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Early Career Academics’ Development in Africa: Reflections on the Brain Re-Engineering Concept as Formal Institutionalised Mentoring Options

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Developing the next generation of academics is essential due to the changing academic landscape, the need for educators to gain the necessary knowledge and skills to contribute to knowledge creation and dissemination, facilitate teaching and learning, mobilise resources for community transformation, and research. Borrowing from the Brain Re-Engineering Concept and Reimagination (BRECR), this chapter reflects on alternative policy and development options available to higher education institutions (HEI s) management and government for developing countries to create a more effective educational system that meets the needs and aspirations of the early career academics (ECA s). The BRECR concept is based on four pillars: mindset or perception change, ideation and entrepreneurship, technology, and sustainability. This addresses the misconceptions that limit the advancement of scientific and technological solutions and their impact on the development of ECA s in HEI s of Africa and developing nations. ECA s face high expectations from HEI management, including increasing research output, teaching larger classes, supervising and publishing, often without adequate support. This chapter examines the findings of three studies conducted in African HEI s vis-à-vis the BRECR concept and proffers alternative options towards improving the career development strategies of the ECA s and academic mentees in Africa.
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© IkechiKelechiAgbugbaandFelixIfeanyichukwuOkoye,2025
doi:10.1163/9789004714717_009
󰇄
Early Career Academics’ Development in Africa
󰃖

Ikechi Kelechi Agbugba and Felix Ifeanyichukwu Okoye
Abstract

󰂶-
󰂶󰂶
󰂶󰂺󰄀
 󰃍󰃎󰂶
󰃍󰎤󰃎-
  -
󰃍󰎤󰃎󰂺
󰂹󰂶
󰂶 󰂶  󰂺    
  
󰎤󰎤󰂺󰎤
   󰂶    󰂶 
󰂶󰂶󰂺
   󰎤󰄀󰄀
         
󰎤󰂺
Keywords
󰎤󰄍󰎤󰄍󰄀󰄍󰄍󰄍
1 Introduction
       󰃍󰎤󰃎󰂶   
 󰄘    󰃍󰎤󰃎󰂶   
󰄘 󰇆󰇈󰇎
   󰄀󰂺
         
       󰎤   
 󰂶 󰂶 
 
󰂺  󰂶  󰂶      󰎤 
      󰎤󰂺   
  󰂶 -
󰄘󰂶󰂶 
󰄎-
 󰂺󰂶 

󰎤󰂺
 󰂺 
󰄀󰃍󰃎󰂶
󰄀󰎤󰄘-
󰂺-
󰂷󰂷
 󰂷  󰂺     󰎤
󰂶
󰂶  󰂶 -
 󰎤󰎤  󰂺
  󰎤󰂶
󰎤󰂺󰂶-
    󰎤󰄘-
󰂺󰂶
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎
󰎤󰂺󰂶
󰎤
-
󰂺-

          

󰂺
󰂶󰎤-
   
    󰎤     
󰃍 󰂺󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂷󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂷  󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺
󰎤󰂶
󰇆󰇉󰇅 
󰂶󰎤
        
󰄀 󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺 
      󰎤󰄘   
   󰂺     -
   󰎤  󰂶      
      󰂶      
          
󰃍󰄀  󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺 󰂶      
        󰂶

󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺󰂶
󰃍󰃎
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺
󰂶        
    󰎤     󰄀
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆗󰃎󰂺
󰎤󰄘-
  󰎤󰂶  -
󰂶
󰂺-
  in  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂶
󰃍󰆔󰃎     󰎤  󰂶
󰃍󰆕󰃎        󰂶  
󰂶󰎤󰂶󰃍󰆖󰃎
-

