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Psikoislamika: Jurnal Psikologi dan Psikologi Islam
Volume 21 No 2 (2024), pp. 301—319
ISSN 1829-5703 (p), 2655-5034 (e)
https://doi.org/10.18860/psi.v21i2.28476
Copyright © 2024 Samuel Toyin Akanbi, Elinah Yemisi Olanrewaju 301
Exploring The Nexus: Pathological Narcissism, Substance Abuse, and Self-
Regulation as Predictors of Suicidal Ideation in College Students
Samuel Toyin Akanbi
1
, Elinah Yemisi Olanrewaju1
1Department of Special Education and Guidance and Counselling, Faculty of Specialized and Professional
Education, Emmanuel Alayande University of Education, Oyo, Nigeria
Received July 15, 2024 | Accepted October 15, 2024 | Published November 30, 2024
Abstract: The study explored the predictors of suicidal ideation among
university undergraduates focusing on the roles of narcissism, substance
usage, and self-regulation. A correlational approach was adopted for the
study. A total of 1,411 undergraduates selected through a multistage random
sampling from three Nigerian universities participated in the study. Suicide
Ideation Scale (α= .76), The Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire (α=.87), Drug
Abuse Screening Test (α=.7), and Pathological Narcissism Inventory (α=.94)
were used to gather information from the participants. Data collected were
subjected to statistical screening through the Pearson Product Moment
Correlation and multiple regression. The outcomes showed that a
combination of the three main predictors explained a total of 32% (R2=.322;
F(4,1406)= 166.557; p<.01) of the variance in suicide ideation. Narcissistic
Grandiosity (β= -.507; t= -14.945, P<0.01), and Self-regulatory Behaviour (β=
-.155; t= -6.411, P<0.01) inversely predicted suicidal ideation while
Narcissistic Vulnerability (β= .573; t= 16.864, P<0.01), and Substance Abuse
(β= .274; t= 11.453, P<0.01) positively predicted it. The findings underscore
the need for comprehensive mental health support systems that address the
underlying psychological factors contributing to suicidal ideation.
Keywords: Narcissistic Grandiosity; Narcissistic vulnerability; Pathological
narcissism; Self-regulation; Substance usage; Suicidal ideation
Copyright ©2024. The Authors. Published by Psikoislamika: Jurnal Psikologi dan Psikologi Islam. This is
an open access article under the CC BY NO SA. Link: Creative Commons — Attribution-NonCommercial-
ShareAlike 4.0 International — CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Introduction
The growing trend of suicide and suicidal behaviour among young adults in the university setting has
been a major public concern. It is reported to be one of the foremost causes of death among this group
of people (Kaggwa, 2022). The World Health Organisation (2023) reported that suicide is the fourth
primary cause of death among young people of ages 15 to 29 which coincides with the age bracket of the
majority of undergraduates. It becomes a public concern as it has serious impacts on individuals, families,
university community and the larger society. Suicidal behaviour, whether successful or not, has serious
repercussion on emotional wellbeing of the society as individuals may have to battle with deep feeling of
grief, guilt and confusion arising from the death of the loved ones (Harrison, et al., 2021). The survivors of
suicide are faced with the possibility of depression, substance use, psychiatric disorders, and suicide
1
* Corresponding Author: Samuel Toyin Akanbi, email: akanbist@eauedoyo.edu.ng, Faculty of
Specialized and Professional Education, Emmanuel Alayande University of Education, Oyo, Nigeria.
Samuel Toyin Akanbi, Elinah Yemisi Olanrewaju
302
attempts (Spillane, et al., 2017) as well as sense of stigmatisation, unhealthy coping patterns and
sensations of shame (Sheehan, et al., 2018). Therefore, interested researchers and agencies have focused
attention on decreasing the determinant factors, and devising protective means against suicide and
suicidal behaviours.
Generally suicidal behaviour also known as suicidality is described as a terminology incorporating
suicidal attempt and preparative behaviour towards perfecting suicide (Moutier, 2023). From this
definition, suicide behaviour is portrayed as preparatory behaviour towards committing suicide. Suicide
on the other hand is accomplished when an individual involved in self-initiated or dedicated action with
the goal or anticipation of dying, including active or passive self-inflicted acts (WHO, 2016). It is defined
by Leo, et al (2006) as the undertaking of killing oneself, intentionally originated and accomplished by the
person concerned in the full awareness or anticipation of its deadly consequence. The National Institute
of Mental Health (2023) defined it as death caused by self-directed injurious behaviour with the intention
to die consequent upon the behaviour.
