose oxidase) in honey have significantly high antioxidant
properties [35]. Honey reduces inflammation by modifying the immune response
and inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines and propolis containing flavonoids and
phenolic compounds, suppressing the inflammatory pathway and reducing oxidative
stress [36, 37]. Moreover, both are immunomodulatory properties because they are
beneficial in controlling disorders related to the immune by enhancing the immune
system by stimulating cell activities and producing antibodies, further reducing the
immune response (Figure ) [38].
. Different health benefits of honey
. Wound management
For centuries, people have used honey to heal boils, wounds, burns, skin condi-
tions, and bug bites [39]. Scientific research has proven its efficacy in promoting
wound healing and acting as an antibacterial agent. Honey stimulates latent plas-
minogen within the wound matrix, dynamically expresses the proteolytic enzyme
plasmin, removes dead tissue from the wound bed, and aids in both blood clot retrac-
tion and fibrin breakdown. By encouraging tissue regeneration and lowering the
danger of infection, this enzymatic activity improves wound healing [40]. Scientific
research now supports honey’s long-standing use as an effective natural treatment for
a variety of skin conditions [41].
Clinical research supports honey’s improved performance over current and
conventional wound dressings, highlighting its effectiveness, specificity, and
sensitivity in wound treatment [42]. According to Natarajan et al. [43, 44], honey
has the capacity to promote wound-healing qualities in wounds that are resistant to
antibiotics or antiseptics, including wounds infected with bacteria that are resistant
to antibiotics, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Honey
speeds up the development of a healthy granulated wound bed and aids in autolytic
debridement [42].
Anaerobic bacteria like Peptostreptococcus and Bacteroides spp. typically cause
malodour, a prevalent feature of serious wounds [44]. As a result of the breakdown of
serum and tissue proteins, these bacteria create sulfur, amines, and ammonia, which
are malodorous chemicals. Honey masks this stench by offering a significant quantity
of glucose, which bacteria preferentially metabolize over amino acids to produce lactic
acids rather than foul-smelling chemicals (Figure ) [45].
Quick wound healing, efficient wound cleaning, infection removal, tissue regen-
eration, decreased inflammation, and improved patient comfort from less tissue
adhesion during dressing changes are among the therapeutic benefits of honey
application [46]. Honey is a useful natural wound treatment because it has antibacte-
rial qualities and the ability to encourage the production of granulation tissue and

Health Benefits of Honey and Propolis

autolytic debridement. These therapeutic advantages highlight honey’s advantages
over conventional wound care techniques, particularly when it comes to managing
malodorous wounds and treating infections involving microorganisms resistant to
antibiotics [47].
. Diabetic, foot ulcers, and pediatric care
Honey has the potential to treat diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) and provide pedi-
atric care. Despite its antibacterial properties and ability to soothe mucous mem-
branes, pediatric care frequently uses honey as a natural remedy for cough and sore
throat [47]. In addition to its therapeutic effects, honey’s anti-inflammatory and
antioxidant qualities help children with upper respiratory tract infections recuper-
ate and have less discomfort [47]. Due to its special combination of methylglyoxal,
hydrogen peroxide, and a high sugar content that inhibits microbial growth
through an osmotic impact, honey has shown promise. Clinical research has shown
that by promoting tissue regeneration, lowering inflammation, and acting as an
infection-prevention barrier, honey can hasten the healing of wounds in diabetic
foot ulcers. Researchers have linked its use to lower amputation rates and higher
wound healing rates [48].
Moreover, honey’s capacity to stimulate autolytic debridement, an important
step in wound healing, aids in necrotic tissue clearance. Additionally, it keeps the
Figure 3.
Shown different honey activities in health benefits.

