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Scientometric Trends and Impact of Solar Energy and Waste-to-Energy Research (2008-2022): Insights into Growth, Citation Patterns, and Collaboration

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Research on solar energy and waste-to-energy technologies has expanded due to the growing emphasis on sustainable energy sources, and scientometric studies have provided valuable insights for future directions in these areas. The study examines the scientometric trends and impact of research in solar energy and waste-to-energy from 2008 to 2022, focusing on key indicators such as citation rates, growth rates, publication efficiency, and collaboration patterns. The study analyzed 17,469 research papers on solar energy and 8,149 on waste-to-energy published from 2008 to 2022 using scientometric methods. Key indicators, such as average citations per paper, annual growth rate, exponential growth rate, activity index, publication efficiency index, relative growth rate, doubling time, and degree of collaboration, were calculated. The highest average citation per paper was 64.30 for solar energy and 86.09 for waste-to-energy. The peak annual growth rate (AGR) was 50.00 in 2006 for solar energy and 38.64 in 2020 for waste-to-energy. Exponential growth rates reached 1.50 in 2013 for solar energy (585 publications) and 1.39 in 2020 for waste-to-energy (1,062 publications). The activity index was highest in 2022, with 144.05 for solar energy and 143.72 for waste-to-energy. The average publication efficiency index for both fields was 1.49, and the study highlighted significant contributions by multiple authors across both topics. Other indicators, including relative growth rate (RGR), doubling time (Dt) for publications and citations, and degree of collaboration, underscored substantial research momentum and collaboration in these fields. The data show a strong growth trend and significant impact on research in waste-to-energy and solar energy, along with a noticeable increase in collaborative research initiatives. These patterns indicate an ongoing interest in and solid understanding of renewable energy technologies, which are essential for achieving future sustainability and energy objectives.
Asian Journal of Information Science and Technology
ISSN: 2231-6108 (P)
Vol.14 No.2, 2024, pp.65-76
© Centre for Research and Innovation
www.crijournals.org
DOI: https://doi.org/10.70112/ajist-2024.14.2.4299
Scientometric Trends and Impact of Solar Energy and Waste-to-Energy
Research (2008-2022): Insights into Growth, Citation Patterns, and
Collaboration
Ramesh S. Puttannanavar* and Khaiser Jahan Begum
Department of Studies in Library and Information Science, University of Mysore, Karnataka, India
E-mail: khaiser.nikam6@gmail.com
*Corresponding Author: rameshsp2018@gmail.com
(Received 3 October 2024; Revised 15 October 2024, Accepted 2 November 2024; Available online 8 November 2024)
Abstract - Research on solar energy and waste-to-energy
technologies has expanded due to the growing emphasis on
sustainable energy sources, and scientometric studies have
provided valuable insights for future directions in these areas.
The study examines the scientometric trends and impact of
research in solar energy and waste-to-energy from 2008 to
2022, focusing on key indicators such as citation rates, grow th
rates, publication efficiency, and collaboration patterns. The
study analyzed 17,469 research papers on solar energy and
8,149 on waste-to-energy published from 2008 to 2022 using
scientometric methods. Key indicators, such as average
citations per paper, annual growth rate, exponential growth
rate, activity index, publication efficiency index, relative
growth rate, doubling time, and degree of collaboration, were
calculated. The highest average citation per paper was 64.30
for solar energy and 86.09 for waste-to-energy. The peak
annual growth rate (AGR) was 50.00 in 2006 for solar energy
and 38.64 in 2020 for waste-to-energy. Exponential growth
rates reached 1.50 in 2013 for solar energy (585 publications)
and 1.39 in 2020 for waste-to-energy (1,062 publications). The
activity index was highest in 2022, with 144.05 for solar energy
and 143.72 for waste-to-energy. The average publication
efficiency index for both fields was 1.49, and the study
highlighted significant contributions by multiple authors
across both topics. Other indicators, including relative growth
rate (RGR), doubling time (Dt) for publications and citations,
and degree of collaboration, underscored substantial research
momentum and collaboration in these fields. The data show a
strong growth trend and significant impact on research in
waste-to-energy and solar energy, along with a noticeable
increase in collaborative research initiatives. These patterns
indicate an ongoing interest in and solid understanding of
renewable energy technologies, which are essential for
achieving future sustainability and energy objectives.
Keywords: Solar Energy, Waste-To-Energy, Scientometric
Trends, Collaboration Patterns, Renewable Energy
Technologies
I. INTRODUCTION
Solar energy is a clean, renewable power source that
harnesses the suns rays. The sun emits immense energy,
which, if effectively harnessed, could meet global energy
needs multiple times. This energy is captured and converted
into usable forms of power using various technologies,
primarily photovoltaic (PV) cells and solar thermal systems.
Photovoltaic Cells: Photovoltaic (PV) cells, commonly
known as solar panels, convert sunlight directly into
electricity through the photovoltaic effect. This electricity
can be used immediately, stored in batteries, or fed into the
power grid.
Solar Thermal Systems: These systems capture the suns
heat and use it for heating purposes or to generate
electricity. Solar thermal technologies include solar water
heaters, which provide hot water for domestic and industrial
use, and concentrated solar power (CSP) systems, which use
mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight onto a small area to
produce high temperatures. These high temperatures can
generate steam, which drives a turbine to produce
electricity.
Waste-to-energy (WTE) is a sustainable method of waste
management that converts municipal solid waste (MSW)
and other waste materials into usable forms of energy, such
as electricity, heat, or fuel. This process helps reduce the
volume of waste in landfills and provides a renewable
energy source, contributing to a more circular economy.
The present investigation also analyzes research on solar
energy and waste-to-energy using scientometric methods,
providing direction for future research and enhancing the
identity of this research domain. Therefore, this study aims
to identify growth trends, key institutions, core journals,
authorship patterns, and productive authors in this field.
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Garg and Sharma (1991) analyzed the literature on solar
power research from 1970 to 1984, showing strong growth
after the energy crisis from 1973 to 1982. The focus is on
solar collectors and solar cells, with the USA being the
major producer. Research activity became global after the
crisis, but developed countries performance in some solar
power fields remained low. Conference papers and journal
references are closely related.
