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Organizational Socioecology: Regulation and Green Technological Innovation
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This study aims to analyze the implications of the organizational environmental sustainability business model in green technology innovation. It departs assuming that the implementation of green technology innovation in organizations must be supported by an environmentally sustainable business model. The method employed is the analytical reflection based on the conceptual, theoretical, and empirical literature. It is concluded that the implementation of a green business model of technology innovation, simultaneously with an internal structure of environmental sustainability regulations, is required for organizations to improve the organic integration to achieve sustainable competitive advantage and improve the development of the green technology innovation capabilities of firms.
There is few significant attempt to integrate environmental regulation, government financial support, and corporate technological innovation in a methodological framework. Employing the data of the industrial enterprises with an annual turnover of over 20 million yuan from 30 Chinese provinces or municipalities between 2008 and 2016, this paper applies the fixed effect regression model to reveal the relationships between environmental regulation, government financial support, and corporate technological innovation simultaneously. Results show that: (1) there exists a U-shaped relation between environmental regulation intensity and technological innovation of enterprises which declines first and then climbs up, and China is still at the stage of inhibition before the “inflection point”. (2) government financial support does not significantly work on technological innovation directly, but environmental regulation drives this effect to be achieved; when the value of lnER is higher than 3.69, government financial support can significantly facilitate corporate technological innovation. (3) the comparison between regional samples reveals that heterogeneity exists in the influence of environmental regulation intensity and government financial support on corporate technological innovation. The threshold value of enabling effects of environmental regulation in eastern region is higher than that of the central and western region. These results remain consistent after we experiment several robustness checks. Theory and policy implications of our work are discussed.
A plethora of empirical work explored finance-income-environment nexus, aims to investigate high CO 2 emissions determinants, over the last few couples of decades. The prior empirical work assist the idea that finance and income have diverse impacts on the environment. The lack of consensus on finance-income-environment nexus in the Central and Eastern European Countries in the perspective of Belt and Road Initiative need to be examined. Therefore, the present study explores the nexus between financial development, income level, and environmental quality for a panel of eighteen Central and Eastern European Countries, over the period of 1980-2016. The Dynamic Seemingly Unrelated Regression, the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares, and the Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel casualty approaches are employed. The environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis also investigated for both time series panel and country-wise. The Dynamic Seemingly Unrelated Regression long-run panel results reveal that (i) financial development index and income negatively impact on environmental quality; (ii) energy consumption is the key determinant of CO 2 emissions and reduces environmental quality; (iii) urbanization and trade both enhance environmental quality via reduction of carbon emissions; and (iv) the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis supported for the selected panel countries. The country-wise results depict that increase in environmental quality occurs due to increase in financial development (in four countries), income level (in five countries), trade (in five countries), and urbanization (in eight countries). However, the environmental quality decreases due to the increase in financial development (in six countries), income level (in eight countries), energy consumption (in twelve countries), trade (in six countries), and urbanization (in five countries). The environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis supported for five Central and Eastern European Countries. Additionally, the causality results confirmed the presence of feedback relationships among income and environmental quality, and financial development and energy consumption. Thus, we conclude that income level and financial development are the main drivers behind high carbon dioxide emissions in CEECs. The finding of the study opens up new insight for appropriate policymaking.
Environmental protection technology plays an important role in a sustainable society, simultaneously promoting economic development and pollution control. This study examines the determinants of technology inventions related to environmental protection in Japan. We use patent application data in a decomposition analysis framework. We find that environmental patent applications increase according to the prioritization of environmental patents by private companies and according to efficiency improvements in patent applications in the public sector. Additionally, patent applications related to emission trading increased rapidly among private companies, mainly due to their increased priority after 2005. The different determinants of environmental technologies between the private and public sectors are useful for formulating effective policies to promote environmental innovation.
Green IT has emerged as an important research topic in information systems and in other areas, such as business sustainability management. Some progress has been made in our understandings of green IT in a wide area of research topics, ranging from the green IT definition to the motivation for adopting green IT by organizations. This paper provides a holistic review and explanation of why organizations adopt green IT. Based on an extensive review of extant studies and a broad theoretical foundation, the paper presents a theoretical framework on organizational green IT adoption (OGITA). For researchers, the study provides a comprehensive review of previous green IT adoption studies and a roadmap for future research. For practitioners, the study provides managers and policy makers a systematic analytical framework in guiding their business decisions.