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site wet, which is necessary for the growth of new tissue [49]. Due to its afford-
ability and availability, honey is particularly beneficial when used in DFU control,
making it a viable choice in healthcare settings with resources both abundant and
scarce [48].
. Gastrointestinal disorders and oral health
Honey’s natural healing properties have led to its long-standing use in treating
gastrointestinal disorders. Prebiotics, such as oligosaccharides, help digestion and
gut health. Antimicrobials can help treat infections like Helicobacter pylori, which is
a common cause of peptic ulcers. Anti-inflammatory can soothe the digestive tract,
easing the symptoms of gastritis and colitis. Antioxidants help fight free radicals,
protecting the gut lining from oxidative stress [49]. Clinical studies have shown that
honey is effective in reducing the severity of symptoms in conditions like diarrhea
and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, it is critical to use it as a complemen-
tary treatment in addition to traditional medical treatments [50].
Honey is beneficial for oral health because of its inherent antimicrobial proper-
ties, and they can prevent oral caries and gum disease by suppressing the growth of
oral infections like Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans [51]. Manuka
honey has demonstrated a strong antibacterial effect against oral germs. Honey’s
anti-inflammatory qualities can lessen the signs and symptoms of periodontal disease
and gingivitis [52]. However, honey has a high concentration of methylglyoxal and
hydrogen peroxide, both of which help with tissue repair; it can also speed up the
healing process in surgical and oral wounds [51]. By reducing unpleasant breath and
supporting general oral hygiene, its enzymatic activity aids in the maintenance of a
balanced oral flora. Despite having sweets, honey’s special makeup and antibacterial
properties reduce the chance of tooth decay, making it a natural supplement to oral
health [52].
. Pharyngitis and coughs
Honey is a natural substitute for synthetic cough syrups, as well as a well-known
treatment for pharyngitis and coughs. Its sticky viscosity soothes and coats the lining
of the throat, reducing inflammation and discomfort [53]. Honey’s anti-inflammatory
properties lessen pharyngitis-related throat swelling and pain. Honey also has a
demulcent effect, which helps to relieve dry coughs and increase salivation. Research
indicates that honey can be just as successful as some over-the-counter cough
remedies in lessening the frequency and intensity of children’s nightly coughs, thus
enhancing the quality of their sleep [54].
. Gastroenteritis
Regardless of its high sugar content, low pH, and hydrogen peroxide levels, which
can stop the growth of bacteria that cause gastroenteritis, honey has antibacterial
qualities [55]. According to studies, honey may calm the lining of the stomach, lower-
ing inflammation and accelerating healing. Its prebiotic effects can enhance gut flora,
aiding in the restoration of intestinal health. Furthermore, the antioxidants in honey
reduce oxidative stress in the digestive system, which may alleviate gastroenteritis
symptoms [56].

Health Benefits of Honey and Propolis

. Constipation diarrhea
Honey has a natural laxative effect because of its fructose component, which draws
water into the gut to soften stools and encourage bowel movements. Its prebiotic quali-
ties improve intestinal regularity and function by promoting the growth of beneficial
gut flora [55]. Honey’s gentle osmotic action helps ease constipation without causing
unpleasant side effects. Furthermore, the calming qualities of honey help lessen the dis-
comfort brought on by firm stools and irregular bowel motions [56]. Although honey has
antibacterial properties that target the germs that cause diarrhea, it can help manage the
disease [57]. Its high sugar content gives you energy and aids in electrolyte balance, both
of which are vital during diarrhea bouts. The anti-inflammatory qualities of honey can
lessen intestinal irritation and hasten healing. Additionally, honey’s prebiotic properties
promote gut flora balance and aid in the recovery of regular bowel movements [58].
. Liver diseases
The antioxidants in honey help shield liver cells from the oxidative damage
that comes from free radicals [58]. Studies have demonstrated its ability to support
detoxification procedures and enhance liver function. In cases of chronic liver illness,
the anti-inflammatory properties of honey can lessen liver fibrosis and inflamma-
tion [59]. Furthermore, the hepatoprotective qualities of honey promote the general
health of the liver by assisting in the regeneration of liver tissue [59].
. Pancreatic diseases
Researchers have discovered that honey protects pancreatic cells, possibly due
to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities [60]. It might aid in lowering the
pancreas’ oxidative stress and inflammation, two major contributors to pancreatic
disorders. The natural sugars in honey can offer a more reliable energy source, lessen-
ing the pancreas’ metabolic workload. Moreover, its ability to control insulin secretion
and sensitivity may be advantageous for controlling pancreatic function [60].
. Metabolic health
While honey has a lower glycemic index than processed carbohydrates, it can
better regulate blood glucose levels, which is good for metabolic health. It can lessen
oxidative stress and inflammation linked to metabolic diseases [61]. Furthermore,
honey aids in lipid metabolism, potentially enhancing cholesterol profiles and reduc-
ing the risk of metabolic syndrome. Given the direct connection between gut health
and overall metabolic function, its prebiotic properties bolster gut health [62].
. Cardiovascular health
The antioxidant qualities of honey can lessen oxidative stress, one of the main
causes of cardiovascular disease [63]. Honey’s anti-inflammatory properties can
reduce blood vessel inflammation, thereby enhancing vascular health. Research
demonstrates that honey enhances lipid profiles by increasing HDL cholesterol and
reducing LDL and total cholesterol levels. Furthermore, honey’s polyphenols promote
endothelial function, which lowers the risk of atherosclerosis and helps to maintain
healthy blood pressure [64].