Francisco G. et al., (2014) examined the contributions made
by Spanish institutions to the specialized literature in the
energy field from 1957 to 2012, using the Scopus Elsevier
database and bibliometric analysis techniques. The results
showed that the Spanish contribution was significant, with
keywords such as power, energy, system, wind, and solar
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AJIST Vol.14 No.2 July-December 2024
being the most frequently used terms. The study analyzed
various aspects of publications, including publication type,
field, language, subcategory, journal type, and keyword
frequency. Spains research is geographically and
institutionally divided, with Madrid and Catalonia being the
main research regions. Spain collaborates with France, the
USA, Germany, and the United Kingdom at an international
level. The most active categories in the energy field are
engineering, materials science, and chemistry.
Daniel, Jian, and Ehsan (2021) examined solar photovoltaic
(PV) systems, which are effective in reducing greenhouse
gas emissions, but their large-scale exploitation leads to
waste accumulation and environmental impact. This study
reviewed emerging trends in solar PV waste management
research from 1974 to 2019 using scientometric review
techniques. The results showed that polymer solar cells have
been the focus of recent research due to their lightweight,
flexible, environmentally friendly materials, and lower cost
compared to silicon-based solar cells. However, silicon-
based modules are the most installed and will soon reach
their end of life. The study also found that little attention
was given to recycling, recovery, policies, and regulations
on solar PV module waste management. Future research
should focus on assessing recycling potential and emissions
from current modules, as well as evaluating the ease of
remanufacture, recovery, and reuse of future solar PV
modules.
Selorm (2021) presented a scientometric analysis of solar
cell research (SCR) in Africa and India, focusing on the
outstanding contributions made by successful
collaborations. Data were retrieved from the Web of
Science from 2009 to 2018 and analyzed using MS Excel
and VOSviewer. Global scholarly publications numbered
117,605, with Africa and India contributing 2,932 and
7,848, respectively. Joint research, represented by 92
academic journals, received 1,348 citations, with the highest
citation count of 394 (29.23%) in 2018. H.C. Swart from the
University of the Free State in South Africa contributed 14
publications, accounting for 2.147% of the total count. V.
Kumar from the Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi,
UCA, and UFS contributed 12 publications, accounting for
1.84% of the total count.
Mondal (2021) analyzed journals published between 2010
and 2020 and used bibliometric methods to conduct a
research assessment of the Issues in Science and
Technology Librarianship (ISTL) journal. A total of 224
research papers were published. The study focused on
bibliometric indicators such as doubling time (DT), relative
growth rate (RGR), and degree of collaboration (DC)
concerning the published and cited papers. The analysis
determined that the DC of ISTL publications was 0.5.
During the research period, the RGR of the journal
fluctuated unpredictably, while the DT of published articles
continued to grow. The RGR of citations was relatively high
between 2010 and 2012, with the mean RGR of citations at
0.45, but the DT of citations varied from 2013 to 2020.
Gbey, Turkson, and Lee (2022) aimed to identify the social
structure of the wireless charging module field by mapping
research collaborations among authors and countries,
measuring the influence of authors and sources, and
identifying interactions between different researchers,
influential authors, sources, documents, and organizations.
A bibliometric search in the Scopus database returned 2,163
documents, which were manually filtered for further
analysis. A scientometric analysis of the remaining 1,367
documents revealed that object detection and shielding
effectiveness were the most current research topics.
Authors from China, the USA, and the United Kingdom co-
authored published works on the topic, indicating their
significant contributions to the fields achievements. The
number of international co-authored studies was low, with
no research conducted in the less-developed world. The
most cited and influential scholars were G.A. Covic, J.T.
Boys, and C.C. Mi. The most influential sources were IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics and IEEE Transactions
on Induction Electronics, while the most productive sources
were Energies and IEEE Access. The most influential
documents were those by Covic, G.A. (2013a) and Covic,
G.A. (2013b).
Aguiar and Giovanetti El-Deir (2022) discussed the social,
economic, and environmental implications of shopping
malls, particularly emphasizing their solid waste regimes.
By using bibliometric analysis of published research works,
the paper explores the qualitative and quantitative patterns
of solid waste management in shopping malls. Few studies
have focused on waste management in shopping malls, but
the trend has risen in the last five years, with many of them
published from Europe and Asia and indexed in high-impact
factor journals. Groupings of topics and categorization of
subthemes were done based on the preferred words, such as
waste food and environment. The study focuses on waste
management to improve the quality of processes in
shopping malls.
Ravichandran, Vivekanandhan, and Angeline (2022)
analyzed 50,637 research publications on zero pollution,
which received 342,076 citations from 2012 to 2021. The
study reveals a decreasing trend in the relative growth rate
(RGR) and an increasing trend in doubling time. India
contributed the most publications, with 497 (40.28%)
research papers. Computer science dominates with 18,054
(60.04%) publications. Future projections suggest continued
growth, with 73,243 by 2025 and 107,333 by 2030. The
most preferred communication channel was articles, and
SAE Technical Papers is the most prolific journal.
Noor et al., (2023) focused on the solar energy industrys
growth from 2000 to 2019, including production, power
capacity, government support, and cost reduction. It
synthesizes 968 publications and 26,873 citations,
identifying key contributors such as the USA, Germany, the
UK, and China. Singh, Arya, and Jaiswal (2023) examined
research trends, growth, and collaboration patterns in
Indias water resources field using data from the Web of
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AJIST Vol.14 No.2 July-December 2024
Ramesh S. Puttannanavar and Khaiser Jahan Begum
Science Core Collection database. It retrieved 797
publications from 2016 to 2021. The results revealed the top
journals, including Water Resources Management
(26 articles, 3.26%), Arabian Journal of Geosciences
(22 articles, 2.76%), and Environmental Earth Sciences
(21 articles, 2.63%). The peak year for publications was
2020, with 236 articles (29%). The most prolific author was
Malik Anurag from Punjab Agricultural University. The
USA is currently the top performer in collaborating with
India, followed by China.
Berana, Saleem, and Mohmmed (2024) analyzed 1,855
papers published between 2010 and 2024 using VOSviewer
software. China leads in publications and citations, while
Egyptian research institutions are influential. An individual
researcher has 3,419 citations for 54 solar desalination
papers. The analysis highlights past and current
advancements, identifies trends, and offers
recommendations for overcoming challenges.
III. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To measure the year-wise distribution of publications
and citations for solar and waste-to-energy research
from 2008 to 2022.
2. To determine the relative growth rate and doubling time
of the publications.
3. To analyze the degree of collaboration, the
collaboration index, the collaboration coefficient, and
the modified collaboration coefficient in solar and
waste-to-energy research publications.
4. This study aims to analyze the exponential growth rate,
annual growth rate, and compound annual growth rate
in solar and waste-to-energy research publications.
5. To analyze the time-series data of solar and waste-to-
energy research publications.
6. To examine the activity index and publication
efficiency index in solar and waste-to-energy research
publications.
7. To identify authorship patterns in the research areas,
such as the average number of authors per paper and
productivity per paper.
IV. METHODOLOGY
Researchers extracted data for this study from the Web of
Science Core Collection database, covering the period from
2008 to 2022. The search string used to find all publications
related to solar energy and waste-to-energy research across
India and the world was as follows: 1) TS = ((solar
energy*)) and 2) TS = ((waste-to-energy*)). The researchers
used scientometric indicators such as the publication
efficiency index (PEI), degree of collaboration (DC),
activity index, exponential growth rate, annual growth rate,
compound annual growth rate, collaboration index (CI),
collaboration coefficient (CC), modified collaboration
coefficient (MCC), and other relevant indicators for the
analysis. The study also applied HistCite, BibExcel, and
Microsoft Excel 2010 software.
V. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
A. Year-Wise Research Output of Solar Energy
Table I highlight the research productivity of the solar
energy discipline in terms of annual growth across India and
the world in the Web of Science (WoS) indexed databases.
TABLE I YE AR-WISE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH: INDIA V/S WORLD
India World
Year TP % TC ACPP H-Index Year TP % TC ACPP H-Index
2008
148
0.84
8595
45
2008
3429
1.89
195571
57.03
200
2009
216
1.22
13888
56
2009
4407
2.43
291575
66.16
224
2010 244 1.38 11619 47.62 56 2010 5115 2.83 302045 59.05 230
2011 304 1.72 15795 51.96 58 2011 6186 3.42 363474 58.76 248
2012 390 2.21 12857 32.97 61 2012 8031 4.44 383580 47.76 244
2013 585 3.31 22227 37.99 71 2013 9058 5.00 425295 46.95 249
2014 842 4.77 26954 32.01 73 2014 10896 6.02 491248 45.09 NA
2015 1015 5.75 28955 28.53 80 2015 11867 6.55 488529 41.17 NA
2016 1446 8.19 33597 23.23 88 2016 13399 7.40 528643 39.45 NA
2017
1546
8.76
37001
88
2017
15201
8.40
540306
35.54
NA
2018
1820
10.31
41494
93
2018
16328
9.02
566376
34.69
NA
2019 1614 9.14 34184 21.18 78 2019 17221 9.51 506129 29.39 NA
2020 1987 11.26 38884 19.57 77 2020 18258 10.08 453559 24.84 NA
2021 2523 14.3 36586 14.50 67 2021 20506 11.33 353998 17.26 NA
2022 2969 16.82 22380 7.54 45 2022 21142 11.68 191293 9.05 NA
Total 17649 100 385016 181044 100 6081621
TP= Total Publications, %= Percentage, TC= Total Citations, ACPP= Average Citation per Paper, NA=Not Availab le
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AJIST Vol.14 No.2 July-December 2024
Scientometric Trends and Impact of Solar Energy and Waste-to-Energy Research (2008-2022): Insights into Growth,
Citation Patterns, and Collaboration
Indias publication output in solar energy research from
2008 to 2022 comprised 17,649 papers, while the global
publication output during this period was 181,044 papers.
During the sample period, both Indias and the worlds
research outputs increased. Indias annual publication range
was from 148 to 2,969, while the global range was from
3,429 to 21,142 publications. India recorded its highest
number of citations, 41,494, in 2018, and the world
recorded its highest at 566,376 citations in the same year.
Indias highest average citation per paper was 64.30,
recorded in 2009, while the worlds highest was 66.16, also
in 2009. The highest h-index for India was recorded in 2018
at 93, while the lowest was 45, recorded in both 2008 and
2022. The worlds highest h-index was recorded in 2013 at
249, with no available h-index data for the years 2014 to
2022.
B. Year-Wise Research Output of Waste-to-Energy
Table II highlight the research productivity growth of the
waste-to-energy discipline across India and the world,
indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) databases. Indias
publication output in the area of waste-to-energy research
from 2008 to 2022 comprised 8,149 papers, while the global
publication output during the same period was 91,190
papers.
During this period, both Indias and the worlds research
outputs increased. Indias annual publication range was
from 85 to 1,702, and the global range was from 1,668 to
13,252 publications. Regarding annual citations, India
recorded the highest number of citations, 31,254, in 2020,
while the world recorded the highest number, 265,674, in
2018. Indias highest average citation per paper was 86.09,
recorded in 2008.
The highest average citation per paper globally was 67.18,
also recorded in 2008. The highest h-index for India was
recorded in 2020, at 80, while the lowest was 40, recorded
in 2008. The highest h-index for the world was recorded in
2018, at 175, with no h-index data available for the years
2014 to 2022.
