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Psychological Achievements
Rcceived: 20 Feb 2023
Accepted: 28 Oct 2023
Spring & Summer, 2024, 31(1)
Serial Number 31, 391-410
DOI: 10.22055/psy.2023.43087.2965
(Psychol Achiev)
The Effectiveness of Education Based on Logotherapy Approach
on the Feeling of Agency, Perfectionism and Positive Affect in
Emerging Adulthood
Reyhaneh Tabesh
Fariborz Sedighi Arfaee
Introduction
At the same time as the rapid growth of technology and the ever-increasing
human progress, and considering that the roles and responsibilities of
adulthood have expanded and become more complex and teenagers need
advanced abilities and skills to enter adulthood, emerging adulthood theory
has been proposed to explain these social and economic developments of the
late 20th century. One of the main features of this developmental period is
the nature of discovery, experimentation and gaining experience. It is a
period in which people focus on personal growth and develop the qualities
necessary for self-sufficiency, accept new roles and responsibilities, and
learn the social skills necessary to assume those roles. Due to the difficulties
of this developmental period, qualities such as agency should be considered
an important psychological resource. Also, perfectionism, as a tendency to
set very high standards in performance along with extreme self-evaluation
critically, can be harmful in the path of self-sufficiency and achieving goals,
especially in this developmental period. On the other hand, since emerging
adulthood is associated with exploration, stress, ambiguity, and the lack of a
specific role, one's emotions also fluctuate during this period. In this regard,
and considering the features of the emerging adulthood period and the
importance of the structures mentioned in this period, increasing the
capabilities of people and helping them to successfully transition to
adulthood is of particular importance. In the meantime, education based on
the logotherapy approach is one of the types of education that can affect a
wide range of lives. Therefore, the main goal of the research is to investigate
the effectiveness of education based on the logotherapy approach on the
* M.A of educational psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities,
Kashan University, Kashan, Iran.
Associate Professor, Department of psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of
kashan, Kashan, Iran. Corresponding Author: fsa@kashanu.ac.ir
Orginal Article
Extended Abstract
392
sense of agency, positive affect, and perfectionism in emerging adults.
Method
It was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest, post-test, control group,
and two-month follow-up period design. The statistical population included
all undergraduate students of Isfahan University in the academic year 2020-
2021, of which 30 people were selected by the available sampling method
and randomly assigned to two experimental (15 people) and control (15
people) groups. The data collection tools included the human agency scale
(consisting of three components of purposefulness, futurism, and general
self-efficacy), Hewitt and Flett's perfectionism questionnaire (1991) and
Watson et al.'s positive affect scale (1988). The people in the experimental
group were trained based on the logotherapy approach (Hutzel, 2002) during
10- to 60-minute sessions. Data analysis was also performed using the
method of analysis of variance with repeated measurements.
Results
The obtained results showed that the average scores of the feeling of
agency and positive affect in the experimental group compared to the control
group increased significantly in the post-test stage, and the average scores of
perfectionism decreased significantly (P≤0.01). Also, the results indicated
the permanence of the training effect for the constructs of a sense of agency
and perfectionism over time.
Discussion
The results of this research showed that education about discovering
meaning in life can affect different aspects of life, including the sense of
agency, perfectionism, and positive emotions. Using the results of this
research, effective measures can be taken regarding the development of
different skills in teenagers and especially emerging adults.
Keywords: Emerging adulthood, Feeling of agency, logotherapy, perfectionism,
positive affect
Author Contributions: Author 1 was responsible for leading the overall research
process. Author 2, as a supervisor, was responsible for supervising and strategizing
the overall research process, reviewed and approved the final version of the
manuscript.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank all dear teachers who have helped us in this
research.
Conflicts of interest: The authors declare there is no conflict of interest in this article.
Funding: This research is not sponsored by any institution and all costs have been
borne by the authors.
Hewitt and Flett
Watson et al. Hutzel, 2002)
P≤
fsa@kashanu.ac.ir
Mohammadi et al., 2020
(Sigelman & Rider, 2018)
Arnett (2000)
(Emerging
Adulthood )
Wood et al., 2018Arnett (2007)
(Agency)
(Haggard, 2017)et Nunes
al. (2022) -
Mahdavi Mazde et al., 2017-
Moore et al., 2013 ،)
(Hitlin & Elder, 2007), et al. Narimisaei(
)2022
Munson et al., 2013
Gomez et al., 2000
(Positive Affect)
،
(Martínez-Martí & Ruch, 2017)
, 2022)et al. Kadivar .)