Three major stages of suicidal behaviours which can eventually lead to suicide that have been
identified include: ideation, planning and attempt. Suicidal ideations, also regarded suicidal thoughts or
ideas, is a wide-ranging word used to define a variety of thoughts, desires, and preoccupations with death
and suicide (Harmer, et al., 2024). It is also described as any self-reported passive desire to die or an active
desire to take one’s own life without associated preparatory behaviour (O’Sullivan, et al., 2011). From
these definitions, two types of suicidal ideation are identified: Passive suicidal ideation (a common
aspiration to die without any accompanying plan or intent of wreaking dangerous self-harm to kill oneself)
and active suicidal ideation which happens when there is a mindful yearning to impose self-injurious
behaviours, and the person possesses any degree of desire, above zero, for death to happen as a
consequence (Harmer, et al., 2024).
Suicidal planning embraces the drawing up of a specific technique through which the individual
proposes to die (Nock, 2008). Suicidal attempt is a further stage in suicidal behaviour which involves a
non-habitual act with a non-fatal result purposely began and executed by the individual concerned, causes
self-injury, or will be performed without support from others, or involves consumption of a substance
higher than the generally established beneficial measure (Jans, et al., 2018). Apter (2010), stressed that
for suicidal attempt to happen, there must be a self-initiated, possibly harmful behaviour; a manifestation
of plan to die; and nonfatal result.
From the descriptions of suicidality, it is obvious that suicidal ideation forms the basis of all the
suicidal behaviours as it embraces the thought and willingness to personally take one’s own life. Suicide
ideation has been established to be a predictor of both suicide attempts and completed suicides (Ladi-
Akinyemi, et al., 2023). Moreso, it has been found to be the most prevalent among all the typologies of
suicidality (Mortier, et al., 2018). It therefore follows that if effective remediation and prevention will be
provided, issues surrounding suicidal ideation should be effectively focused. Hence, the current study is
targeted at Suicidal ideation.
The appearance of suicidal ideation among tertiary institutions students globally and in developing
nations especially is raising concern as studies have shown that thought of suicide is high among emerging
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Psikoislamika: Jurnal Psikologi dan Psikologi Islam 303
adults. For instance, Kukoyi, et al (2023) expressed that Nigeria, together with other developing nations,
is reported to have a higher occurrence rate of suicidal ideation when equated with developed countries.
Among undergraduates in Bayesa State, South-southern Nigeria, Tobin and Oge (2021) found prevalence
rate of suicide thought to be 18 per cent. Also among the south-western Nigeria undergraduates,
Lawrence (2022) reported a slight prevalence of suicidal predispositions. Also, Aroyewun, et al (2022)
found the prevalence to be higher among female undergraduates. Among two state tertiary institutions
students in Lagos State Nigeria, Ladi-Akinyemi, et al (2023) found prevalence of suicidal ideation to be as
high as 22 per cent. This pervasiveness is a signal that actual suicide may be high in the coming years
among young undergraduates if not checked.
Previous studies which have sought the antecedents of suicidal ideation have confirmed different
factors predictive of suicidal ideation. Such factors include relationship with parents/guardian, degree of
academic performance, pressure and pleasure, marital strain of parents, economic condition of students,
depression and health difficulty (Tobin & Oge, 2021). Other predisposing factors identified by Ajibola and
Agunbiade (2022) are broken intimate relationship and involvement in substance misuse. Kukoyi et al
(2023) also found self-esteem, social support, and environmental factors to be connected with suicidal
ideation. Other examined risk factors include emotional dysregulatons and gambling disorder (Akpunne,
et al, 2022). While all these factors and some others have been suggested to predict suicidal ideation and
behaviour among young adults and the general populace, other intrapersonal personality and risk-taking
factors that could serve as antecedents of suicidal ideation, are not widely researched into although they
are common among young adults, especially undergraduates. Based on this, the current study focuses on
narcissism, substance usage and self-regulatory behaviour as they predict suicidal ideation among
undergraduates.
Conventionally, narcissism is defined by Pincus et al (2009) as individuals’ ability to keep a moderately
positive self-image within a range of self-, affect-, and field-regulatory means, and it is the cause of
persons’ desires for endorsement and support in addition to the drive to openly and secretly look for self-
enhancement experiences from the society. This definition seemed to present narcissism as facilitating
and healthy behaviour. However, it becomes pathological when individuals manifest a predisposition to
be entitled, egotistical, self-absorbed, and vain, using their large social ability and inclination towards
manipulative behaviour to force themselves into positions of authority or public eminence (Holtzman &
Donnellan 2015). Therefore, pathological narcissism comprises dysfunctional efforts to regulate the self
and is made up of two characteristics which are narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic vulnerability
(Dashineau, et al., 2019).