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1007039
. Propolis has health benefits
. Gastrointestinal disorders
The resinous material called propolis, which bees create, has several advantages for
digestive health. Propolis’s anti-inflammatory properties contribute to the reduction of
inflammation resulting from illnesses like inflammatory bowel disorders (IBD) and gas-
tritis [65]. Studies have shown that propolis can inhibit the growth of Helicobacter pylori,
a bacterium associated with stomach cancer and peptic ulcers [66]. Propolis also promotes
mucosal regeneration and lowers oxidative stress, which improves the healing of stomach
ulcers. Its antibacterial properties also include gut microbiota protection and intestinal
environmental homeostasis. Propolis’s flavonoids and phenolic components also help to
reduce diarrheal symptoms and enhance digestive health in general (Figure ) [67].
Furthermore, parasitic infection typically arises from direct contact with contami-
nated material. Common symptoms of gastrointestinal parasite infection encompass
stomach pain, diarrhea, bloating, and nausea. Studies have documented the biological
efficacies of propolis, including its anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory
actions. Several studies have demonstrated the clinical application of propolis in
treating viral infections. Researchers conducted a study to investigate the effects of
propolis ethanolic extract on the proliferation and adhesion of Giardia duodenalis
trophozoites in a laboratory setting [68]. Propolis demonstrated the ability to impede
the growth and attachment of trophozoites. Furthermore, it helped to separate these
parasitic organisms. A clinical investigation has reported the effectiveness of propolis
against giardiasis. This study administered propolis to both children and adults with
giardiasis, resulting in a cure rate ranging from 52 to 60%. The standard medicine
group experienced a cure rate of 40%. Further experimental investigation revealed
that propolis possesses antihistaminergic, anti-inflammatory, antiacid, and anti-H.
pylori properties, making it suitable for treating stomach ulcers [69].
Figure 4.
Shown different propolis activities in health benefits.