The importance of learning has since long been acknowledged for both business and public sector organizations. However, learning theory and research have tended to neglect the differences between these organizations, and to develop in separate and unrelated directions. To address these developments, this paper purports, first, to develop a theoretical framework that integrates various concepts from the fields of public policy learning and organizational learning, and that is specifically directed at public sector organizations. Second, the paper purports to illustrate the utility of this framework by applying it to policy-making in a Dutch municipality, the Pegasustown prostitution case.
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Purpose
The paper has dual objectives. First, the paper aims to consolidate prior research in the area of population ecology theory and provide a review and critique of this influential organizational theory. The review is both broad and extensive, covering all major theoretical streams in population ecology. Second, the paper aims to highlight a new and hitherto unexplored area for future research, which lies at the intersection of population ecology and sustainability.
Design/methodology/approach
The extensive and broad review included all salient published scholarly work on the topic of population ecology from 1996‐2010. Findings are reported in nine separate tables, classified by primary research focus, chronology, author, etc. Additionally, a brief summary of prior research on sustainability is provided.
Findings
Population ecology continues as a valuable and influential perspective for organizational scholars. In comparison, sustainability is a relatively new entrant in the organizational literature, since 2008. Several areas of convergence between population ecology and sustainability exist (construct dimensions, levels of analysis and outcomes). An important gap in the literature allows future research agendas to be pursued.
Practical implications
The major, and most widespread, global implication is that unsustainable organizational practices and strategies may be selected by ecological pressures, and that such organizations may face a decline in population density, or mortality. Sustainable practices may allow for greater firm density and a rise in survival rates for organizational populations. Future research directions investigating population ecology links to sustainability are provided.
Originality/value
This is the first instance where the potential contribution of population ecology to sustainability in organizations is provided.
We explore the social dimension that enables adaptive ecosystem-based management. The review concentrates on experiences of adaptive governance of social-ecological systems during periods of abrupt change (crisis) and investigates social sources of renewal and reorganization. Such governance connects individuals, organi-zations, agencies, and institutions at multiple organizational levels. Key persons provide leadership, trust, vision, meaning, and they help transform management organizations toward a learning environment. Adaptive governance systems often self-organize as social networks with teams and actor groups that draw on various knowledge systems and experiences for the development of a common understanding and policies. The emergence of "bridging organizations" seem to lower the costs of collaboration and conflict resolution, and enabling legislation and governmental policies can support self-organization while framing creativity for adaptive comanagement efforts. A re-silient social-ecological system may make use of crisis as an opportunity to transform into a more desired state.
Within the context of environmental voluntary agreements (VAs), this paper analyzes the determinants of the degree of participation by firms in collective corporate political strategies that aim to shape government policy. We demonstrate that substantive cooperative strategies are more likely to be pursued by firms that enter a VA close to its initiation, while symbolic cooperation is more likely behavior by late joiners. We show that late joiners and early joiners within VAs adopt different cooperative strategies because they face different institutional pressures. Our analysis is based on the strategies of firms participating in the Climate Challenge program (1995–2000) established by the U.S. Department of Energy and representatives of the national electric utilities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Our results show that early joiners were subjected to higher levels of political pressure at the state level and were more dependent on local and federal regulatory agencies than late joiners were. Early joiners were also better connected to the trade association and more visible. Late joiners had undertaken significantly less investment in environmental improvements than early joiners. Our paper also illustrates the difficulty involved in using VAs to try to induce improved environmental outcomes when there are no sanctioning mechanisms. Although early entrants reduced their emissions more than nonparticipants, our results show no significant difference overall between participants and nonparticipants in the reduction of their emissions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems have been adopted by many organizations in the past decade. These systems have revolutionized organizational computing by facilitating integrated and real-time planning, production, and customer response. While some companies have achieved significant efficiencies through ERP, others have complained of failed implementations, budget overruns, and disappointing performance. This paper draws upon Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory and Information Systems Success (IS) theory to develop and test a model of ERP implementation success. Results reveal that top management support and training are positively related to user satisfaction, while perceived complexity of ERP and competitive pressure show a negative relationship. Consensus in organizational objectives and competitive pressure are positively associated with perceived organizational performance. Post hoc analysis identifies user satisfaction as a moderator between certain DOI characteristics and organizational performance. This leads to the proposal of a new model of ERP implementation for future research.