TABLE II YEAR-WISE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS OF WASTE-TO-ENERGY RESEARCH: INDIA V/S WORLD
India World
Year TP % TC ACPP H-Index Year TP % TC ACPP H-Index
2008 85 1.04 7318 86.09 40 2008 1668 1.83 112053 67.18 150
2009 115 1.41 9046 78.66 45 2009 2223 2.44 110501 49.71 156
2010 126 1.55 7985 63.37 46 2010 2408 2.64 126209 52.41 156
2011 170 2.09 9696 57.04 49 2011 2764 3.03 132333 47.88 163
2012
175
2.15
7971
49
2012
3268
3.58
146489
44.83
165
2013 235 2.88 11484 48.87 62 2013 3746 4.11 157852 42.14 162
2014 301 3.69 10719 35.61 58 2014 4166 4.57 163670 39.29 164
2015 368 4.52 14717 39.99 66 2015 4807 5.27 176956 36.81 162
2016 460 5.64 18032 39.2 68 2016 5811 6.37 207646 35.73 171
2017 530 6.5 17708 33.41 68 2017 7092 7.78 235970 33.27 167
2018 661 8.11 23132 35 75 2018 7868 8.63 265674 33.77 175
2019 766 9.4 25395 33.15 77 2019 9130 10.01 261576 28.65 158
2020 1062 13.03 31254 29.43 80 2020 10614 11.64 264558 24.93 NA
2021
1393
17.09
27408
65
2021
12373
13.57
212509
17.18
NA
2022
1702
20.89
17211
46
2022
13252
14.53
109854
8.29
NA
Total 8149 100 239076 91190 100 2683850
TP = Total Publications, % = Percentage, TC = Total Citations, ACPP = Average Citation per Paper, NA = Not Available
C. Relative Growth Rate and Doubling Time of Publication
in Solar Energy and Waste-to-Energy Research: India
Table III show Indias relative growth rate and doubling
time of publications in solar energy research from 2008 to
2022. The relative growth rate of research output decreased
from 0.90 in 2009 to 0.17 in 2019. During the period from
2008 to 2022, the mean relative growth rate was found to be
0.32. The study period witnessed a mean relative growth
rate at an appreciable level. The doubling time for
publications increased from 0.77 in 2009 to 4.01 in 2019.
However, there was an increasing trend in 2020, 2021, and
2022. The average doubling time for publications from 2008
to 2022 was 2.31, indicating a consistent increase in the
number of publications in the field of solar energy research.
Table III show Indias relative growth rate and doubling
time of publications in waste-to-energy research from 2008
to 2022. The relative growth rate of research output
decreased from 0.86 in 2009 to 0.21 in 2019. During the
period from 2008 to 2022, the mean relative growth rate
was found to be 0.30. The study period witnessed a mean
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AJIST Vol.14 No.2 July-December 2024
Ramesh S. Puttannanavar and Khaiser Jahan Begum
relative growth rate at an appreciable level. The doubling
time for publications increased from 0.81 in 2009 to 3.25 in
2019. However, there was an increasing trend in 2017 and
2018. The average doubling time for publications from 2008
to 2022 was 2.28, indicating a consistent increase in the
number of publications in the field of waste-to-energy
research.
TABLE III RELATIVE GROWTH RATE AND DOUBLING TIME OF PUBLICATION IN SOLAR ENERGY AND
WASTE-TO-ENERGY RESEARCH: INDIA
India Solar Energy Research India Waste-to-Energy Research
Year TP Cum Log 1 Log 2 RGR Dt TP Cum Log 1 Log 2 RGR Dt
2008 148 148 5.00 85 85 4.44
2009
216
364
5.00
5.90
0.90
0.77
115
200
4.44
5.3
0.86
0.81
2010 244 608 5.90 6.41 0.51 1.35 126 326 5.3 5.79 0.49 1.42
2011 304 912 6.41 6.82 0.41 1.71 170 496 5.79 6.21 0.42 1.65
2012 390 1302 6.82 7.17 0.36 1.95 175 671 6.21 6.51 0.30 2.29
2013 585 1887 7.17 7.54 0.37 1.87 235 906 6.51 6.81 0.30 2.31
2014 842 2729 7.54 7.91 0.37 1.88 301 1207 6.81 7.1 0.29 2.42
2015 1015 3744 7.91 8.23 0.32 2.19 368 1575 7.1 7.36 0.27 2.60
2016 1446 5190 8.23 8.55 0.33 2.12 460 2035 7.36 7.62 0.26 2.70
2017 1546 6736 8.55 8.82 0.26 2.66 530 2565 7.62 7.85 0.23 2.99
2018
1820
8556
8.82
9.05
0.24
2.9
661
3226
7.85
8.08
0.23
3.02
2019
1614
10170
9.05
9.23
0.17
4.01
766
3992
8.08
8.29
0.21
3.25
2020
1987
12157
9.23
9.41
0.18
3.88
1062
5054
8.29
8.53
0.24
2.94
2021 2523 14680 9.41 9.59 0.19 3.67 1393 6447 8.53 8.77 0.24 2.85
2022 2969 17649 9.59 9.78 0.18 3.76 1702 8149 8.77 9.01 0.23 2.96
Total 17649 Mean Value 0.32 2.31 8149 Mean Value 0.30 2.28
TP = Total Publication, Cum = Cumulative, RGR = Relative Growth Rate, Dt = Doubling Time
TABLE IV ANNUAL GROWTH RATE AND COMPOUND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF SOLAR ENERGY AND
WASTE-TO-ENERGY RESEARCH
Indias Solar Energy Indias Waste-to-energy
Year TP CP AGR CAGR TP CP AGR CAGR
2008
148
148
85
85
2009 216 364 45.95 0.21 115 200 35.29 0.16
2010 244 608 12.96 0.06 126 326 9.57 0.05
2011 304 912 24.59 0.12 170 496 34.92 0.16
2012 390 1302 28.29 0.13 175 671 2.94 0.01
2013 585 1887 50.00 0.22 235 906 34.29 0.16
2014 842 2729 43.93 0.20 301 1207 28.09 0.13
2015 1015 3744 20.55 0.10 368 1575 22.26 0.11
2016
1446
5190
42.46
0.19
460
2035
25.00
0.12
2017
1546
6736
6.92
0.03
530
2565
15.22
0.07
2018
1820
8556
17.72
0.09
661
3226
24.72
0.12
2019 1614 10170 -11.32 -0.06 766 3992 15.89 0.08
2020 1987 12157 23.11 0.11 1062 5054 38.64 0.18
2021 2523 14680 26.98 0.13 1393 6447 31.17 0.15
2022 2969 17649 17.68 0.08 1702 8149 22.18 0.11
Total 17649 8149
TP = Total Publication, CP = Cumulative Publications, AGR = Annual Growth Rate, CAGR = Compound Annual Growth Rate
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AJIST Vol.14 No.2 July-December 2024
Scientometric Trends and Impact of Solar Energy and Waste-to-Energy Research (2008-2022): Insights into Growth,
Citation Patterns, and Collaboration
D. Annual Growth Rate and Compound Annual Growth
Rate of Solar Energy and Waste-to-Energy Research
The annual growth rate of solar energy research output is
shown in Table IV. From 2008 to 2022, there were
variations in the annual growth rate. The year 2013 had the
highest AGR (50.00), followed by the second highest in
2009 (45.95). Further analysis revealed that the year 2019
had a negative annual growth rate. The years 2013 and 2022
had the highest and lowest compound annual growth rates,
respectively, at 0.22 and 0.08. It was also found that the
year 2019 had a negative compound annual growth rate.