󰂺
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂶󰄀󰂶
󰄀󰂶󰂹
󰆔󰂺 
󰆕󰂺 
󰆖󰂺 
󰆗󰂺 

󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂶
 -
󰂺

󰄘 󰇆󰇉󰇆
󰂺
󰂺-
󰂶󰂺
1.1 
󰆘󰆓󰄀󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰂶󰄘
󰆕󰆓󰆙󰆖󰂶   
󰃍󰄀󰂶
󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺󰄀󰄀󰄀󰂶
󰂺
           -
 󰂶   󰄘   󰂺 
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖-
󰄘󰃍󰎤󰃎󰃍󰂺󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺
󰎤󰂶󰂶
󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆗  󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺
󰂹󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂷󰃍󰆕󰃎
󰂷󰃍󰆖󰃎󰄀󰂷
󰃍󰆗󰃎󰂷󰃍󰆘󰃎󰂷
󰃍󰆙󰃎 󰂺  
󰂶
󰂺
󰂶
󰂶󰂶
󰂶 
󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰃎󰂺 󰂶  󰄘󰂶
󰂶󰂶󰂶
󰂺󰎤󰄀
󰄀     󰂶 
       󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺
󰂶󰎤-
󰃍󰃎󰂺󰎤󰂶󰂶
󰄀󰂶
  󰂶 
    󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎    
    󰂶    
󰂺󰂶
󰂺
󰂶       󰂶   
  󰂶 󰂶     󰃍󰎤󰃎 
󰇆󰇉󰇇 
󰃍-
󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰎤󰂶
         
󰂶󰂺
󰎤󰄘󰄀
󰂶-
 󰂶 
󰄀  󰄀  -
󰂺 󰄀󰂶
     󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺 
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂶󰂶
󰎤-
  󰂶
󰂶          󰂺 󰂶
󰄀   -
󰂶

󰃍󰂺󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺󰂶-
 󰄀  
 󰂺 󰂶   

󰂶󰂺
󰂶         -
          
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺
󰂶
󰂺󰂶
󰃍󰃎󰄀󰂺󰄘
-
 󰂺󰂶-
󰄀
󰂺
󰂶
󰂺󰂶󰂶
󰎤󰂺
󰂶     󰂶
  󰎤󰂶
           
󰂶-
󰂶󰂶󰂺󰎤󰂶
󰄘 󰇆󰇉󰇈
󰎤  
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂷  
󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺
󰂶󰂶
󰂺
-
    󰂿    󰎤󰄘  
󰂿󰎤
   
 󰂺󰂶
󰂶󰂺 󰂶    
󰄀
󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂶
     󰎤   󰄙󰄛  
󰂺
󰂺
󰂶󰂹󰃍󰆔󰃎
󰎤-
󰂷󰃍󰆕󰃎-
󰂷󰃍󰆖󰃎
󰎤󰄘󰂶󰄀󰄀
 󰂺  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎    󰄘 
󰂶󰂺
󰎤
󰂶󰎤󰄘-
󰂺
󰂶
     󰃍 󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺  󰎤 

󰂺
󰂺
1.2 
󰂺󰂶
 -
󰂺
󰂺-
󰎤󰂺-

󰎤󰄘󰂺󰂶
󰇆󰇉󰇉 
󰂺-
󰂹
󰆔󰂺 󰂺
󰆕󰂺 󰃍󰃎󰂺
󰆖󰂺 󰂶
󰃍󰂺󰂺󰂶󰃎󰂺
󰆗󰂺 
󰂺
󰎤󰂶󰎤󰂶󰂶󰂶-
󰂶󰂺
2 What Is BRECR?
󰄀󰂺
󰂺󰂶
 󰄘       -
󰂺
󰂶󰂶󰂶
󰂶
󰃍󰂺󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰂷󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺 󰂶    -
       󰂶  
󰂶
 󰂺 -
          󰃍 
󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺
󰂶
 󰂺    
󰂶
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂶󰂶
     
󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂶-
         
     󰂶   -
 󰂶        
 󰂶 󰂶 
󰂶 󰃍󰂺󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺

󰂺
󰄘 󰇆󰇉󰇊
 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎        
󰂶  󰂶   
   󰂺     󰂶   
   󰂺 󰄘
󰂶       
      
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰂷
[󰃖󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺      󰂶 -
-
  󰂺   󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎 
        
󰂶 󰄀󰂶-
 󰂺

-
󰃍󰂶-
󰃕󰃖󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺
2.1 
 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎      󰄀  󰃍
󰃎󰄙
 󰄛󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺 
  
 󰂶     󰂺
    󰂶󰂶-
󰂶󰂶󰂶󰂶󰂶
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺󰆜󰂺󰆔-
󰄀󰂺
     󰄀    
󰂶
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰂷
[󰃖󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺󰄘
󰂶󰂶
        󰃍󰂶
󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺         
  󰃍  󰄀󰃎󰂶  
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆗󰃎󰂺󰂹
󰄍 Perception Change       

󰂺
󰇆󰇉󰇋 
󰇄󰂺󰆼󰄀
󰄍 Ideation and Enterprising󰂶
-
󰂺
󰄍 Technology          -
  
󰂶󰂶󰂶󰂺
󰄍 Sustainability󰂶-
󰂶 󰄀 󰂶   󰂶  
󰂺 
󰂺
Social equity in public policy    
        
󰂺-
󰂶   󰂶  󰂺   󰂶    
󰂶        
-
󰂺

 󰂶 󰂶    
󰂶󰂶󰂶󰂶-
󰂶  󰂶  󰂶  󰂶
 󰄀 󰂺     
󰂶-
󰂶󰂺-
           
󰂺󰂶󰂶
󰂺
󰄘 󰇆󰇉󰇌
󰄀󰄀󰄀󰂶-
󰂺
󰂶
󰂶
󰂶󰂺-
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺-
  
󰂺󰂶
  -
󰂺
󰆕󰂺󰆔󰂺󰆔 
-
󰂶
󰂺  󰄀 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂶     -
  󰂺  󰂶      patriarchal
mentoring,        
󰃍
 󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺       
󰂶        -
󰂺󰂶
           
󰃍󰄀󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺
󰂶
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰂷󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺
    󰎤    
󰂶      -
󰃍  󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺 󰎤󰄘  -
   
 󰃍  󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺 󰂶  󰎤󰄘  -
󰄀󰂶󰂶-
󰂶󰂶
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺
       
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺󰎤
 󰂶      -
󰂶          󰎤
󰃍  󰂺󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂺  
󰎤󰎤󰄘
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂷󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺
󰇆󰇉󰇍 

-
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺-
󰂶󰃍󰄀󰂶
󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺󰂶󰂶
              
󰂺󰂶-
󰂶           
󰂶󰂶󰂶󰂶󰄀󰂶󰄀
󰃍 󰂺󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂺   
-
          
󰃍  󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺    󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰃎  
󰂹󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰃎-
     󰂹 󰂶 󰂶 
󰂺󰄀
󰃍󰂺󰂺󰂶 󰃎
󰎤󰂺   󰄙 -
 󰂶       
󰄀󰄛󰃍󰂶
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰃎󰂺   󰎤󰄘    
 󰄀󰂺
     󰂶-
        󰂺 
󰂶
󰄘󰂺
   󰂶   
-
󰂺
󰂶
󰄀󰄀󰂶  
󰂺
󰎤
        
󰃍󰃎󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺󰂶
󰎤󰄘
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂺 󰂶 
󰂶 
           
󰄘 󰇆󰇉󰇎
󰂶         󰎤󰂶
󰂶󰂶
-
󰃍󰂺󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺
󰂶󰄀
󰂶-
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺
󰂷  
 󰂶 
󰂶󰂺

󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰂷󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺
  󰎤󰄘
    󰂺     
󰎤󰄘       -
󰂺
󰄘
   󰄀    󰃍 
󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰃎󰂺      󰂶  -
   