As governments, business leaders, and other stakeholders discuss green recovery, this research examines the combined effects of energy poverty, renewable energy consumption, gross domestic product, gross domestic product square, natural gas consumption and trade freedom on CO2 emissions in developing countries during the period 2001–2019. A panel quantile regression is used to examine the heterogeneity of the distribution among various CO2 quantiles. This research contributes to understanding to what extent energy poverty and the other driver variables determine the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7): affordable and clean energy. The results show that energy poverty should be reduced as a priority in developing countries in order to achieve SDG7 and reduce CO2 emissions. Finally, the study reveals several implications for policymakers in the sample countries in order to achieve environmental sustainability by means of renewable energy, economic activity, and trade freedom.
Despite the significant attention devoted to the impact of corporate greening strategies on firm performance, research has so far focused on established firms, leaving the situation in new firms unclear. In this study, it is hypothesised that the impact of greening strategies on the performance of new firms depends on the type of strategy, and that the firm's age positively moderates this impact. Using a cross-sectoral dataset of 11,039 new firms from 36 countries, binary and ordinal logistic regressions were estimated for different start-up phases. The results indicate that new firms benefit from substantive greening strategies but, contrary to expectations, not from symbolic greening strategies. The performance of new firms in their later start-up phases was even found to be harmed if they adopt symbolic strategies but do not reinforce them with substantive actions (green-washing). No impact, or only a weakly positive impact was found for firms adopting both substantive and symbolic greening strategies (green-highlighting) or only substantive ones (brown-washing). Furthermore, the interaction analyses did not reveal any moderating effects of firm age, but additional investigation shows that the impacts of greening strategies do differ between age groups. Finally, robustness tests reveal that the relationship between substantive greening strategies and the performance of new firms is not linear but decreases with increasing environmental efforts.
Green innovation has been recognized as a strategic priority for enhancing corporate image and achieving superior performance, yet few studies have examined the impact of state ownership on green innovation in emerging economies. Building on the institutional theory and resource-based view, this study investigates how state ownership affects green innovation within a given institutional environment and in combination with firm characteristics. Using panel data for listed Chinese firms from 2008 through 2016, our findings indicate that state ownership positively affects a firm's green innovation. Moreover, the facilitating role of state ownership in green innovation is strengthened in regions with advanced legal development, for firms with sufficient resources, or when a board chair possesses functional experience. These findings provide novel insights into how alignment between state ownership, the institutional environment, and organizational features affects green innovation in emerging economies.
For climate change mitigation, China launched seven pilot areas before establishing a unified carbon emission trading system in 2014. This study explores the “weak” version of the Porter hypothesis while focusing on listed companies in 31 provinces (municipalities or autonomous regions) from 1990 to 2018. In this study, we provided preliminary evidence on the influence of China's carbon emission trading scheme pilot policy on green innovation based on green patent data. Results show that the “weak” Porter hypothesis has not been realized in the current carbon trading market of China. Moreover, the pilot policy has significantly decreased the proportion of green patents by approximately 9.26%. Then, we find that the pilot policy has an evident lagging effect on restraining the green innovation of enterprises. Furthermore, inhibition is more pronounced among the samples of small-scale, manufacturing, and non-state-owned companies, including companies in the eastern and central regions. Most importantly, companies mainly choose to reduce output rather than increase green technological innovation to achieve their emission reduction targets. Moreover, companies reduce their investment in research and development because of the reduction in cash flow and expected income, which is not conducive to green innovation.