The annual growth rate of waste-to-energy research output
is shown in Table IV. From 2008 to 2022, there were
variations in the annual growth rate. The year 2020 had the
highest AGR (38.64), followed by the second highest in
2008 (35.29).
It was also found that all the years had a positive growth
rate. The years 2020 and 2012 had the highest and lowest
compound annual growth rates, respectively, at 0.18 and
0.01. It was also found that all the years had a positive
growth rate.
E. Activity Index of Solar Energy and Waste-to-Energy
Research
Table V shows the activity index of Indias contribution to
the world output in solar energy research from 2008 to
2022. The data reveal that the activity index for nine out of
the fifteen years of study is less than 100, indicating lower
activity in solar energy research output compared to the
world average. The highest activity index, 144.05, was
observed in 2022, followed by 126.21 in 2021 and 114.34 in
2018. The activity index was significantly lower in 2008, at
44.27, during the study period. Furthermore, the researcher
observed fluctuations in the activity index throughout the
study period.
Table V shows the activity index of Indias contribution to
the world output in waste-to-energy research from 2008 to
2022. The data reveal that the activity index for twelve out
of the fifteen years of study is less than 100, indicating
lower activity in waste-to-energy research output compared
to the world average. The highest activity index, 143.72,
was observed in 2022, followed by 125.99 in 2021 and
111.97 in 2020. The activity index was significantly lower
in 2008, at 57.03, during the study period. Furthermore, the
researcher observed fluctuations in the activity index
throughout the study period.
TABLE V ACTIVITY INDEX OF SOLAR ENERGY AND WASTE-TO-ENERGY RESEARCH
Solar Energy Research Waste-to-Energy Research
Year
World TP
India TP
AI
World TP
India TP
AI
2008 3429 148 44.27 1668 85 57.03
2009 4407 216 50.28 2223 115 57.89
2010 5115 244 48.93 2408 126 58.55
2011 6186 304 50.41 2764 170 68.83
2012 8031 390 49.81 3268 175 59.92
2013 9058 585 66.25 3746 235 70.20
2014 10896 842 79.27 4166 301 80.85
2015 11867 1015 87.74 4807 368 85.67
2016 13399 1446 110.7 5811 460 88.58
2017
15201
1546
104.33
7092
530
83.63
2018 16328 1820 114.34 7868 661 94.01
2019 17221 1614 96.14 9130 766 93.89
2020 18258 1987 111.64 10614 1062 111.97
2021 20506 2523 126.21 12373 1393 125.99
2022 21142 2969 144.05 13252 1702 143.72
Total 181044 17649 91190 8149
TP = Total Publication, AI = Activity Index
F.Exponential Growth Rate of Solar Energy and Waste-to-
Energy Research
Table VI shows the exponential growth rate of publication
output in solar energy research from 2008 to 2022. The
study found the highest exponential growth rate of 1.50 in
2013, with 585 publications, and the lowest rate of 0.89 in
2019, with 1,614 publications. The table shows that the
average exponential growth rate was 1.25. Overall, the
study observed fluctuations in the exponential growth rate
during the sample period.
70
AJIST Vol.14 No.2 July-December 2024
Ramesh S. Puttannanavar and Khaiser Jahan Begum
Table VI shows the exponential growth rate of publication
output in waste-to-energy research from 2008 to 2022. The
study found the highest exponential growth rate of 1.39 in
2020, with 1,062 publications, and the lowest rate of 1.10 in
2010, with 126 publications. The table shows that the
average exponential growth rate was 1.24. Overall, the
study observed fluctuations in the exponential growth rate
during the sample period.
TABLE VI EXPONENTIAL GROWTH RATE OF SOLAR ENERGY
AND WASTE-TO-ENERGY RESEARCH
Solar Energy Research Waste-to-Energy Research
Year TP EGR TP EGR
2008 148 85
2009
216
1.46
115
1.35
2010
244
1.13
126
1.10
2011 304 1.25 170 1.35
2012 390 1.28 175 1.03
2013 585 1.50 235 1.34
2014 842 1.44 301 1.28
2015 1015 1.21 368 1.22
2016 1446 1.42 460 1.25
2017 1546 1.07 530 1.15
2018 1820 1.18 661 1.25
2019
1614
0.89
766
1.16
2020 1987 1.23 1062 1.39
2021 2523 1.27 1393 1.31
2022 2969 1.18 1702 1.22
Total 17649 1.25 8149 1.24
TP = Total Publication, EGR = Exponential Growth Rate
G.Publication Efficiency Index in Solar Energy and Waste-
to-Energy Research
Table VII reveals the publication efficiency index of overall
publications on solar energy research output during the
study period. The average publication efficiency index was
1.49 during the sample period. The highest publication
efficiency index was 2.95 in 2009, with 216 publications,
followed by the 2008 publication efficiency index of 2.66,
with 148 publications, and the 2011 publication efficiency
index of 2.38, with 304 publications. The lowest publication
efficiency index was recorded at 0.35 in 2022, with 2,969
publications.
Table VII reveals the publication efficiency index of overall
publications on waste-to-energy research output during the
study period. The average publication efficiency index was
1.49 during the sample period. The highest publication
efficiency index was 2.93 in 2008, with 85 publications,
followed by the 2009 publication efficiency index of 2.68,
with 115 publications, and the 2010 publication efficiency
index of 2.16, with 126 publications. The lowest publication
efficiency index was recorded at 0.34 in 2022, with 1,702
publications.