According to Semenyna (2018), grandiose narcissism is related with an excessively pushy and
exaggerated perception of self, as well as a tendency to be sociable and extraverted while vulnerable
narcissists are characterised by emotional feeling, persistent fears of rejection or neglect, and
manipulative predispositions. Vulnerable narcissism is portrayed by defensiveness, self-doubt, and
resentment. In this regard, Dashineau, et al (2019) explained that the two typologies of narcissism do not
result in same behavioural outcomes. While narcissistic grandiosity is linked with particular deficiency in
interpersonal skills, vulnerability is related with all forms of maladjustment. Vulnerable narcissism
projects different varieties of dysfunction while narcissism grandiosity functions as a moderate protecting
Samuel Toyin Akanbi, Elinah Yemisi Olanrewaju
304
factor. These two pathological narcissism types have been found prevalent among Nigerian
undergraduates (Akanbi, 2021).
A review of the literature on relationship between pathological narcissism and suicidal ideation has
always yielded strong connection. For example, Gabbard (2022) reported that suicidal possibility is not
uncommon in individuals with high level of narcissism. However, there has been disagreeing results on
the relationship of the two typologies of narcissism with suicidal behaviour. Specifically in the grandiose
component of narcissism, varying results have been reported by researchers. For instance, Ponzoni, et al
(2021) reported no significant association between grandiose narcissism and suicidal ideation. Jaksic, et
al (2017) found narcissistic grandiosity to demonstrate significantly weaker association with the suicidal
ideation. Brailovskaia, et al (2021), in their study described the relationship between the two construct as
positive indicating that presence of narcissism grandiosity could likely raise suicidal ideation in individuals.
Explaining the probable reason for the positive correlation, Rohmann et al (2019) asserted that it is
the desire for personal respect, attention and regard, which are peculiarities of grandiose narcissists,
when not received as expected that may raise the risk suicide ideation. Williams, et al (2021) equally
explained that suicidal ideation appears to perform the task of repairing a sense of control and self-worth
in narcissistic persons in a condition of emotional dysregulation. Conversely, Sprio, et al (2021) found
inverse association between narcissistic grandiosity and suicidal ideation noting that grandiose narcissism
looked to be a defensive factor against suicidal outcomes. On the contrary to dissimilarities in result on
grandiose narcissism and suicidal ideation, there appeared to be congruence of results on relationship
between vulnerable narcissism and suicidal ideation. For instance, the studies of Sprio, et al (2021),
Williams, et al (2021), Brailovskaia, et al (2021) Ponzoni, et al (2021), Zobel, et al (2021) reported positive
association between the two variables.
Another variable examined in this study is substance abuse, This concept and its related terms such
as substance use, drug abuse, drug dependency and Substance Use Disorder (SUD) have been used in the
literature with little variance in definition but with similar consequences. Substance abuse is described by
Rice and Dolgin (2008) as prolonged or persistent use of any chemical substance to alter conditions of
body or mind, other than medically acceptable reasons resulting in outcomes that are harmful to the
person’s physiological or mental wellbeing or the wellbeing of others. The American Psychiatric
Association (2013) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) conceptualised
SUD as a problematic pattern of consuming alcohol or another substance that brings about impairment
in lifestyle or obvious distress.
Substance abuse becomes dependence when an individual irrepressibly desire and consume
substances notwithstanding the possible or actual damage to the individual and the general public that
may be caused by it (Rice & Dolgin, 2008). For the focus of this paper, substance abuse refers to
nontherapeutic use (in quantity, potency, rate or manner) of an array of drugs both permissible and
proscribed by law that has the potency to impair the physical and mental health of the user and the
society. Among the substances that are frequently abuse by emerging adults include alcohol, cannabis,
marijuana, bhang, hashish, Amphetamine, different varieties of cough syrups, nicotine, Steroids
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Psikoislamika: Jurnal Psikologi dan Psikologi Islam 305
tranquilising tablets, morphine, heroin, cocaine and tobacco among others (Oshikoya, & Alli, 2006;
Okoro, & Lahai, 2021).
Available studies have shown that abuse of drug is a potential risk for suicidal ideation. For example,
Breet et al (2018) discovered a steady association between all forms of substance abuse and suicidal
ideation and behaviour. Melkam, et al (2022) also found a direct association between substance use and
suicidal ideation. The study of Anyama (2022) also obtained a positive influence of drug abuse on suicidal
tendencies. Abdalla et al. (2019) found out that substance use like alcohol, cannabis and cocaine were
positively related with suicidal ideation. Hesse, et al (2020) equally discovered direct connection between
the two constructs.
