Content uploaded by Mücahit Coşkun
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Mücahit Coşkun on Nov 29, 2024
Content may be subject to copyright.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA
GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
EDİTÖR
Prof. Dr. Mücahit COŞKUN
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA
GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA
ÇALIŞMALARI
EDİTÖR
YAZARLAR
Afife KIRMIZI
Fatih KARTAL
Kamile ZEREN
Mohammed S. ALJAROUSHI
Nesrin SARSICI
Nigar CANBULAT
Onur CANBULAT
TEMUR
Safiye
Selime MUT
Sevda
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14231420
by iksad publishing house
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or
transmitted in any form or by
any means, including photocopying, recording or other electronic or mechanical
methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of
brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses
permitted by copyright law. Institution of Economic Development and Social
(The Licence Number of Publicator: 2014/31220)
T TR: +90 342 606 06 75
USA: +1 631 685 0 853
E mail: iksadyayinevi@gmail.com
www.iksadyayinevi.com
It is responsibility of the author to abide by the publishing ethics rules.
Iksad Publications 2024
ISBN: 978-625-367-937-8
Cover Design:
December / 2024
Ankara / T
Size = 16x24 cm
I | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
ÖNSÖZ
oloji, hava ve iklim,
a
Prof. Dr. Mücahit COŞKUN
Kitap Editörü
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | II
EDİTÖR
Prof. Dr. Mücahit COŞKUN
İletişim:
mcoskun@karabuk.edu.tr
ORCID: 0000-0002-7881- 674
III | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
İÇİNDEKİLER
ÖNSÖZ................................................................................................. I
EDİTÖR ............................................................................................. II
1. BÖLÜM .......................................................................................... 1
WEB OF SCIENCE’DA TARANAN İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ
POLİTİKALARI KONUSUNDAKİ COĞRAFİ
ARAŞTIRMALARIN BİBLİYOMETRİK ANALİZİ ................... 1
2. BÖLÜM ........................................................................................ 35
YOGA KAMP TURİZMİ POTANSİYELİ AÇISINDAN
SAFRANBOLU’NUN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ ......................... 35
3. BÖLÜM ........................................................................................ 59
ILGAZ DAĞLARI’NIN LANDSAT UYDU
GÖRÜNTÜLERİYLE 1984, 2000 VE 2021 YILLARINDAKİ
NDVI (NORMALİZE EDİLMİŞ FARK BİTKİ ÖRTÜSÜ
İNDEKSİ) DEĞİŞİMİNİN BELİRLENMESİ .............................. 59
4. BÖLÜM ......................................................................................... 79
TAŞKÖPRÜ (KASTAMONU) İLÇE MERKEZİ VE YAKIN
ÇEVRESİNDE ARAZİDEN YARARLANMADAKİ
DEĞİŞİMLER.................................................................................. 79
5. BÖLÜM ...................................................................................... 105
ELEKÇİ DERESİ HAVZASININ (ORDU) MORFOMETRİK
ANALİZİ ........................................................................................ 105
6. BÖLÜM ....................................................................................... 131
BOZKURT İLÇESİ’NİN (KASTAMONU) HEYELAN
DUYARLILIK ANALİZİ ............................................................. 131
7. BÖLÜM ...................................................................................... 159
YENİÇAĞA GÖLÜNÜN (BOLU) SEVİYE DEĞİŞİMİNİN
UYDU GÖRÜNTÜLERİYLE TESPİT EDİLMESİ .................. 159
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | IV
8. BÖLÜM ...................................................................................... 187
ORMAN SINIRINDA MEYDANA GELEN DEĞİŞİKLİĞİN
NORMALİZE EDİLMİŞ BİTKİ İNDEKSİ (NDVI) VE YÜZEY
SICAKLIKLARI (YYS) ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: YENİCE
ORMANLARI ÖRNEĞİ ............................................................... 187
9. BÖLÜM ...................................................................................... 209
SİLİFKE İLÇESİNDE ORMAN YANGINI DUYARLILIĞININ
ANALİTİK HİYERARŞİ YÖNTEMİ (AHP) İLE
BELİRLENMESİ ........................................................................... 209
10. BÖLÜM .................................................................................... 237
(SİVAS) KANGAL İLÇESİNİN İKLİM ÖZELLİKLERİ ........ 237
11. BÖLÜM .................................................................................... 271
DEVOLOPING A DIGITAL TECHNIQUE FOR PAPER MAP
UPDATING, USING REMOTE SENSING, AND
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM APPLICATIONS
CASE STUDY; TOPOGRAPHIC PAPER MAP OF BENGHAZI
- LIBYA........................................................................................... 271
12. BÖLÜM .................................................................................... 297
YÜZEY, 850, 700 ve 500 hPa BASINÇ SEVİYELERİNDE
ORTALAMA SICAKLIKLARIN TREND ANALİZİ ............... 297
1 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
1.BÖLÜM
WEB OF SCIENCE’DA TARANAN İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ
POLİTİKALARI KONUSUNDAKİ COĞRAFİ
ARAŞTIRMALARIN BİBLİYOMETRİK ANALİZİ
1
Doktorant
2
Amaçlar
•
• bibliyometrik analizini yapmak
•
1
mcoskun@karabuk.edu.tr, ORCID: 0000-0002-7881- 674.
2
ilkererdonmez@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0003-0453-3368.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 2
3 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
GİRİŞ
desteklenmi 22).
,
-
umun ekolojik dengeye zarar
,
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 4
faaliyetler ile k
(
2015; Altunok ve Altunok, 2016; Savaresi, 2016;
Demircan vd., 2017; Keskin ve Kanat, 2018; Erlat,
Kaya, 2020;
Kahraman (2022), -
5 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
g
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. Materyal ve Yöntem
VOSviewer
Web of
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 6
meler
ile
Roig-Tierno vd., 2017; Yeksan vd., 2019; Polat vd.,
emi
Bu veri
(Mongeon ve
Paul-).
Van Eck ve Waltman, 2011; 2020; Arslan, 2022;
yeri ve
7 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
veriler
Şekil 1: .
2. Bulgular
2.1. Toplam Yayın İçinde Coğrafyanın Yeri ve Yayınların
Yıllara Göre Dağılım Analizi
Ekonomi,
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 8
;
Şekil 2: .
Şekil 3: .
5%
95%
Coğrafya Diğer Alanlar
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
9 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Uygulamaya girmesi bu tarihlere denk gelen
2.2. En Çok Yayın Yapan ve Atıf Alan Dergilerin Analizi
-
-
Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions dergisinin
durum,
Environment and Planning A-Economy and Space dergisindeki konuyla ilgili
Transport Geography, Journal of Geographical Sciences, Global and
Planetary Change, Landscape and Urban Planning dergilerinin de bu anlamda
Environment and Planning E-Nature and Space, Annals of the American
As
dikleri
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 10
Tablo 1: .
Sıra
Dergiler
Makale
Sayısı
Atıf
Sayısı
Atıf/Makale
Değeri
Bağlantı
Gücü
1
Change-Human and Policy
Dimensions
638
51661
81
1071
2
Local Environment
142
2787
20
316
3
Geoforum
122
3358
28
354
4
Applied Geography
86
3442
40
140
5
Journal of Rural Studies
66
1347
20
78
6
Landscape and Urban
Planning
66
2737
41
58
7
Geojournal
63
489
8
61
8
47
1443
31
116
9
Journal of Coastal
Research
47
1615
34
35
10
Landscape Ecology
44
1454
33
26
11
Global and Planetary
Change
42
1750
42
25
12
Mountain Research and
Development
42
756
18
19
13
Environment and Planning
C-Politics and Space
39
580
15
88
14
Environment and Planning
E-Nature and Space
37
152
4
103
15
36
1643
46
11
16
Journal of Transport
Geography
35
1870
53
38
17
Arctic
33
1232
37
60
18
Environment and Planning
A-Economy and Space
33
2639
80
165
19
European Planning Studies
32
706
22
56
20
Annals of the American
Association of
Geographers
30
303
10
65
-Human and Policy
11 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
gelen dergiler ise Geoforum, Local Environment, Landscape and Urban
Planning, Environment and Planning A-
Planning, Environment and Planning A-Economy and Space dergilerinin
(Tablo 2).
Tablo 2: .
Sıra
Dergiler
Makale
Sayısı
Atıf
Sayısı
Bağlantı
Gücü
1
Global Environmental Change-Human and
638
51661
1071
2
Applied Geography
86
3442
140
3
Geoforum
122
3358
354
4
Local Environment
142
2787
316
5
Landscape and Urban Planning
66
2737
58
6
Environment and Planning A-Economy
and Space
33
2639
165
7
Journal of Transport Geography
35
1870
38
8
Global and Planetary Change
42
1750
25
9
Journal of Biogeography
18
1685
6
10
Transactions of The Institute of British
Geographers
23
1644
137
11
36
1643
11
12
Geographers
20
1632
91
13
Journal of Coastal Research
47
1615
35
14
Landscape Ecology
44
1454
26
15
47
1443
116
16
Journal of Rural Studies
66
1347
78
17
Arctic
33
1232
60
18
Global Ecology and Biogeography
19
1192
13
19
Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and
Environment
16
1029
35
20
Progress in Human Geography
11
811
95
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 12
2.3. En Çok Yayın Yapan ve Atıf Alan Kurumların Analizi
.
Exeter University 5., Melbourne University 6.
Burada dikkat
Environmental Assessment Agency, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact
Research ve International Institute for Applied Syste
13 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Tablo 3: .
Sıra
Yayın Yapan
Kurumlar
Makale
Sayısı
Atıf Alan Kurumlar
Atıf
Sayısı
1
Chinese Acad Sci
82
Univ E Anglia
7706
2
Univ Oxford
73
Univ Oxford
4694
3
Univ Utrecht
57
Univ Utrecht
4129
4
Univ East Anglia
46
Pbl Netherlands Environmental
Assessment Agency
3810
5
Univ Exeter
44
Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res
3573
6
Univ Melbourne
42
Chinese Acad Sci
3507
7
Vrije Univ
Amsterdam
42
Int Inst Appl Syst Anal
3229
8
UCL
40
Arizona State Univ
3164
9
Univ Manchester
35
UCL
2745
10
Univ British
Columbia
34
Columbia Univ
2661
11
Univ Durham
34
Univ Southampton
2556
12
Univ Leeds
34
Univ Washington
2494
13
Univ Queensland
34
Univ Exeter
2473
14
Arizona State
Univ
33
Vrije Univ Amsterdam
2252
15
Cardiff Univ
31
Humboldt Univ
2125
16
Univ Cambridge
31
Cardiff Univ
2110
17
Australian Natl
Univ
29
Univ Leeds
2105
18
Univ Chinese
Acad Sci
29
Univ Durham
2083
19
Wageningen Univ
29
Wageningen Univ
2079
20
Lund Univ
27
Univ Michigan
2062
2.4. En Çok Yayın Yapan ve Atıf Alan Ülkeler Analizi
Avustralya (Australia), Hollanda (Netherlands) ve
uth
Africa), Brezilya (Brazil) ve n
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 14
Tablo 4: .
Sıra
Yayın Yapan Ülke
Makale
Sayısı
Atıf Alan Ülke
Atıf
Sayısı
1
USA
671
England
33663
2
England
568
USA
32709
3
Australia
337
Netherlands
13177
4
Netherlands
211
Germany
12928
5
Peoples R China
209
Australia
11470
6
Canada
203
Canada
8665
7
Germany
203
Peoples R China
6885
8
Sweden
138
Sweden
5996
9
Norway
110
France
5394
10
Spain
99
Norway
5252
11
France
97
Austria
5104
12
Scotland
86
Italy
4027
13
Italy
84
Scotland
3629
14
Switzerland
75
Switzerland
3600
15
Austria
63
Spain
3096
16
South Africa
55
Japan
2760
17
India
55
Wales
2516
18
Brazil
52
Denmark
2072
19
New Zealand
52
Finland
1784
20
Finland
50
India
1687
2.5. En Çok Atıf Alan Makaleler Analizi
William Neil Adger, Keywan Riahi, Elmar Kriegler, Brian C. O'Neill gibi
Detlef Van Vuuren, bu list
s
adaptation to climate change across
15 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
ylem gibi temalar
Ostrom, 2010; Pahl-Wostl, 2009; Riahi, vd., 2017; Shove,
2010; Small ve Nicholls, 2003). (Tablo 5).
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 16
Tablo 5: .
Sıra
Makale Başlığı
Atıf
Sayısı
Bağlantı
Gücü
1
Adger, W. N., Arnell, N. W. ve Tompkins, E. L.
(2005). Successful adaptation to climate change across
scales. Global environmental change, 15(2), 77-86.
1590
12
2
Adger, W. N. (2003). Social aspects of adaptive
capacity. In Climate change, adaptive capacity and
development (pp. 29-49).
1336
10
3
Shove, E. (2010). Beyond the ABC: climate change
policy and theories of social change. Environment and
planning A, 42(6), 1273-1285.
1259
3
4
Pahl-Wostl, C. (2009). A conceptual framework for
analysing adaptive capacity and multi-level learning
processes in resource governance regimes. Global
environmental change, 19(3), 354-365.
1184
5
5
Riahi, K., Van Vuuren, D. P., Kriegler, E., Edmonds,
(2017). The shared socioeconomic pathways and their
energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions
implications: an overview. Global environmental
change, 42, 153-168.
1152
5
6
Ostrom, E. (2010). Polycentric systems for coping
with collective action and global environmental
change. Global Environmental Change, 20, 550-557.
1151
6
7
Liu, J., Kuang, W., Zhang, Z., Xu, X., Qin, Y., Ning,
J., ... ve Chi, W. (2014). Spatiotemporal
characteristics, patterns, and causes of land-use
changes in China since the late 1980s. Journal of
Geographical sciences, 24(2), 195-210.
1035
0
8
Small, C., ve Nicholls, R. J. (2003). A global analysis
of human settlement in coastal zones. Journal of
coastal research, 584-599.
969
2
9
-
Benedict, E., Riahi, K., Rothman, D. S., ... ve Solecki,
W. (2017). The roads ahead: Narratives for shared
socioeconomic pathways describing world futures in
the 21st century. Global environmental change, 42,
169-180.
967
11
10
applicable conceptual framework for climate change
research. Global environmental change, 17(2), 155-
167.
869
3
17 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
2.6. En Çok Yayın Yapan ve Atıf Alan Yazar Analizi
; Detlef
Van Vuuren, Harriet Bulkeley, Stewart Barr, Peter H. Verburg, Vanesa
Castan Broto
, Katherine Calvin, Jonathan C.
Tablo 6: .
Sıra
Yazar
Makale
Sayısı
Yazar
Atıf
Sayısı
1
Van Vuuren, Detlef P.
17
Van Vuuren, Detlef P.
3666
2
Bulkeley, Harriet
16
Kriegler, Elmar
2811
3
Barr, Stewart
11
Riahi, Keywan
2747
4
Verburg, Peter H.
11
Calvin, Katherine
1822
5
Broto, Vanesa Castan
10
Bulkeley, Harriet
1774
6
Lo, Alex Y.
10
Doelman, Jonathan C.
1752
7
Sovacool, Benjamin K
9
Stehfest, Elke
1673
8
Juhola, Sirkku
8
Broto, Vanesa Castan
1364
9
Boyd, Emily
7
Verburg, Peter H.
930
10
Head, Lesley
7
Daioglou, Vassilis
769
11
Shaw, Rajib
7
Whitmarsh, Lorraine
726
12
Whitmarsh, Lorraine
7
Barr, Stewart
681
13
Bailey, Ian
6
Lucas, Paul L.
600
14
Bardsley, Douglas K.
6
Hulme, Mike
565
15
Barnett, Jon
6
Boyd, Emily
416
16
Daioglou, Vassilis
6
Lorenzoni, Irene
401
17
Doelman, Jonathan C.
6
Mahony, Martin
379
18
Farbotko, Carol
6
Lo, Alex Y.
335
19
Hulme, Mike
6
Fu, Bojie
291
20
Kelman, Ilan
6
Sovacool, Benjamin K.
274
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 18
2.7. Ortak Yazar, Ortak Kurum ve Ülke Bazlı İş Birliklerinin
Analiz Durumu
Şekil 4: .
