Available via license: CC BY-SA 4.0
Content may be subject to copyright.
ISSN: 2549-7294 (Print), 2549-7626 (Online)
Jurnal Studi Komunikasi is licensed und er a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAli ke 4.0 International License
JURNAL STUDI KOMUNIKASI
Volume 8
Ed 2, July 2024
Page 471 - 480
Political communication model: the campaign
narratives on Ganjar PranowoÕs YouTube account
Baidawi*), Hamdan Daulay
Faculty of Da'wa and Communication, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga
Laksda Adisutjipto Street, Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia
Email: baidawi.alvaro@gmail.com and Phone Number: +62 85161931045
How to Cite This Article: Baidawi, B. & Daulay, H. (2024)., Political communication model: the campaign narratives on Ganjar
PranowoÕs YouTube account. Jurnal Studi Komunikasi, 8(2). doi: 10.25139/jsk.v8i2.6863
Received: 30-08-2023, Revision: 28-10-2023, Acceptance: 11-06-2024, Published: 31-07-2024
Abstract Technological advancement has also been used by a number of politicians to
express themselves on social media as means of boosting their popularity. This phenomenon is
very useful for building political communication in virtual spaces. Therefore, this research
examines Ganjar Pranowo's political communication model through his campaign narrative
displayed via his personal YouTube account. This research is qualitative research using
descriptive and analytical methods in studying Ganjar Pranowo's political communication
model. Data collection techniques include selecting content related to the campaign narrative
of the @GanjarPranowoÕs YouTube account as the primary source. Political communication
theory and the elements of argumentation skillsÐ ethos, pathos, and logos. The results of this
research found that Ganjar Pranowo used YouTube as a digital platform to build political
communication through various content about the campaign. Video content through its
campaign narrative enablesGanjar Pranowo to effectively use the elements of ethos, pathos and
logos.
Keywords:, campaign; political communication; YouTube media
INTRODUCTION
The democratic party is a momentum for the Indonesian people to choose a leader who is
deemed capable of representing the aspirations of the people and continuing the government's
programs. This has encouraged a number of candidates to campaign intensively both in public
and virtual spaces as an effort to encourage public participation through campaign narratives
(Kang, 2024). As is known, building communication (Botan, 2024) through social media has
various advantages, including serving as an independent campaign medium, image promotion
and increasing popularity through the narrative that is built. The current era of digitalization
encourages users to carry out various activities in the digital space, such as interaction activities,
exchanging ideas and sharing information (Harbers et al., 2024). The presence of social media
provides various benefitsÐ attracting people with the speed of two-way information and
contributing positive impact on users through the use of an internet connection (Ahmed et al.,
2024). With that, social media also influences people in obtaining a variety of information and is
able to break down geography and cut costs (Raeisi-Varzaneh et al., 2024). The power of social
media is what political actors utilise in producing images, building political communications and
campaign tools amidst high dependence on the internet (Arendt, 2024).
*) Corresponding Author
Political communication model: the campaign narratives on Ganjar PranowoÕs YouTube account- doi: 10.25139/jsk.v8i2.6863
Baidawi, B.
472
A number of politicians use social media as a space to build interaction, share
information, influence and campaign tools with the public through a variety of content displayed
(Wells & Friedland, 2023). In an interpretation, political communication is a series of political
activities that have the aim of conveying a number of messages with political nuances to the
public. In practice, more massive political communication is carried out by politicians during the
campaign period (Jun & Firdaus, 2022). Gathering the masses and visiting the masses are just
some of the forms of campaign strategies carried out by political actors ahead of the election.
Campaign strategies can also take in the form of banners, posters, billboards, print media, mass
media, electronic media, or social media (Pujihartati, Sri Hilmi Nurhaeni, Ismi Dwiastuti, Kartono,
Drajat Tri, Demartoto, 2023).
Based on data from the Indonesian Internet Service Providers Association in 2023, as
many as 215 million Indonesians will be connected to the internet (APJII, 2023). Community
activity connected via internet connections is very large, both in efforts to access social media,
obtain information, and access entertainment content. The phenomenon of community
participation in activities on social media has become an important asset that is utilised by a
number of public figures as a means of campaigning ahead of the election contestation (Nie,
Kho Suet Zawawi, 2023). One of them is Ganjar Pranowo, who actively provides information on
his YouTube account @GanjarPranowo to his followers. The flow of Ganjar campaign narrative
information can encourage community involvement in interacting with its leaders without
obstacles.
Community activities connected to internet devices can create an open and democratic
communication space. Social networks such as YouTube play a significant role in influencing
community participation considering that people's dependence on YouTube is very high
(Hassan et al., 2022). Low-cost efficiency is one of the main reasons why several figures use
YouTube to campaign for their ideas. The public's tendency to use YouTube is very high, thus
encouraging the involvement of a number of community figures in using it as a means of
promoting their political ideas and activities (Tatchou, 2022).