TABLE VII PUBLICATION EFFICIENCY INDEX IN SOLAR ENERGY
AND WASTE-TO-ENERGY RESEARCH
Solar Energy Research Waste-to-Energy Research
Year TP TC PEI TP TC PEI
2008 148 8595 2.66 85 7318 2.93
2009
216
13888
2.95
115
9046
2.68
2010
244
11619
2.18
126
7985
2.16
2011 304 15795 2.38 170 9696 1.94
2012 390 12857 1.51 175 7971 1.55
2013 585 22227 1.74 235 11484 1.67
2014 842 26954 1.47 301 10719 1.21
2015 1015 28955 1.31 368 14717 1.36
2016 1446 33597 1.07 460 18032 1.34
2017 1546 37001 1.10 530 17708 1.14
2018 1820 41494 1.05 661 23132 1.19
2019
1614
34184
0.97
766
25395
1.13
2020 1987 38884 0.9 1062 31254 1.00
2021 2523 36586 0.66 1393 27408 0.67
2022 2969 22380 0.35 1702 17211 0.34
Total 17649 385016 1.49 8149 239076 1.49
TP = Total Publications, TC = Total Citations, PEI = Publication
Efficiency Index
H.Future Growth Trend (Time Series) of Solar Energy and
Waste-to-Energy Research
Table VIII shows the time series data for solar energy
research output from 2008 to 2022. The formula used to
calculate the straight-line equation model is provided below
Straight Line Equation Yc = a + bX Since ΣX = 0
Y-Publications
X- Unit of time
a & b constants to be calculated
Since ∑X = 0
a = ΣY/N = 17649/25 = 1176.60
b = ΣXY/ΣX2 = 54360/280= 194.14
Estimated literature in 2027 = 1176.60+ (194.14*(2027-
2010) = 4477.03
Estimated literature in 2032 = 1176.60+ (194.14*(2032-
2010) = 5447.74
Estimated literature in 2040 =1176.60+ (194.14*(2040-
2010) = 7000.89
Estimated literature in 2050 = 1176.60+ (194.14*(2050-
2010) = 8942.31
Therefore, the predicted solar energy research output for the
years 2027, 2032, 2040, and 2050 is 4477.03, 5447.74,
7000.89, and 8942.31, respectively.
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AJIST Vol.14 No.2 July-December 2024
Scientometric Trends and Impact of Solar Energy and Waste-to-Energy Research (2008-2022): Insights into Growth,
Citation Patterns, and Collaboration
I.Waste-to-Energy Research
Table VIII shows the time series data for solar energy
research output from 2008 to 2022. The formula used to
calculate the straight-line equation model is provided below
Straight Line Equation Yc = a + bX Since ΣX = 0
Y- Publications
X- Unit of time
a & b constants to be calculated
Since ∑X = 0
a = ΣY/N = 8149/15 = 543.27
b = ΣXY/ΣX2 = 28258/280 = 100.92
Estimated literature in 2027 = 543.27+ (100.92*(2027-
2010) = 2258.93
Estimated literature in 2032 =543.27+ (100.92*(2032-2010)
= 2763.54
Estimated literature in 2040 =543.27+ (100.92*(2040-2010)
= 3570.91
Estimated literature in 2050 = 543.27+ (100.92*(2050-
2010) = 4580.12
Therefore, the predicted waste-to-energy research output for
the years 2027, 2032, 2040, and 2050 is 2258.93, 2763.54,
3570.91, and 4580.12, respectively.
TABLE VIII FUTURE GROWTH TREND (TIME SERIES) OF SOLAR ENERGY AND WASTE-TO-ENERGY RESEARCH
Solar Energy Waste-to-Energy
Year TP X X2 XY TP X X2 XY
2008 148 -7 49 -1036 85 -7 49 -595
2009 216 -6 36 -1296 115 -6 36 -690
2010 244 -5 25 -1220 126 -5 25 -630
2011 304 -4 16 -1216 170 -4 16 -680
2012 390 -3 9 -1170 175 -3 9 -525
2013 585 -2 4 -1170 235 -2 4 -470
2014 842 -1 1 -842 301 -1 1 -301
2015 1015 0 0 0 368 0 0 0
2016 1446 1 1 1446 460 1 1 460
2017 1546 2 4 3092 530 2 4 1060
2018 1820 3 9 5460 661 3 9 1983
2019 1614 4 16 6456 766 4 16 3064
2020 1987 5 25 9935 1062 5 25 5310
2021 2523 6 36 15138 1393 6 36 8358
2022 2969 7 49 20783 1702 7 49 11914
Total 17649 280 54360 8149 280 28258
TP = Total Publications
J.Average Author Per Paper and Productivity Per Author
of Solar Energy Research
Table IX depicts the data on the average number of authors
per paper in the field of solar energy research during the
sample period from 2008 to 2022. The table reveals that the
average number of authors per article is 4.31 for 17,649
articles published, with 80,224 authors contributing to the
study period.
It is also evident from the table that the highest average
number of authors per article was 6.14 in 2008, while the
lowest average number was 3.56 in 2013. The average
productivity per author for the period from 2008 to 2022 is
0.24. The highest authors productivity was 0.28 in 2009,
2010, and 2013, while the lowest productivity per author
was 0.16 in 2008.
Table IX depicts the average number of authors per paper in
the waste-to-energy research sample period from 2008 to
2022. The table reveals that the average number of authors
per article is 3.91 for 8,149 articles published, with 35,484
authors contributing to the study period.
It is also evident from the table that the highest average
number of authors per article was 5.06 in 2022, while the
lowest average number was 3.22 in 2009. The average
productivity per author for the period from 2008 to 2022 is
0.26. The highest authors productivity found in the study
was 0.31 in 2009, while the lowest productivity per author
was 0.20 in 2022.