Vuuren, Peter H. Verburg, Harriet Bulkeley ve
ar Kriegler,
Jonathan Doelman, Vassilis Daioglou, Keywan Rihai, Katherina Calvin
19 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Şekil 5: .
Manchester, British,
Cambridge ve daha
eskidir. S Chinese Acad Sci, Queensland, Utrecht University,
Şekil 6: .
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 20
Daha sonra bu
Avustralya
2.8. Ortak Anahtar Kelime Kullanımı Analizi
, politik
ve
ekonomik
21 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Tablo 7: .
Sıra
Ortak Kelime
Sayı
1
789
2
Uyum (adaptation)
245
3
130
4
adaptation)
85
5
82
6
sustainability)
81
7
76
8
Politika (policy)
65
9
64
10
56
11
49
12
Uyum kapasitesi (adaptive capacity)
47
13
Azaltma (mitigation)
42
14
42
15
41
16
37
17
37
18
Risk (risk)
36
19
Avustralya (Australia)
34
20
(Climate justice)
33
Ortak anahtar kelime
kullan
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 22
(political ecology), kutupsal (arctic), iklim adaleti (climate justice) gibi
Şekil 7: .
3. Sonuç ve Tartışma
nedeniyle
23 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
sonuncusu (COP-27) -
tarihinde
ini
raporlarda
etkileri (h
Altunok ve Altunok, 2016; Savaresi, 2016;
2022).
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 24
makalelerden
inin
de bir sonucudur.
Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions dergisi bu alanda
25 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Environment and Planning A-Economy and Space, Global and Planetary
Change, Journal of Biogeography, Transactions of The Institute, of British
erlendirme
Environment and Planning A-
olan Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions
Planning E-
r.
kurumlara Pbl Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Potsdam
Institute for Climate Impact Research eklenmektedir.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 26
iklim
-
Keywan Riahi, Katherine Calvin, Elke Stehfest ve Castan Broto Vanesa ise
e
Chinese Acad Sci ise kurumsal o
sahiptirler.
William Neil Adger, Van Vuuren,
Harriet Bulkeley, Mike Hulme, Erik Swyngedouw, Mark Pelling, Karen
27 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
olarak oxford, Manchester, Exeter, Cardiff, Sussex, Cape Town, British,
uyarlanabilir
on), sel
(deforestation), politik ekoloji (political ecology), kutupsal (arctic) ve iklim
etmektedir.
Bibliyometrik
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 28
29 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF GEOGRAPHICAL
RESEARCH ON CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES SCANNED
IN WEB OF SCIENCE
Abstract
The importance of climate change policies, which are based on climate
change in the political and academic fields and include political institutions
and civil society initiatives, has been increasing in recent years. The aim of
this study is to examine the relationships between international publications
in the field of geography on climate change policies, and to determine current
topic selection trends through the use of co-authors and keywords. In the
study, the international literature on climate change policies was scanned, the
data obtained were processed and analyzed. The data used in the research
were obtained from the Web of Science database. In the study, in which only
the articles were examined, the field of Geography and Physical geography
was scanned according to the "Topic" setting. 2,718 articles were selected as
data and analyzed using VOSviewer Program and Bibliometric Method.
Analyzes were made under sub-headings such as the place of geography in
the total research, journal, institution, country, author, articles, common
keywords and network analysis of collaborations. In the study, the number of
citations of the first 10 articles and the analysis results of the first 20 of the
other titles are included. The rate of publications on this subject in the field of
geography is % 5.6. It is seen that the publications are mostly made in
institutions in Europe, and the number of publications is increasing in
countries such as China, India and Australia. The current international
publication analyzes revealed by the study offer an academic view to the
studies in the field. Moreover; It is also an easily accessible data source for
researchers who will work on climate change policies. Since there is no
bibliometric study on research on climate change policies, it is thought that
the study will contribute to the field of geography.
Keywords: Geography, Climate Change Policies, Climate Change,
Bibliometric Analysis, Adaptation, Vulnerability, Adaptation, Vulnerability,
Sustainability.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 30
KAYNAKÇA
Adger, W. N. (2003). Social aspects of adaptive capacity. In Climate change,
adaptive capacity and development (pp. 29-49).
Adger, W. N., Arnell, N. W. ve Tompkins, E. L. (2005). Successful adaptation
to climate change across scales. Global environmental change, 15(2),
77-86.
publications in the field of geography education: bibliometric analysis
based on the web of science database. Review of International
Geographical Education (RIGEO), 11(2), 540-557.
DOI: 10.33403rigeo.724741
Denetişim, (12), 45-55.
https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/208774
Bilimler Dergisi, AÜSBD Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri Özel
Sayısı, 33-56. DOI: 10.18037/ausbd.1227291
Eskişehir
Teknik Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi B- Teorik Bilimler, 8
(2), 344-354. Retrieved from
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/estubtdb/issue/56628/644637
Resilience, 6(1), 127-143.
İklim değişmeleri ve küresel ısınma.
(Yay. haz.). Yer Bilimi (s. 272-302). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
İklim değişmeleri, küresel ısınma ve Türkiye
-350).
Ankara: Pegem Akademi
Ankara Üniversitesi
Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 37-54.
31 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Yıl Uluslararası Kongresi,
8-10.
Donthu, N., Kumar, S., Mukherjee, D., Pandey, N. ve Lim, W. M. (2021).
How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and
guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 133, 285-296.
Erlat, E. (2019). İklim Sistemi ve İklim Değişmeleri.
framework for climate change research. Global environmental change,
17(2), 155-167.
2015). İklim değişikliği politikalarının Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye'de
sanayi sektörüne olası etkileri: Maliyetler ve rekabet edebilirlik
bakımından değerlendirme
Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(1), 55-
81.
https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.718925
Kahraman, M. (2022). Bibliometric analysis of Istanbul University Journal of
Geography. Journal of Geography-Cografya Dergisi ,44, 207-218.
https://avesis.istanbul.edu.tr/yayin/36188f51-be84-4e9a-b2b3-35eaa0fad1ec/
bibliometric- analysis-of--university-journal-of-geography
modelinin kavramsal modellenmesi. Journal of Yasar
University, 17(67).
https://dergipark.org.tr/ en/download/article-file/1988615
Ana Dili Eğitimi
Dergisi, 8(1), 67-86.
https://www.anadiliegitimi.com/en/download/article-file/950312
Meriç
Uluslararası Sosyal ve Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(10), 165-191.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 32
Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat
Fakültesi Dergisi, 49, sa.1, 67-78.
https://doi.org/10.17097/ataunizfd.343085
bibliyometrik analizi. Türkiye Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(1),
205-227.
https://dergipark.org.tr/ en/pub/tubad/issue/70039/1079522
Ulusal Çevre Bilimleri
Araştırma Dergisi, 1(3), 145-157.
Liu, J., Kuang, W., Zhang, Z., Xu, X., Qin, Y., Ning, J., ... ve Chi, W. (2014).
Spatiotemporal characteristics, patterns, and causes of land-use
changes in China since the late 1980s. Journal of Geographical
sciences, 24(2), 195-210.
Mongeon, P. ve Paul-Hus, A. (2016). The journal coverage of Web of Science
and Scopus: a comparative analysis. Scientometrics, 106(1), 213-228.
DOI 10.1007/s11192-015-1765-5
Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği
Dergisi, 16(1), 71-88.
https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/668426
-Benedict, E., Riahi, K.,
Rothman, D. S., ... ve Solecki, W. (2017). The roads ahead: Narratives
for shared socioeconomic pathways describing world futures in the 21st
century. Global environmental change, 42, 169-180.
Ostrom, E. (2010). Polycentric systems for coping with collective action and
global environmental change. Global Environmental Change, 20, 550-
557.
-
-2020. Ankara
Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 61 (2), 1275-
1313. DOI: 10.33171/dtcfjournal.2021.61.2.27
33 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Ömer Halisdemir
Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(4), 527-
541.
Pahl-Wostl, C. (2009). A conceptual framework for analysing adaptive
capacity and multi-level learning processes in resource governance
regimes. Global environmental change, 19(3), 354-365.
bibliyometrik profili. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler
Dergisi, 10, 240-249.
https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/841202
Fujimori, S., ...and Tavoni, M. (2017). The shared socioeconomic
pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions
implications: an overview. Global environmental change, 42, 153-168.
Roig-Tierno, N., Gonzalez-Cruz, T. F. ve Llopis-Martinez, J. (2017). An
overview of qualitative comparative analysis: A bibliometric
analysis. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 2(1), 15-23.
Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 25(1), 89-
94.
Savaresi, A. (2016). The Paris Agreement: a new beginning? Journal of
Energy & Natural Resources Law, 34:1, 16-6.
DOI: 10.1080/02646811.2016.1133983
Shove, E. (2010). Beyond the ABC: climate change policy and theories of
social change. Environment and planning A, 42(6), 1273-1285.
Small, C. ve Nicholls, R. J. (2003). A global analysis of human settlement in
coastal zones. Journal of coastal research, 584-599.
bitirme tezlerinin analizi. R&S-Research Studies Anatolia
Journal, 2(7), 333-341.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 34
Avrupa birliği iklim değişikliği politikasının oluşumu
ve sivil toplum örgütleri
Çevre Şehir ve İklim
Dergisi, 1(1), 38-60.
Teknik Sunumlar, Seminerler Dizisi: 1: 187-205, Ankara.
İklim Değişikliği ve
Çevre, 1(1), 26-37.
climate change). Çevre, Bilim ve Teknoloji, Teknik Dergi, 2: 35-52.
Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi
Dergisi, 13(1), 39-54.
Van Eck, N. J. ve Waltman, L. (2011). VOSviewer manual. Manual for
VOSviewer.
-
2005. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 3(1), 27-55.
- -2015) ne
lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography
Education, (39), 121-150.
bibliyometrik analizi. Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3 (2), 220-
231. DOI: 10.32572/guntad.502563.
35 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
2.BÖLÜM
YOGA KAMP TURİZMİ POTANSİYELİ AÇISINDAN
SAFRANBOLU’NUN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Doktorant
3
4
Amaçlar
•
•
•
bilgilendirmek
3
husameddinece@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-3442-9361.
4
Dal
gkanturkyigit@karabuk.edu.tr, ORCID: 0000-0001-6137-6018.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 36
37 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
GİRİŞ
etkiler
‘‘Birleştirmek, kavuşturma, birlik’’
‘‘yuj’’
m
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 38
p turizminin
n
2018
39 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
(Analytic Hierarchy Process-AHP-
1. Çalışma Alanın Yeri, Sınırları ve Coğrafi
Özellikleri
Harita 1: Safranbolu Lokasyon
-Safranbolu
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 40
-
2021).
2. Materyal ve Yöntem
Materyal
Yöntem
Batuk,
41 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
-1
(Malczewski, 1999).
Tablo 1:
1980).
Derecesi
1
3
5
7
9
2, 4, 6, 8
-zewski,
-
-
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 42
-
(Kavas, 2009).
olan mesafe anali
. (Harita 2e). Yoga
43 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
corine.tarimorman.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 44
Tablo 2:
0 - 5
9
0 - 670
9
5 - 10
8
670 - 1350
9
10 - 15
5
1350 - 2000
8
15- 20
3
2000 - 2700
7
20 - 25
2
2700 - 3300
3
25+
1
3300+
1
9
0 - 500
9
Kuzey
1
500 - 1000
9
1
1000 - 1500
7
3
1500 - 2000
5
9
2000 - 2500
3
9
2500+
1
9
Akarsuya
5
0 - 1250
9
1
1250 - 2500
9
1
2500 - 3750
7
Ortalama
3750 - 5000
5
8 - 9
7
5000 - 6250
3
9 - 10
8
6250+
1
10 - 11
8
Heyelan (M)
11 - 12
9
0 - 1500
1
12 - 13
9
1500 - 3000
5
13+
9
3000 - 4500
7
4500 - 6000
8
0 - 1000
1
6000 - 7500
9
1000 - 2000
3
7500+
9
2000 - 3000
5
3000 - 4000
7
4000 - 5000
8
5000+
9
45 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Harita 2:
Mesafe,
).
a
b
c
d
e
f
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 46
Harita 2 Devamı: (
3. Bulgular
Tablo 1:
Katmanlar
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(1) Ormanlık Alan
1
0.16
(2) Akarsuya Yakınlık
1
1
0.16
(3) Yerleşme
1
1
1
0.16
(4) Ulaşım
1
1
1
1
0.17
(5) Eğim
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/3
1
0.09
(6) Sıcaklık
1/3
1/3
1/3
1/3
1
1
0.08
(7) Bakı
1/4
1/4
1/3
1/3
1
1
1
0.07
(8) Heyelan
1
1
1
1
1/2
1/2
1/2
1
0.11
Tutarlılık Oranı (CR)= 0.07
h
g
47 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
analize dahil edilen toplam 574,9
Şekil 1:
2,56%
40,60%
49,66%
7,18%
Orta
Uygun
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 48
Harita 3:
49 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
4. Sonuç ve Öneriler
belirlenmesi
Fotoğraf 1:
.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 50
Fotoğraf 2:
.
faaliyetinin bulunmad
51 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Fotoğraf 3:
.
kuzeyinde,
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 52
Fotoğraf 4:
Bu nedenle;
•
•
•
•
•
•
53 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
EVALUATION OF SAFRANBOLU IN
TERMS OF YOGA CAMPING TOURISM
POTENTIAL
Abstract
People participate in activities carried out in natural environments to
relax physically and spiritually. Alternative types of tourism have also
emerged in order to meet this need of people. Yoga tourism, which is one of
the alternative tourism types, constitutes the subject scope of the study.
Safranbolu district has been determined as the scope of the area because it has
a high potential for yoga camp with its natural and cultural attractions. The
purpose of this research is to determine the suitable areas for yoga camp in
Safranbolu district. This study is of importance in terms of increasing the
diversity of alternative tourism in this district, which is an important
destination region in terms of tourism. The absence of any studies on yoga
tourism in the research area constitutes the justification for the study. The
Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHS) method, which is one of the Multi-
Criteria Decision Making (MPC) methods, was chosen as the method of this
study because it is widely used in conformity analyses. In line with the
purpose of the study, both the literature was scanned and yoga campsites were
tried to be determined by taking into account the expert opinions and
geographical features of the district. While determining suitable areas for
yoga camp, the criteria included in the analysis are topography (slope, aspect),
climatic characteristics (average temperature), distance to water sources,
wooded areas, residential areas, transportation networks and landslide areas.
Residential areas, areas where industrial enterprises are located and
agricultural areas are excluded from the analysis as unused areas. When the
map obtained as a result of the analysis was examined, it was determined that
7.18% (41.3 km2) of the study area is very suitable for yoga campsite. There
Canyons. However, as a result of field observations in these areas, it has been
concluded that there are no studies on yoga tourism. It is thought that by
planning and carrying out studies for yoga tourism in Safranbolu, both local
and foreign tourists will prefer this region.
Keywords: Safranbolu, Yoga Camping Area, Yoga Tourism
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 54
KAYNAKÇA
Albayrak, A. (2013). Alternatif Turizm, Ankara: Detay
978- 605-5216-31-3.
Türk Coğrafya Dergisi (75), 81-94.
Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Turizm
Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 84-96.
Journal of History Culture
and Art Research, 7(2), 461-474.
type and sights via geographic information systems: The example of
Safranbolu, 4th International Workshop on Geoinformation Secince:
GeoAdvances, 4(4), 97-100.
Sosyal
Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4 -28.
Butler, R.W. (1990). Alternative tourism: Pious hope or Trojan Horse,
Journal of Travel Research, Winter, 40-45.
Alternatif turizm türlerinin Safranbolu’da
uygulanabilirliği
Sosyal
Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi -125.
development of active holidays and special interest tourism and
consequent enrichment of the holiday experience. Madrid: World
Tourism Organization.
Gogo, A.F.C. (2014). Factors determining tourists choice of camp sites in
wildlife protected areas: A case study of Lake Nakuru National Park
Kenya. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing, ISBN: 978-3-659-74681.
55 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
-karavan
I.Rekreasyon Araştırmaları Kongresi,
.
Bilig (24), 29-48.
Iyengar, B. K. S. (2016). Yoga ve siz
ISBN: 9782656529388.
Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 152-
163.
TMMOB
Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kongresi (CBS2009)
Türk Turizm
Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 202-219.