Ganjar Pranowo uses social media to share his content to the public, including campaign
related ones(Rakhmetov, 2022). Ganjar diligently visits various regions to engage with his
supporters and volunteers, sharing thoughts, ideas, and his intended political programs in
preparation for the 2024 presidential election. Ganjar has been quite active in using social media
to convey his ideas and thoughts(Mir, 2022). He is also close to various groups include
children, young people, mothers and the elderly, so he is liked by various age groups.
One of Ganjar Pranowo's YouTube accounts contains campaign narratives of his
supporters in a number of regions(Haugsgjerd & Karlsen, 2022) . Ganjar's campaign nuanced
content was carried out as a means of building political communication to the public through
political messages (Haugsgjerd et al., 2023) to influence public opinion (Huda et al., 2022).
Ganjar 's youtube media platform also provides the opportunity to channel a number of ideas
and programs that he is promoting in preparation for the upcoming 2024 presidential election
(Barber‡ et al., 2024). YouTube is also a stage that has a strong influence in guiding public
opinion and popularising images (Tan & Chou, 2024). Because social media is an effective
instrument for attracting public participation (Altay et al., 2023).
This research focuses on selecting content containing campaign narratives carried out
by Ganjar through his personal YouTube account @GanjarPranowo. In turn, this research was
able to identify Ganjar Pranowo's communication model through campaign narratives on his
personal YouTube platform. Like Ganjar, who uses social media which also has a big influence
in fighting for public influence (Cassell, 2023) as one of his campaign strategies. YouTube
(Amsalem & Zoizner, 2023) plays an important role in presenting himself as a leader who is close
to the community through a number of activities (Boulianne et al., 2023). Ganjar intensively
conveys information in the form of political safaris to various regions in Indonesia.
Research related to political communication models has been the topic of many studies,
such as those conducted by Joydeep Chatterjee and Gautam Dutta stating that the use of social
media has an important influence in shaping voter preferences and campaigning for candidate
images. Social media is a means of disseminating political content through voter segmentation
from various groups so that it becomes effective (Chatterjee & Dutta, 2024). Jorg Nanz Matthes,
Andreas Kaskeleviciute, and friends also said the same thing, saying that the campaign as a
means of popularising images on social media could generate increased popularity. But on the
Jurnal Studi Komunikasi, 8(2), 2024
ISSN: 2549-7294 (Print), 2549-7626 (Online)
473
other hand, the culture of sharing, posting and freedom of opinion in virtual spaces has the
potential for polarisation (Matthes, Jorg Nanz, Andreas Kaskeleviciute, Ruta Reiter, Franz
Freiling, Isabelle Neureiter, Ariadne Stubenvoll, Marlis Sherrah, Sebastian E Juricek, Sarah
Munzir, 2023). In this case, the public is wise to use social media as a means of producing healthy
content and sharing information carefully. Specifically, Instagram plays an important role in
building political communication with the public. Social media creates space to build good
relationships (Dadakhonov, 2024) with supporters through user comments, conducting political
discussions, and direct dialogue.
METHODOLOGY
This research uses qualitative research (Manzilati 2017) by examining Ganjar Pranowo's political
communication patterns in the upcoming 2024 presidential election through his four video
contents posted via the Youtube account @GanjarPranowo. To describe research data, the data
collection technique was through selecting youtube content related to the campaign from the
@GanjarPranowo account as the main source. Mass gathering-based campaign methods were
also studied as an effort to understand Ganjar's overall political communication patterns.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The digital era encourages human activities to actively participate in accessing various content,
including YouTube as one of the most popular platforms today. The Indonesian Internet
Service Providers Association report states that 63.02% of social media users access YouTube
(APJII 2023). This number is considered as a potential number in spreading the message.
Today's politicians are no exception who use YouTube as an information tool. YouTube media
(Dai & Li, 2023) is considered effective in shaping images and campaigning political messages
through video displays (Hill & Roberts, 2023). Through the use of YouTube media, various
information uploads flow more quickly and can be accessed by the public in a matter of
seconds. Thus, political messages can be disseminated via YouTube media which is connected
via an internet connection so that it is more efficient, saves costs and time, even for politicians
by uploading content produced in the form of campaigns, interactive dialogues or speeches
(Chan et al., 2022).