The association between self-regulation and suicidal ideation is also considered in this study. Diehl,
et al (2006) viewed self-regulation as a behaviour that is connected to both action and attention control
and is regarded as the ability to maintain one’s attention fixed on a particular goal regardless of
disturbances. Self-Regulatory behaviour is defined by Shanker (2010) as the ability to stay calm, remain
resolute and firm which is analogous to having self-discipline. It is the process through which individuals
manage their own emotional and physiological conditions along with their actions (Ozhiganova, 2018). It
is equally described by Harrison and Muthinvhi (2013) as a deep internal mechanism that triggers mindful,
intentional and thoughtful behaviours of persons which gives them the ability to stop a particular
behaviour or institute a new one. Four components of self-regulatory behaviour could be identified which
according to Schraw, et al (2006) include goal setting, self-monitoring, self-instruction, and self-
reinforcement. A perusal of self-regulatory concept shows that inability to self-regulate one’s behaviour
can lead to several antisocial behaviour including desire to control and abuse others, and unlawful
character that develops from a connection of participation in antisocial activities, and self-disruptive
behaviour (Boduszek, et al., 2016; Perez, et al., 2016).
Studies have been conducted and found strong correlation between self-regulatory behaviour and
psychological health (de la Fuente, 2017; Garzón-Umerenkova, 2018). However, there is paucity of finding
on the relationship between self-regulation and suicidal ideation. Notwithstanding, studies that examined
the association of emotional regulation (a domain specific part of self-regulation) and suicidal ideation
found negative association between the two. For example, Singh and Pathak (2020) found that emotional
regulation significantly influenced suicidal ideation among young adult. Raudales, et al (2020) found
emotional dysregulation to positively correlate with suicidal ideation. Likewise, Wolff, et al (2019)
discovered that there was strong positive connection between emotional dysregulation and non-suicidal
self-injury. Moreover, Chukwuemeka, and Obi-Nwosu (2021) found that emotional regulation is potent to
decrease suicidal ideation among young people. From these past studies, it is predictable that self-
regulatory behaviour would have a negative correlation with suicidal ideation among young adults in
university.
Rationales for the Study
The increasing cases of suicide among university undergraduates’ population has beckoned on more
research efforts to arrest the occurrences. Although cases of suicide are believed to be underreported in
Africa, perhaps due to traditional taboos and stigmatisation accompanying suicide, social media and
Samuel Toyin Akanbi, Elinah Yemisi Olanrewaju
306
national dailies often report cases of suicide among this population. The more worrisome issue is the
seeming contagiousness and similarity in the manner in which African (especially Nigerian)
undergraduates reportedly commit suicide (chemical poisoning). This suggests there are avenues through
which suicide is learnt, obviously through social media (Swedo, et al., 2021) In addition, university
students face unique stressors and challenges capable of increasing the risks of suicidal ideation. These
undergraduates are largely parts of the prospective human capitals of every nation, it therefore suggest
that increasing number of suicide will decrease the number of potential workforce of the nation.
Therefore, by understanding the factors contributing to suicidal ideation, more effective prevention and
intervention strategies can be developed.
There are considerable number of studies that have examined suicidality among university students
in Nigeria and Africa at large. Nevertheless, many of them have focused more on other phases in the
suicide development such as suicidal attempts and complete suicide. Not much attention has been on
suicidal ideation which forms the basis of suicidal behaviours. Moreover, the focus of many available
studies has often been on prevalence of suicidal behaviour among the population (Tobin & Oge, 2021;
Ladi-Akinyemi, et al., 2023; Kukoyi, et al., 2023). Very few of the studies (e. g Ajibola and Agunbiade, 2022;
Akpunne, et al, 2022) have focused on the risk factors of suicidal ideation in African perspective. Rather,
efforts were directed toward the antecedents of suicidality in general. Hence there has been an omission
on certain personality variables found to be common among young adults that are likely to influence
suicidal thoughts. For instance, pathological narcissism has been found prevalent among Nigerian
undergraduates (Akanbi, 2021) and has been found to associate with suicidal prone behaviours such as
depression (Akanbi, et al., 2023). However, no known study has examined pathological narcissism in
relation to suicidal ideation in Nigeria and other developing society, although it has been found associated
among college students in developed societies.
Furthermore, while emotional regulation has been shown to play a role in suicidal ideation
prevention as earlier reviewed; such literature is scarce in African perspective. This incomplete
understanding of risk factors of suicidal ideation has made it difficult to develop effective culturally
relevant prevention and intervention strategies for suicidal ideation. In addition, the rate of drug usage
is currently high among university undergraduates (Olanrewaju, et al., 2022) and suicidal ideation is
equally high. Although there have been some studies connecting the two variables, more study is needed
to establish the connection between the two, to enhance better knowledge. In the light of this, the current
study sought to explore the nexus among pathological narcissism, substance abuse, self-regulatory
behaviour and suicidal ideation among undergraduates.