-
Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 30, 61-69.
Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 24(1), 7-22.
Lehto, X., Brown, S. ve Morrison, A. (2006). Yoga tourism as a niche within
the wellness tourism market, Tourist Recreation Research, 31(1), 25-
35.
Malczewski, J. (1999). GIS and Multicriteria Decision Analysis, John Wiley
and Sons. ISBN: 978-0-471-32944-2.
Marion, J.L., Wimpey, J., Arredondo, J. ve Meadema, F. (2019). Sustainable
USDI U.S. Geological Survey
Virginia Tech Field Unit.
integration of campsites in rural cultural landscapesan applied
research in Catalonia, Spain. Land, (11) 365.
Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 16 (26), 129-142.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 56
Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Sigma
Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri Dergisi (28), 124-137.
Saaty, T.L. (1980). The analytic hierarchy process: Planning, priority setting,
resource allocation, McGraw-Hill Companies. ISBN: 978-
0070543713.
Saaty, T.L. (2004). Mathematical methods of operations research, Dover
Publications, 415-447.
Saraswati, S. J. (2001). Yoga
9789757200895.
Uluslararası Kırsal Turizm ve Kalkınma Dergisi,
2 (2), 20-23.
Sayman, E. (2021). Yoga turizmi deneyimi ile yaşam kalitesi arasındaki
ilişkide kişiliğin aracı etkisi
belirlenmesi. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi (75), 119-130.
Rekreaktif bir faaliyet olarak yoga eğitim inziva kamplarının
turistik değeri üzerine bir inceleme
Tan, Y.E. (2019). Karabük ve Safranbolu Havzasının karst jeomorfolojisi
Uzaktan algılama ve coğrafi bilgi sistemleri
kullanılarak erozyon risk belirlemesine yeni bir yaklaşım, Çorum ili
örneği
57 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
-
Turkish Journal of Forestry, 10 (1), 116-128.
Vivekananda, S. (2014). Patancali‟nin yoga bilimi, Yoga sutraları. (2.
Weaver, D. (1991). Alternative to mass tourism in Dominica, Annals of
Tourism Research, 18, 414-432.
Weaver, D. (2006). Sustainable tourism: Theory and practice, Elsevier-
Butterworth-Heinemann. Oxford. ISBN: 9780750664387.
ve tehditler. 207-2015, Business and Organization Research
İnternational Conference
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 58
59 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
3.BÖLÜM
ILGAZ DAĞLARI’NIN LANDSAT UYDU
GÖRÜNTÜLERİYLE 1984, 2000 VE 2021 YILLARINDAKİ
NDVI (NORMALİZE EDİLMİŞ FARK BİTKİ ÖRTÜSÜ
İNDEKSİ) DEĞİŞİMİNİN BELİRLENMESİ
5
6
7
Amaçlar
•
tespit etmek
• Ilgaz
tespit etmek
•
yorumlamak
5
-
6
zerenkamile1@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0003-0034-9563.
7
rkiye.
agcabaymurat23@gmail.com, ORCID: 0009-0006-3570-3189.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 60
61 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
GİRİŞ
--
.
t
e
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 62
2020).
sinde meydana gelen
•
•
63 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
1. Çalışma Alanı
B
ve
o 00' 00'' D ile 34o o 50' 00''
K ile 41o
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 64
Harita 1:
onusu alan
Quercus petraea) Q. Robur) ve macar
Q.frainetto (Pinus nigra) (Carpinus betulus) ve
(Fagus orientalis)
Q. pubescens)(Q. infectoria)
(Q. cerris)
(Juniperus excelsa) (J. foetidissima)
65 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
(Abies nordmanniana subs. bornmuelleriana)
(Pinus sylvestris)
Harita 2:
2. Veri ve Yöntem
nden temin
https://www.earthexplorer.usgs.gov
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 66
Tablo 1:
Uydu Adı
Tarih
Çözünürlük
Bulutluluk
Oranı
Landsat 5 TM
03.08.1984
06.08.2000
30 m
% 10
Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS
31.07.2021
30 m
% 10
(Kaynak: Url 1).
ama yapan bantlardan
2012).
-
-
ise -
gelmektedir (Tablo 2, Url 2).
67 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
NDVI ()
NDVI = (NIR – Red) / (NIR + Red)
Landsat 4-7 data, NDVI = (Band 4 – Band 3) / (Band 4 + Band 3)
Landsat 8-9 data, NDVI = (Band 5 – Band 4) / (Band 5 + Band 4)
boyu (0.68
Tablo 2:
NDVI
Değeri
Sonucu
-1 - 0
tmektedir.
-0.1 - 0.1
tmektedir.
0.2 - 0.5
tmektedir.
0.6 - 1.0
etmektedir.
(Kaynak: Url 2).
3. Bulgular
a ve
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 68
Harita 3:
Harita 4:
69 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Harita 5:
Harita 6: -
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 70
3.885 ha
Harita 7: -
71 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Harita 8: -
Tablo 3:
NDVI
Açıklama
1984 (Ha)
2000 (Ha)
2021 (Ha)
< 0
141
24
45
0 - 0,1
Yapay Alanlar
1,751
324
474
0,1 - 0,2
15,064
4,839
2,979
0,2 - 0,3
41,409
31,402
10,123
0,3 - 0,4
56,706
54,802
22,299
0,4 - 0,5
64,038
56,096
31,427
0,5 - 0,6
74,761
59,543
45,658
> 0,6
189,687
236,528
330,553
TOPLAM
443,558
443,558
443,558
; Grafik 1).
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 72
Tablo 4:
1984
2000
2021
0,52
0,57
0,66
Grafik 1:
4. Sonuç
73 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
5. Öneriler
%15,8
n
r.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 74
75 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
DETERMINATION OF NDVI (NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE
VEGETATION INDEX) CHANGE IN 1984, 2000 AND 2021
WITH LANDSAT SATELLITE IMAGES OF ILGAZ
MOUNTAINS
Abstract
NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), calculated from
satellite images, is widely used in monitoring green vegetation on earth.
NDVI, which is an index indicating the density of the plant, is obtained based
on the remote sensing method. In this study, NDVI vegetation index was
obtained for Ilgaz Mountains, the highest mountain mass of the Western
Black Sea Region, by using remote sensing techniques and geographic
information systems. The aim of the study is the change in vegetation density
of the Ilgaz Mountains in 1984, 2000 and 2021. The fact that there has not
been a study showing the change of vegetation density in the Ilgaz Mountains
before makes this study important. The Ilgaz Mountains, developed on
vegetation, serpentine, schist and volcanic rocks, from their skirts to their
summits; sessile oak (Quercus petraea), stalked oak (Quercus robur),
Hungarian oak (Quercus frainetto), eastern beech (Fagus orientalis), larch
(Pinus nigra), Scots p
nordmanniana subsp. equi-trojani) The region dominated by trees such as ) is
covered with dense forests. In order to determine the vegetation density and
change in the Ilgaz Mountains in 1984, 2000 and 2021, images were obtained
from Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI satellites and analyzed with remote
sensing and geographic information systems. According to the results of the
analysis, changes in vegetation density were determined. NDVI values are
expressed in a range ranging from -1 to +1. While NDVI approaches +1 in
areas with dense vegetation, the NDVI value approaches -1 and zero in sparse
vegetation and bare soil. Accordingly, the NDVI value was 0.52 in 1984, 0.57
in 2000 and 0.66 in 2021. After the study area was declared a National Park
in 1976, the said area was protected and the vegetation density increased over
the years.
Keywords: Remote sensing, Landsat image, NDVI, Plant density,
Ilgaz Mountains.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 76
KAYNAKÇA
- II (Bitki
-229.
Dergisi, (26), 108-123.
-
Teknolojileri Dergisi, 1(6), 123-133.
Hatfield J. L., Kanemasu E. T., Asrar G., Jackson R. D., Pinter P.J. Jr.,
Reginato R. J., Id S.B., (1985), Leaf area estimates from spectral
measurements over various planting dates of wheat, Int.J. Remote
Sensing, 6(1), 6775.
changes with NDVI method. Journal of Environmental Protection and
Ecology 16(1):264-273.
-15.
-326.
77 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Tucker, C. J., Pinzon, J. E., Brown, M. E., Slayback, D. A., Pak, E. W.,
NDVI dataset compatible with MODIS and SPOT vegetation NDVI
data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 26(20), 4485-4498.
-56.
Url2:https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/remote-sensing-
phenology/science/ndvi-foundation-remote-sensing-phenology
Url 3:https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-are-best-landsat-spectral-bands-use-
my-
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 78
79 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
4. BÖLÜM
TAŞKÖPRÜ (KASTAMONU) İLÇE MERKEZİ VE YAKIN
ÇEVRESİNDE ARAZİDEN YARARLANMADAKİ
DEĞİŞİMLER
Doktorant
8
Prof. Dr.
9
Amaçlar
• rarlanma
•
meydana gelen zamansal de
•
nelik yorumlar yapmak
8
hakanakdag37@gmail.com, ORCID: 0009-0005-6614-0000.
9
ocepni@karabuk.edu.tr, ORCID: 0000-0003-3978-8889.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 80
81 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
GİRİŞ
2021). Ar
(Lambin vd., 2000; Sanchez vd., 2019).
arazilerinden daha v
ve Sadleir, 1977; Kartal, 2024). dir. Bu sayede yaplan ve yaplmakta olan
al arya ulaabilmesi iin doal ortam zelliklerinin iyi
kefedilip potansiyel bir gce dntrlebilmesi gerekmektedir (Kartal,
2024).
-
ana kriter olarak
-
20.000 -
birlikte
kriterini (Darkot, 1972:59, Selen, 1972: 97-
- -1977: 216; Karabulut, 1981: 124;
1997: 428) kabul
etmektedir.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 82
11). Buna
araziden y
e araziden yararlanmada meydana
•
•
•
Durduran, 2021; Demir, 2021; Surya, vd., 2021; Turan vd., 2021). Bu
83 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
1. Araştırma Sahasının Coğrafi Özellikleri
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 84
Harita 1:
-
85 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Harita 2:
( Grafik nde
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 86
Grafik 1:
O
bulunan mozaikler ve
, 2013, s. 2).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
29,6 27,3 35,1 51,1 75,2 73 32,4 31,9 30,4 34,6 28,7 33,5
-1,1 0,8 4,4 9,5 14,2 17,5 20,2 20 15,8 10,9 5,3 0,9
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Sıcaklık (C
0
)
Yağış (mm)
Ortalama Sıcaklık : 9,9 °C
Ortalama Yağış: 482,2 mm
87 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
n ulusal
2. Materyal ve Metot
2.1. Materyal
edilebilen Landsat 5
Thematic Mapper (TM) uydusuna ait 01.09.1992 tarihli veri seti ve Landsat
8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) uydusuna ait 17.09.2021 tarihli veri setidir.
1).
Tablo 1
Uydu Adı
Tarih
Yörünge-
Satır
Çözünürlü
k
Bulutluluk
Oranı
Landsat 5 TM
01.09.1992
177-31
30 m
Landsat 8
OLI/TIRS
17.09.2021
177-31
30 m
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 88
kml (Google Earth Keyhole
Google Earth Pro
ArcGIS Arcmap 10.4
2.2. Metot
in analizi, araziden
Turan vd.,
89 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Tablo 2:
Analiz Bant Adları*
- Green - Blue
- Swir1 - Red
- NIR - Red
Landsat 8 OLI uydusu veri setinde yer alan 8. Bant, 15 metre
(a) (b)
Şekil 1:
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 90
2019).
3).
Tablo 3
r
xii
xi
X
+i
N
K
91 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
-
2. Bulgular
1992 Uydu Görüntüsü
1992 Sınıflandırılmış Görüntü
2021 Uydu Görüntüsü
2021 Sınıflandırılmış Görüntü
Harita 3:
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 92
3.1. Taşköprü İlçe Merkezi ve Yakın Çevresinde 1992 Yılı
Araziden Yararlanma
sulanmayan tarım alanları ol
(Tablo 4
sulanan tarım alanları
ile orman ve diğer doğal alanlar
Tablo 4
-
1992 yılı
2021 yılı
Fark
Fark
(%)
Yerleşim Alanı
381
596
215
56,43
%
Diğer Yapay
Alanlar
195
294
99
50,77
%
Orman ve Diğer
Doğal Alanlar
444
495
51
11,49
%
Sulanan Tarım
Alanları
1809
1384
- 425
-
23,49
%
Sulanmayan Tarım
Alanları
2045
2105
60
2,93%
Toplam
4874
4874
850
100
sulanan tarım alanları
Yerleşim
alanları sınıfı, sulanan tarım alanlarını
sulanan tarım alanlarına
93 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Harita 4:
.
orman ve diğer doğal alanlar
Yerleşim alanları
sulanan tarım alanlarını
sulanan tarım alanlarının
diğer yapay
arazilerin
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 94
).
Tablo 5:
.
Görüntü Yılı Üretici Doğruluğu Kullanıcı Doğruluğu
Kappa Katsayısı
1992 0,84 0,82
0,80
2021 0,86 0,88
0,87
3.2. Taşköprü İlçe Merkezi ve Yakın Çevresinde 2021 Yılı
Araziden Yararlanma
hektar ile sulanmayan tarım alanlarıdır
boyunca uzanan sulanan tarım alanları
yer orman ve diğer doğal alanlar
sulanan tarım
alanları
orman ve
diğer doğal alanların ise 495 hektaOrman ve
diğer doğal alanların, sulanmayan tarım alanlarına
95 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Harita 5:
.
Yerleşim alanları
sulanan
tarım alanları
sulanan tarım alanlarının
diğer yapay alanların Diğer yapay alanlar
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 96
3.3. Taşköprü İlçe Merkezi ve Yakın Çevresinde Araziden
Yararlanmadaki Zamansal Değişimler
diğer yapay
alanlar ve sulanabilen tarım alanları
. Yerleşim alanları, diğer
yapay yüzeyler, orman ve diğer doğal alanlar ile sulanmayan tarım
alanlarının sulanan tarım alanlarında
Grafik 2:
.
Yerleşim alanları
diğer yapay alanlar
h Yerleşim alanları
-500
500
1500
2500
3500
4500
5500
Alanlar Orman ve
Alanlar
Sulanan
Sulanmayan
Toplam
1992 yılı 2021 yılı Fark
97 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
orman ve diğer doğal
alanlar
Sulanmayan tarım arazileri
Sulanan tarım alanlarında
yerleşim alanı ve diğer yapay alanlar arazi
sulanan tarım alanlarının
- sulanan tarım alanları
4. Tartışma ve Sonuç
yerleşim alanları ve diğer yapay alanlar
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 98
yerleşim alanı ve diğer yapay
alanların
o
sulanan tarım alanları
sulanabilen tarım alanlarına
zem
99 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
gerekmektedir.
y
sulanmayan tarım
alanlarında
sulanabilen tarım alanlarındaki
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 100
TASKOPRU (KASTAMONU) DISTRICT CENTER AND
SURROUNDINGS
CHANGES IN LAND UTILIZATION
Abstract
The horizontal growth of urban settlements causes significant changes
in the land cover.. This situation is not only experienced in densely populated
and large residential areas. Changes in the way of utilizing the land can cause
losses in the natural environment in cities that are not densely populated but
surroundings and to evaluate the results. It is important to reveal the land
cover changes through researches in order to prevent possible losses.
In this study, images obtained from Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI
satellites were analyzed with the help of remote sensing and geographic
information systems in order to reveal the land cover changes between the
enter and its vicinity. Controlled
classification method is used in the analyzes and kappa accuracy analysis is
performed. According to the findings obtained as a result of the classification
of the land cover, it has been determined that there has been a decrease in the
natural environment in the district center and its vicinity over time. Between
1992 and 2021, it was understood that the residential areas expanded by more
than 50% in terms of rate, while the irrigable agricultural areas decreased by
23%. In the study area, it is necessary to prevent the development of the city,
especially in the west and southwest directions, in order to protect fertile
agricultural areas.
Keywords
Remote Sensing.
101 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
KAYNAKÇA
Kastamonu şehrinde araziden yararlanmadaki zamansal
değişimin coğrafi bilgi sistemleri ve uzaktan algılama yöntemleri ile
incelenmesi
-
Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 8, 629-641. http://doi
:10.30910/turkjans.936107.
