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Investigative study of meta-analysis approach to assessing cycle helmets and
mandatory helmet legislation
Colin Clarke https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0685-9874
Abstract
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Cycling risk levels
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Totals Cyclist - 86 Peds. - 541 MVO - 1910
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Table 1
Totals Cyclist - 40 Peds. - 233 MVO - 688
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Table 2
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Information from Victoria
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Age Head Concussion Hd + Conc Total claims % Hd + Conc
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total "#! :* 0* *%% "!0;
Table 3 TAC head injury claimants 1987-89
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Age 9-10 11-13 14-17 18-29 30-60 60-64 65 + All
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Table 4 Approximate, serious injury rate per 10 million km
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Circumstances, types of head injury and helmet use
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Table 6
9 $ 7 9 9(GGG
Motor vehicle collision (MVC) 12.7% 18.0% Thompson et al 1996 hd injury 4.632
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Alcohol use -Singapore 0% 12.6% Heng 2006 see notes
Alcohol use - Finland 0% 31% Airaksinen et al 201034 see notes
Fall from bicycle**** 34% 28% Dinh et al 201035 n.a.
Alcohol or drug use - USA 1.5% 33.4% Crocker et al 201236 2.68-3.23 (hd inj)*
Time of accident 8:01pm - 5:00am 7.9% 37.1% Crocker et al 2012 2-5 range for NL37
Skill level – beginner 3.2% 12.5% Crocker et al 2012 Allan 1984
MVC 30.9% 35.3% Crocker et al 2012 Hd injury 4.6
Alcohol use - AU 1.7% 7.2% Bambach 2013 see notes
Disobeying traffic control 3.3% 9.4% Bambach 2013 n.a.
Age 0-19 18.5% 55% Bambach 2013 see Tables 3 & 4
Alcohol use – USA NYC 6.3% 11.1% Webman et al 2013 see notes
Riding against flow of traffic - USA 2.8% 12.3% Webman et al 201338 3.439 to 6.640
Crossing against signals 5.5% 12.6% Webman et al 2013 n.a.
Riding in bicycle lane 83.7% 61.35% Webman et al 2013 see notes
Alcohol use - Sweden 7.9% 32% Zibung et al 2014 see notes
Fall from bicycle 40.7% 61.9* Zibung et al 2014 n.a.
MVC 44.4% 25.7% Zibung et al 2014 Hd inj 4.6
Alcohol use – Germany** 41.7% 59.7% Orsi 201441 see notes
Alcohol use - AU 2.0% 20% Dinh et al 201542 see notes
Upper limb injury 62% 41% Dinh et al See notes
Alcohol use - USA 4.7% 22.2% Harada et al 201543 see notes
Alcohol use – USA NYC 6.2% 20.2% Sethi et al 201544 see notes
Time of accident 9:00pm - 5:59am 14.4% 23.6% Sethi et al 2015 2-5 range for NL
Riding in bicycle lane or path 56.6% 32.1% Sethi et al 2015 See notes
Use of electronic devices 7.9% 13.7% Sethi et al 2015 n.a.
Cyclist crossed against signal 5.8% 10.7% Sethi et al 2015 n.a.
MVC 59.8 67.5 Sethi et al 2015 severe HI OR 4.6
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Age 10 to 15 – Sweden 39.1% 69.7% Olofsson et al See notes
MVC 3.6% 6.0% Olofsson et al See notes
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Alcohol use- Taiwan 2.6% 5.4% Kuo et al 201747 see notes
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Alcohol use - Finland 0% 31% Airaksinen et al 201061 see notes
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Alcohol or drug use - USA 1.5% 33.4% Crocker et al 201262 2.68-3.23 (hd inj)*
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Skill level – beginner 3.2% 12.5% Crocker et al 2012 Allan 1984
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Riding against flow of traffic - USA 2.8% 12.3% Webman et al 201364 3.465 to 6.666
Alcohol use 6.3% 11.1% Webman et al 2013 see notes
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Years 86-89 90-93 94-97 98-01 02-05 06-09 10-13 14-17 18-21
Cyclists – C &* * "0 "0" "** "&: "// "** "/*
Pedestrians – P !#: "*** "*** "":* : # %"/ 0% 0/0 0!#
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Table 9
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Table 10
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Cyclists – C
Pedestrians – P
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Table 11
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Predictions
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Table 13 Children
Four studies provide neck injury data for children as shown below.
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Figure 1
Safety concerns with helmet wearing and requirements
New Zealand
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Table 14
1990 spring 1991 autumn 1992 autumn 1993 autumn
Sydney adults #&! &&& #:0 /:"
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Totals adults /&%! /#&* *# : * /"
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Table 15 >E" !4
Year 1991 92 93 96 01 06 10
Head - H /:! 0*% 0&/ #& #"/ "!!* #!0
Arm - A 00! #/! %&: """* ""#" "0 "0 !
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