A well-known Indonesian politician who also uses Youtube is Ganjar Pranowo. The
sophistication of YouTube as a media has encouraged Ganjar to optimise social media as a
means of image formation, interaction building, and a digital media-based campaign tool
facilitated by internet devices (Hidayat & Muksin, 2023). As is known, the YouTube account
@GanjarPranowo has 1.61 million subscribers with 1.6 thousand videos. Ganjar's popularity in
public spaces has encouraged the formation of an image (Armstrong et al., 2022) as a politician
through virtual spaces and efforts to build political communication through various political
content on social media. (Thal, 2023). Ganjar's identity as a popular figure who embraces various
groups has helped improve his image (Bueno et al., 2023) as a leader, even able to understand
the dynamics of new media (Abdillah & Zulhazmi, 2021).
Ganjar Pranowo Political Communication Through Campaigns on YouTube Media
The selection of campaign videos via the @GanjarPranowo account totaled four videos uploaded
via the YouTube account @GanjarPranowo. The four videos are the following: 1) Ocean of
People at Bung Karno Stadium Hall (GBK) But Not a Blackpink Concert, April 30, 2023, 661,057
views, 9.6 thousand likes, 6 thousand comments. 2) The struggle started from Pandegiling,
Surabaya, May 6, 2023, 170,840 views, 3.7 thousand likes and 1.6 thousand comments. 3)
Thousands of Jember Residents "Spillover" in Alun-Alun, 07 May 2023, 658,110 views, 7.9
thousand likes, as well as 7.9 thousand likes and 3.4 thousand comments. 4) To all Jokowi
volunteers everywhere, I Love You, 14 May 2023, 80,828 views, 2.9 thousand likes and one
thousand comments. The videos are arranged systematically.
Political communication model: the campaign narratives on Ganjar PranowoÕs YouTube account- doi: 10.25139/jsk.v8i2.6863
Baidawi, B.
474
Figure 1. Vlog Ò(Ganjar Pranowo) Sea of People at GBK But Not a Blackpink Concert
( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQC7s1to5F8&t=540s )
The first video content uploaded via Ganjar Pranowo's YouTube account was titled "SEA
MAN AT GBK BUT NOT A BLACKPINK CONCERT" (See Figure 1). The video shows Ganjar's visit
to the Gelora Bung Karno Stadium in Jakarta to meet his supporters on 30 April 2023. The
enthusiasm of the Metro Jakarta residents who packed Ganjar Pranowo was so high that they
were absorbed in the momentum of the meeting with the leader.
Sad
V1.1 ÒWe strengthen each other. I know your inner vibrations; I know what is in your mind
and heart. Channel that energy to relatives, friends, neighbours so that we all face the
next process well without being bullied, don't hurt other people's feelings and we are
all different and don't need to be compared but need to unite.
The meaning of pathos is expressed in the content of the first video, which invites people
to think clearly and not oppress each other as Indonesian citizens. He made this statement on
the YouTube account @GanjarPranowo amidst thousands of supporters watching his speech.
Ganjar tried to calm his supporters amidst a lot of bullying and insults which led to violence.
Therefore, as a leader he has the opportunity to encourage the entire community to behave
positively and show mutual respect, not hating each other.
Ethos
V1.2 ÒI didn't expect that all the people of Jakarta actually like sports. And of course, not
just sports. As Governor of Central Java and presidential candidate, Ganjar Pranowo
shares positive values and a sense of mutual empowerment for the citizens of Jakarta.
This is a form of maintaining harmony and the value of unity between citizens to avoid
conflict, bullying and hurting each other. Ganjar's meeting with the residents of DKI
Jakarta became a momentum to motivate people to live peaceably and peacefully.
The meaning of ethos means displaying the characteristics of Ganjar Pranowo as a leader
who invites people to share positive values and strengthen each other (Tawa Lama-Rewal, 2023).
This is a form of maintaining harmony and a sense of unity as citizens to avoid conflict. This
identity reflects Ganjar's figure as a leader who upholds a sense of unity. On the other hand,
Ganjar also encourages the community.
Logos
V1.3. "So, I entrust it to you, starting today we meet, stay in touch, we exercise together.
Let's watch our behaviour well, don't hurt others, don't bully others. Show something
positiveÓ.
Logos means the proposition that Ganjar built so that people always maintain their
behaviour, do not hurt other people, do not oppress other people. He emphasised the
importance of mutual respect for each other so that conflicts do not occur (Varaine et al., 2024).
Jurnal Studi Komunikasi, 8(2), 2024
ISSN: 2549-7294 (Print), 2549-7626 (Online)
475
Showing something positive to others is part of maintaining a sense of unity and integrity as
citizens. As a leader, Ganjar always reminds people to be kind to each other (Stolz, 2024).
Based on his statement in his first video, Ganjar tried to remind the public to always
uphold tolerance and respect each other. The character of the Indonesian nation as a pluralistic
society is not unlikely to spark conflict, so he asked to maintain the values of unity and integrity
as citizens. Moreover, with the existence of the hoax phenomenon (Alon et al., 2024), hate
speech and acts of bullying that often occur on social media means that this needs to be
addressed well, and he advised us to be wise in using social media.