Harita Dergisi, No.130, 32-46.
Coğrafya Dergisi (e-dergi) Sayı, 41, 29
43. -0043.
Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Fen Bilimi
Dergisi, 8, 217-
Doğu
Coğrafya Dergisi, 19, 277-297. http://doi:10.1795/dcd.272.
Kastamonu
Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi,16, 528-535.
, Y. (1997). Taşköprü ilçesinin coğrafi etüdü
Nesne-tabanlı sınıflandırmada filtreleme
tabanlı özellik seçimi algoritmalarının kullanımı ve sınıflandırma
doğruluğuna etkilerinin incelenmesi
Bilgi Sistemleri Sempozyumu, Adana.
Diyarbakır kenti ve çevresinde arazi kullanımı/arazi örtüsü
değişimi ve kentsel büyümenin modellenmesi.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 102
Coğrafya Dergisi, 43, 93-110.
doi: 10.26650/JGEOG2021-887753.
Kent Akademisi,15, 1789-1811, doi: 10.35674 /kent.1079558.
-
37.
Nüfus artışına bağlı olarak yaşam alanı değişimi:
dar alanlı konutlar.
Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 30, 359-382. http://doi:
10.51800/ecd.1018483.
Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi,12, 17-50.
- Marmara Coğrafya
Dergisi, 25, 378-389.
Journal Of History School, 17(Lxx), 1461-1486.
Electronic Turkish Studies, 19(1).
Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik
Bilimleri Dergisi, c.1, s.1.
-
Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 38, 8-15.
http://doi:10.31590/ejosat.1091854.
103 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Lambin, E.F., Rounsevell, M.D.A. ve Geist H.J. (2000) .Are agricultural land-
use models able to predict changes in land-use intensity?. Agriculture,
Ecosystems and Environment 82. 321331.
Liang L., Wang, Z ve Li, J. (2019). The effect of urbanization on
environmental pollution in rapidly developing urban agglomerations.
Journal of Cleaner Production 237.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117649.
Sanchez, J. A., Piquer-Rodriguez, M., Velasco-Munoz, J. F. ve Manzano-
Agugliaro, F. (2019). Worldwide research trends on sustainable land
use in agriculture. Land Use Policy, 87, 104069.
http://doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104.
-102.
Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler
Dergisi,1, 67-95. http://doi:10.5578/jss.66918.
Seto, K.C., Fragkias, M., Guneralp, B., ve Reilly, M.K. (2011). A Meta-
Analysis of Global Urban Land Expansion. Plos One, 6, e23777.
http://doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023777.
Slough, B. G. ve Sadleir, R. M. F. S. (1977). A land capability classification
system for beaver (Castor Canadensis Kuhl). Canadian Journal Of
Zoology, 55(8), 1324-1335.
Surya, B., Salim, A., Hernita, H., Suriani, S., Menne, F. ve Rasyidi, E.S.
(2021). Land use change, urban agglomeration, and urban sprawl: a
sustainable development perspective of Makassar city, Indonesia.
Land, 10, 556. https://doi.org/10.3390/land100605.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 104
Taban, S.
Tarım
Bilimleri Dergisi 10, 297-304.
ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi
Dergisi, 9, 141152. http://doi: 10.33202/comuagri.857787.
https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Nufus-ve-Demografi-109
.
Şehir Coğrafyası
Taşköprü ilçe analizi
Raporu.
Yanlış arazi
kullanımının kentleşme ve çevre üzerine etkisi (Bursa ovası örneği).
Ankara.
Wang, J., Lin, Y., Glendinning, A., ve Xu, Y. (2018). Land-use changes and
Land Use
Policy, 75, 375–387. http:// doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.
Xiao, J., Shen, Y., Ge, J., Tateishi, R., Tang, C., Liang, Y. ve Huang Z. (2006).
Evaluating urban expansion and land use change in Shijiazhuang,
China, by using GIS and remote sensing. Landscape and Urban
Planning 75, 6980. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.12.005.
105 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
5. BÖLÜM
ELEKÇİ DERESİ HAVZASININ (ORDU) MORFOMETRİK
ANALİZİ
Doktorant
10
11
12
Amaçlar
•
•
belirlenmesi
•
10
safiyeacil.26@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0001-8603-2529.
11
-0002-7881-674.
12
muhammetoztekinci@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-7801-9145.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 106
107 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
GİRİŞ
Schumm, 1954; Hack,1957; Melton, 1958; Faniran, 1968; Keller ve Pinter,
2002
birlikte
2018; Tekin, 2019;
uygulanan morfometrik
Biswas, Das Majumdar ve Banerjee, 2014; Chandrashekar,
Lokesh, Sameena, Roopa, ve Ranganna, 2015; Atalay, 2018; Aldharab ve
Ghareb,
li
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 108
1. Çalışma Alanı
-
-
-
109 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Harita 1: .
Foto 1:
arazi degradasyonunu azalt
1.1.1. Çalışma alanının jeolojik ve toprak özellikleri
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 110
podzolik topraklar, yer yerde kahverengi orma
(Harita 3).
111 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Harita 2: , Harita 3: Toprak
2. Materyal ve Yöntem
Spatial Analyst-Hydrology ara
4- 000
kontrol edilerek
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 112
Harita 4: Harita 5:
.
ds
f
b m si)
h),
ncc) ve
hipsometrik integral (Hi
113 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Tablo 1: .
Alansal Morfometrik
İndisler
Semb
ol
Formül
Referans
A
Alan
Schumm (1956)
P
Schumm (1956)
Rcf
Rcf
Horton (1932)
V
V= L/W
Ekinci (2011)
Fs
Fs=Nu/A
Horton (1945)
Dd
Dd =Nu/A
Horton (1945)
If
If=FsxDd
Faniran (1968)
Çizgisel Morfometrik
İndisler
Semb
ol
Formül
Referans
Rb
Rb=Nu/Nu+1
Schumm(1956)
Lf
Lf = 1/2Dd
Horton (1945)
Rm
RM =
()/ Lm
Miller (1990)
Rsi
Rsi = Lm / Ld
Hack (1957)
Ri
Ri = Lm / P
Melton (1957)
Rölyef Morfometrik
İndisler
Semb
ol
Formül
Referans
Rh
Bh=H/Lb
Schumm (1956)
Rhp
Rhp=H*100/P
Melton (1958)
H
Bh=Hmax.-Hmin.
Strahler (1952)
Rn
Rn=H*Dd
Melton (1957)
Tc
Kirpich (1940)
Hi
Hi=Hort.-Hmin.
Keller ve Pinter
(2002)
Hc
X=a/A Y=h/A
Strahler (1952)
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 114
3. Bulgular
3.1. Alansal Morfometri
lmektedir.
Tablo 2: .
Havza Adı
Alansal Parametreler
A
P
Rcf
V
Dd
Fs
If
km²
km
433,07
127,37
4,56
3,09
1,93
3,02
5,82
149,8
86,53
5,95
4,35
1,92
3,03
5,83
125,56
73,54
5,8
3,44
1,81
2,93
5,3
60,66
48,69
4,68
2,76
2,01
3,15
6,31
21,37
23,1
2,97
1,98
1,88
3,28
6,17
14,97
19,58
3,54
2,3
1,62
2,67
4,33
10,56
16,06
2,72
1,53
1,89
2,84
5,37
5,19
10,88
2,38
1,29
2,33
4,05
9,43
3.1.1. Biçim şekil katsayısı (Rcf)
115 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
3.1.2. Havza görünüm oranı (V)
3.1.3. Vadi yoğunluğu (Dd)
Metmen
3.1.4. Akarsu sıklığı (Fs)
ri;
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 116
3.1.5. İnfiltrasyon sayısı (If)
lt
3.2. Çizgisel morfometri
Tablo 3: .
Havza Adı
Çizgisel Parametreler
L
W
Lf
Rb
Rm
Rsi
(Km)
(Km)
(Km)
44,45
14,39
0,26
4,22
0,03
1,14
29,85
6,86
0,26
8,72
0,04
1,12
26,98
7,83
0,28
4,54
0,04
1,12
16,84
6,1
0,25
3,75
0,05
1,12
7,97
4,03
0,27
3,8
0,08
1,06
7,28
3,17
0,31
4,94
0,07
1,1
5,35
3,49
0,26
3,25
0,1
1,09
3,51
2,72
0,21
2,5
0,16
1,1
3.2.1. Yüzeysel akış uzunluğu (Lf)
117 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Jothimani, Dawit, Mulualem, 2021). Elek
a
3.2.2. Çatallanma oranı (Rb)
3.2.3. Yatak eğim oranı (Rm)
da
3.2.4. Yatak kıvrımlılığı oranı (Rsi)
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 118
3.3. Rölyef (yüzeysel) morfometrisi
Tablo 4: .
Havza Adı
Yüzeysel Parametreler
Bh
Rn
Tc
Hi
1724
3,32
12 saat 10 dk
0,40
1556
2,99
8 saat 10 dk
0,45
Fizme
1469
2,66
7 saat 37 dk
0,45
1034
2,07
4 saat 13 dk
0,40
698
1,31
1 saat 56 dk
0,51
589
0,95
1 saat 41 dk
0,39
680
1,28
1 saat 25 dk
0,45
567
1,32
42 dk
0,46
3.3.1. Havza rölyefi (Bh)
bir topografy
119 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
3.3.2. Engebelilik değeri (Rn)
(Aldharab vd., 2019, Al-
lik
3.3.3. Akım toplanma zamanı (Tc)
denize veya ana
ile Karadere Ha
3.3.4. Hipsometrik eğri (Hc)
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 120
Tablo 5: .
Rölatif
Yükseklik (h)
Toplam
Yükseklik (H)
Rölatif
Alan (a)
Toplam
Alan (a)
h/H
a/A
0
1724
433,07
433,07
0,00
1,00
100
1724
422,73
433,07
0,06
0,98
200
1724
400,71
433,07
0,12
0,93
300
1724
368,31
433,07
0,17
0,85
400
1724
324,75
433,07
0,23
0,75
500
1724
277,67
433,07
0,29
0,64
600
1724
225,72
433,07
0,35
0,52
700
1724
172,86
433,07
0,41
0,40
800
1724
143,36
433,07
0,46
0,33
900
1724
124,92
433,07
0,52
0,29
1000
1724
107,19
433,07
0,58
0,25
1100
1724
76,50
433,07
0,64
0,18
1200
1724
44,43
433,07
0,70
0,10
1300
1724
28,80
433,07
0,75
0,07
1400
1724
18,28
433,07
0,81
0,04
1500
1724
9,62
433,07
0,87
0,02
1600
1724
2,32
433,07
0,93
0,01
1700
1724
0,07
433,07
0,99
0,00
1724
1724
0,00
433,07
1,00
0,00
Şekil 1.
121 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
3.3.5. Hipsometrik integral (Hi)
integral, ortalama
-0,35
(Weissel, Pratson ve Malinverno, 1994; Willgoose ve Hancock, 1998).
4. Sonuç
pot
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 122
aka
u
bu durumun neden
hipsome
123 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 124
125 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 126
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE ELEKÇI STREAM
BASIN (ORDU)
Abstract
Flood events often occur in the Black Sea coastal belt. Floods can occur
depending on the natural characteristics of river basins, as well as be triggered
by human factors. The natural flood generating potential of the river basins
where flood events are experienced can be determined by morphometric
analyses. Morphometric analysis helps to explain the geological,
geomorphological and hydrographic characteristics of river basins with
eastern part of the Central Black Sea Subregion of the Black Sea Region, was
that flood events have been observed in the past and that it still carries a flood
risk today. In the study, it is aimed to reveal the hydrographic characteristics
of the basin by explaining the spatial, superficial and relief characteristics of
effect of the determined characteristics on the flood potential. For this
purpose, the Strahler method was used to determine the stream directories and
14 different indices, including spatial, linear and relief, were applied to the
main basins and sub-basins taken into consideration. The applied analyzes
were produced through the ArcMap program, which is a Geographical
Information Systems software.
Stream Basin is a longitudinal basin according to the data obtained, the
transformation of summer precipitation into heavy downpours in the Black
Sea coastal belt increases the flood risk in the region. When the basin is
evaluated geomorphologically, it is concluded that the resource section is at
the youth stage and the lower stage is at the maturity stage.
Keywords:
127 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
KAYNAKÇA
Al-Assadi, K.H.F. (2020). Analyzing the morphometric characteristics of
Wadi Mezal basin using geographical information systems.
Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 11: 1-7. DOI:
10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100436.
Aldharab, H.S., Ali, S.A. ve Ghareb, J.I.S.A. (2019). Analysis of basin
geometry in Ataq Region, part of Shabwah Yemen: using remote
sensing and geographic information system techniques. Bulletin of
Pure and Applied Sciences, 38: 1-15. DOI: 10.5958/2320-
3234.2019.00001.5.
Karadeniz
Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 392-425. DOI: 10.31466/kfbd.908878.
Uygulamalı hidrografya
Hizmetleri.
Taşların ekolojisi ile
topografyanın toprak oluşumu, tarım ve ormancılık açısından önemi.
-
TÜCAUM, VIII. Coğrafya Sempozyumu.
Hidroloji.
Biswas, A., Das Majumdar, D. ve Banerjee, S. (2014). Morphometry governs
the dynamics of a drainage basin: analysis and implications. Hindawi
Publishing Corporation Geography Journal, 27 (3): 1-14. DOI:
10.1155/2014/927176.
Chandrashekar, H., Lokesh, K.V., Sameena, M., Roopa, J. ve Ranganna, G.
(2015). GIS based morphometric analysis of two reservoir catchments
of Arkavati River, Ramanagaram District, Karnataka. Aquatic
Procedia, 4: 13451353. DOI: 10.1016/J.Aqpro.2015.02.175.
morfometrik analizi. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 23(1), 1-10.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 128
-
Risklerinin Belirlenmesi. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 27(47), 15-27. doi:
10.5152/EGJ.2022.951997.
morfometrik analizi. Coğrafya Dergisi, (36), 63-84.
International Journal of Geography and Geography Education
(IGGE), 47, 233-257. .
-a provisional new
drainage factor. Australian Journal of Science, (31), 328-330.
Grimaldi, S., Petroselli, A., Tauro, F. ve Porfiri, M. (2012). Times of
concentration: a paradox in modern hydrology. Hydrological Sciences
Journal, 57(2), 217228.
Hack, J. T. (1957). Studies of longitudinal profiles in Maryland and Virginia,
U.S. Geological Survey, 294, 45-92.
Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 18, 868-878.
Jothimani, M., Dawit, Z. ve Mulualem, W. (2021). Flood susceptibility
modeling of Megech River Catchment, Lake Tana Basin, North
Western Ethiopia, using morphometric analysis. Earth Systems and
Environment, 5(2), 353364. Https://Link.Springer.Com/10.1007/
S41748.020.00173-7
Karasu Havzasının hidrografik planlaması
Keller, E. A. ve Pinter, N. (Eds.). (2002). Active tectonics: earthquakes, uplift,
and landscape. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Kirpich, Z. P. (1940). Time of concentration of small agricultural watersheds.
Civil Engineering, 10(6), 362.
Kumar Rai, P., Narayan Mishra, V. ve Mohan, K. (2017). A study of
morphometric evaluation of the Son Basin, India using geospatial
129 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
approach. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 7,
9-20. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Rsase.2017.05.001.
Luo, W. ve Harlin, J. M. (2003). A theoretical travel time based on watershed
hypsometry. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 39:
785-792. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752- 1688.2003.tb04405.x.
Miller, J. R., Ritter, D. F. ve Kochel, R. C. (1990). Morphometric assessment
of lithologic control on drainage basin evolution in the Crawford
Upland. American Journal of Science, 290, 569-599.
Miller, V. C. (1953). Quantitative geomorphic study of drainage basin
characteristics in the Clinch Mountain area, Varginia and Tennessee.
Technical Report, NR 389042, Columbia University, New York.
Havza morfometrisi ve taşkınlar, fiziki coğrafya
araştırmaları; sistematik ve bölgesel
Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler
Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(6), 282-299.
Devrek Çayı Havzasının vejetasyonu
ve hidrografyası.
Bütüncül Havza Yönetimi Yaklaşımının Ermenek Çayı
Havzası Örneğinde Uygulanabilirliğinin Değerlendirilmesi
Polat, N. (2019). Araç Çayı Havzasının uygulamalı hidrografyası
Strahler, A.N. (1952). Hypsometric (area-altitude curve) analysisanalysis of
erosional topography. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 63:
1117-1141.