This research investigates the technological innovation system (TIS) approach in emerging markets, focusing on South Africa's deployment of the carbon capture and storage (CCS) project and explaining its underlying structures and functions. In identifying the shortcomings of the TIS, this study further considers relevant contextual factors that affect the successful employment of the system, particularly the political economy of the energy sector. As a result, it develops an integrated framework that offers a more comprehensive understanding of the factors relevant to TIS implementation. Utilising a qualitative thematic analysis to analyse secondary data, the findings of our study reveal the pertinence of the power of incumbents and the lack of a legal framework. The results not only theoretically contribute to the innovation system field but also offer practical suggestions for the execution and management of technological projects in South Africa.
In the past 40 years, China's rapid industrialization has resulted in remarkable social progress and regional economic prosperity but also has caused problems, such as excessive resource consumption and environmental pollution. Ecological efficiency is an important indicator of whether economic efficiency and environmental efficiency are balanced. Exploring ecological efficiency is vital for achieving sustainable development, as technological innovation, industrial structure upgrading, and ecological efficiency are probably related. However, there has been little research on the relationships among them. In this study, we used the super-efficiency slacks-based model (SBM) involving undesirable output to calculate the ecological efficiency of 30 provinces in China from 2008 to 2017. We found that China's ecological efficiency has risen, fallen, then fluctuated, and that there were significant spatial differences. Then, we used 3 spatial econometric models for comparative analysis, which revealed that the independent effects of technological innovation on ecological efficiency was significant and negative; however, technological innovation demonstrated a strong positive effect in tandem with industrial structure upgrading, and industrial structure always had a positive effect on ecological efficiency. On this basis, we added the cross-item of technological innovation, and industrial-structure upgrades had a significant and positive impact on ecological efficiency, which was significantly greater than the independent effect of technological innovation and industrial-structure upgrades. To explore the mechanism of industrial-structure upgrading and technological innovation on regional ecological efficiency, we set the first 2 as threshold variables. We found that there is in fact a threshold effect of technological innovation and industrial-structure upgrading on ecological efficiency due to the mismatch of periods. These results provide a theoretical rationale for China to formulate strategies to improve ecological efficiency. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:852–865. © 2020 SETAC
KEY POINTS
China's ecological efficiency calculated by the super-SBM model involving undesirable output shows a trend of rising, falling, then fluctuating and that there are significant spatial differences. This article uses the spatial econometric model to prove that the independent effects of technological innovation include a significant and negative impact on ecological efficiency, but a positive one for synergy of upgrades to industrial structure and industrial structures boost ecological efficiency. The cross-item of technological innovation and industrial-structure upgrades has a significant and positive impact on ecological efficiency that is significantly greater than the independent effect of technological innovation and industrial-structure upgrades. The panel threshold model is used to empirically analyze the pulling effect of technological innovation, and industrial-structure upgrading on the ecological efficiency may involve the threshold effect due to a period of mismatch.
Green innovation (GI) is an important way to realize the sustainable development. This paper contributes to the existing literature by analyzing the effects of different environmental regulations on green innovation from a heterogeneous perspective. We also compare the impacts of indigenous innovation input and foreign technology spillover on green innovation. The dataset of this paper covers a panel of China's 30 provinces from 2003 to 2017. The results of Systematic Generalized Method of Moments (SYS-GMM) show that command-and-control regulation (CER) and informal regulation (IER) have significant “Porter's effect” on green innovation while market-based regulation (MER) negatively affects green innovation in China. Inward foreign direct investment (IFDI) plays a positive role in developing China's green innovation thus, validating the “Pollution Halo hypothesis”. Outward direct investment (OFDI) has a reverse green technique effect on China's green innovation. In addition, the positive effect of indigenous innovation input on green innovation is larger than that of foreign technology spillover from IFDI and OFDI. Moreover, the strengthening of CER weakens the positive effect of IFDI on green innovation. By contrast, the increase of IER can promote the reverse green technology spillover effect of OFDI on green innovation. On the basis of results, the government should attract green inward FDI and invest on foreign technology-intensive industries to obtain green technology spillover and stimulate green innovation.