Hypotheses
The following hypotheses were tested at .05 alpha level
1. There is significant relationship between each predictor (pathological narcissism, substance
abuse, self-regulatory behaviour) and suicidal ideation among undergraduates.
2. There is significant joint influence of narcissism, substance abuse, and self-regulatory behaviour
on suicidal ideation among undergraduates.
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Psikoislamika: Jurnal Psikologi dan Psikologi Islam 307
3. There is significant independent contribution of narcissism, substance abuse, and self-regulatory
behaviour to the prediction of suicidal ideation among undergraduates.
Method
The study adopted a correlational research design. The population of the study are all
undergraduates in Oyo State, Nigeria. Three public universities in the state were selected randomly for
the study. They are University of Ibadan (Including the affiliate campus at Federal college of Education,
Oyo), Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso (LAUTECH) and Emmanuel Alayande College
of Education (An affiliate of Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti: EKSU). Multistage random sampling was used
to select the participants. Three universities were picked through simple randomisation. Four faculties
were randomly selected from each of the universities, after which 120 participants were picked from each
faculty across their academic levels. Out of targeted 1,440 participants, 1,411 of the research instrument
were completely filled and found useable. The researchers recorded 98% success of the instrument
administration. The breakdown of the participants based on their demographic factors is shown in Table
1
Procedure
Selected 300 Level undergraduates of Ekiti State University undergoing Research Methods and Data
Analysis (GCE 311) that were trained in data collection and analysis served as research assistants in the
study. The participation in the study was voluntary and information provided was made confidential. The
study is nonclinical. In spite of this, the consent of the participants was sought. The study was made to be
anonymous as anything that could identify the participants was avoided. They were made to understand
that they could opt out of the exercise at any point they fill they could not continue. The respondents
were not given incentive. The instrument administration took a period of two weeks across the
participating universities.
Measures
Fours psychological apparatus were adopted to harvest data from the respondents. They are:
Suicide Ideation Scale (SIS): The scale was developed by (Rudd, 1989) and revalidated by Luxton et
al. (2011). It contains 10 items designed to assess and screen the appearance or otherwise of suicidal
contemplation, the degree of the ideation, and manifestation or nonappearance of previous suicidal
efforts. The participants were asked to rate each of the items the way they behaved over the past years.
The scale is rated on a 5-point Likert rating format ranging from Never (1), Infrequently (2), Sometimes
(3), Frequently (4), and Always (5). The scores of the participants ranged between 10 and 50. The author
reported internal consistency of α= .86. For the current study, the outcome yielded α= .75.
The Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SSRQ): The 31-items SSRQ developed by Carey, et al (2004)
was used to measure the self-regulatory behaviour of the participants. It is a self-report scale with two
major components (impulse control and goal-setting). The scale is operated on a five-point rating design
from Strongly Disagree (1) to Strongly Agree (5). The minimum and maximum scores participants can have
Samuel Toyin Akanbi, Elinah Yemisi Olanrewaju
308
are 31 and 155 respectively. The Cronbach alpha value of the scale as reported by the authors is α= 0.91.
In the present study, it yielded α= 0.87
Table 1
Demographic Variables of the Participants
Variable
Sub-variable
Frequency
Percentage (%)
UNIVERSITY
EKSU
472
33.5
LAUTECH
465
33.9
UNIBADAN
474
33.6
Total
1411
100
Age
16-20 Years
521
36.9
21-25 Years
694
49.2
26-30 Years
196
13.9
Total
1411
100
Sex
Male
779
55.2
Female
632
44.8
Total
1411
100
Religion
African Traditional
Religion
105
7.4
Christianity
724
51.3
Islam
562
39.8
Unspecified
20
1.4
Total
1441
100
The Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-20): DAST-20 developed by Skinner (1982) was primarily
constructed to offer concise, self-report tool for population diagnosis, clinical case finding and therapy
assessment study on substance abuse. The scale contains 20 items with the response formats of Yes (1)
and No (0). Items 4 and 5 were scored in reverse order. Higher score indicates severe drug abuse. The
internal consistency reliability value of α= .92 was reported by the author. In this study, Cronbach value
of α=.73 was recorded.
Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI): The 52 items PNI was adopted to measure both grandiosity
and vulnerability types of narcissism among the participants. Developed by Pincus, et al. (2009), the scale
is of self-report format with 18 items measuring narcissistic grandiosity. The other 34 items were
constructed to measure narcissistic vulnerability. The response format ranged between “Not at all like
me” (1) and “Very much like me” (6). Higher grade indicates higher narcissistic behaviour. The Cronbach
alpha value of the whole scale for this study is α=.94. The values of α= .85 and α=.93 respectively were
recorded for narcissism grandiosity and vulnerable narcissism subscales.
Statistical Exploration
The participants’ demographic information was analysed with descriptive statistics with simple
percentage. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Linear Multiple Regression was used to answer
the research questions
Result
The first hypothesis predicted that there would be significant relationship between each predictor
variable (narcissism, substance usage, self-regulatory behaviour) and suicidal ideation. Pearson Product
Exploring The Nexus: Pathological Narcissism, Substance Abuse, and Self-Regulation as ….
Psikoislamika: Jurnal Psikologi dan Psikologi Islam 309
Moment Correlation was computed and the outcomes showed that all the predictor variables significantly
correlated with suicidal ideation. Basically, as contained in Table 2, the results showed that grandiose
narcissism demonstrated negative significant relationship with suicidal Ideation (r= -.088; p< .01). In a
similar way, the result showed inverse correlation between self-regulatory behaviour and suicidal ideation
(r= -.246; p<.01). This suggested that increase in each of grandiose narcissism is likely to dwindle suicidal
ideation among undergraduates. On the contrary, the table further showed a positive significant
association between grandiosity vulnerability and suicidal ideation (r= .233; p<.01) as well as between
substance usage and suicidal ideation (r= .384; p<.01). This implies that the more the manifestation of
grandiose vulnerability behaviour and substance usage, the more the increase in suicidal ideation. The
hypothesis is therefore confirmed
Table 2
Descriptive Statistics and Correlation Matrix of the Predictor and Criterion Variables
S/N
Variables
N
Mean
SD
1
2
3
4
1.
Suicidal
Ideation
1411
17.37
4.35
2.
Narcissistic
Grandiosity
1411
58.46
14.68
-.088**
3.
Narcissistic
Vulnerability
1411
111.96
29.18
.233**
.745**
4.
Substance
Abuse
1411
5.72
5.00
.384**
.155**
.271**
5.
Self-
Regulation
1411
86.11
24.81
-.246**
.326**
.232**
-.213**
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
The collinearity statistics for the key variables: drug abuse, self-regulation, narcissistic grandiosity,
and narcissistic vulnerability were examined. The results indicated that drug abuse had a tolerance value
of 0.848 and a Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) of 1.182, suggesting minimal collinearity. Self-regulation
showed a tolerance of 0.820 and a VIF of 1.219, also indicating low collinearity. Narcissistic grandiosity
had a tolerance of 0.420 and a VIF of 2.385, while narcissistic vulnerability presented a tolerance of 0.419
and a VIF of 2.389. Although the VIF values for all variables were below the critical threshold of 10,
indicating that multicollinearity is not a significant issue in this study, narcissistic vulnerability exhibited
the highest collinearity among the predictors. Overall, the findings suggest that none of the variables
exhibit severe multicollinearity, indicating that the predictors can still be reliably used in the regression
model without significantly compromising the stability of the regression coefficients.
The second hypothesis also predicted significant joint effects of the predictor variables on suicidal
ideation among undergraduates. The hypothesis was tested by computing the linear multiple regression
analysis for the variables. As displayed in Table 3, the combination of narcissism (grandiosity and
vulnerability), substance usage and self-regulatory behaviour accounted for a total of 32% of the variance
in suicidal ideation. Moreover, the table exhibited that the ANOVA of the multiple regression statistics
produced a significant ratio value (R2=.322; F(4,1406)= 166.557; p<.01). This is an indication that the three
predictor variables: Narcissism (grandiosity and vulnerability), substance usage and self-regulatory
Samuel Toyin Akanbi, Elinah Yemisi Olanrewaju
310
behaviour are jointly powerful to influence suicidal ideation among undergraduate students. The
hypothesis is also confirmed
Table 3
Linear Multiple Regression of Suicidal Ideation, Narcissism, Substance Abuse and Self-
Regulation
Source
Sum of Square
Df
Mean Square
F
Sig
Regression
8592.793
4
2148.198
166.557
.000
Residual
18134.093
1406
12.898
Total
26276.886
1410
R=.567a
R2=.322
Adj. R2=.320
Std.Err. Est.359133
Going by the hypothesis which hypothesised significant independent contribution of each of the
predictor variables on suicidal ideation, the outcome from the linear multiple regression coefficient, as
presented in Table 4, confirmed that the three predictor variable: Narcissism (grandiosity and
vulnerability), substance usage and self-regulatory behaviour significantly and independently predicted
suicide ideation. The corresponding proportion of each predictor to suicide ideation is along this line:
narcissistic grandiosity (β= -.507; t= -14.945, P<0.01), narcissistic vulnerability (β= .573; t= 16.864, P<0.01),
substance abuse (β= .274; t= 11.453, P<0.01), and self-regulatory behaviour (β= -.155; t= -6.411, P<0.01).