Strahler, A. N. (1957). Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology.
American Geophysical Union Transactions, 38(6), 913-920.
Strahler, A. N. (1964). Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and
Channel Networks. New York: Mcgraw Hill Book Company.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 130
Tekin, S. (2019). Göksu Nehri Havzasının coğrafi bilgi sistemleri tabanlı
jeomorfometrik analizi ve niceliksel heyelan olası tehlike
değerlendirmesi
Turan, A. N. U. (2022). Coğrafi planlama ve havza yönetimi açısından
Porsuk Çayı Havzası
Türk Coğrafya Dergisi- 364.
Jeomorfolojik
Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2: 1-15.
Coğrafya Dergisi, (36), 49-
62. DOI: 10.26650/JGEOG408101.
morfometrik analizlerle incelenmesi. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 30(1), 85-
106.
Verstappen, H. (1983). Applied geomorphology: geomorphological surveys
for environmental development. New York: Elsevier.
Waikar, M. ve Nilawar, A. P. (2014). Morphometric analysis of a drainage
Int. J. of
Multidisciplinary and Current research, 2: 179-184.
Weissel, J., Pratson, L. ve Malinverno, A. (1994). The lengh-scalling
properties of topography. Journal of Geophysical Research, (99),
1397-1402.
Willgoose, G. ve Hancock, G. (1998). Revisiting the hypsometric curve as an
Earth
Surface Processes and Landforms: The Journal of the British
Geomorphological Group, 23(7), 611-623.
Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(1): 244-253.
DOI: 10.24011/barofd.894180.
131 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
6. BÖLÜM
BOZKURT İLÇESİ’NİN (KASTAMONU) HEYELAN
DUYARLILIK ANALİZİ
Doktorant Afife KIRMIZI
13
Doç. Dr. Sevda COŞKUN
14
Amaçlar
•
• tespit etmek
•
13
afifekrmz@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0003-3542-6995.
14
sevdacoskun@karabuk.edu.tr, ORCID: 0000-0002-4702-4670.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 132
133 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
GİRİŞ
- bu konuda analiz ve
Heyelan
lu, 2018; Durgun, 2019).
g
is
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 134
(Erener ve Lacasse 2007; Altural, 2012).
(Pourghasemi ve Rahmati, 2018;
2007;
ifade edilen ise bir veya birden daha
).
Zonguldak ve Kastamonu illerinde
alan Kastamonu i
beklenmektedir.
135 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Normalize
Topografik Nemlilik
i
•
nelerdir?
•
1. Araştırma Alanı
olarak K
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 136
Harita 1: .
2. Araştırmanın Materyali ve Yöntemi
o
137 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
TWI), toprak tipleri, araziden yararlanma, faya
NDVI
i
araziden yaralanma parametreleri, inden
r. Elde edilen veriler ArcMAP 10.4.1.
-9 OLI/TIRS C2 L1
Burada, As tanβ
Earth
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 138
topografik nemlilik indeksi (TWI), toprak tipleri, araziden yararlanma, faya
=
Parametreler
Hata terimi
ve
incelenir. regresyon p
karar verilir.
Ancak gerekli bir parametrede yani
p
201
en
elde edilir.
ArcMap 10.4.1.
(1-
139 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
3. Bulgular
3.1. Heyelanı Etkileyen Bağımsız Faktörler
3. 1.1. Yükselti Özellikleri
-
-
3.1.2 Eğim Özellikleri
-
gelmektedir (Harita 2B ve 4).
3.1.3. Bakı Özellikleri
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 140
gelmektedir (Harita 2C ve 4).
3.1.4. Yağış
-1778
dir (Harita 2D ve 4).
3.1.5. Jeoloji ve Litoloji Özellikleri
litolojik birimleriyle birlikte heye
-
3.1.6. Topografik Nemlilik İndeksi (TWI)
ita 2F
ve 4).
3.1.7. Toprak Özellikleri
141 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
3.1.8. Araziden Yararlanma
3.1.9. Faya Uzaklık
2I ve 4).
3.1.10. Akarsuya Uzaklık
3.1.11. Yola Uzaklık
yol
3.1.12. Profil Eğriselliği
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 142
3.1.13. Normalize Fark Bitki Örtü İndeksi (NDVI)
-9
tedir. (Harita 2L ve 4).
A
a
a
B
a
a
C
D
143 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
E
a
a
F
a
a
G
a
a
H
a
a
I
a
a
a
a
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 144
Harita 2:-
----Jeoloji F--
Topraklar H-Araziden yararlanma I- -Akarsular J-Yol K-Profil
-NDVI.
3.2. Heyelan Duyarlılık Analizi
ArcMap 10.4.1.
ArcMap 10.4.1.
303
J
a
a
K
a
a
L
a
a
145 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
1).
Harita 3: .
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 146
Harita 4: .
Şekil 1: .
147 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Heyelan Duyarlılık Analizinin Doğruluk
Değerlendirilmesi
Şekil 2: .
4. Sonuç ve Tartışma
da
i
li
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 148
e
-
149 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Fotoğraf 1: Bayramgazi .
elan riski
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 150
Fotoğraf 2:
Heyelan.
den
a
151 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Fotoğraf 3: .
Fotoğraf 4: .
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 152
-
Fotoğraf 5:
Heyelan.
153 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
ir
5. Öneriler
esi ilerleyen zamanlarda
duya
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 154
LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY ANALYSIS OF BOZKURT
DISTRICT (KASTAMONU)
Abstract
Natural disasters are widely observed in Turkey due to its special
location. One of the things that we encounter Decently among natural
disasters is landslides. The factors that triggered the landslide are collected
under two headings as natural and human. Natural factors include; high
precipitation values, clay soil structure, water saturation of the soil, Declivity
of the slope, hydrographic and lithological properties. In human factors,
elements such as road and canal construction cause the slope balance to
deteriorate. With the technology developing in recent years, various methods
are used to determine the landslide susceptibility of a place. Knowing the
areas at risk of landslides with these methods, minimizing the possible
damage that landslides may cause to the environment is seen as a basic goal.
The prepared study covers the Western Black Sea Region, Kastamonu district.
The study area is important in terms of the occurrence of landslide events in
the past and the risk of landslides in the present. Within the scope of the study,
multiple linear regression method was applied in the creation of landslide
susceptibility maps. In the method, landslide-dependent and independent
factors are integrated according to the formula of the multiple linear
regression model. According to the formula result, calculation was made in
ArcMap program and landslide susceptibility map was obtained. For the
purpose of the study, the parameters that may affect the landslide were
evaluated according to the results of land observations. The lithological units
of the regions with high landslide susceptibility in the study area correspond
to the areas where fliche and schist spread and the areas where slope
stabilization is disturbed after the flood in the Ezine Stream. According to the
landslide susceptibility map of the study area, it is important to take the
necessary measures in areas with high landslide susceptibility.
Keywords: Landslide Susceptibility, Multiple Linear Regression,
Bozkurt District.
155 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
KAYNAKÇA
Aghlmand
Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi Özel Sayı,
S. 224-230.
Application of remote sensing
Environmental Monitoring ve
Assessment 184(9):5453-70.
Harita
Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi Cilt:2, No:3 ss (13-27).
Altural T. (2012). Coğrafi bilgi sistemleri Akşehir (Konya) çevresinin heyelan
duyarlılık incelenmesi
Konya.
Türkiye bölgesel coğrafyası.
). Coğrafya Dergisi (43).
-
BAUN Fen Bil. Enst. Dergisi, 25(1), 305-316,
(2023).
11.08.2021 tarihinde meydana gelen sel felaketinin yerinde
incelenmesi. Tasarım, Mimarlık ve Mühendislik Dergisi FBU-DAE 2
(1): 20-35.
Crozier, M. J. (1986). Landslides: Causes, Consequences and Environment.
Croom Helm, London, S. 245.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 156
İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi
Dergisi Cilt 40, Sayı 1, ss 83.
Jeoloji Mühendislik Dergisi 39(2).
Dai F., Lee C.F. ve Ngai Y.Y. (2002). Landslide risk assessment and
management: an overview. Engineering Geology 64,1, 65 – 87.
Demir, G. (2011). Kuzey Anadolu fayı üzerinde Niksar Suşehri arasındaki
alanın cbs tabanlı heyelan duyarlılık analizi
Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi
İnşaat Mühendisliği Bölümü, 55139, Samsun GÜFBED/GUSTIJ
(2018) 8 (1): 96-112.
Afet ve Risk Dergisi 1(1), (26-38).
Durgun M. (2019). Denizli İli için heyelan duyarlılık haritalarının
oluşturulması.
Einstein H. H. (1988). Landslide risk assessment procedure. ın proceedings
of the fifth ınternational symposium on landslides, lausanne,
switzetland vol., 2. Pp. 1075-1090.
TMMOB Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kongresi, 30 Ekim–02
Kasım, KTÜ, Trabzon.
Fawcett T. (2006). An introduction to ROC analysis. Pattern Recognition
Letters, 27, 861-874.
Bayındırlık ve İskân
Bakanlığı Afet İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü.
157 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yerbilimleri Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi
Bülteni, (23), 189-206.
Huang, Y. ve Zhao, L. (2018). Review on landslide susceptibility mapping
using support vector machines. Catena, 165, 520-529.
Keeney, R. ve Raiffa, H. (1976). Decisions with multiple consequences:
preferences and value trade-offs John Wiley ve Sons. New York.
Journal of Mood Disorders
2013;3(2):90-2.
Makropoulos C.K. ve Butler D. (2006). Spatial ordered weighted averaging:
incorporating spatially variable attitude towards risk in spatial multi-
criteria decision-making. Environmental Modelling and Software 69-
84
H. (2013). A suite of tools for ROC analysis of spatial models. ISPRS
International Journal of Geoınformation, 2(3), 869-887.
parametrelerinin arcmap-
14. Uluslararası Bilimsel Araştırma
Kongresi, Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri s(15).
use of logistic regression and artifical neural networks with different
sampling strategies fort he preparation of landslide susceptibility maps.
Engineering Geology, 97, 171-191.
International Journal of
Geography and Geography Education (IGGE), 44, 396-412.
G.Ü. Gazi Eğitim
Fakültesi Dergisi Cilt 22, Sayı 2. 35-50.
indeksinin belirlenmesinde d8 ve d-
analizi. TMMOB Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kongresi.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 158
HUMANITAS-
Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(3), 167-186.
Pourghasemi, R.H. ve Rahmati, O. (2018). Prediction of the landslide
susceptibility: which algorithm, which precision? Catena, Volume
162, March 2018, Pages 177-192.
EÜFBED- Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi Cilt-Sayı: 2-2.
Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik
Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 26, Sayı 3.
Varnes, D. J. (1984). Landslide hazard zonation. a review of principles and
practice blished by the united nations educational, France 1984. (No
3).
Selçuk Üniversitesi
Mühendislik, Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 22(3), 1-14.
Geomatik Dergisi –8(1), ss.42-54.
İnternet Kaynakları
(Url, 1) http://www.rad.jhmi.edu/jeng/javarad/roc/JROCFITi.html.
Tarihi: 25.01.2023).
159 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
7. BÖLÜM
YENİÇAĞA GÖLÜNÜN (BOLU) SEVİYE DEĞİŞİMİNİN
UYDU GÖRÜNTÜLERİYLE TESPİT EDİLMESİ
Doktorant Selime MUT
15
16
Amaçlar
• 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008 2014 -
• indekslerini kullanarak seviye
•
belirlemek
15
selimemut.78@gmail.com, ORCID: 0009-0001-9028-7134.
16
neslihanerdonmez@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0003-1933-8004.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 160
161 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
GİRİŞ
sorumludur (Acharya, Subedi, ve Lee, 2018).
Jawak, Kulkarni, and Luis, 2015; Huang, Chen,
Zhang, Wu, 2018; akt. Khalid, Khalil, ve Qureshi, 2021).
-Erzurum)
-
Landsat 8'in
-
belirlenmesi ( l
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 162
seviyesinin
-
n
- 1990 - 1996 - 2003 - 2008 - 2014 ve 2020
(Feyisa, Meilby, Fensh
(Pettorelli, Mysterud, Gaillard, Tucker ve Stenseth, 2005). Bu
1. Çalışma Alanının Coğrafi Özellikleri
G
, 2021:25).
163 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Harita 1:
beslemektedir.
(Pekcan, 2019) (Harita 2).
Harita 2:
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 164
Fotoğraf 1: 26.10.2022
turna, arı şahini, angut, balık kartalı, flamingo,
ördek, kaz, şah kartalı, ak kuyruklu kartal ve bıldırcın kılavuzu
-
saz raf 2-b-c-
-d).
165 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Fotoğraf 2: a-
c- - .
2. Materyal ve Yöntem
-1990-1996-2002-2008-2014-
(Tablo 2). NDWI, MNDWI, WRI, AWEI_nsh indeksleri, uydu
a
b
c
d
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 166
suyun
bitki indek
167 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Tablo 1: -
2).
Uydu
Kullanılan
Uydu
görüntülerinin
Tarihleri
Dalga boyu (um)
Bant
Uzamsal
Çözünürlük
(metre)
Landsat 5
(TM)
16.07.1984
18.08.1990
01.07.1996
18.07.2002
19.08.2008
Bant 2: 0,52
0,60
30
Bant 4: 0,76
0,90
30
Bant 5: 1.55
1.75
Orta IR
30
Bant 7: 2.08
2.35
30
Landsat 8
(OLI_TIRS)
16.05.2014
04.08.2020
Bant 3: 0,53 -0,59
30
Bant 5: 0,85 -0,88
30
Bant 6: 1.57 -1.65
30
Bant 7: 2.11 -2.29
Orta IR
30
Tablo 2: Landsat lan
İndeks
Denklem
Açıklama
NDWI
((green)-(NIR))/((green)+(NIR))
Suyun
MNDWI
((green)- (MIR))/( (green)+ (MIR))
Not: MIR, SWIR1
Suyun
WRI
( (green)+ (RED))/( (NIR)+
(SWRI1))
AWEI_nsh
4*( (green)-(SWRI1))-
((0.25*(NIR))+(2.75*(SWRI2)))
Suyun
NDVI
(NIR -
Suyun
negatif (-
(5TM: Green = Band 2, NIR= Band 4, MIR = Band 5, SWIR = Bant 7; 8OLI_TRIS:
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 168
e
2017). -
-
Tablo 3: .
κ
Uyumun Gücü
< 0,00
0,00 0,20
0,21 0,40
0,41 0,60
Orta
0,61 0,80
0,81 1,00
3. Bulgular
-
169 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Tablo 4:
2).
Su yüzey alanı (km2)
1984
1990
1996
2002
2008
2014
2020
NDWI
2,30
2,22
2,15
2
2,08
2,16
2,05
MNDWI
2,36
2,27
2,11
2,14
2,12
2,16
2,10
WRI
2,21
2,09
2,14
2,10
2,08
2,14
2,06
AWEI_nsh
2,63
2,40
2,48
2,31
2,25
2,53
2,06
NDVI
2,38
2,28
2,23
2,03
2,05
2,24
2,14
Grafik 1: NDWI, MNDWI, WRI, AWEI_nsh, NDV.
NDWI indeksinin analiz 2,30 km2
2,05 km2
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 170
-
(Harita 3).
Harita 3: NDWI Analizi Sonucunda Elde Edilen Su
171 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
MNDWI indeksinin
analiz edilen 2,36 km2 2,10 km2'ye
,14 km2 2,16 km2 ).
Grafik 1).
Harita 4: MNDWI
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 172
alan
olarak 2
km2 1984 ile 2020
1996 (2,14 km2) ve 2014 (2,14 km2
bu (Tablo 4, Grafik 1).
Harita 5:WRI Analizinin Son
.
173 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
2; 2;
km2
2 km22
km2 olaGrafik 1).
Harita 6: AWEI_nsh Analizinin Sonucunda Elde Edilen Su Al
.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 174
NDVI
2
2
2 2.
2,1 km2ye
(Tablo 4, Grafik 1).
Harita 7: NDVI
175 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
500
kat 5'te
referans veri olarak
ruluk analizi, kara
5).