, 2020)et al. Diener)
Kim et al., 2024
Curran & Hill, 2017
.Flett and Hewitt (1991)
(self-oriented perfectionism
(other-
oriented perfectionism)
(socially prescribed perfectionism
, 2021et al. Norouzi)
Czyżowska, 2021
(LogoTherapy)
Czyżowska, 2021)).
Koohpayezadeh et al.,
2019؛Tajalifar et al., 2021.)Datu and Yuen (2020)
Nnorom et al. (2021)Koohpayezadeh
et al. (2019)King et al. (2006)
Hadian and Mehdikhani (2018)
Suh and Chong (2020)
Spss:
Mahdavi Mazde
et al., 2017
Crumbaugh & Maholick, 1969
Yoon
(2011)
(Sherer et al., 1982)
" "
Mahdavi Mazde et al., (2017)
CFI=AGFI=RMSEA=
Mahdavi Mazde et al., 2017)
(PANAS)Watson et al. (1988)
(Watson et al., 1988)
1
- Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
CFI=AGFI=
RMSEA=Bakhsipour & dezhkam, 2006
MPS)
Hewitt and Flett (1991)
(Besharat, 2004)
Flett and Hewitt (2006)
Ghasemipoor kordmahale
and Amirimajd (2017)
Hutzel, (2002)
Mostafapour et al. (2018) ،Nikoogoftar et al. (2018)
1
- Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale
.
Table 3.
Average, standard deviation of research variables
Control group
Experimental group
variable
SD
M
max
min
SD
M
max
min
Step
7.28
73.80
86
60
9.03
73.06
88
55
Pre-test
Feeling of agency
6.54
73.26
83
60
8.79
90.13
104
78
Post test
7.29
73.46
82
58
7.04
88.00
97
78
Follow up
8.49
86.66
101
73
8.58
92.93
111
80
Pre-test
Perfectionism
8.38
87.80
105
74
4.57
64.60
70
55
Post test
7.27
82.93
95
70
4.96
63.73
72
54
Follow up
5.02
26.00
35
18
3.48
23.86
29
17
Pre-test
Positive affect
4.12
25.20
31
19
4.04
31.93
38
22
Post test
3.82
24.73
33
20
4.36
29.26
35
20
Follow up
P≥F=
P≥F=P≥F=
P≤
Table 4.
Results of repeated measures analysis to examine the effect of time and group
Eta
Squared
Sig
F
Mean
squares
Df
Sum of
squares
Variable
0.68
0.001
62.12
759.95
1.61
1225.62
time
Within
group
Feeling of
agency
0.71
0.001
69.48
849.90
1.61
1370.68
Time*
group
0.34
0.001
14.78
2351.11
1
2351.11
group
Between
group
0.89
0.001
14.227
2659.01
1.70
4531.40
time
Within
group
perfectionism
0.85
0.001
169.29
1981.82
1.70
3377.35
Time*
group
0.46
0.001
24.61
2811.21
1
2811.21
group
Between
group
0.35
0.001
15.37
123.83
1.60
199.26
time
Within
group
Positive affect
0.46
0.001
24.66
198.72
1.60
319.75
Time*
group
0.15
0.001
5.30
208.54
1
208.54
group
Between
group
p≤
p≤
Table 5.
The results of Bonferroni's post hoc test for pairwise comparison of the mean of
dependent variables in the assessment stages
sig
SE
The difference of the averages
variable
0.00
0.63
-8.26
Post-test
Pre-test
Feeling of agency
0.00
0.97
-7.30
Follow-up
0.67
0.78
0.96
Follow-up
Post-test
0.00
0.76
14.90
Post-test
pre-test
perfectionism
0.00
0.96
15.20
Follow-up
1.00
0.69
0.33
Follow-up
Post-test
0.00
0.54
-3.63
Post-test
Pre-test
Positive affect
0.04
0.80
-2.06
Follow-up
0.04
0.80
1.56
Follow-up
Post-test
"""
"""
""
Tajalifar et al. (2021)Koohpayezadeh
et al. (2019)Datu and Yuen (2020
Koohpayezadeh et al., 2019.)
(020Gerbino, 2)
McCullough & Willoughby,
2009)
Hadian and Mehdikhani (2018)
Suh and Chong (2020) . Graham et al. (2010)
Flett et al., 2016) .)
Koohpayezadeh et al. (2019) ،King et al. (2006)
وNnorom et al. (2021)
(, 2021Loi & Ng)
Wong (2016)
""
""
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