This is a pointer that each of the predictors is a powerful influencer of suicide ideation among
undergraduates.
Table 4
Regression Coefficient of Suicidal Ideation, Narcissism, Substance Abuse and Self-Regulation
Unstandardised Coefficients
Standardised
coefficients
t
Sig.
B
Std. Error
Beta
Constant
17.574
.476
36.884
.000
Narcissistic
Grandiosity
-.150
. 010
-.507
-14.945
.000
Narcissistic
Vulnerability
.085
.005
.573
16.864
.000
Substance Abuse
.238
.021
.274
11.453
.000
Self-Regulation
-.027
.004
-.155
-6.411
.000
Discussion
The current study aimed at unravelling the potency of pathological narcissism, substance abuse, and
self-regulation in predicting suicidal ideation among university undergraduates. The study found the three
psychological variables to significantly and compositely predict suicidal ideation among undergraduates.
The outcome is not strange as researchers like Williams, et al (2021) has found that individuals with a
combination of narcissism and emotional dysregulation can engage in suicidal ideation as a means of
revamping a sense control and self-esteem. Generally, pathological narcissism portrayed by an
embellished sense of self-importance and a continuous need for admiration can lead university students
to see any academic setbacks as a peril to their self-regard. This can create a sequence of emotional
regulation difficulties, where they struggle to cope with negative emotions and resort to maladaptive
Exploring The Nexus: Pathological Narcissism, Substance Abuse, and Self-Regulation as ….
Psikoislamika: Jurnal Psikologi dan Psikologi Islam 311
coping mechanisms such as substance abuse. Substance abuse, in turn, further exacerbates emotional
dysregulation by impairing judgment and exacerbating mood swings. As a result, individuals may
experience intense feelings of hopelessness and despair, increasing their vulnerability to suicidal ideation.
So, these factors are not just independent risks for suicidal ideation, they could interact in a way that
increases the overall suicidal risk.
Grandiose narcissism was found in this study to demonstrate an inverse relationship with suicidal
ideation. This means increase in narcissistic personality disorder is likely to decrease suicidal ideation. This
outcome is not in tandem with the earlier study of Ponzoni, et al. (2021) and Jaksic, et al (2017) who found
no notable relationship between the two variables. It is not also in congruence with the study of Rohmann
et al (2019), Williams, et al (2021, and Brailovskaia, (2021) who found the two variables positively
associated because grandiose narcissists are likely to result into suicidal ideation when the longing for
self-gratification and societal approval are not met to the desired level. The study is however aligned with
the study of Sprio, et al (2021) who discovered inverse association between grandiosity and suicidal
ideation.
One possible explanation for this inverse association is rooted in the grandiose narcissist's robust
sense of self-esteem and inflated self-image. Grandiose narcissists often exhibit high levels of self-
confidence and a belief in their superiority over others. Consequently, they may perceive themselves as
invulnerable to the emotional pain and despair typically associated with suicidal ideation. Their inflated
self-image may serve as a protective factor, shielding them from experiencing thoughts of self-harm or
suicide as they view such actions as beneath their grandiose self-concept.
Moreover, grandiose narcissists tend to engage in various coping mechanisms, such as externalising
blame or seeking admiration from others, to maintain their self-enhancing narratives and avoid
confronting negative emotions. This tendency to externalise distress and seek external validation may
serve as a buffer against suicidal ideation, as they are less likely to internalise feelings of worthlessness or
hopelessness. Additionally, grandiose narcissists may perceive suicide as an admission of weakness or
failure, which contradicts their deeply ingrained belief in their own superiority and invincibility. Therefore,
the inverse relationship between grandiose narcissism and suicidal ideation may be attributed to a
combination of high self-esteem, reliance on external validation, and the perception of suicide as
incompatible with their grandiose self-image.