Tablo 5:
NDWI
MNDWI
WRI
AWEI_nsh
NDVI
Genel
1984
80
0,75
80
0,7525
94
0,9044
98
0,9904
92
0,8933
1990
98
0,995
95
0,9475
86
0,7757
100
1
90
0,8773
1996
98
0,9946
94
0,9275
98
0,9759
97
0,9763
90
0,8773
2002
93
0,976
98
0,9813
98
0,9672
95
0,9679
99
0,9946
2008
94
0,9813
95
0,9371
96
0,9341
94
0,9866
99
0,992
2014
99
0,9975
98
0,9825
99
0,99
95
0,9618
90
0,8773
2020
96
0,99
100
1
98
0,9811
90
0,9356
99
0,9866
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 176
4. Sonuç ve Tartışma
gibi
TM ve 2014, 2020 tarihli Landsat 8 OLI-
-4-5-6-7 ve Tablo 4-
n
analizi, NDWI, MNDWI, WRI, AWEI_nsh ve NDVI gibi indekslerden elde
edilen verilerinin lendirilmesi ve mukayeses
tarihli Landsat 5 TM ve 2014, 2020 tarihli Landsat 8 OLI-
su ve
Harita 3-4-5-6-7 ve Tablo 4-
lere
de bulunan
177 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Harita 8:
seviyede
seviyesinin aza
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 178
aha
bulutluluktur.
- 1977, 1977 - 1987, 1987 - 1998,
1998-2000, 2000-2002 ve 1958-
(2005),
elde ettikleri
Delta
-8 uydu
Landsat 5 TM ve 2019 tarihli Landsat 8 OLI-
zaman
179 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
•
•
•
•
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 180
DETECTION OF THE LEVEL CHANGE IN YENIÇAĞA
LAKE (BOLU) USING SATELLITE IMAGES
Abstract
One of the most widespread and significant resources on Earth is water.
It is known that the water levels on the Earth's surface change depending on
certain conditions. How this change occurs and how it is detected is currently
one of the topical research subjects in the field.
different times, namely in the years 1984, 1990, 1996, 2002, 2008, 2014, and
2020. In this context, the water
for these seven years at six-year intervals (1984-1990-1996-2002-2008-2014-
2020). Landsat 5 TM/Landsat 8 OLI images were used along with indices
such as Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Modified Normalized
Difference Water Index (MNDWI), Automated Water Extraction Index
(AWEI_nsh), Water Ratio Index (WRI), and Normalized Difference
Vegetation Index (NDVI) for 37 years, employing USGS Earth Explorer
satellite imaging techniques. The analysis focused on the decreases and
increases in surface water detection using these indices. For each index,
17,500 points were sampled, and kappa values and accuracy analysis were
calculated. According to these calculations, it was observed that the index
with the lowest accuracy was NDWI in 1984 (80%), while the indices with
the highest accuracy were MNDWI in 2020 and AWEI_nsh in 1990, both
achieving 100% accuracy. The study identifies 1984 as the year with the
highest lake level in all indices used. From 1984 to 1990, there was a decrease
in all indices except for WRI-AWEI_nsh. In 1996, there was a decrease in all
indices except for WRI-AWEI_nsh. In 2002, there was a decrease in all
indices except for MNDWI. In 2008, there was a decrease in all indices except
for NDWI-NDVI. In 2014, there was an increase in all indices, and in 2020,
there was a decrease. As a result, it's observed that there isn't a consistent
pattern of increase and decrease in lake levels across all indices. Despite
fluctuations in indices indicating both increases and decreases, the lake level
has not returned to the level observed in 1984. Although the highest level was
181 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
recorded in that year, overall, there appears to be a decrease in the lake's water
level.
Keywords: Water Indexes, Level
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 182
KAYNAKÇA
, C (2021). . T.C. Bolu
https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/bolu/icerikler/bolu-il--2020-yili-cevre-
durum-raporu-20210611103943.pdf
Abujayyab, S. K., Almotairi, K. H., Alswaitti, M., Amr, S. S. A., Alkarkhi,
Parameters on Surface Water Loss in Burdur Lake, Turkey over 34
Years Landsat Google Earth Engine Time-Series. Land, 10(12), 1301.
https://doi.org/10.3390/land10121301
for Surface Water Extraction in a Landsat 8 Scene of
Nepal. Sensors, 18(8), 2580. DOI: 10.3390/s18082580
Dicle Üniversitesi
Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 9(1), 493-
adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/453672
Aquaculture Studies, 2008
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/204321
Coğrafi Bilimler
Dergisi, 8(1), 77- https://dergipark.org.tr/
tr/download/article-file/691267
teknikleri ile belirlenmesi. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, (28), 246-275.
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/3355
ile Analizi. -CBS Sempozyumu (UZAL-CBS
2018)
Journal of Measurement and
Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 8(1), 63-
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/279521
183 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Uzaktan Algılama - CBS Sempozyumu (UZAL-CBS
2016), 1078, 1082.
2019). lnternational Journal of
Geography and Geography Education, (42), 589-601.
Feyisa, G. L., Meilby, H., Fensholt, R. and Proud, S. R. (2014). Automated
Water Extraction Index: A new technique for surface water mapping
using Landsat imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 140, 23-35.
Journal of the Institute of Science
and Technology, 9 (1), 100-110. DOI: 10.21597/jist.419221
Huang, C., Chen, Y., Zhang, S. and Wu, J. (2018). Detecting, Extracting, and
Monitoring Surface Water From Space Using Optical Sensors: A
review. Reviews of Geophysics, 56(2), 333-360.
Landsat Uydu
UZAL CBS Sempozyumu, 535, 540.
Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım
Dergisi, 5(3), 601-608. DOI: 10.21923/jesd.340383.
Khalid, H. W., Khalil, R. M. Z. ve Qureshi, M. A. (2021). Evaluating Spectral
The
Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 24(3), 619-
634.
Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 16(1), 89-104.
Coğrafyacılar derneği Uluslararası
Kongresi.21-23 Mayıs 2015/Başkent Öğretmenevi/Ankara
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 184
-Erzurum)
-
Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, (60), 49-66.
-
TÜCAUM
Uluslararası Coğrafya Sempozyumu, 13-14.
Belirlenmesi. Türkiye Uzaktan Algılama Dergisi, 2(1), 22-28.
Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri
Dergisi, 6(4), 904-916.
Türkiye Uzaktan Algılama Dergisi, 2(2),
77-84.
Turkish Studies, 6(1).
Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, (8), 113-122.
Pettorelli, N., Vik, J. O., Mysterud, A., Gaillard, J. M., Tucker, C. J. ve
Stenseth, N. C. (2005). Using the Satellite-Derived NDVI to Assess
Ecological Responses to Environmental Change. Trends in ecology
and evolution, 20(9), 503-510.
Taibah
University for Science Dergisi, 11 (3), 381-391.
Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve
Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(4), 623-633. DOI: 10.35414/
akufemubid.711653.
185 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Sim, J. and Wright, C. C. (2005). The Kappa Statistic in Reliability Studies:
Physical
therapy, 85(3), 257-268.
Sisay, A. (2016). Rmote Sensing Based Water Surface Extraction and Change
Detection in the Central Rift Valley Region of Ethiopia. American
Journal of Geographic Information System, 5(2), 33-39. DOI:
10.5923/j.ajgis.20160502.01.
Jawak, S. D., Kulkarni, K. and Luis, A. J. (2015). A Review on Extraction of
Lakes From Remotely Sensed Optical Satellite Data with a Special
Focus on Cryospheric Lakes. Advances in Remote Sensing, 4(03), 196.
DOI: 10.4236/ars.2015.43016.
Fırat
Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. Cilt -68,
.
Tulbure, M. G. and Broich, M. (2013). Spatiotemporal Dynamic of Surface
Water Bodies Using Landsat Time-Series Data from 1999 to
2011. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 79, 44-
52. DOI: 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2013.01.010.
Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri
Dergisi, 11(4), 1115-1128. DOI: 10.17714/gumusfenbil.848873.
Zhang, F., Tiyip, T., Johnson, V. C., Wang, J. and Nurmemet, I. (2016).
Ebinur Lake, Xinjiang, China. Remote Sensing Applications: Society
and Environment, 4, 109-118.
to Enhance Open Water Features in Remotely Sensed
International journal of remote sensing, 27(14), 3025-3033.
DOI: 10.1080/01431160600589179.
İnternet Kaynakları
URL 1: https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/USGS Landsat 5 TM Collection 1 Tier
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 186
URL 2: https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ USGS Landsat 8 OLI_TIRS
URL 3: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/yasam/yenicaga-golu-goc-mevsiminde-
mola-veren-kuslari-agirliyor/2710343 (17/01/2023).
187 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
8.BÖLÜM
ORMAN SINIRINDA MEYDANA GELEN DEĞİŞİKLİĞİN
NORMALİZE EDİLMİŞ BİTKİ İNDEKSİ (NDVI) VE YÜZEY
SICAKLIKLARI (YYS) ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: YENİCE
ORMANLARI ÖRNEĞİ
Doktorant Nesrin SARSICI
17
TEMUR
18
19
Amaçlar
•
ortaya koymak
•
•
17
.
nesrinsrsc@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-6846-5803.
18
dundarozlem65@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0003-2673-6780.
19
sevdacoskun@karabuk.edu.tr, ORCID: 0000-0002-4702-4670.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 188
189 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
GİRİŞ
Atmosferdeki CO2
ektedir. Bunun sonucunda ise
buralarda depolanan karbon, atmosfere geri verilerek
(Simula ve Mansur,
2011).
1750- 2
2
(Tolunay, 2017).
Gond ve Minh, 2016);
(Fawzi, Husna ve Helms. 2018); B
.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 190
135.795
hektar alan kaplayan
ruma
faaliyetleri, Y
, ortam-
ve
191 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
- Planlama
itibaren WWF)-
20
.
dir.
-
ile 40-
- -
-
20
11.10.2020 tarihinde https://www.dogadernegi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/obk010-
yenice-ormanlari-onemli-doga-alanlari-
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 192
1. Çalışma Alanı
Harita 1 Lokasyo
2. Materyal ve Yöntem
-zamansal
(The United States Geological Survey-USGS
5 TM (Tematik Mapper), Landsat 7 ETM
Zamans
Landsat 7 Science Data Users
193 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Handbook) Operasyonel Kara
(Operational Land Imager-OLI) ve
(Thermal Infared Sensor-
sahip
(Tablo 1).
Tablo 1: Landsat
Tarihleri.
-
Landsat 1
Temmuz 1972- Ocak 1978
Landsat 2
22 Ocak 1975-Temmuz 1983
Landsat 3
Mart 1978-
Landsat 4
Temmuz 1982-
Landsat 5
Mart 1984- Ocak 2013
Landsat 6
Landsat 7
Nisan 1999- Günümüz
Landsat 8
Şubat 2013- Günümüz
Kaynak: USGS
Veri
WGS 84 / UTM zone 36N).
Y(Harita
4).
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 194
Harita 2).
ntul ve Aslan,
2012). NDVI, -1
2015). Bul-
NDVI = (NIR RED) / (NIR + RED)
,
,
195 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Landsat-
e
). Uygulamada
Landsat 7 ETM uydusuna ait 14.04.2020
Landsat termal
TOA= m * x + b
m=
x=
K2 = Ln (K1/TOAr+1)
K2
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 196
TOA=
K1=
YYS ha).
K2 = Ln (K1/TOAr+1) + 273.15*
3. Bulgular
NDVI,
-
vejetasyon ve
in
-
2000-
871,138,087
km2
-0,1)- (-0,2
-
2); 0,3 - 0,1
2 (Harita 2; Tablo 2;
Grafik 1).
197 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Harita 2: 2000-
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 198
Tablo 2: 2).
Yıl
NDVI Değeri
Alan (km2)
2000
0,6-0,3
897.376.333
0,3-(-0.1)
54.998.934
(-0.1) -(-0.5)
5.318.126
2005
0,7-0,4
454.696.933
0,4-0,09
498.665.418
0,09-(-0,2)
4.331.042
2010
0,7-0,4
871.138.087
0,4-0,1
83.919.981
0,1-(-0,2)
2.635.325
2015
0,6-0,4
815.841.981
0,4-0,1
136.819.481
0,1-(-0,04)
5.031.931
2020
0,5-0,3
20.507.921
0,3-0,1
932.881.999
0,1-(-0,1)
4.303.473
Grafik 1: 2).
YYS analizinde
-26,-
-7 -26,
20,
0
100000000
200000000
300000000
400000000
500000000
600000000
700000000
800000000
900000000
0,6-0,3
0,3-(-0.1)
(-0.1)-(-0.5)
0,7-0,4
0,4-0,09
0,09-(-0,2)
0,7-0,4
0,4-0,1
0,1-(-0,2)
0,6-0,4
0,4-0,1
0,1-(-0,04)
0,5-0,3
0,3-0,1
0,1-(-0,1)
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Alan (km2)
199 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
--
2).
Harita 3: 2000-
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 200
Tablo 3: 2 ).
Yıl
YYS Değerleri
Alan (km2)
2000
36- 40,5
0,08555
31,4- 36
2.812.714
26,9- 31,4
93.246.888
22,4 - 26,9
728.454.333
17,9 - 22,4
133.042.695
2005
25-30
3.445.543
20-25
320.120.933
15-20
572.869.237
9-15
59.102.948
4-9
2.017.969
2010
19-25
176.929.497
13-19
661.198.494
7-13
85.299.895
1-7
25.042.352
(-5)-1
9.086.392
2015
26,5 - 32,4
21.503.639
20,7 - 26,5
896.708.383
14,8 - 20,7
36.728.951
8,9 - 14,8
1.331.025
3,06 - 8,9
1.284.632
2020
20,3 - 26,8
114.686.627
13,8 - 20,3
569.565.810
7,3 - 13,8
202.460.387
0,8 - 7,3
55.389.545
(-5,6) - 0,8
15.454.261
Grafik 2: 2).
-2020
rita 4). En fazla alansal
840,395,053 kmye
0
100000000
200000000
300000000
400000000
500000000
600000000
700000000
800000000
900000000
1000000000
36- 40,5
31,4- 36
26,9- 31,4
22,4 - 26,9
17,9 - 22,4
25-30
20-25
15-20
9-15
4-9
19-25
13-19
7-13
1-7
(-5)-1
26,5 - 32,4
20,7 - 26,5
14,8 - 20,7
8,9 - 14,8
3,06 - 8,9
20,3 - 26,8
13,8 - 20,3
7,3 - 13,8
0,8 - 7,3
(-5,6) - 0,8
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Alan (km2)
YYS Değerleri
201 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
-
; Tablo 4; Grafik 3).
Harita 4:
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 202
Tablo 4: 2).
Yıl
Alan (km2)
2000
807.929.072
2005
800.948.505
2010
840.395.053
2015
827.869.274
2020
828.280.256
Grafik 3: 2).
4. Sonuç, Tartışma ve Öneri
karbon,
olarak meydan gelen
alanlar
alanlarda
sahip
780.000.000
800.000.000
820.000.000
840.000.000
860.000.000
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Alan (km2)
203 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
17,9
-
- -
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
bulunan CO2
• WWF-
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 204
Sabuncu ve
20
bir etkisi bulunan karbondioksit, fotosentez yoluyla biyotik ortama girerek
.
205 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
THE EFFECT OF FOREST BOUNDARY CHANGE ON
NORMALIZED VEGETATION INDEX (NDVI) AND LAND
SURFACE TEMPERATURES (LST): IN THE CASE OF YENICE
FORESTS
Abstract
When the effect of the change in the Yenice forest boundary on the
the temporal variation of Normalized Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the
effect on the surface was examined and the effect on the climate was found
in this, Landsat satellite. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) software
was used to process satellite images NDVI values with satellite images has
been revealed.. Surface temperature models were produced from thermal
bands of satellite images and the differences in surface temperature over
many years were analyzed. The change in the forest boundary according to
the land cover created by the controlled classification method has been
revealed. The scope of the study consists of Yenice forests and the scope of
the subject consists of the impact of forest cover change on climate change.
The aim of the study is to examine the spatial and temporal changes of
Yenice forests using remote sensing technologies and to reveal their effects
on climate change. As a result of the work done; It was revealed that the
forest boundary expanded over time, and surface temperature and NDVI
values decreased over time. It has been concluded that the decrease in
surface temperatures affects the biological and chemical activities in the
soil, delaying the awakening of the plant and soil, namely the phenological
process, and as a result, it reduces the NDVI values indicating the plant
growth state.
