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Astrocasia elenae (Phyllanthaceae), a New Species and a New Generic Record for El Salvador
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The main objective of this paper is to approximate the current status of the flora of El Salvador. Described as a mountainous region covered with trees and bushes in the 1700s, now El Salvador is pictured as overpopulated, with almost nothing of its original vegetation left. The earliest complete checklists were published by Standley and Calderón. Even though there were several botanical expeditions to the region, only since the 1950s could botanical specimens be deposited in a local herbarium. There are three herbaria in the country: the Tropical Research Institute, located at the University of El Salvador; the Museum of Natural History of El Salvador; and the herbarium of the Botanical Garden La Laguna. Current national and international collaborations have so far permitted the description of new species in the last 2 years and the reporting of more than 300 species of Poaceae. To increase the knowledge of plant species richness in El Salvador is the first step towards its sustainable use and conservation.
A phylogenetic classification of Phyllanthaceae Martynov (Malpighiales) is presented. Phyllanthaceae are one of five segregates of Euphorbiaceae sensu lato recognised at family level by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. The family contains c. 2000 species in 59 presently accepted genera, 10 tribes and two subfamilies. This new classification is based on molecular studies using DNA sequence data of nuclear PHYC and plastid atpB, matK, ndhF and rbcL in conjunction with morphological characters. The main division into two strongly supported clades is not reflected in previous classifications, although the racemose clade (Antidesmatoideae) roughly corresponds to Antidesmateae + Bischofieae + Hymenocardieae sensu Webster. The fasciculate clade (Phyllanthoideae sensu stricto) contains all remaining tribes of Phyllanthoideae sensu Webster. Composition of the tribes differs considerably from previous classifications. Tribe Jablonskieae and subtribe Keayodendrinae are newly described. Richeriella is subsumed in Flueggea and the new genus Plagiocladus is described. Phyllanthus sensu lato is monophyletic excluding Plagiocladus and including Breynia, Glochidion, Phyllanthodendron, Recherchonia and Sauropus. Descriptions of the suprageneric taxa recognized are provided. © The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 2006.
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Phylogenetic and morphological studies have helped clarify the systematics of large and complex groups such as the tribe Crotoneae (Euphorbiaceae). However, very little is known about the diversity, structure, and function of anatomical features in this tribe. Crotoneae comprises the species-rich pantropical genus Croton and six small neotropical genera. Here we characterized the anatomy of leaf secretory structures in members of this tribe and explored their function and evolutionary significance.•
Young and mature leaves of 26 species were studied using standard anatomical light microscopy techniques. Three sections of Croton and one representative of Brasiliocroton and Astraea were sampled.•
We identified five types of secretory structures: laticifers, colleters, extrafloral nectaries, idioblasts, and secretory trichomes. Laticifers were present in all species studied except Croton alabamensis, which instead presented secretory parenchyma cells. Articulated laticifers are reported in Crotoneae for the first time. Colleters of the standard type were observed in the majority of the sampled taxa. Extrafloral nectaries were present in section Cleodora and in B. mamoninha, but absent in section Lamprocroton and Astraea lobata. Idioblasts were spread throughout the palisade and/or spongy parenchyma in most of the studied species. Secretory trichomes were restricted to Lamprocroton except for C. imbricatus.•
This study revealed a high diversity of secretory structures, including novel ones, in one of the largest clades of Euphorbiaceae. Our results are promising for investigations on the anatomical and ecophysiological bases of species diversification within Euphorbiaceae.
© 2015 Botanical Society of America, Inc.