Innovation is considered an effective tool for fighting CO2 emissions as it enhances energy efficiency and cleaner production. However, it has received limited attention in the context of Africa. Therefore, the study examines the nonlinear link between innovation and CO2 emissions in nine (9) African nations from 1990-2016 at both panel and individual country level. The cross sectional augmented Dickey Fuller (CADF) panel unit root test affirmed the stationarity of the variables. Westerlund and Johansen cointegration tests established a long-run link amongst the variables. The study employed fixed effect model and generalized method of moments for the panel and ordinary least square for individual country. The results validated an inverted U-shape relationship between innovation and CO2 emission at panel level and in Mauritius, Egypt, and South Africa. Renewable energy use lessens CO2 emissions at the panel level. Human capital decreases CO2 emissions at the panel and in some individual countries. Moreover, both pollution haven hypothesis and pollution halo effect were confirmed. Similarly, at the panel level Environmental Kuznets Curve was confirmed in 4 out of 9 countries. Our findings suggest that regional integration and assimilation of innovation into all stages of development for green growth should be pursued.
This study explores the impacts of country risks on the relationship between energy consumption and financial development for 79 countries. By using the panel smooth transition regression model, this study finds non-linear relationships between variables - that is, the relationships differ in higher and lower risk environments. We show that banking sector development has larger impacts on energy consumption than does stock market development. The results of the full sample show under the stable country risk environments that financial development could help to reduce energy consumptions. Lastly, the results offer that different types of financial development and country risk environments have varying impacts on energy consumption in OECD and non-OECD countries.
Environmental efficiency of electric power industry (EEE) is crucial to sustainable development. Among all the factors affecting the efficiency, there lacks enough knowledge of the role of governments and institutions in it. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of market segmentation (ME) on environmental efficiency of electric power industry and its influencing mechanism from the perspective of technological innovation. The empirical results generated by the system generalized method of moments (GMM) approach indicate that market segmentation has significantly negative effect on environmental efficiency of electric power industry. As evidence we find shows, market segmentation hinders technological innovation, which is an important factor affecting environmental efficiency of electric power industry. Additionally, the inhibiting effect of market segmentation on environmental efficiency of electric power industry is more significant in provinces with weak institutional quality. The conclusions share insights in how to improve environmental efficiency of electric power industry in China by weakening market segmentation.
Improving the entrepreneurial ecosystem plays an important role in the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, and achieving the coordinated development of economy and environment among cities is important for improving the quality and efficiency of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. Using the panel data of 286 prefecture-level cities in China from 2003 to 2016, this study adopts the global reference super efficiency slack-based measure model considering undesirable output to measure China's urban ecological efficiency. In addition, the spatial lag model is used to investigate the impacts of industrial structure advancement and rationalization on ecological efficiency, and the impacts of the heterogeneity of industrial structure and economic development under the distortion of resource dependence on ecological efficiency. The results show that: every one-unit increase in the advancement of industrial structure will lead to a 0.0741 unit increase in ecological efficiency, but the high dependence on natural resources will inhibit the promoting effect of industrial structure advancement on ecological efficiency, and such an inhibiting effect will weaken with the improvement of economic development level; moreover, the influence coefficient of industrial structure rationalization on ecological efficiency is not significant, nor is it affected by the natural resource dependence and the level of economic development. This paper hereby proposes that in the process of promoting green entrepreneurial activity at present, the Chinese government should give full play to the role of industrial structure advancement on improving ecological efficiency, actively break through the constraints restricting the impact of industrial structure rationalization, reduce excessive dependence on resource industries, improve the level of regional economic development, and strive to transform resource-intensive industries to technology-intensive industries to support the sustainable development of a green entrepreneurship ecosystem.
Green growth has become an important development strategy for OECD countries and governments have correspondingly implemented various environmental regulation policies, whereas few studies have discussed the impacts of environmental regulation on green productivity growth in OECD countries. Based on a panel data of OECD countries' industrial sectors, this study analyzes the stringency of environmental regulation policies and measures green productivity growth using an extended SBM-DDF approach. The dynamic panel regression investigates the impacts and mechanism of environmental policy stringency on green productivity growth in OECD countries’ industrial sectors. The main results are: (i) Porter hypothesis is validated that the environmental policy has a positive impact on green productivity growth within a certain level of stringency (lower than 3.08); (ii) The impact turns to be adverse when the environmental regulation policy is stringent over a certain level, as the compliance cost effect is higher than innovation offset effect. The findings provide new empirical evidence for the strong version of the Porter Hypothesis and some implications for OECD countries to further promote green growth.