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AJIST Vol.14 No.2 July-December 2024
Ramesh S. Puttannanavar and Khaiser Jahan Begum
TABLE IX AVERAGE AUTHOR PER PAPER AND PRODUCTIVITY PER AUTHOR OF SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH
Solar Energy Research Waste-to-Energy Research
Year
TP
Total Author
AAPP
PPA
TP
Total Author
AAPP
PPA
2008 148 908 6.14 0.16 85 301 3.54 0.28
2009 216 785 3.63 0.28 115 370 3.22 0.31
2010
244
872
3.57
0.28
126
442
3.51
0.29
2011 304 1445 4.75 0.21 170 560 3.29 0.30
2012
390
1560
4.00
0.25
175
621
3.55
0.28
2013 585 2084 3.56 0.28 235 856 3.64 0.27
2014 842 3396 4.03 0.25 301 1079 3.58 0.28
2015
1015
4047
3.99
0.25
368
1380
3.75
0.27
2016 1446 5464 3.78 0.26 460 1727 3.75 0.27
2017
1546
7177
4.64
0.22
530
2244
4.23
0.24
2018 1820 7028 3.86 0.26 661 2640 3.99 0.25
2019 1614 7751 4.80 0.21 766 3282 4.28 0.23
2020
1987
8609
4.33
0.23
1062
4700
4.43
0.23
2021 2523 12399 4.91 0.20 1393 6673 4.79 0.21
2022
2969
13952
4.70
0.21
1702
8609
5.06
0.20
Total 17649 80224 4.31 0.24 8149 35484 3.91 0.26
TP = Total Publication, TA = Total Authors, AAPP = Average Author per Paper, PPA = Productivity per Author
K.Degree of Collaboration in Solar Energy and Waste-to-
Energy Research
Table X reveals the authors productivity in solar energy
research from 2008 to 2022. The single-author contribution
is 2.50% (441 publications), while multi-authors produced
97.50% (17,208 publications) of the articles. The degree of
collaboration increased from 0.93 to 0.98 during the study
period from 2008 to 2022. The average degree of
collaboration is 0.98, indicating that collaborative efforts
contributed to more articles.
TABLE X DEGREE OF COLLABORATION IN SOLAR ENERGY AND WASTE-TO-ENERGY RESEARCH
Solar Energy Research
Waste-to-Energy Research
Year
SA
N+NM
TP
DC
Year
SA
N+NM
TP
DC
2008
9
139
148
0.94
2008
5
80
85
0.94
2009
13
203
216
0.94
2009
6
109
115
0.95
2010
18
226
244
0.93
2010
6
120
126
0.95
2011
15
289
304
0.95
2011
14
156
170
0.92
2012
16
374
390
0.96
2012
7
168
175
0.96
2013
24
561
585
0.96
2013
7
228
235
0.97
2014
23
819
842
0.97
2014
12
289
301
0.96
2015
35
980
1015
0.97
2015
13
355
368
0.96
2016
32
1414
1446
0.98
2016
19
441
460
0.96
2017
30
1516
1546
0.98
2017
9
521
530
0.98
2018
37
1783
1820
0.98
2018
13
648
661
0.98
2019
38
1576
1614
0.98
2019
13
753
766
0.98
2020
53
1934
1987
0.97
2020
20
1042
1062
0.98
2021
48
2475
2523
0.98
2021
24
1369
1393
0.98
2022
50
2919
2969
0.98
2022
28
1674
1702
0.98
Total
441
17208
17649
0.98
Total
197
7953
8149
0.98
%
2.50
97.50
%
2.42
97.59
TP = Total Publication, % = Percentage, SA = Single Authors, MA = Multiple Authors, and DC = Degree of Collaboration
Table X reveals the authorsproductivity in waste-to-energy
research from 2008 to 2022. The single-author contribution
is 2.42% (197 publications), while multi-authors produced
97.58% (7,953 publications) of the articles. The degree of
collaboration increased from 0.92 to 0.98 during the study
period from 1998 to 2022. The average degree of
73
AJIST Vol.14 No.2 July-December 2024
Scientometric Trends and Impact of Solar Energy and Waste-to-Energy Research (2008-2022): Insights into Growth,
Citation Patterns, and Collaboration
collaboration is 0.98, indicating that collaborative efforts
contributed to more articles.
J. Collaboration Index, Collaboration Coefficient, Modified
Collaboration Coefficient in Solar Energy Research
Table XI provides an explanation of various collaboration
components in solar energy research during a fifteen-year
period (2008-2022). The Collaborative Index (CI),
Collaborative Coefficient (CC), and Modified Collaborative
Coefficient (MCC) are all included in the study. The table
shows that the Collaborative Index was highest in 2022
(4.48) and lowest in 2008 and 2010 (3.45). The mean CI
during the study period is 3.77. In this study, both the CC
and MCC had their highest rate of 0.71 in 2022 and their
lowest rate of 0.62 in 2010. The mean CC and MCC are
0.66.
TABLE XI COLLABORATION INDEX, COLLABORATION COEFFICIENT, MODIFIED COLLABORATION
COEFFICIENT IN SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH
Year
SA
TA
TA
FA
FA
SA
SA
EA
NA
MTA
TP
CI
CC
MCC
2008 9 43 39 21 16 13 3 2 1 1 148 3.45 0.63 0.63
2009
13
65
58
36
14
10
6
4
4
6
216
3.52
0.63
0.63
2010 18 67 67 39 24 15 3 3 3 5 244 3.45 0.62 0.62
2011 15 76 70 45 41 17 19 8 6 7 304 3.90 0.66 0.66
2012
16
106
107
67
27
30
20
6
4
7
390
3.66
0.65
0.65
2013 24 172 164 105 52 28 16 11 3 10 585 3.48 0.64 0.64
2014
23
237
244
128
77
52
27
15
12
27
842
3.71
0.66
0.66
2015 35 299 243 188 119 55 29 14 9 24 1015 3.62 0.65 0.65
2016 32 393 432 240 143 98 43 27 15 23 1446 3.64 0.66 0.66
2017
30
462
386
282
162
89
54
37
20
24
1546
3.67
0.66
0.66
2018 37 459 486 353 198 139 56 42 18 32 1820 3.77 0.67 0.67
2019
38
406
387
320
193
113
59
41
17
40
1614
3.86
0.67
0.67
2020 53 431 481 358 237 185 92 57 33 60 1987 4.07 0.68 0.69
2021 48 534 550 466 332 241 127 91 49 85 2523 4.22 0.70 0.70
2022
50
571
632
519
361
265
192
141
106
132
2969
4.48
0.71
0.71
Total 441 4321 4346 3167 1996 1350 746 499 300 483 17649 3.77 0.66 0.66
SA= Single Authors, TA= Two Authors, TA= Three Authors, FA= Four Authors, five authors, SA= Six Authors, seven authors, EA= Eight Authors,
NA= Nine Authors, MTA= More Than Ten Authors, CI= Collaboration Index, CC= Collaboration Coefficient, MCC= Modified Collaboration Coefficient
TABLE XII COLLABORATION INDEX, COLLABORATION COEFFICIENT, MODIFIED COLLABORATION
COEFFIC IENT IN WASTE-TO-ENERGY RESEARCH
Years SA TA TA FA FA SA SA EA NA MTA TP CI CC MCC
2008 5 25 27 17 4 3 3 0 0 1 85 3.21 0.62 0.62
2009
6
29
38
23
15
3
1
0
0
0
115
3.22
0.63
0.64
2010 6 30 43 25 8 9 2 1 0 2 126 3.42 0.64 0.65