Vulnerable narcissism was found, in correspondence to the study of Sprio, et al (2021), Williams, et
al (2021), Brailovskaia, et al (2021) Ponzoni, et al (2021), and Zobel, et al (2021) among others, to
positively predict suicidal ideation.. Among the examined variables, vulnerable narcissism was found to
be the most potent in predicting suicidal ideation. There is considerable number of reasons that could be
attributed to this relationship among undergraduates. Firstly, students high in vulnerable narcissism often
experience intense self-doubt and fear of rejection, which can intensify their thoughtfulness to perceived
threats to their self-worth. This amplified feeling may lead to extreme contemplation over perceived
failures or criticism, eventually culminating in feelings of hopelessness and despair, which are known
precursors to suicidal ideation. Additionally, the discrepancy between the inflated self-respect archetypal
Samuel Toyin Akanbi, Elinah Yemisi Olanrewaju
312
of narcissism and the reality of their perceived incompetence can create profound internal conflicts,
intensifying feelings of worthlessness and despondency.
Furthermore, students with high vulnerable narcissism may lack effectual coping mechanisms to deal
with academic and life setbacks or perceived threats to their self-image. Instead of seeking social support
or profitable solutions, they may resort to maladaptive surviving approaches such as avoidance or
substance abuse, which can further aggravate their distress and increase their exposure to suicidal
ideation. Moreover, the chronic interpersonal difficulties often associated with narcissism, like
complications in forming and maintaining meaningful relationships, can further isolate students high in
vulnerable narcissism, dispossessing them of important sources of support and worsening their feelings
of loneliness and bleakness. Consequently, students with vulnerable narcissism may have a distorted
thinking pattern that make them believe that suicide is the only way to solve their problems.
This study also discovered that substance abuse positively predicted suicidal ideation. This indicates
that the more the substance abuse, the more the likelihood of suicidal ideation. This finding is consistent
with the recent studies which have unswervingly showed a disturbing positive association between
substance abuse and suicidal ideation (e.g. Breet et al., 2018; Abdalla et al., 2018; Hesse,et al., 2020;
Anyama, 2022). Generally, abuse of substance is suggested to be a coping device for young adults in the
university setting against stress and depression and other mental health challenges. On the other hand,
abuse of substance can also lead to depression and other mental health challenges which are known risk
factors of suicidal ideation. Therefore, the current finding suggests that abuse of substance serves as both
a coping mechanism and a risk factor for suicidal ideation, creating a dangerous cycle that can escalate
without adequate interaction. Other reason that could be attributed to this relationship between abuse
of substance and suicidal thought is the ability of the substance abuse to disrupt normal brain functioning,
leading to impulsivity and poor decision making which can increase the risk of engagement in suicidal
activities. Moreover, students who abuse substance are often linked with social isolation and alienation,
which are also risk factors for suicidal ideation.
The association between self-regulatory behaviour and suicidal ideation was found to be negative.
The result agrees with the earlier studies of Wolff, et al (2019), Singh and Pathak (2020), Raudales, et al
(2020), and Chukwuemeka, and Obi-Nwosu (2021) which discovered that individuals who are able to
effectively regulate their emotions are likely not to engage in suicidal thought. The reason for this
outcome is apparent in that, self-regulation embraces numerous intellectual, emotive, and behavioural
processes that give room for students to manage their impulses, emotions, and behaviours effectively.
Affected Students are better equipped to cope with stressors, regulate their emotions, and engage in
adaptive problem-solving strategies, which in turn reduce the likelihood of experiencing suicidal thoughts
or behaviours.
Furthermore, self-regulation plays a crucial role in mediating the impact of risk factors for suicidal
ideation, such as depression, anxiety, and impulsivity. Effective self-regulation can buffer the effects of
these risk factors by promoting resilience and adaptive coping mechanisms. For example, university
students with strong self-regulation skills are more likely to seek social support, engage in healthy lifestyle
Exploring The Nexus: Pathological Narcissism, Substance Abuse, and Self-Regulation as ….
Psikoislamika: Jurnal Psikologi dan Psikologi Islam 313
habits, and utilise positive coping strategies when facing adversity. As a result, they are less susceptible
to developing suicidal ideation even in the presence of significant psychosocial stressors.
Conclusions
The present study has unravelled the potency of pathological narcissism, substance abuse and self-
regulation in predicting suicidal ideation among university undergraduates. The study found that students
with narcissism grandiosity were not positively associated with suicidal ideation whereas, those with
narcissism grandiosity were prone to it. In addition, it was found that substance abuse and self-regulation
deficit were positively associated with suicidal ideation. The power of these three variables in predicting
suicidal ideation underscores the importance of implementing targeted interventions and preventive
measures on college campuses. These findings highlight the need for comprehensive mental health
support systems that address the underlying psychological factors contributing to suicidal ideation. It also
stressed the importance of considering the individual traits and behaviour, such as narcissism and
substance use along with emotional regulation ability in understanding and addressing suicidal ideation
among this population. By addressing these variables and other associated risks, universities can better
support the wellbeing of their undergraduate populations and reduce the prevalence of suicidal thoughts
and behaviours.
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