This paper analyses the impact of green innovation on energy intensity in a set of 14 industrial sectors in 17 OECD countries over the 1975–2005 period. We create a stock of green patents for each industrial sector and estimate a translog cost function to measure the impact of green innovation on energy intensity, next to other factors such as input substitution and autonomous technical change. We find that green innovation has contributed to the decline in energy intensity in the majority of sectors: the median elasticity of energy intensity with respect to green patenting is estimated at −0.03 in our sample. Hence, a 1% increase in green patenting activities in a given sector is associated with a 0.03% decline in energy intensity. The magnitude of the effect is robust across various specifications and is larger in more recent years. A decomposition exercise shows that, overall, half of the decrease in energy intensity over the sample period is related to changes in input prices and half to changes in production technologies.
Fiscal spending has both direct and indirect impact on the environment. Using city-level data in China, this paper investigates if education spending affects air pollution through human capital accumulation, known as the composition effect, and if R&D spending affects air pollution through clean-technology adoption, known as the technique effect. Contrasting theoretical predictions and previous empirical evidence, we find both effects of interest to be trivial in urban China. Composition effect appears to be slightly stronger relative to technique effect, while sub-sample analyses show some regional heterogeneities. The results remain robust when we switch between pollution measurements, examine only the regional central cities, instrument endogenous covariates, and adopt the spatial settings. We further discuss potential channel-blocking mechanisms that lead to weak estimates.
Using two longitudinal panel datasets of Chinese manufacturing firms, we assess whether state ownership benefits or impedes firms’ innovation. We show that state ownership in an emerging economy enables a firm to obtain crucial R&D resources but makes the firm less efficient in using those resources to generate innovation, and we find that a minority state ownership is an optimal structure for innovation development in this context. Moreover, the inefficiency of state ownership in transforming R&D input into innovation output decreases when industrial competition is high, as well as for start-up firms. Our findings integrate the efficiency logic (agency theory), which views state ownership as detrimental to innovation, and institutional logic, which notes that governments in emerging economies have critical influences on regulatory policies and control over scarce resources. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on state ownership and firm innovation in emerging economies.
Mainstream economic theory has generally excluded consideration of the role of managers, which has, in turn, impaired its ability to explain resource allocation by, and heterogeneity among, firms. In the real world, managers are called on to fill entrepreneurial and leadership roles: sensing opportunities, developing and implementing viable business models, building capabilities, and guiding the organization through transformations. These entrepreneurial management tasks are part of the organization's capabilities, which also encompass embedded organizational processes that can be slow to change. An understanding of entrepreneurial management and organizational capabilities will contribute to more realistic economic models and a better understanding by policy makers of industrial dynamics and the requirements of innovation.
We study the relationship between corporate governance and firms׳ environmental innovation. Exploiting changes in antitakeover legislation in the US, we show that worse governed firms generate fewer green patents relative to all their innovations. This negative effect is greater for firms with a smaller share of institutional ownership, with a smaller stock of green patents, and with more binding financial constraints. Investigating regulatory and industry variations, we also find more pronounced effects for firms operating in states with lower pollution abatement costs, and in sectors less dependent on energy inputs. Overall, our results suggest that ineffective corporate governance may constitute a major obstacle to environmental efficiency.
This study designates green supply chain management (GSCM) strategies to effectively direct business functions and activities in the electronics industry. Enterprises conduct environmental scanning to understand the external environment and internal functions; a successful strategy identifies unique firm-owned resources and transforms them into capabilities. This study proposes a network to clarify managerial levels and firm-related content. It derives four business functions from product lifecycle management: design, purchasing, manufacturing, and marketing and service—and associates their related activities with “greenness”. These functions and activities are a network’s clusters and elements in an analytic network process (ANP) model with dependent relations. A detailed procedure solves complex GSCM strategy-selection problems and evaluates the most important activity in each business function. A case study takes a leading Taiwanese electronics company to identify the proposed procedure’s stability.