Figure 2. Vlog Ò(Ganjar Pranowo) The Struggle Begins in Pandegiling Surabaya
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUnnlqW7yyU&t=557s )
The second video shows Ganjar visiting the city of Surabaya and meeting all his
supporters on 06 May 2023. The content of this video shows Ganjar's attitude through incendiary
statements among his supporters. Ganjar's supporters seemed to be flocking to watch the
presidential candidate. This is a form of public excitement for one of the potential leaders they
met in the city of Surabaya.
Ethos
V2.1. ÒThe struggle begins again. Let's close ranks, let's unite forces. Please do not harm
others. Don't insult other people, don't bully other people and don't create hoaxes. We
will compete fairly, we have a heart, we have a conscience, and we have strength".
Because ethos involves exhibiting good intentions, Ganjar advised people not to hurt,
insult and oppress other people. Ahead of the election, Ganjar reminded us not to create hoaxes
that harm other people. Apart from that, we also compete healthily as an Indonesian society with
a diverse nation.
Sad
V2.2. ÒThis is where the resistance took place. This is where we fight against oppression,
and this is where we never have the words to surrender. Independent. Pak Rido gave us
all a lesson not to be bulls, but we are bulls who are nervous if they are hurt (hurt), then
sungun immediately metu (its horns immediately come out). Against all injustice.
oppose".
As pathos involves having empathy, Ganjar also feels the atmosphere of the entire
community present. He invited the public to fight injustice that occurs at any time and not give
up easily under any conditions and situations. Ganjar's statement was witnessed directly by
thousands of people who witnessed it (Jakob et al., 2023).
Logos
V2.3 "Of course, as mentioned earlier, long history has given birth to many figures
because of the struggles of these heroes. So, at that time they knew the history of
Political communication model: the campaign narratives on Ganjar PranowoÕs YouTube account- doi: 10.25139/jsk.v8i2.6863
Baidawi, B.
476
Pandegiling's existence, what was certain was that they were people in red suits and
could not abandon that history. Truly? I am truly honoured, I am truly flattered, I never
expected it, I thought of prayer this morning and just stopped by at Pandegiling to see,
reflect and fuel our enthusiasm that we are warriors who are always disciplined and have
ethics that can be friendly. with anyone, who always respects fellow brothers, whether
from different ethnicities, different groups, whether from different religions, they are our
brothers. As stated before, they are brothers in humanityÓ.
As an example of logos, Ganjar PranowoÕs logical argument reminded all people present
not to forget history because many figures fought for the independence of the Republic of
Indonesia. He also conveyed the importance of upholding the value of tolerance as a basis for
caring for diverse lives. All Indonesian people who have diverse styles are a unifying tool for a
harmonious life.
Based on Ganjar Pranowo's statement through the content of this second video, he
wants to emphasise the importance of upholding the values of tolerance (Yi, 2023) and mutual
respect for each other as a diverse Indonesian society. A number of phenomena that occur in
society, such as incitement, acts of bullying, or feelings of jealousy, must be avoided in order to
be free from triggers of conflict. Even though the identity of the Indonesian nation has good
ethics, mutual respect and respect for each other. This is what encourages Ganjar to always
remind the entire community to be tolerant between people of different religions.
Figure 3. Vlog "Ganjar Pranowo) Thousands of Jember Residents "Pampered" in the Alun-Alun
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FiqbNlDUKrc )
Ganjar first video was a visit to Jember Regency on 7 May 2023 (Figure 3) and invited all
the people of Jember to flock to Jember Square. Various trinkets used by his supporters
symbolise loyalty to the leader. On the other hand, this videoshows Ganjar interacting directly
with the community without any barriers, so that the figures and the community are inseparable.
Sad
V3.1, ÒContinue to maintain unity. Take care of your feelings, including those of your
friends. Because now there is a lot of bullying appearing on social media, while on social
media there are many memes which then become hoaxes. Don't let us make slander.
Agree".
Ganjar PranowoÕs expression of sadness conveyed towards a number of his supporters,
reflecting his sympathy for cases of bullying on social media that have sparked polemics. Ganjar
is aware of the phenomena that occur on social media, both hate speech, hoaxes and the like,
so he invites all his supporters to be wise in using social media (Stromer-Galley et al., 2023) and
maintain solidarity with each other. Ganjar advised all supporters present not to be easily carried
away by emotions and spread slander on social media.
Jurnal Studi Komunikasi, 8(2), 2024
ISSN: 2549-7294 (Print), 2549-7626 (Online)
477
Ethos
V3.2 ÒUse social media wisely to make friends, to say kind things, to pray for each other.