       󰄀  
 󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺
󰎤          
          
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰃎󰂺󰂶-
󰂶󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰃎󰂺
󰂶
  󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺󰂶󰄀󰄀󰄀
󰂺 󰄀 
      󰄀   
        󰃍
󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰃎󰂺
󰂶-
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺-

󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺
   󰂷󰂶
󰂺󰂿󰂶
󰂺
󰇆󰇊󰇅 
󰆕󰂺󰆔󰂺󰆕 
-
󰎤󰂹
󰆔󰂺 󰃍
󰃎
󰆕󰂺 󰄀󰂺
󰆖󰂺           
󰂺
󰆗󰂺 󰂶
󰂶󰂺
󰆘󰂺 󰃍󰃎󰂺
󰆙󰂺 -
󰃍󰂶󰃎󰂺
󰆚󰂺 󰄀󰂶󰂶-
󰂺
󰆛󰂺 󰂺
󰆜󰂺          
       
󰂺
󰂹󰂶
󰎤 -
󰂺󰂶  󰎤󰄘
󰂶󰄀󰂺
2.2 󰍺󰃮󰂏

  󰄘  
󰂶
   󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺󰂶

󰂺
󰂶
󰂺󰂶-

      󰄘   󰂺 -
󰂶-
󰂺
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂶󰂶

󰄘 󰇆󰇊󰇆
󰃍
󰃎󰂺 
󰂶-
󰂶󰂶-
󰄀󰃍󰂺󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺
󰂺
-
 󰎤󰄘 -
󰄀       󰄘󰂶
󰂶
󰂺       -
󰂶 -
 󰂺
   󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂶    󰄘  
    -
      󰄀 󰂺   
 󰂶    
         
󰂶    
󰂺󰂶󰂶
󰎤󰂶
󰂶󰃍󰃎

󰂺  󰎤       
   󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰃎󰂶
     
  󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺   
󰎤-
󰂺
        󰎤 
 󰂺󰂶 
󰂶
  󰂶 󰎤󰄘
  
󰂺
         󰂶
  󰂶      -
󰂺    
        
󰂺󰂶
󰇆󰇊󰇇 
󰄘
󰂺
2.3 
   󰄀 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎  Examining the mentoring expe-
riences of mentees on the transformation of the professoriate-mentoring pro-
gramme (),   󰎤󰄘  󰂺   
       
 󰂺 
-
          󰎤 
 󰃍󰄀󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺      -
        -
  󰎤󰂺          
󰄀         
  󰂺
         
  -
󰂶 󰄀 󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺
 
󰎤󰄘󰂶-
󰂺-
󰎤󰂺
󰄀          
        󰃍󰄀
󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺 
  󰎤󰄘󰂶󰎤
  󰂶 
         
󰃍󰂺󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺󰎤
 
󰂶󰂶󰂺󰎤
󰂶-
󰂺
󰂶   󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎
󰎤 󰎤
󰂶󰂺
󰎤󰂶

󰃍 󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺󰂶󰎤
󰄘 󰇆󰇊󰇈
󰂶
󰂶
   󰃍  󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺    
󰃍󰃎󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂶
󰎤󰂶
 󰂺
          
󰂶  
󰂶
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂺󰂶 

󰎤󰂶
󰃍󰂺󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺
󰂶          -
        -
    󰎤󰄘 
    󰂶 󰂶  
󰂺󰎤󰂶󰎤
󰂶󰃍
󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰃎󰂺  
 󰎤  
󰂶󰂶󰄀󰂺
      -
󰂺󰎤

󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰂷󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺
          
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰃍󰎤󰃎
     
󰃍󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺         
󰂶      󰎤  
󰂶󰂶
󰂶󰂶
󰂶󰄀
󰎤󰄘󰂶
󰂶󰂶-
󰎤󰄀
󰂶   
󰂶
󰂶󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺
󰇆󰇊󰇉 
  󰂶 󰎤 
󰂺

     󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆗󰃎󰂺   󰂶
󰎤

󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰂷
󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺-
󰂶  󰂶 -
󰂶󰂺󰂹󰄘
󰂿
2.4 
      󰎤     -
    󰂺 
  󰂶  󰂶  
     󰂺   󰂶   
  -
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺-

󰂺 󰂶         
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰃎󰂺
󰂶          
󰂶󰂶
󰂶󰂶󰂶󰂶
󰂺-
󰂺󰆜󰂺󰆔 -
󰂺
󰎤
󰂺
 
   󰄀󰂶 -
󰂹󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂷󰃍󰆕󰃎
󰂷󰃍󰆖󰃎-
󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰃎-

󰎤   󰂶 󰂶 
         󰂺
           
󰄘 󰇆󰇊󰇊
󰇄󰂺󰆼󰎜󰎛
Scenario Wrong perception

󰎤󰂺

󰂺
󰎤

󰂶󰂺



󰂺
󰎤

󰂺


󰂺
󰎤


󰂺
󰎤
󰎤
󰂶
󰂺
󰎤



󰄎

󰎤󰂺
󰎤



󰂺

󰂶󰄀
󰂺
󰎤

Digital
Transformation Trends󰃍󰃎
󰎤󰂶󰂺

󰂺
󰂶

󰂺
󰂶
󰄀󰂶
  󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰃎󰂺
󰂶
󰇆󰇊󰇋 
󰂶  󰂺
          󰂶  󰄘
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺
󰂶       
 󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺 󰂶
 
󰂺  󰂶   
󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰃎󰂶-

󰄀󰂺󰂶-
󰂶󰂶
󰃍󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂺
3 Way Forward
         
󰂹
󰆔󰂺   󰎤󰄘 󰄀 

󰂶󰄀󰄀󰎤󰄘󰂶󰂶-
󰂺
󰆕󰂺    󰎤󰄘  󰂶   -
󰂺-
  
󰂺
-
󰂺
󰆖󰂺    󰂶-
󰎤

󰂺󰂶
󰂺
󰆗󰂺 󰎤󰂺
󰂶
󰂺󰂶
󰂺
 
 
󰂺
󰄘 󰇆󰇊󰇌
󰆘󰂺     󰎤 󰃍  󰂶
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰃎󰂺
󰆙󰂺         󰂶   -
 󰃍󰃎󰂶
󰂶        
󰂶
󰎤󰂺
󰆚󰂺    -
󰂺󰂶󰂶
󰃍󰃎
󰎤󰂶-
󰂶󰂶
󰂺
󰆛󰂺         
󰂶󰎤󰂶
󰂺
󰆜󰂺 󰎤
󰂺
󰆔󰆓󰂺        
󰂺
  
󰂺󰂶

󰄀󰂺
󰆔󰆔󰂺           -
   
󰂺
4 Conclusion
      
󰎤󰄘-
󰎤󰄘󰂶
󰂺

󰂺   
󰂶 
󰂺

󰇆󰇊󰇍 
    󰂺
    󰄀󰄀      
󰂺  
 󰎤󰄘 󰂶   
󰂺
 󰎤󰂶󰂶 -
󰂺
󰎤󰄘-
󰂶󰂶
󰂺
       -
󰂶 󰂶     
󰂶󰂺󰂶󰎤󰄘-
  󰂺 
󰂶
󰂺     -
󰂺
󰂷󰂶󰄀
󰂺
        