This study discusses a combined use of DEA (Data Environment Analysis) and DEA–DA (Discriminant Analysis) to determine the efficiency-based rank of energy firms. This type of performance evaluation is important because we often have a difficulty in accessing a large sample on energy firms to derive reliable empirical results. The proposed approach is useful in dealing with such a limited number of energy firms, often found in previous DEA studies on energy industries in the world. The proposed approach uses DEA to classify energy firms into efficient and inefficient groups based upon their efficiency scores. Then, it utilizes DEA–DA to assess their efficiency scores and ranks. In this stage, we can find an adjusted efficiency score for each energy firm. The proposed approach provides us with the following analytical capabilities, all of which cannot be found in a conventional use of DEA in assessing energy firms. First, the proposed DEA approach can avoid zero in all multipliers on efficient energy firms by incorporating SCSC (Strong Complementary Slackness Condition) so that it can handle an occurrence of multiple reference sets and multiple projections. The DEA result classifies all energy firms into efficient and inefficient groups. Second, DEA–DA, applied to the two groups, evaluates all energy firms by an industry-wide evaluation, not depending upon a limited number of efficient energy firms in a reference set, as found in a conventional use of DEA. The analytical capability can reduce the number of efficient energy firms. Third, the proposed approach can provide their efficiency-based ranking scores. Finally, we can conduct a rank sum test based upon their ranking scores to obtain a statistical inference. As an application, this study uses the proposed approach to examine the performance of Japanese electric power industry. We find two economic implications. One of the two implications is that no major change has occurred in the operational performance of Japanese electric power industry because of Japanese sluggish economy from 2005 to 2009. The other implication indicates that there are strategic differences in the operation of Japanese electric power firms after the liberalization.
We analyze organizational regeneration using case materials from a study of a children's summer camp. Each year members of various types of seasonal organizations, such as summer camps and ski areas, come together to bring these organizations “back to life” after many months of dormancy. Because many staff members are new and other conditions vary, the result of this regeneration process is necessarily different from the previous year's organization, but it is nonetheless recognizable to repeat clientele as a familiar instance of “the same” organization. We use this rarely examined process of regeneration to explore the question of how we can regard an organization as being the same entity over time. We suggest that this sameness stems from a coherence and similarity of actions at the organizational level that is analogous to the psychological notion of individual character. Just as individual habits cohere in the character of an individual and allow us to recognize and predict future behavior, we argue that organizations are systems of interacting dispositions to act in a particular way. It is the mutually adapted content of this ensemble of action dispositions that constitutes what we present here as organizational character. We argue that such an ensemble of dispositions is coherent, persistent, and necessary for seasonal regeneration. This work contributes to an ongoing discussion of organizational action and similarity over time. Our focus on regenerative processes in a seasonal organization provides a distinct and informative perspective on these issues.
The literature on organizations and the natural environment, published since 1992, is reviewed, with the purpose of determining if and what the contributions have been to strategy and organizational theory. The author performs the review at three levels—firm, industry, and organizational environment. Subsequently, he discusses empirical and conceptual constraints on the production of quality research and highlights research that successfully overcomes these barriers.
Family influence is central in Asian countries; however, little research exists regarding the effects of family ownership and corporate governance on corporate investment decisions. This article examines the relationships among family ownership, board independence, and R&D investment using a sampling of Taiwanese firms. The finding of the negative family ownership—R&D investment relationship suggests that family ownership may discourage risky long-term R&D investment. Such a finding may also suggest that firms with high family ownership may use R&D investment more efficiently and thus need less R&D in relation to firms with low family ownership. In addition, the interaction of family ownership and CEO duality/independent director ratio is negatively/positively related to R&D investment, suggesting that firms with high family ownership may increase R&D investment when the CEO—chair roles are separated or when more independent outsiders are included in the board.