Keywords: Yenice Forests, NDVI, YYS, LTS, Climate
Change
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 206
KAYNAKÇA
Ormansızlaşmaya ilişkin düzenlemeler (Regulations on
deforestation). Uluslararası çevre rejimleri kitabı (Book of
international environment regimes). Dora Publishing, sf: 297-329.
-63.
bitki AURUM Mühendislik Sistemleri ve Mimarlık
Dergisi, 2(1), 75-82.
Karabük çevresinin vejetasyon ekolojisi ve
sınıflandırılması
G
Bursa Uludağ
Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(2), 45-53.
Hatfield, J. L., Kanemasu, E. T., Asrar, G., Jackson, R. D., Pinter Jr, P. J.,
Reginato, R. J., and Idso, S. B. (1985). Leaf-Area estimates from
spectral measurements over various planting dates of
wheat. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 6(1), 167-175.
IPCC, 2013. Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New
https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/WG1AR5_Summary
Volume_FINAL.pdf
. 29. Ulusal Tarımsal Mekanizasyon
ve Enerji Kongresi
Yenice sıcak noktası: ekolojisi ve sürdürülebilirliği.
207 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
incelenmesi. Türkiye Uzaktan Algılama Dergisi, 2(1), 10-15.
Sabuncu, A., ve
Doğal Afetler
ve Çevre Dergisi, 5(2), 317-326.
Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(1),
36-45.
Marangoz, A, M. (2015).
Karaelmas Fen ve Müh. Dergisi,
5(2),105-112.
Simula, M., & Mansur, E. (2011). A global challenge needing local response.
Unasylva, 62(2), 238.
Tolunay, D. (2017). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de ormansızlaşma. içinde
ormancılık politikaları ve orman köylülerinin durumu. Cumhuriyet
Uluslararası Coğrafya Eğitimi
Kongresi-290
-
Uluslararası Coğrafya Eğitimi
Kongresi-304
NDVI verileri ile zamansal ve mekansal analizi. tarla bitkileri. Merkez
Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(2), 50-56.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 208
209 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
9. BÖLÜM
SİLİFKE İLÇESİNDE ORMAN YANGINI DUYARLILIĞININ
ANALİTİK HİYERARŞİ YÖNTEMİ (AHP) İLE
BELİRLENMESİ
Doktorant Nigar CANBULAT
21
Dr. Onur CANBULAT
22
Amaçlar
•
•
ortaya koymak
• n al
21
nigarcanbulat@gmail.com, ORCID: 0009-0002-7554-8719.
22
onurcanbulat25@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-9269-4219.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 210
211 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
GİRİŞ
karasal ekosistemlerdendir.
(Ahammad, Stacey ve
-Morcillo
ve Kluvankova, 2022)
(Resco de Dios,
Bonet, Balaguer-Romano, -Sierra, Yebra, ve Boer 2021). Bu riskler
(Burrell, Sun, Baxter, Kukavskaya, Zhila, Shestakova, Rogers, Kaduk ve
Barrett, 2022)
meydana
-Cabrera, Coll,
-Vilalta ve Retana, 2018)
ormanlar bu durumdan olumsuz etkilenmektedir .
(Koshurnikova, Verkhovets, Antamoshkina, Trofimova, Zlenko, ve Zhuikov,
2015).
meydana getirmektedir (Abay,
.
-
2012)
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 212
ellikle Akdeniz ve Ege
(Abujayyab,
(Duran, 2014)
(TOD, 2020b). Ancak
analiz edi
ekonomik fa
1. Çalışma Alanı
Harita
213 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
.
Harita 1: .
-
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 214
ede
-
(Bilgili, 1998b)
-
getirm
(Abujayyab vd., 2022)
2018)
215 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
2. Materyal ve Metot
(Analytic Hierarchy Process
(Mardani, Jusoh, MD Nor,
Khabdullin, ve Blumberga, 2020)
(Saaty, 1988)
(Abdelkarim, Al-Alola, Alogayell, Mohamed, Alkadi, ve Ismail, 2020; Parry,
Ganaie ve Sultan Bhat, 2018)
ikili olarak
-
Saaty, 2008).
Tablo 1: .
Önem Derecesi
Açıklama
1
3
5
7
9
2, 4, 6, 8
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 216
(1)
(2)
mak
(Fillianie, Sorooshian ve
Fatimah, 2016).
Harita
he
217 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Harita 2: .
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 218
-
Spectroradiometer (MODIS-
(Mutanga ve Kumar,
2019)
lgisayar
-
Tablo 2:
.
Parametre
Alt Kriter
Arazi kullanım ve
arazi örtüsü
Özellikleri
23,9
Mera
3
Orman
9
4
8
5
4
2
1
5
Zeytin
7
Sulu
2
219 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Tablo 2 devamı…
Yüzey sıcaklığı
(LST)
30
12,4 – 20,5
1
20,5 21,8
2
21,89 22,8
3
22,8 23,7
4
23,7 24,7
5
24,7 25,8
6
25,8 26,8
7
26,8 28,2
8
28,2 33,2
9
Yollara Uzaklık (m)
9,9
0 - 100
9
100 - 250
8
250 - 500
7
500 - 750
6
750 - 1000
5
1000 - 1500
4
1500 - 2000
3
2000 - 2500
2
2500 - 16923
1
Yerleşim Alanlarına
Uzaklık (m)
10,4
0 - 100
9
100 - 250
8
250 - 500
7
500 - 750
6
750 - 1000
5
1000 - 1500
4
1500 - 2000
3
2000 - 2500
2
2500 - 45317
1
Yükselti (m)
3,7
0 - 190
3
190 - 452
4
452 - 712
5
712 - 961
9
961 - 1227
8
1227 - 1470
7
1470 - 1674
6
1674 - 1862
2
1862 - 2469
1
Bakı
15,1
4
Kuzey
1
2
6
8
9
7
5
3
Eğim (%)
2,4
0 - 3
1
3-6
2
6-12
3
12-18
4
18 - 24
5
24 - 30
6
30 - 40
7
40 - 50
8
50 - 66
9
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 220
Tablo 2 devamı…
NDVI
23,9
-0,19, -0,016
1
-0,016 0,12
2
0,12 0,21
3
0,21 0,28
4
0,28 0,35
5
0,35 0,41
6
0,41 0,48
7
0,48 0,55
8
0,55 0,73
9
3. Bulgular
temel sebebidir.
Tablo 3: .
Riskli
Riskli
Riskli
Riskli
Riskli
Alan
(km2)
440,4
763,6
1001,6
1099,9
797,3
Yüzde
(%)
10,7
18,6
24,4
26,8
19,4
t (Tablo 4).
221 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Tablo 4: .
Mahalle Adı
Riskli
Orta
Riskli
Riskli
Riskli
Toplam
alan
(Hektar)
KICAKOY
2504,88
3593,8
4126,64
1389,52
491,07
12105,9
KOCAOLUK
115,98
1119,74
1797,48
1408,51
153,95
4595,7
KAVAKKOY
54,92
817,38
2502,39
1756
311,41
5442,1
AYASTURKMENLI
9,2
423,3
712,22
753,41
206,1
2104,2
SILIFKE ORTAK ALAN
24835,37
23115,3
4173,38
1003,03
9,35
53136,4
MAGARA
283,51
1083,37
1848,6
1387,18
107,94
4710,6
SARIAYDIN
4,97
269,93
628,37
593,61
161,84
1658,7
KIZILGECIT
60,47
1202,41
1632,87
890,12
81,65
3867,5
OREN
23,22
1206,5
3118,06
2611,8
201,42
7161
SAHMURLU
1,75
213,4
716,16
1165,31
276,5
2373,1
YEGENLI
0
89,83
722,73
1770,46
1457,73
4040,8
SOMEK
1,61
233,27
1103,38
1911,85
958,48
4208,6
HUSEYINLER
0
34,03
467,12
1327,88
1034,14
2863,2
TURKMENUSAGI
0
71,43
895,38
2011,76
1338,98
4317,5
BOYNUINCELI
0
55,94
471,21
1210,59
345,15
2082,9
CELTIKCI
0
0,88
33,01
203,03
327,62
564,5
BURUNUCU
0
0,29
68,21
198,36
388,53
655,4
ULUGOZ
0
22,06
160,82
350,41
389,41
922,7
TOSMURLU
0
24,69
776,78
2149,94
2017,02
4968,4
KOCAPINAR
0
271,54
839,15
1341,9
2120,58
4573,2
TASUCU
35,35
435,71
1244,77
1254,41
978,93
3949,2
BAHCEDERESI
0,15
50,39
532,26
911,45
1574,88
3069,1
BOLACALIKKOYUNCU
0
0
89,25
260,14
463,47
812,9
HIRMANLI
0
20,16
115,83
719,66
1633,3
2489
OVACIK
0
15,92
307,47
1104,26
1113,6
2541,2
YENIBAHCE
0
41,63
204,35
572,14
915,68
1733,8
KESLITURKMENLI
0
17,09
198,21
748,88
1271,79
2236
HASANALILER
0
14,61
351,29
1211,32
516,2
2093,4
KIZILISALI
0
142,41
967,25
2483,55
1168,23
4761,4
SUSANALILER
0
21,03
216,62
545,99
465,07
1248,7
ALTINKUM
1,46
200,55
682,56
940,22
365,02
2189,8
ARKARASI
0
0
67,48
301,92
226,84
596,2
KABASAKALLI
0
75,81
514,88
1245,21
671,02
2506,9
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 222
SAYAGZI
0
0,44
75,37
349,24
314,33
739,4
DEMIRCILI
0
44,55
460,25
1621,91
1107,76
3234,5
ESENBEL
0
0,58
127,66
821,76
803,51
1753,5
KARADEDELI
0
70,4
933,21
2793,79
1391,57
5189
OLUKBASI
0
13,29
529,34
889,1
451,78
1883,5
GOKBELEN
9,06
944,31
3430,35
4314,48
1101,04
9799,2
PELITPINARI
1,9
288,63
1624,39
1687,49
735,73
4338,1
NURIKOY
1,46
258,24
1265,51
548,18
427,1
2500,5
SENIR
0
219,54
1740,95
1039,84
553,88
3554,2
KEBEN
0
0,88
198,65
978,64
3204,53
4382,7
ORTAOREN
0
2,92
255,47
585,43
1179,48
2023,3
KARGICAK
0
0,15
203,91
663,58
1401,64
2269,3
EVKAFCIFTLIGI
0
4,53
324,41
1093,59
1582,62
3005,2
CATAK
958,63
3724,09
3061,53
680,08
203,76
8628,1
GUNDUZLER
329,52
1538,65
1996,72
1092,57
688,55
5646
GEDIKPINAR
0,58
334,49
771,52
824,69
454,85
2386,1
CAMBAZLI
0
94,8
874,49
2158,26
1335,48
4463
BAHCEKOY
0
0,15
23,52
236,04
290,82
550,5
KARAHACILI
0
17,67
700,38
1314,88
1627,61
3660,5
EKSILER
0
4,67
279,72
700,38
767,14
1751,9
KEPEZ
1185,32
5865,84
9699,33
3980,28
566,88
21297,7
BUKDEGIRMENI
0
10,22
188,13
554,76
1387,04
2140,2
CADIRLI
0
70,99
1021,14
1287,57
1733,51
4113,2
AKDERE
1,31
317,55
973,09
1250,76
2441,63
4984,3
ISIKLI
0
4,09
198,36
944,17
1967,94
3114,6
BAYINDIR
0
16,65
270,66
1134,78
1257,04
2679,1
SEYRANLIK
0
74,2
611,58
1695,97
1232,94
3614,7
YENISU
139,64
1639,88
2361
2050,18
1239,95
7430,6
NASRULLAH
0
17,67
613,48
1037,65
1419,61
3088,4
KARABOCULU
0
94,94
587,48
1591,38
1049,92
3323,7
IMAMLI
0
0
80,63
399,2
527,44
1007,3
UZUNCABURC
411,76
2704,69
5939,02
4792,85
1518,06
15366,4
ÇALTIBOZKIR
46,89
805,11
3032,03
4327,04
2845,94
11057
SABAK
17,24
601,94
1559,25
1362,64
850,1
4391,2
IMAMUSAGI
98,16
1009,75
2673,87
3927,55
4541,76
12251,1
GUMUSLU
51,42
1399,89
3761,92
4876,83
2583,46
12673,5
223 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
CILBAYIR
16,21
1051,67
1970,72
1403,11
874,06
5315,8
IMAMBEKIRLI
3,51
264,09
632,03
1119,15
893,92
2912,7
DIBEKLI
1,31
379,62
636,7
569,8
639,62
2227,1
KARAKAYA
207,27
823,37
716,31
683,44
340,62
2771
GULUMPASALI
0
10,08
93,48
327,04
708,56
1139,2
SILIFKE
0
42,8
702,14
1228,26
916,12
2889,3
YESILOVACIK
1,75
287,46
1516,16
2673,29
3008,36
7487
SOKUN
0,73
196,6
515,9
612,74
490,2
1816,2
KURTULUS
21,03
375,24
1997,74
2167,17
930
5491,2
-
Tablo 5:
.
ti (m)
Riskli
(%)
Riskli
(%)
Orta
Riskli
(%)
Riskli
(%)
Riskli
(%)
1861-
2470
13702,4
3,3
8962,6
2,2
501,7
0,1
0
0
0
0
1671-
1860
24553,2
6
28503,4
6,9
5205,2
1,3
102,4
0,02
0
0
1471-
1670
4460,8
1,1
11793,9
2,9
13777,3
3,4
3772,4
0,92
269,9
0,07
1231-
1470
785,1
0,2
13426,9
3,3
25254,6
6,2
13198
3,22
1433,8
0,35
96 -
1230
126,3
0
4923,7
1,2
15803,3
3,9
22340,3
5,44
9422,5
2,3
713-
961
156,1
0
2877,5
0,7
11164,1
2,7
17393,9
4,24
15107,6
3,68
453-
712
157,8
0
2544,9
0,6
9205,3
2,2
15494,5
3,78
13947,5
3,4
191-
452
14,6
0
1669,7
0,4
8925,8
2,2
17708,1
4,32
17288,2
4,21
0-190
87,9
0
1659,2
0,4
10327,9
2,5
19983,7
4,87
22269
5,43
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 224
sahip alanlar %0--
Tablo 6:
.
(%)
Riskli
(%)
Riskli
(%)
Orta
Riskli
(%)
Riskli
(%)
Riskli
(%)
0- 3
10929,
5
2,66
15803,
1
3,85
21235,1
5,18
24935,
7
6,08
15308,
7
3,73
3-6
14321,
9
3,49
23315,
3
5,68
26038,5
6,35
28773,
4
7,01
18681,
3
4,55
6,1-
12
12065,
3
2,94
22497,
9
5,48
29745,1
7,25
32480,
3
7,92
22610,
2
5,51
12,1-
18
3701,2
0,90
7389,2
1,80
12391,9
3,02
13500,
4
3,29
11955,
0
2,91
18,1-
24
1892,0
0,46
3798,7
0,93
6303,7
1,54
6172,7
1,50
6551,6
1,60
24,1-
30
780,6
0,19
2137,5
0,52
2957,8
0,72
2650,7
0,65
3067,4
0,75
30,1-
40
314,6
0,08
1233,5
0,30
1317,4
0,32
1264,9
0,31
1306,1
0,32
40,1-
50
36,1
0,01
173,1
0,04
161,1
0,04
199,2
0,05
222,3
0,05
50,1-
67
3,2
0
13,4
0
14,5
0
15,9
0
35,8
0,01
.
225 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Tablo 7:
.