 󰂶       
󰂶󰂶󰂶

 󰂺    󰎤󰄘   󰂶 -
󰂶        
󰂺 󰂶       󰂶
󰂶
󰄙󰄛󰂺
References
󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂶󰆛󰃎󰂺-
󰂺󰂺󰃍󰃎󰂺
󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰄀󰄀󰃈󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃈󰆔󰆕󰃈󰆓󰆛󰃈󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀
󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀
󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺󰂹-
󰂺Asian Journal of Education and Training,
5󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂶󰆛󰆙󰄍󰆜󰆕󰂺
󰄘 󰇆󰇊󰇎
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂶󰆔󰆘󰃎󰂺Africa needs to develop both its agriculture and food pro-
cessing industry󰃕󰃖󰂺󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈
󰃈󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀
󰂶 󰂺 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺  󰄀   󰂹 
󰂺
European Modern Studies Journal,7󰃍󰆘󰃎󰂶󰆕󰆔󰆖󰄍󰆕󰆕󰆖󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰂶 󰆔󰆚󰃎󰂺Brain re-engineering concept & reimagination: A veri-
table strategy for entrepreneurship development & youth engagement in agriculture
󰃕󰃖󰂺󰂺
󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰃈󰂿󰈺󰆖
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺Youth brain re-engineering: Developing agricultural
entrepreneurship in Africa.󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰃈󰄀󰄀
󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺 󰂹 
󰂺Development Bank of Nigeria Journal of Economics
and Sustainable Growth, 3󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂶󰆔󰄍󰆔󰆜󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺-
󰂶
󰂺Sustainability,15(󰆔󰆕󰆕󰆕󰆗󰃎󰂶󰆔󰆔󰄍󰆙󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰃎󰂺 󰂹󰂶
󰂺Journal of
Vocational Behavior, 77󰃍󰆖󰃎󰂶󰆖󰆘󰆓󰄍󰆖󰆙󰆓󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰃎󰂺
󰂹  󰄀󰂺 Teaching and Teacher Education󰂶
48󰂶󰆚󰆘󰄍󰆛󰆙󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺-
󰂺Journal of Economic Perspectives,36󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂶󰆛󰆔󰄍󰆔󰆓󰆓󰂺
󰂶 󰂺󰂶  󰂶 󰂺󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆓󰃎󰂺 󰂶     
󰄀󰂺SA
Journal of Industrial Psychology󰂶36(󰆔󰃎󰂶󰆔󰄍󰆔󰆓󰂺
󰂶󰂶󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺󰂿
󰂺󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰆕󰆚󰆕󰆖󰆙󰆕󰃈󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀
󰄀󰄀󰄀󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆕󰂶  󰆕󰆛󰃎󰂺 Entrepreneurship skills for growth-orientated
businesses󰂺          󰄖
󰎤󰄘󰂶󰂶
󰂶󰂺󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰃈󰅨
󰅨󰅨󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺󰂺Nature Africa.
󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰃈
󰇆󰇋󰇅 
󰂶 󰂺󰂶  󰂶 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰃎󰂺  󰂹   󰂺
International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education󰂶2󰃍󰆖󰃎󰂶󰆔󰆚󰆔󰄍󰆔󰆛󰆛󰂺
󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂺Working with young people: The value of youth work
in the , -.󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰃈󰃈󰃈󰃈󰄀
󰄀󰅨󰂺
󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺 2024 annual work programme “Erasmus+”: The Union
Programme for Education, Training, Youth and Sport󰂶󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰆙󰆔󰆘󰆚󰆔󰆛
󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰂺󰂹󰃈󰃈󰄀󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰃈󰃈󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰄀󰆓󰆜󰃈󰄀󰄀
󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆗󰆓󰄀󰄀󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰄀󰆙󰆔󰆘󰆚󰅨󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂶  󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺 Young lives: Study and new evidence on youth labour
market resilience during Covid-19󰃕󰃖󰂺 
  󰂺 󰆖󰆘󰂶 󰄙   󰄀󰆔󰆜󰂹  
󰄛󰂺
󰄀󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺󰂶-
󰂺University World News󰂺󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰃈󰂺󰂿
󰈺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰆓󰆖󰆓󰆙󰆔󰆕󰆗󰆛󰆗󰆕󰆙󰆚󰆘
󰂺󰃍󰆛󰂶󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺
󰄘󰂶󰂺 Nature Africa.
󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰄀󰃈󰃈󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃈󰆓󰆗󰃈󰅨󰅨󰅨
󰅨󰅨󰅨󰅨󰅨󰅨󰅨󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺
-
󰂺Journal of Education Finance,46󰃍󰆗󰃎󰂶󰆗󰆚󰆚󰄍󰆗󰆜󰆘󰂺
󰄀󰃍󰃎󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺Promoting youth engagement and employ-
ment in agriculture and food systems. 󰄀
󰃍󰃎󰂺
󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰃈󰆖󰃈󰆘󰆗󰆙󰆗󰃈󰆘󰆗󰆙󰆗󰂺
 󰃍󰃎󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺 Global employment trends for youth
2022: Investing in transforming futures for young people.
 󰂺 󰂺󰂶 󰂶 󰂺 󰂺󰂶  󰂶 󰂺 󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺     -
󰂹 󰂺Development Bank of Nigeria
Journal of Economics and Sustainable Growth, 2󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂶󰆔󰄍󰆕󰆚󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂶 󰂶 󰂺 󰂺󰂶 󰂶 󰂺󰂶 󰂶 󰂺󰂶󰄀󰂶󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂺
󰂹󰂶-
󰄀󰂺Teaching and Teacher Education󰂶43󰂶󰆔󰆘󰆗󰄍󰆔󰆙󰆗󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂺        -
󰂺To Improve the Academy,33󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂶󰆔󰄍󰆔󰆖󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺Teenagers’ career aspirations and the future of work.󰂺
󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰃈󰄀󰂺
󰄘 󰇆󰇋󰇆
󰂶 󰂺 󰂺󰂶  󰂶 󰂺 󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺  󰂹    
󰄀󰂺Medical Teacher󰂶
󰆔󰄍󰆗󰂺󰃕󰃖
󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆙󰃎󰂺
   󰂹       󰂺Higher Education󰂶
52󰃍󰆗󰃎󰂶󰆚󰆔󰆔󰄍󰆚󰆗󰆚󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺󰄀-
󰂺Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based
Learning󰂶12󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂶󰆖󰆓󰆜󰄍󰆖󰆕󰆚󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺󰂹󰂶-
󰂺Journal of Education Finance,46󰃍󰆗󰃎󰂶󰆖󰆜󰆛󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺󰂹
󰂺󰂌21󰂶󰆕󰆔󰆗󰆚󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰃍󰂺󰃎󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺Agritourism for sustainable devel-
󰂏󰂺󰂺
󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰃈󰅨󰅨󰅨
󰃈󰂿󰈺󰈺󰆓
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺     
Free State Multi-Campuses During the Covid-19 Pandemic󰂺
         󰃕󰃖󰂺
󰄀󰂶󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰂺󰂶  󰂶 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺     󰃕󰃖
  󰄀    
󰂺International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering Review [],
3󰃍󰆗󰃎󰂶󰆛󰆔󰄍󰆜󰆚󰂺󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆕󰂺󰂿󰈺󰆗
󰂶󰂺󰂶 󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺 -
󰄀       󰂺 Studies in Higher
Education󰂶41󰃍󰆔󰆓󰃎󰂶󰆔󰆛󰆖󰆘󰄍󰆔󰆛󰆘󰆖󰂺
󰄀󰂶 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺 Examining the mentoring experiences of mentees on the
Transformation of the Professoriate-Mentoring Programme () at the 󰂺