Hey, yesterday when I was in Surabaya, women were much smarter. The women use their
social media to sell. That is cool. take advantage of something positive. And of course,
at midnight I got permission to come here and later I will come back because tomorrow
I have to go back to Central Java. Once again, keep exercising, stay healthy. So, if our
bodies are healthy, God willing, we will become healthy people".
Ganjar advised all his supporters to be wise in using social media, both in establishing
communication and exchanging information (Carter et al., 2023). The importance of mutual
respect and respect for other people as Indonesian citizens. Ganjar also gave an example of the
use of social media by mothers in Surabaya as a sales tool. This also makes social media a positive
tool so that it can be useful for other people.
Logos
V3.3 "And of course I ask for permission so that later I can carry out activities in Jember
and meet ladies and gentlemen, all my friends. I'm in touch with you. I wish you good
health and of course still in the Eid al-Fitr atmosphere. Happy Eid al-Fitr. Forgive me body
and soul.ÕÕ
As Ganjar stated to all his supporters, he asked for permission to carry out activities in
Jember City, especially during Eid al-Fitr. Ganjar expressed his joy at being able to meet and
interact directly with the people of Jember so that this moment was very important in building
communication with all his supporters. Based on Ganjar's statement to all his supporters, he also
advised them to be wise in using social media at this time. Ganjar's communication model to a
number of his supporters was conveyed during the campaign momentum and responded to
various phenomena that occurred on social media such as hate speech, hoaxes or incitement
that often occurred. This moment became an open space for Ganjar to invite all people present
to be wise in using social media (Cheng et al., 2023).
Figure 4. Vlog Ò(Ganjar Pranowo) To all Jokowi volunteers everywhere, I am with you
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5zhaP1BeBJM&t=79s )
The fourth video is a visit to the Gelora Bung Karno Basketball Hall (Figure 4), Jakarta to
meet volunteers supporting Joko Widodo. This video shows Ganjar interacting directly with all
the volunteers present. Ganjar in his speech advised (Aydemir, 2023) that we should work
together to continue national development as President Jokowi has done.
Sad
V4.1 ÒAnd I really trust him. This nation has experienced divisions due to differences in
choices. This nation is experiencing this unpleasant situation because we talk too much
about what ethnicity you are, what your religion is, what your class is. Throw it away. and
I asked all my friends. Ganjar Pranowo's supporters will not spread hoaxes. Agree.
Ganjar Pranowo's supporters will not carry out intimidation. Supporters of Ganjar
Pranowo have rationality, have data, have facts that can be conveyed with common sense
Political communication model: the campaign narratives on Ganjar PranowoÕs YouTube account- doi: 10.25139/jsk.v8i2.6863
Baidawi, B.
478
and good ethical reasoning. I leave it to ladies and gentlemen friends. We have to bring
that value; we can be there and we can do very wellÓ.
As the definition of pathos involves the emotion that Ganjar Pranowo builds in society,
that different choices are not the axis of division but rather a unifying tool to uphold mutual
respect between people. Ganjar left a message to the public not to spread hoaxes and acts of
bullying on social media. Therefore, he invites all people to display good character values to
others.
Ethos
V42. ÒWe will be together with all the brothers and sisters who I really respect. And our
struggle is certainly not an easy one. I'm well aware. Two presidential elections
yesterday. Together we will win Mr President Jokowi. I am very aware of how much pride
is in your heart. And it arises from volunteerism that cannot be paid for by anything.
There is nothing to pay. And of course we will take the next step. Time by time, point by
point let us achieve itÓ.
Similar to Ganjar's ethos or statement in the video post on YouTube @GanjarPranowo
that fighting for something when it is successful, of course there is a sense of pride felt by the
whole community. Moreover, he gave an example of the momentum of the presidential election
being won by Pak Jokowi. This stems from a sense of volunteerism that cannot be confused with
any goods. The essence of the statement here is that there are no strings attached in fighting for
something.
Logos
V4.3 ÒBut ladies and gentlemen, let's make this double line more compact. Come on,
now we make what was lacking before, we prepare it, today we close. And of course, in
the Eid atmosphere, on behalf of myself I definitely made a lot of mistakes, there were
WhatsApp messages that I didn't answer. There are comments that I cannot answer.
There are questions that I haven't answered correctly. "Hopefully today's friendship and
halal bihalal will truly strengthen the solidarity of all of usÕÕ.
The meaning of logos, Ganjar argument relates to his statement apologising for the
mistakes he made, whether on WhatsApp, unanswered comments, unanswered comments or
unanswered questions. Therefore, in the momentum of friendship with all the supporters
present, he apologised and also emphasised the importance of maintaining solidarity between
people.