2011
14
44
56
25
18
8
1
1
1
2
170
3.25
0.61
0.61
2012
7
39
51
37
22
10
7
2
0
0
175
3.55
0.66
0.66
2013 7 65 58 58 25 12 5 1 1 3 235 3.50 0.65 0.66
2014
12
72
92
52
41
14
7
7
1
3
301
3.56
0.65
0.66
2015 13 100 88 67 52 25 10 6 3 4 368 3.64 0.66 0.66
2016
19
104
140
81
61
29
14
4
2
6
460
3.60
0.66
0.66
2017
9
137
140
88
74
43
14
11
6
8
530
3.78
0.67
0.67
2018 13 138 179 126 79 56 37 15 10 8 661 3.95 0.69 0.69
2019
13
187
180
151
105
49
37
24
8
12
766
3.91
0.68
0.68
2020 20 241 226 182 124 126 59 34 21 29 1062 4.19 0.69 0.69
2021
24
237
273
210
185
154
126
61
43
80
1393
4.71
0.72
0.72
2022
28
271
290
277
198
199
145
88
84
122
1702
4.95
0.73
0.73
Total 217 1806 1969 1470 1035 752 473 259 180 285 8149 3.76 0.66 0.67
SA= Single Authors, TA= Two Authors, TA= Three Authors, FA= Four Authors, five authors, SA= Six Authors, seven authors, EA= Eight Authors,
NA= Nine Authors, MTA= More Than Ten Authors, CI= Collaboration Index, CC= Collaboration Coefficient, MCC= Modified Collaboration Coefficient
74
AJIST Vol.14 No.2 July-December 2024
Ramesh S. Puttannanavar and Khaiser Jahan Begum
L. Collaboration Index, Collaboration Coefficient, Modified
Collaboration Coefficient in Waste-to-Energy Research
Table XII provides an explanation of various collaboration
components in waste-to-energy research during a fifteen-
year period (2008-2022). The Collaborative Index (CI),
Collaborative Coefficient (CC), and Modified Collaborative
Coefficient (MCC) are all included in the study. The table
shows that the Collaborative Index was highest in 2022
(4.95) and lowest in 2008 (3.21). The mean value of CI
during the study period is 3.76. In this study, CC was
highest in 2022 (0.73) and lowest in 2011 (0.61). The mean
value of CC during the study period is 0.66. The MCC had
the highest rate in 2022 (0.73) and the lowest rate in 2011
(0.61). The mean value of MCC during the study period is
0.67.
VI.FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
1. In the year-wise publication of solar energy research
in India, 2969 research papers were published in 2022
out of 17649 in the sample period by the Indian
researcher. In 2009, the highest average number of
citations per paper was 64.30, and the highest h-index
received was 93 in 2018.
2. In the year-wise publication of solar energy research
worldwide, 21142 research papers were published in
2022 out of 181044 in the sample period by the world
researcher. In 2009, the highest average number of
citations per paper was 66.16, and the database needed
to provide the H-index for 2014 to 2022.
3. In the year-wise publication of waste-to-energy
research in India, 1702 research papers were published
in 2022 out of 8149 in the sample period by the Indian
researcher. In 2008, the highest average number of
citations per paper was 86.09, and the highest h-index
received was 80 in 2020.
4. In the year-wise publication of waste-to-energy
research worldwide, 13252 research papers were
published in 2022 out of 91190 in the sample period
by the world researcher. In 2008, the highest average
number of citations per paper was 67.18, and the
database needed to provide the H-index for 2020 to
2022.
5. The relative growth rate and doubling time of
publications for different years are fluctuating in both
solar and waste-to-energy research.
6. In the solar energy research, annual growth rate and
compound annual growth rate received positive and
negative trends, but in the waste-to-energy research,
annual growth rate and compound annual growth rate
received positive trends.
7. In the study, the average exponential growth rate of
solar energy was 1.25, and the average exponential
growth rate of waste-to-energy was 1.24. On the
whole, it was clearly known that there was a
fluctuation in the exponential growth rate during the
study period.
8. The result of the Publication Efficiency Index was
1.49 in both research areas, like solar and waste-to-
energy, in the sample period.
9. The study found that the expected future growth rate
of solar and waste-to-energy is in an increasing trend.
10. The average number of authors per article is 4.31, and
the average productivity per author is 0.24 in solar
energy. The average number of authors per article is
3.91, and the average productivity per author is 0.26 in
waste-to-energy.
11. The average degree of collaboration is 0.98 recorded,
the same in solar and waste-to-energy.
12. The study analysis of CI, CC, and MCC mean values
is 3.77, 0.66, and 0.66, respectively, in solar energy.
The CI, CC, and MCC mean values are 3.76, 0.66, and
0.67, respectively, in waste-to-energy.
VII. CONCLUSION
The study analyzed the comparative research performance
regarding publication outputs and their impact on citations
in solar and waste-to-energy research during 2008-2022. A
total of 17,649 research publications were published and
received 385,016 citations. In comparison, world
publications in solar energy totaled 181,044 research papers,
which received 6,081,621 citations during 2008-2022. In the
study, waste-to-energy research published a total of 8,149
research papers and received 239,076 citations. In
comparison, world publications in waste-to-energy research
included 91,190 research papers, which received 2,683,850
citations during 2008-2022. The overall observation of the
study shows an increasing trend in the research growth rate
for both solar and waste-to-energy research, as indicated by
various scientometric parameters.
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76
AJIST Vol.14 No.2 July-December 2024
Ramesh S. Puttannanavar and Khaiser Jahan Begum
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