[󰃖󰂺󰄀󰂶󰂺
󰂶󰂺󰄀󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆗󰃎󰂺󰂹
󰂺Frontiers in Education, 8󰂶󰆔󰆕󰆛󰆜󰆗󰆕󰆗󰂺󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆖󰆖󰆛󰆜󰃈
󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰂺󰆔󰆕󰆛󰆜󰆗󰆕󰆗󰂷󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆖󰆖󰆛󰆜󰃈
󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰂺󰆔󰆕󰆛󰆜󰆗󰆕󰆗󰃈
󰂶 󰂺󰂶 󰂶 󰂺󰂶  󰂶 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺 Promoting youth employment during
-19: A review of policy responses󰂺󰃍󰃎󰂺
󰂶 󰂺󰂶  󰂶 󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺      
        󰂺 Journal of Continuing
Education in the Health Professions, 40󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂶󰆙󰆜󰄍󰆚󰆕󰂺
󰇆󰇋󰇇 
󰂶 󰂺󰂶 󰄀󰂶 󰂺󰂶 󰂶 󰂺󰂶  󰂶 󰂺󰂺 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺 
  󰃍󰎤󰃎       
󰃍󰃎󰂺Sustainability󰂶14󰃍󰆖󰃎󰂶󰆔󰆕󰆕󰆕󰂺󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆖󰆖󰆜󰆓󰃈󰆔󰆗󰆓󰆖󰆔󰆕󰆕󰆕
󰂶󰂺󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂺
󰂿    󰂺 Journal of Education Finance,
46󰃍󰆗󰃎󰂶󰆘󰆔󰆜󰄍󰆘󰆙󰆕󰂺󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂺
󰃍󰃎󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺
󰂺󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰂺󰃈󰂺󰃈󰄀󰃈
󰃈󰃈󰆙󰆓󰆕󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀
󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰃎󰂺󰂹
󰂿Professional Development in Education󰂶39󰃍󰆘󰃎󰂶󰆚󰆘󰆗󰄍󰆚󰆚󰆓󰂺
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺United Nations graduate study programme 2023 for studies󰂺
󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀
󰄀󰃈
󰂶   󰃍󰃎󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂺
Culture for Development Indicators: Methodology Manual.
󰂶   󰃍󰃎󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂺
Investing in Career Guidance.  󰂶 󰂶  
󰂶
󰃍󰃎󰂺󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰃈
󰂹󰃈󰆗󰆛󰆕󰆕󰆖󰃈󰆓󰆓󰆓󰆓󰆖󰆚󰆔󰆗󰆔󰆗
󰄀󰂶󰂺󰂶󰂶󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺Uncertain times: Re-imagining universities for
new, sustainable futures. 󰂺
󰂺󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂺Data collection and benchmarking to improve African
University standards.󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰃈󰃈󰃈󰃈󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆙󰃈󰆓󰆛󰃈󰆓󰆖󰃈
󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀󰄀
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This edited volume will provide the relevant stakeholders in business with a comprehensive treatment of the nature of sustainable agritourism and related practices in the African emerging economic regions of the world. It will also serve as an invaluable resource for the scholars seeking empirical evidence on the structure and operation of sustainable agritourism in different organisational and institutional contexts. Of interest would be the wide readership to appreciate, compare and contrast these practices and their applications drawing on different methodologies, analytical frames, contexts and settings. The edited volume will be a well-grounded integration of theory, reviews, primary research findings and practice that will deepen and broaden understanding and insights for scholars, researchers and students in the fields of sustainable agritourism. This edited volume will feature some empirical studies rendering practical insights into the contribution of agritourism to with perspectives from the African emerging economies. Readers of this edited volume will benefit from novel sustainable agritourism discoveries and transitional issues that have brought great paradigm shifts, based on a combination of academic insights and practical tactics. Informed by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) framework that emphasise the fostering of novel sustainable agritourism, the monograph provides the reader with theoretically informed and practically grounded solutions to addressing sustainable development for humans. Everything is connected to everything else; everything must go somewhere and must fit within the law of nature. In brief, the focus of the circular economy is to keep materials in use for as long as possible and for those products to retain their value, through various channels, such as reuse, recycling, long-lasting design, maintenance, repair, refurbishing or remanufacture.
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