Based on the fourth video, Ganjar invites all people to respect and appreciate each
other, especially since the situation leading up to the election is very risky. The importance of
being kind and maintaining solidarity needs to be increased. The phenomenon of the political
year is very prone to social friction that gives rise to incitement, hoaxes or acts of bullying on
social media. Therefore, Ganjar reminds us to always be positive and respect each other.
CONCLUSION
This research found that social media as a digital platform can help people get involved in
accessing information, including politicians in this republic. YouTube is an open democratic
space where a number of politicians popularise political images or messages to the wider public.
In this case, Ganjar Pranowo was able to use YouTube media as a forum for delivering political
communication and campaign media to the public, even his 1.31 million subscribers became
capital for gaining popularity in the wider community. Ganjar Pranowo political communication
model through his YouTube account reflects his identity, ethos, pathos and logos, and is able to
attract public attention.
Ganjar was able to use his Youtube media as an instrument for building political
communication and expressing his ideas through his personal youtube account. Ganjar youtube
account forms a new social space that generates interaction and makes it easier for people to
obtain brief information. Youtube as a digital platform is also used as an instrument in building
public participation ahead of the election and various images are promoted through a number
Jurnal Studi Komunikasi, 8(2), 2024
ISSN: 2549-7294 (Print), 2549-7626 (Online)
479
of contents. In turn, the use of youtube as a political communication medium has contributed to
Ganjar popularity and encouraged him to be confident in facing the presidential election.
REFERENCES
Abdillah, FM, & Zulhazmi, AZ (2021). Digital campaigns, local politics and social media. IQTIDA: Journal of Da'wah and
Communication , 1 (1), 57Ð75. https://e-journal.uingusdur.ac.id/index.php/iqtida/article/view/3752
Ahmed, S., Masood, M., & Wang, Y. (2024). Empowering the religious minority: examining the mobilizing role of social
media for online political participation in an Asian democracy. Asian Journal of Communication , 34 (2), 135Ð155.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01292986.2024.2317314
Alon, AT, Rahimi, ID, & Tahar, H. (2024). Fighting fake news on social media: a comparative evaluation of digital literacy
interventions. Current Psychology , 1Ð19. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12144-024-05668-4
Altay, S., Nielsen, R. K., & Fletcher, R. (2023). News can help! The impact of news media and digital platforms on
awareness of and belief in misinformation. The International Journal of Press/Politics , 29 (2), 459Ð484.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/19401612221148981
Amsalem, E., & Zoizner, A. (2023). Do people learn about politics on social media? A meta-analysis of 76 studies. Journal
of Communication , 73 (1), 3Ð13. https://academic.oup.com/joc/article-
abstract/73/1/3/6726545?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false
APJII. (2023). Association of Internet Service Users in Indonesia .
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjY2tb
HmqiAAxWsxzgGHczrCrMQFnoECBEQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fapjii.or.id%2Fberita%2Fd%2Fsurvey- apjii-
internet-users-in-Indonesia-reached-215-million-people&usg=AOvVaw1swMjPcK
Arendt, F. (2024). The Media and Democratization: A Long-Term Macro-Level Perspective on the Role of the Press During
a Democratic Transition. Political Communication , 41 (1), 26Ð44.
Armstrong, M. A., Rice, C. A. G., & Warwick, B. (2022). The visual communication of Brexit in Northern Ireland: decoding
public imagery on identity, politics and Europe. Territory, Politics, Governance , 1Ð19.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/21622671.2022.2115544?needAccess=true
Aydemir, N. (2023). Framing Syrian refugees in Turkish politics: a qualitative analysis on party group speeches. Territory,
Politics, Governance , 11 (4), 658Ð676. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21622671.2021.2012247
Barber‡, P., Gohdes, A. R., Iakhnis, E., & Zeitzoff, T. (2024). Distract and divert: How world leaders use social media during
contentious politics. The International Journal of Press/Politics , 29 (1), 47Ð73. https://journals-sagepub-
com.translate.goog/doi/abs/10.1177/19401612221102030?cookieSet=1&_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en
&_x_tr_pto=tc
Botan, M. (2024). The Romanian Media System: Dynamics, Challenges, and Implications for Democracy. Cogitatio , 12 ,
1Ð17. https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/7847/3688
Boulianne, S., Oser, J., & Hoffmann, C. P. (2023). Powerless in the digital age? A systematic review and meta-analysis of
political efficacy and digital media use. New Media & Society , 25 (9), 2512Ð2536.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/14614448231176519
Bueno, N.S., Zucco, C., & Nunes, F. (2023). What You See and What You Get: Direct and Indirect Political Dividends of
Public Policies. British Journal of Political Science , 53 (4), 1273Ð1292.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/what-you-see-and-what-
you-get-direct-and-indirect-political-dividends- of-public-policies/50B1E448E2EC60D06A7CFFE95E9BF2DF
Carter, M.C., Cingel, D.P., Ruiz, J.B., & Wartella, E. (2023). Social media use in the context of the Personal Social Media
Ecosystem Framework. Journal of Communication , 73 (1), 25Ð37. https://academic.oup.com/joc/article-
abstract/73/1/25/6825424?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false
Cassell, K. J. (2023). The populist communication strategy in comparative perspective. The International Journal of
Press/Politics , 28 (4), 725Ð746. https://journals-sagepub-
com.translate.goog/doi/abs/10.1177/19401612211055695?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=tc
Chan, M., Yi, J., & Kuznetsov, D. (2022). Government digital repression and political engagement: A cross-national
multilevel analysis examining the roles of online surveillance and censorship. The International Journal of
Press/Politics . https://journals-sagepub-
com.translate.goog/doi/abs/10.1177/19401612221117106?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=id&_x_tr_pto=tc
#core-collateral-purchase-access
Chatterjee, J., & Dutta, G. (2024). Power of Social Media in Political Marketing ‰¬Ò An India Based Empirical Study. Studies
in Media and Communication , 12 (1), 242Ð253.