For the purpose of sustainable development, green management has become an important social issue for many companies. Substantial scholarship has focused on corporate green behavior. However, little is known concerning how corporate green behavior is influenced by environmental uncertainty. This paper was aimed at analyzing the influence of perceived environmental uncertainty on the adoption of green practices for small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs). We conducted a questionnaire survey on SMEs in Taiwan and concluded that environmental uncertainty has a significantly negative influence on the decision to adopt green practices for SMEs.
This study examines links between the adoption of an environmental innovation strategy and firms' business performance. It illustrates ways in which an environmental innovation strategy is itself influenced by significant environmental pressures, including government environmental regulation, perceived importance of stakeholder pressures, and managerial environmental concerns. Survey data from the chemical industry in Jordan show that (1) environmental innovation strategy is associated with improved perceived firms' business performance; (2) the adoption of an environmental innovation strategy is influenced by certain environmental pressure forces, and (3) environmental innovation strategy fully mediates between certain environmental pressure forces and firms' business performance.
With increasing awareness of environmental issues, there has been rising demand for environmental-friendly business practices.
Prior research has shown that the implementation of environmental management practices is influenced by existing and potential
stakeholder groups in the form of external pressures from legislators, environmental groups, financial institutions and suppliers,
as well as internally by employees and owner/manager attitudes and knowledge. However, it has been reported that despite business
owner/managers having strong “green” attitudes, the level of implementation of environmental-friendly practices is low. In
order to explore the connection between pressures for improved practices and the management actions taken, this article examines
how influence from various stakeholders is related to awareness of environmental issues, and how this awareness relates to
actions taken within the businesses to reduce the environmental impact of their operations. The results indicate that legislation
does result in general environmental awareness, and that organizations are then willing to␣change their business processes
and environmental strategies. However, despite their actions they have little awareness of the benefits that might arise from
cost reductions from their environmental-friendly practices. Those influenced by their suppliers act to reduce waste, but
do not put into place formal environmental management systems, or use environmental messages to market their goods or services.
Nevertheless, it can be argued that they have a real commitment to environmental issues, as evidenced by a willingness to
voluntarily contribute to environmental organizations.
Data envelopment analysis (DEA) efficiency measures integrated with the environmental DEA technology have gained popularity in environmental performance measurement. Most studies assume that the environmental DEA technology exhibits constant returns to scale (CRS). In this paper we further discuss the environmental DEA technologies that exhibit non-increasing returns to scale (NIRS) and variant returns to scale (VRS). The pure measures under different situations and a mixed measure under the VRS environmental DEA technology for measuring environmental performance are proposed. For the measures that deal with nonlinear programming models, we also give their linear programming equivalents. Finally a study on measuring the carbon emission performance of eight world regions is presented.
"In many cases, a predicate of adaptive environmental assessment and management (AEAM) has been a search for flexibility in management institutions, or for resilience in the ecological system prior to structuring actions that are designed for learning. Many of the observed impediments to AEAM occur when there is little or no resilience in the ecological components (e.g., when there is fear of an ecosystem shift to an unwanted stability domain), or when there is a lack of flexibility in the extant power relationships among stakeholders. In these cases, a pragmatic solution is to seek to restore resilience or flexibility rather than to pursue a course of broad-scale, active adaptive management. Restoration of resilience and flexibility may occur through novel assessments or small-scale experiments, or it may occur when an unforeseen policy crisis allows for reformation or restructuring of power relationships among stakeholders."
Human institutions—ways of organizing activities—affect the resilience of the environment. Locally evolved institutional arrangements
governed by stable communities and buffered from outside forces have sustained resources successfully for centuries, although
they often fail when rapid change occurs. Ideal conditions for governance are increasingly rare. Critical problems, such as
transboundary pollution, tropical deforestation, and climate change, are at larger scales and involve nonlocal influences.
Promising strategies for addressing these problems include dialogue among interested parties, officials, and scientists; complex,
redundant, and layered institutions; a mix of institutional types; and designs that facilitate experimentation, learning,
and change.
The role of state and foreign owners in corporate risk-taking: Evidence from privatization
Trade in environmentally sound technologies in the ASEAN region
- United Nations Environment Programme