Analysis of plastid rbcL DNA sequence data of the pantropical family Phyllanthaceae (Malpighiales) and related biovulate lineages of Euphorbiaceae sensu lato is presented. Sampling for this study includes representatives of all 10 tribes and 51 of the 60 genera attributed to Euphorbiaceae-Phyllanthoideae. Centroplacus and Putranjivaceae (Phyllanthoideae-Drypeteae) containing a paraphyletic Drypetes are excluded from Phyllanthaceae. Croizatia, previously thought to be a "basal" member of Euphorbiaceae-Oldfieldioideae (Picrodendraceae), falls within Phyllanthaceae. Phyllanthaceae with the mentioned adjustments form a monophyletic group consisting of two sister clades that mostly correspond to the distribution of tanniniferous leaf epidermal cells and inflorescence structure. With the exception of bigeneric Hymenocardieae and monotypic Bischofieae, none of the current Phyllanthoideae (Phyllanthaceae) tribal circumscriptions are supported by rbcL. Antidesma, Bischofia, Hymenocardia, Martretia, and Uapaca, all of which have previously been placed in monogeneric families, are confirmed as members of Phyllanthaceae. Savia is polyphyletic, and Cleistanthus appears paraphyletic. Paraphyly of Phyllanthus is also indicated, but this pattern lacks bootstrap support. Morphological characters are discussed and mapped for inflorescence structure, tanniniferous epidermal cells, breeding system, and fruit and embryo type. A table summarizes the main characters of six euphorbiaceous lineages.
Se describe e ilustra Astrocasia diegoae, una nueva especie del estado de Guerrero, México. Este nuevo taxon se distingue de las restantes cinco especies conocidas de Astrocasia por ser un sufrútice monoico, con flores de sépalos y pétalos casi del mismo tamaño y ocasionalmente inflorescencias bisexuales. El género Astrocasia ha sido considerado esencialmente como constituido por plantas dioicas, pero esta nueva especie y la existencia de especímenes monoicos de A. neurocarpa en Guerrero modifican tal concepto. Se menciona a Astrocasia neurocarpa como registro
nuevo para el estado de Guerrero y se incluye una clave para identificar a las especies del género que se encuentran en México.
Astrocasia, a neotropical genus belonging to the Euphorbiaceae, tribe Phyllantheae, occupies an isolated position in the tribe; a new subtribe, subtribe Astrocasiinae, is described to accommodate it. The genus is interpreted as including five species, of which two require new combinations: Astrocasia jacobinensis and A. austinii. A key, descriptions, distribution maps, and citations of representative specimens are provided. Astrocasia tremula is shown to have a remarkable disjunct distribution, with populations recorded from the Greater Antilles, Yucatan peninsula, western Mexico, Panama, and Venezuela.
Phyllanthaceae are a pantropical family of c. 2000 species for which circumscription is believed to be coincident with subfamily Phyllanthoideae of Euphorbiaceae sensu lato (Malpighiales) excluding Putranjivaceae. A phylogenetic study of the family using DNA sequence data has delivered largely congruent results from the plastid atpB, matK, ndhF, rbcL, and the nuclear PHYC. Our analyses include sampling from 54 of 59 genera, representing all tribes and subtribes of Phyllanthoideae. The family falls into two major clades characterized by inflorescence and leaf anatomical features. Several traditional taxonomic groupings were retrieved with minor modifications, but most clades recovered are considerably different from previous non-molecular based ideas of relationships. The enigmatic genus Dicoelia and the geographically disjunct genus Lingelsheimia are shown to be embedded in Phyllanthaceae. The taxonomic status of Leptopus diplospermus (=Chorisandrachne) and the debated placement of Andrachne ovalis have been clarified, and Protomegabaria and Richeriella are newly placed. Paraphyly of Cleistanthus and Phyllanthus is confirmed, having three and four other genera embedded, respectively. Petalodiscus is also paraphyletic, including all other Malagassian Wielandieae.
Angiospermae - Familias R a Z y Gymnospermae
- W G Berendsohn
- A K Gruber
- D Rodríguez Delcid
Lista preliminar de las Plantas de El Salvador
- P C Standley
- S Calderón
Racionalización del sistema de área naturales protegidas de la República de El Salvador
- D Vreugdenhil
- M Machado
- J Linares