https://redfame.com/journal/index.php/smc/article/view/6633/6414
Cheng, Z., Zhang, B., & Gil de Zuniga, H. (2023). Antecedents of political consumerism: Modeling online, social media
and WhatsApp news use effects through political expression and political discussion. The International Journal of
Press/Politics , 28 (4), 995Ð1016. https://journals-sagepub-
com.translate.goog/doi/full/10.1177/19401612221075936?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=tc
Dadakhonov, O.A. (2024). Analysis of Media and Information Literacy Definitions: A Qualitative Approach. Studies in
Media and Communication , 12 (2), 116Ð129. https://redfame.com/journal/index.php/smc/article/view/6659
Dai, Y., & Li, X. (2023). Opinion Extremity Predicted by Media Exposure, Information Processing Mode, and Issue
Sophistication About USÐChina Trade Dispute. International Journal of Communication , 17 , 22.
https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/21294
Harbers, F., Banjac, S., & Eldridge II, S. (2024). Conceptualizing and Contextualizing Media Innovation and Change.
Media and Communication , 12 , 1Ð8.
https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/8152/3650
Hassan, MS, Mahbob, MH, Sah Allam, SN, Mustaffa, F., & Ibrahim, NAN (2022). Media literacy and young people's
integrity in political participation: A structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Communication: Malaysian
Journal of Communication , 38 (4), 355Ð373. https://ejournal.ukm.my/mjc/article/view/59660
Political communication model: the campaign narratives on Ganjar PranowoÕs YouTube account- doi: 10.25139/jsk.v8i2.6863
Baidawi, B.
480
Haugsgjerd, A., & Karlsen, R. (2022). Election Campaigns, News Consumption Gaps, and Social Media: Equalizing
Political News Use When It Matters? The International Journal of Press/Politics , 29 (2), 507Ð529. https://journals-
sagepub-
com.translate.goog/doi/full/10.1177/19401612221112014?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=tc
Haugsgjerd, A., Karlsen, R., & Steen-Johnsen, K. (2023). Uninformed or misinformed in the digital news environment?
How social media news use affects two dimensions of political knowledge. Political Communication , 40 (6), 700Ð
718. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2023.2222070
Hidayat, H., & Muksin, NN (2023). Political Public Relations Ganjar Pranowo to Build Political Communication on Social
Media. Proceedings of the University Research Colloquium , 39Ð58.
http://repository.urecol.org/index.php/proceeding/article/view/2274
Hill, S. J., & Roberts, M. E. (2023). Acquiescence bias inflates estimates of conspiratorial beliefs and political
misperceptions. Political Analysis , 31 (4), 575Ð590. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/political-
analysis/article/acquiescence-bias-inflates-estimates-of-conspiratorial-beliefs-and-political-
misperceptions/36461392CC22A6AC6813767D64490A64
Huda, RI, Fauziah, N., Halimatussadiah, S., & Gumelar, RG (2022). Ganjar Pranowo's Political Communication of Empathy
and Homophily. Madani Journal of Politics and Social Affairs , 14 (03), 472Ð483. http://www.e-
jurnal.unisda.ac.id/index.php/MADANI/article/view/3727
Jakob, J., Dobbrick, T., & Wessler, H. (2023). The integrative complexity of online user comments across different types
of democracy and discussion arenas. The International Journal of Press/Politics , 28 (3), 580Ð600. https://journals-
sagepub-
com.translate.goog/doi/full/10.1177/19401612211044018?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=tc
Jun, TJ, & Firdaus, A. (2022). Social media political information dependency (SMPID): Theorizing news seeking in an age
of sharing and posting. Journal of Media and Communication Research , 15 (1), 1Ð21.