Health Benefits of Honey and Propolis

. Gynecological care
The most common types of vaginitis are bacterial vaginosis (BV) and vulvovaginal
candidiasis (VVC). A notable feature of vaginal infections is the decrease in the presence
of Lactobacillus spp. in the vagina. The infection is characterized by an abnormal growth
of vaginal pathogens, such as yeast-like fungi, and an elevated vaginal pH level. Diabetic
individuals have an increased susceptibility to vaginal infections caused by the fungus
Candida albicans. A research investigation examining the efficacy of a 5% aqueous
solution of propolis revealed its positive impact on vaginal well-being [70]. Propolis
possesses both antibacterial and antimycotic properties, in addition to providing prompt
symptom alleviation due to its anesthetic qualities. Individuals who cannot take antibiot-
ics because they are also taking other medications should consider using propolis as a
suitable substitute for treating recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). Propolis has
shown excellent effects when compared to the standard antifungal nystatin, indicating
its efficacy. Propolis extract solution (PES) exhibits low cytotoxicity toward human cells,
making it a potential therapeutic option for chronic vaginitis. Furthermore, PES has
antifungal properties and can be used as an antibiofilm agent to treat recurrent vulvo-
vaginal candidiasis (RVVC). It effectively combats Candida albicans’ biofilm formation
and counteracts resistance to antifungal drugs [71].
. Cancer therapy
One study suggests that propolis holds promising potential in treating human
breast cancer. Propolis induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells, resulting in an
anticancer effect. Propolis has preferential toxicity against tumor cells while dem-
onstrating no toxicity toward normal cells. Therefore, it is a highly favorable option
for the management of breast cancer [72]. A recent study examined the impact of
an ethanolic extract derived from Algerian propolis on the formation of melanoma
tumors. The study found that galangin, a flavonoid that is often found in propolis,
effectively caused apoptosis and stopped the growth of melanoma cells in a lab setting
[73]. Studies have demonstrated that Turkish propolis effectively eliminates lung
cancer cells in people by intensifying pressure on the endoplasmic reticulum, trig-
gering apoptosis and caspase activity, and reducing the mitochondrial membrane’s
potential. Research has shown that propolis has a significant inhibitory effect on the
proliferation of cancer cells (Figure ) [74].
. Treatment for skin problems
Dermatological formulations, including lotions and ointments, extensively use
propolis. This substance’s ability to combat allergies, reduce inflammation, inhibit the
growth of microorganisms, and stimulate collagen production is the foundation for
its use in skincare products. A recent study conducted a comparative analysis between
propolis and the standard medicine silver sulfadiazine. The results demonstrated that
propolis effectively reduced free radical activity (FRA) in the wound beds, thereby
facilitating the healing process. A clinical trial on acne sufferers found an ethanolic
extract of propolis to be highly effective in treating acne vulgaris [75, 76]. Propolis
improves collagen metabolism in the wound during the healing phase by increasing
tissue collagen content [77]. A study found that propolis is effective as a substitute
treatment for wound healing, especially in cases of human diabetic foot ulcers (DFU)
(Figure ) [78].


Health Benefits of Honey and Propolis
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1007039
. Conclusion and recommendation
In the current review, the prospective benefits of honey, and propolis, were the
primary focus of attention. For example, flavonoids, phenolic acid, phenolic com-
pounds, terpenes, and enzymes are all examples of active components that are abun-
dant in these items. These components have biological roles that include preventing
Figure 5.
The molecular pathways that underlie honey products’ antitumor and anticancer properties.
Figure 6.
Shown different propolis activity according to health benefits.

Health Benefits of Honey and Propolis

Author details
ShahAlam, Muhammad AsifAziz*, MuhammadWaqar and AafaqRasheed
Department of Entomology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi,
Pakistan
*Address all correspondence to: asifaziz@uaar.edu.pk
certain diseases and promoting good health. There are unique efficacies associated
with honey, and propolis each of which possesses substantial nutritional characteris-
tics and functional values. It is therefore possible to transform these bee products into
highly effective apitherapeutic medicines. However, if allergens are associated with
bee products, we need to take certain considerations into account when determining
the appropriate dosage for consumption. it is important to emphasize the benefits of
honey and propolis for various health conditions, including allergies, oral problems,
dermatological issues, and gastrointestinal disorders, as well as their antimicrobial,
anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, and cardiovascular
properties. Therefore, it is crucial to do further research to identify the key mecha-
nisms behind the pharmacological effects of porpolis and to determine the ideal
dosages for achieving the intended health benefits.
© 2024 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of
the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original work is properly cited.

Health Benefits of Honey and Propolis
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1007039

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