https://fslmjournals.taylors.edu.my/social-media-political-information-dependency-smpid-theorising-news-
seeking-in-an-age-of-sharing-and-posting-2/
Kang, K. K. (2024). Is Communication Visibility a Threat or an Opportunity? Social Media and Anonymous Social Support
Organizations. International Journal of Communication , 18 , 20.
https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/21192/4560
Manzilati, A. (2017). Qualitative Research Methods, Paradigms, Methods, and Applications . Brawijaya University Press.
Matthes, Jorg Nanz, Andreas Kaskeleviciute, Ruta Reiter, Franz Freiling, Isabelle Neureiter, Ariadne Stubenvoll, Marlis
Sherrah, Sebastian E Juricek, Sarah Munzir, AA (2023). The Way We Use Social Media Matters: A Panel Study on
Passive Versus Active Political Social Media Use and Affective Polarization. International Journal of Communication
(19328036) , 17 . https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/19015/4294
Mir, A. A. (2022). Pandemic Politics Through Social Media: A Study of India. J. Pol. Stud. , 29 (2), 1Ð12.
http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/pdf-files/1-v29_2_2022.pdf
Nie, Kho Suet Zawawi, JW (2023). Systematic Review of Mediatization of Politics in Southeast Asia. Malaysian Journal of
Communication , 39 (1), 294Ð308. https://ejournal.ukm.my/mjc/article/view/61970/13938
Pujihartati, Sri Hilmi Nurhaeni, Ismi Dwiastuti, Kartono, Drajat Tri, Demartoto, A. (2023). New Media and Green Behavior
Campaign Through Corporate Social Responsibility Collaboration. Malaysian Journal of Communication , 39 (2),
325Ð337. https://ejournal.ukm.my/mjc/article/view/64776/14231
Raeisi-Varzaneh, M., Dakkak, O., Alaidaros, H., & Avci, 1. (2024). Internet of Things: Security, Issues, Threats, and
Assessment of Different Cryptographic Technologies. Journal of Communications , 19 (2), 78Ð89.
https://www.jocm.us/show-303-1972-1.html
Rakhmetov, B. (2022). The Internet's Influence on Society and Politics: Cyber Optimism and Cyber Pessimism. American
Communication Journal , 24 (2), 1Ð10. https://www.ac-journal.org/wp-
content/uploads/2023/12/Rakhmetov_Formatted_PDF-Version.pdf
Stolz, K. (2024). Dual polity, dual careers? The dynamic interaction of political careers and territorial order in the
developing United Kingdom. Territory, Politics, Governance , 1Ð19.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21622671.2023.2294797
Stromer-Galley, J., Wojcieszak, M., John, N., & Massanari, A. L. (2023). Introduction to the special issue of social media:
the good, the bad, and the ugly. Journal of Communication , 73 (3), 193Ð197.
https://academic.oup.com/joc/article-abstract/73/3/193/7189838?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false
Tan, Y., & Chou, H.-Y. (2024). Image, issue, and affective priming effects of candidates' Facebook posts on voters' trait
perceptions and overall evaluations. Asian Journal of Communication , 34 (1), 1Ð23.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01292986.2023.2282426
Tatchou, C.N. (2022). The mediatization of politics in Cameroon: a political actor-centric approach. African Journalism
Studies , 43 (1), 107Ð126. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23743670.2022.2044876
Tawa Lama-Rewal, S. (2023). Metropolitan democracy from below: participation and rescaling in Delhi. Territory, Politics,
Governance , 11 (2), 338Ð353. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21622671.2020.1837218
Thal, A. (2023). Do Political Elites Have Accurate Perceptions of Social Conditions? British Journal of Political Science , 53
(4), 1189Ð1207. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/abs/do-
political-elites-have-accurate-perceptions-of-social-conditions/06DFAD98A8E9D9B7A4685BD0D9A53028
Varaine, S., Magni-Berton, R., Benslimane, I., & Crosetto, P. (2024). Egoism and altruism in intergroup conflict. Journal of
Conflict Resolution , 68 (2Ð3), 348Ð380. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00220027231164928
Wells, C., & Friedland, L. A. (2023). Recognition Crisis: Coming to terms with Identity, Attention and Political
Communication in the Twenty-First Century. Political Communication , 40 (6), 681Ð699.
Yi, J. (2023). Engender tolerance and participation in polarized gender issues: the mediating role of discussion in cross-
cutting exposure. Asian Journal of Communication , 33 (4), 369Ð389.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01292986.2023.2216720