Riskli
(%)
Riskli
(%)
Orta
Riskli
(%)
Riskli
(%)
Riskli
(%)
Kuzey
11712,7
2,9
10596,9
2,6
12674,7
3,1
3915,6
1
113,9
0
Kuzeydoğu
7954,7
1,9
8583,7
2,1
15344,3
3,7
8526,9
2,1
600,3
0,1
Kuzeybatı
10886,6
2,7
10564,8
2,6
13065,8
3,2
6007,5
1,5
507,0
0,1
Düz Alan
50,0
0
81,2
0
263,8
0,1
299,6
0,1
72,6
0
Batı
6380,9
1,6
8942,6
2,2
12530,5
3,1
10722,1
2,6
2167,8
0,5
Doğu
2581,6
0,6
7965,5
1,9
12081,8
2,9
20041,9
4,9
10587,1
2,6
Güneybatı
2946,1
0,7
9558,8
2,3
11420,6
2,8
17424,2
4,2
10146,6
2,5
Güneydoğu
806,7
0,2
9666,5
2,4
12060,0
2,9
23625,4
5,8
27401,9
6,7
Güney
725,1
0,2
10401,8
2,5
10723,5
2,6
19430,2
4,7
28141,3
6,9
-
.
Tablo 8:
.
Yüzey Sıcaklığı (°C)
Yüzde (%)
Alan (Hektar)
12,4-20,6
0,90
3697,8
20,7-21,9
3,40
13950,3
22-22,9
8,17
33536,9
23-23,8
13,84
56779,9
23,9-24,8
19,62
80511,7
24,9-25,8
19,62
80498,0
25,9-26,9
17,24
70754,1
27-28,3
12,41
50903,1
28,4-33,3
4,79
19671,1
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 226
Tablo 9:
.
Arazi
(Hektar)
Riskli
(%)
Riskli
(%)
Orta
e Riskli
(%)
Riskli
(%)
Riskli
(%)
Terkedilm
iş Arazi
1,6
0
223,3
0,0
5
323,8
0,08
93,3
0,02
0
0
Sulu
Tarım
1383,4
0,3
4
4227,0
1,0
3
9927,5
2,42
14403,1
3,51
10129,3
2,4
7
Mera
26984,3
6,5
8
25113,8
6,1
2
4408,7
1,07
1297,6
0,32
1062,3
0,2
6
Kuru
Tarım
7470,7
1,8
2
17526,7
4,2
7
21950,4
5,35
15906,1
3,88
9129,7
2,2
3
Bahçe
(Kuru)
10,2
0
62,8
0,0
2
627,6
0,15
1034,4
0,25
525,5
0,1
3
Bağ
(Kuru)
0
0
55,5
0,0
1
555,5
0,14
1441,8
0,35
1800,3
0,4
4
Zeytin
0
0
11,2
0
56,8
0,01
213,3
0,05
681,2
0,1
7
Fundalık
168,0
0,0
4
3298,7
0,8
0
16497,5
4,02
34598,2
8,43
25186,4
6,1
4
Orman
8026,15
1,9
6
25842,64
6,3
0
45817,2
4
11,1
7
41005,4
0
9,99
31223,6
9
7,6
1
4. Sonuç, Tartışma ve Öneriler
227 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
-
isk grubunda %0-
-
t
Harita
-
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 228
Harita 3: .
229 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Abujayyab vd.,
(2022),
afe
belirtmektedir.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 230
DETERMINATION OF FOREST FIRE SUSCEPTIBILITY IN
SILIFKE DISTRICT BY ANALYTIC HİERARCHY METHOD
Abstract
Changes in global climate conditions and temperature averages
increase the frequency of natural disasters. The Mediterranean basin,
including Turkey, is more affected by temperature increases due to its
geographical conditions. Due to these increases, the incidence of natural
disasters, especially drought and forest fires, has increased in recent years.
The aim of the research is to determine the forest fire risk areas in Silifke
district of Mersin province. The analysis was carried out and mapped in the
ArcGIS 10.4 program environment with the Analytical Hierarchy Method,
which is one of the Multi-Criteria Decision Making Methods. As a result of
the analysis, it was determined that about half of the district land has a high
or very high risk in terms of forest fire. Surface temperature, vegetation and
land use characteristics-land cover are the parameters that most affect fire
susceptibility. When the sub-criteria of the parameters are examined, the fire
risk is higher in the altitude range of 0-1300 meters, in areas with a slope of
0-12%, and on slopes with southern aspects. In addition, areas covered with
forest cover, heathlands, areas with surface temperatures between 24-
settlements and areas close to roads are other high-risk lands. When fire
sens
t
and Yenisu neighborhoods are the settlements occupying the most area in the
group with very high fire risk. The sensitivity of the Mediterranean basin will
increase in the coming years depending on the increase in the average
temperature. Identifying the factors that cause forest fires and sensitive areas
will enable the measures to be taken to be planned more realistically and
quickly.
Keywords: Forest fire susceptibility, Silifke, Analytical hierarchy
process.
231 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
KAYNAKÇA
Etkileri. Sağlık ve Toplum, 32(3), 313.
Abdelkarim, A., Al-Alola, S. S., Alogayell, H. M., Mohamed, S. A., Alkadi,
I. I., ve Ismail, I. Y. (2020). Integration of GIS-Based Multicriteria
Decision Analysis and Analytic Hierarchy Process to Assess Flood
Hazard on the Al-Shamal Train Pathway in Al-Qurayyat Region,
Water
https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061702
Mapping Using Five Boosting Machine Learning Algorithms: The
Case Study of the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Advances in Civil
Engineering, 2022, 3959150.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3959150
Ahammad, R., Stacey, N., ve Sunderland, T. C. H. (2019). Use and perceived
importance of forest ecosystem services in rural livelihoods of
Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. EcosystemServices,35,8798.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.11.009
Cabuk, S. (2022). Forest Fire Risk Modeling Using Logistic Regression
and Geographic Information Systems: The Case of Muğla-Milas
(Lojistik Regresyon ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kullanılarak Orman
Yangını Risk Modellemesi: Muğla-Milas Örneği). 6675.
https://doi.org/10.21324/dacd. 951902
Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 20(2), 407432.
https://doi.org/10. 33688/aucbd.1095187
Dicle Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi,
Mühendislik Dergisi, 11(3), 899906.
https://doi.org/10.24012/dumf.661925
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 232
Bilgili, E. (1998b). Forest fires and fire management policies in Turkey. FAO
Meeting on Public Policies Affectin Forest Fires, 357361.
-
Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler
Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17, 139160.
Burrell, A. L., Sun, Q., Baxter, R., Kukavskaya, E. A., Zhila, S., Shestakova,
T., Rogers, B. M., Kaduk, J., ve Barrett, K. (2022). Climate change, fire
return intervals and the growing risk of permanent forest loss in boreal
Eurasia. Science of The Total Environment, 831, 154885.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154885
Belirlenmesi. Geomatik Dergisi, 6(1), 4453.
https://doi.org/10.29128/geomatik.660623
Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi
-2013). Ormancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 1(1
A), 3849.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.17568/oad.87328
Fillianie, A. N., Sorooshian, S., ve Fatimah, M. (2016). MCDM-AHP Method
in Decision Makings.
Koshurnikova, N., Verkhovets, S., Antamoshkina, O., Trofimova, N., Zlenko,
L., ve Zhuikov, A. (2015). Assessment of Central Siberia Forest
Ecosystems Sustainability to Forest Fires: Academic Research
Outcomes. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 214, 1008
1018.
https://doi. org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.694
Lasanta, T., Cortijos-Lopez, M., Errea, M.Paz., Khorchani, M. ve Nsal-
Romero, E. (2022). An environmental management experience to
control wildfires in the mid-mountain mediterranean area: Shrub
clearing to generate mosaic landscapes, 118, 106-147.
233 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106147
Mardani, A., Jusoh, A., MD Nor, K., Khalifah, Z., Zakwan, N., ve Valipour,
A. (2015). Multiple criteria decision-making techniques and their
applications a review of the literature from 2000 to 2014. Economic
Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 28(1), 516571.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2015.1075139
Remote Sensing
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11050591
Dünya Sağlık ve Tabiat Bilimleri
Dergisi, 1(2), 5769.
Parry, J. A., Ganaie, S. A., ve Sultan Bhat, M. (2018). GIS based land
suitability analysis using AHP model for urban services planning in
Srinagar and Jammu urban centers of J&K, India. Journal of Urban
Management, 7(2), 4656.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.2018.05.002
-Romano,
-Sierra, R., Yebra, M., ve Boer, M. M. (2021). Climate change
induced declines in fuel moisture may turn currently fire-free Pyrenean
mountain forests into fire-prone ecosystems. Science of The Total
Environment, 797, 04
149104.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.1491
Richards, J., Huser, R., Bevacqua, E.,ve Zscheischler, J. (2022). Insights into
the drivers and spatio-temporal trends of extreme Mediterranean
wildfires with statistical deep-learning. 10.48550/arXiv.2212.01796
-
fires. Journal of Environmental Management, 100, 16 21.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.12.026
Saaty, T. L. (2008). Decision making with the analytic hierarchy process.
International Journal of Services Sciences, 1(1), 8398.
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSSci.2008.01759
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 234
Saaty, T. L. (1988). What is the Analytic Hierarchy Process? BT -
Mathematical Models for Decision Support (G. Mitra, H. J. Greenberg,
F. A. Lootsma, M. J. Rijkaert, & H. J. Zimmermann (ed.); ss. 109121).
Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Silifke (Mersin) İlçesinin Beşeri ve Ekonomik Coğrafyası.
Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler
Enstitüsü Dergisi, 29, 207221.
İstanbul
Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 35(2).
-
Jeomorfolojik
Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7, 48(60).
-Morcillo,
M., ve Kluvankova, T. (2022). Understanding dynamics of forest
ecosystem services governance: A socio-ecological-technical-
analytical framework. Ecosystem Services, 55,
101427.https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2022.101427
Anamur’da 2000-2020 Yılları
Arasında Meydana Gelen Orman Yangınlarının İncelenmesi ve Yangın
Duyarlılık Haritasının Üretilmesi. 7-9 Ekim 2022 IV. Uluslararası
Coğrafya Eğitimi Kongresi, Bildiri Özet Metni, Karabük.
TOD (2020b). İtfaiyeciler İçin Orman Yangınları El Kitabı,
--Vilalta, J., ve Retana, J. (2018). Forest
management for adaptation to climate change in the Mediterranean
basin: A synthesis of evidence. Forest Ecology and Management, 407,
1622.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.10.021
1. İstanbul Uluslararası Coğrafya
Kongresi, 588594.
235 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Blumberga, D. (2020). Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Methods
Comparison. Environmental and Climate Technologies, 24, 454471.
https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0028
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 236
237 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
10. BÖLÜM
(SİVAS) KANGAL İLÇESİNİN İKLİM ÖZELLİKLERİ
Fatih KARTAL
23
Amaçlar
•
•
•
23
fatihkartal.58@hotmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0001-9266-5007.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 238
239 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
GİRİŞ
iklimsel verilerin
etkilemektedir.
da
canl
mektedir.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 240
).
e
Demir vd., 2008; Atalay, 2008; Ekin vd., 2008; Atalay, 2010; Atalay, 2017;
i
hedeflenmektedir.
1. Araştırma Sahasının Konumu
-
241 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
-05 ve 850-07
Harita 1: .
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 242
-
-
Harita 2: .
-
243 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
2. Materyal ve Yöntem
-
verisi (1958--2021) iklim verileri sonucunda
Im =
P/Tom Im: P:
Tom:
Im=(100*s-60*d)/ETP
Ia=(100*d)/ETP
Ih=(100*s)/ETP (Nemlilik indeksi) eri toplama
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 244
3. Çalışma Alanının İklim Özellikleri
Continental Polar
esimlerde etkisini kar
n sahada etkin
245 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Maritim Polar (mP) Continental (cP)
Maritim Tropikal (mT) Continental Tropikal (cT)
Şekil 1:
3.1. Sıcaklık
2024). k; g
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 246
Tablo 1: .
İstasyon Adı
Rakım (m)
Yıllık Periyodu
Kangal
1540
1959-2021
Arapgir
1200
1958-2021
Sivas
1294
1930-2021
Kaynak:
Kangal
-
a
-
-
247 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Harita 3: .
Harita 4: .
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 248
Şekil 2:
Arapgir
-ile en
-
Şekil 3:
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
SICAKLIK (ºC)
Ortalama
Ortalama
Ortalama
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
SICAKLIK (ºC)
Ortalama
Ortalama
Ortalama
249 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Sivas
-
4; Tablo 2).
Şekil 4:
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
SICAKLIK (ºC)
Ortalama
Ortalama
Ortalama
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 250
Tablo 2:
Araştırma Alanı ve Yakın Çevresindeki İstasyonlarının Aylık Sıcaklık Ortalamaları
O
Ş
M
N
M
H
T
A
E
E
K
A
Yıl
.
Kangal
-
6.0
-
4.8
0.5
6.7
11.
1
15.
0
18.
5
18.
5
13.
9
8.3
2.0
-3.0
6.7
Arapgir
-
1.8
-
0.7
4.3
10.
4
15.
5
20.
6
24.
7
24.
9
20.
5
13.
8
6.5
0.8
11.
6
Sivas
-
3.6
-
2.2
2.6
8.9
13.
4
16.
9
20.
0
20.
1
16.
2
10.
8
4.7
-0.8
8.9
Araştırma Alanı ve Yakın Çevresinde Aylık Ortalama Maksimum Sıcaklıklar
O
Ş
M
N
M
H
T
A
E
E
K
A
Yıl
.
Kangal
-
0.6
0.9
6.8
13.
9
18.
8
23.
3
27.
9
28.
2
24.
0
17.
5
9.4
2.3
14.
4
Arapgir
1.7
3.2
8.9
15.
7
21.
4
26.
8
31.
6
31.
8
27.
3
19.
6
11.
0
4.2
16.
9
Sivas
0.7
2.4
7.9
15.
1
19.
9
23.
9
27.
8
28.
5
24.
5
18.
4
10.
7
3.5
15.
3
Araştırma Alanı ve Yakın Çevresinde Aylık Ortalama Minimum Sıcaklıklar
O
Ş
M
N
M
H
T
A
E
E
K
A
Yıl
.
Kangal
-
11.
4
-
10.
0
-
5.0
-
0.1
3.3
5.9
8.1
7.9
4.0
0.5
-
4.0
-8.0
-
0.7
Arapgir
-
4.2
-
3.2
1.2
6.5
11.
1
15.
8
19.
6
19.
9
15.
8
9.9
3.5
-1.5
7.9
Sivas
-
7.4
-
6.4
-
2.2
3.0
6.9
9.5
11.
6
11.
6
8.0
4.1
-
0.3
-4.5
2.8
Kaynak:
- - -
251 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
5).
Tablo 3:
.
İst.
Kış
İlkbahar
Yaz
Sonbahar
Kangal
-4.6
6.1
17.3
8
Arapgir
-1.1
10.1
23.4
13.6
Sivas
-2.2
8.3
19
10.5
Kaynak:
Şekil 5: Kangal, Arapgir
.
3.2. Don Olayı
durumlarda ortama adapte
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
KIŞ İLKBAHAR YAZ SONBAHAR
Kangal Arapgir Sivas
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 252
Tablo 4: -
.
İst. Adı
O
Ş
M
N
M
H
T
A
E
E
K
A
Yıl.
Kangal
27.
1
24.
0
23.
6
13.
1
3.8
0.3
0.0
3
0.1
0
3.2
4
12.
5
21.
0
25.
2
154.
4
Arapgir
24.
2
19.
7
9.5
0.6
0.1
4.8
18.
5
77.5
Sivas
27.
1
23.
2
19.
4
6.1
0.4
0.0
2
0.2
4.0
6
15.
2
22.
7
118.
6
Kaynak:
-
etkilemektedir.
3.3. Basınç ve Rüzgârlar
253 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Tablo 5: .
İst.
Adı
O
Ş
M
N
M
H
T
A
E
E
K
A
Yıl.
Kanga
l
847
.7
846
.5
846
.0
845
.9
847
.0
846
.8
845
.9
846
.9
849
.0
850
.4
850
.0
848
.8
847.6
Arapgi
r
880
.9
879
.4
878
.1
877
.5
877
.7
876
.2
874
.5
875
.2
878
.3
881
.6
882
.4
882
.3
878.7
Sivas
873
.7
872
.0
870
.9
869
.5
870
.5
870
.3
869
.3
870
.2
872
.5
874
.5
874
.7
874
.0
871.8
Kaynak
Rüzgârlar
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 254
Tablo 6: .
(1959-2021)
Yön
Kış
İlkbahar
Yaz
Sonbahar
Yıl.
N
5.3
5.4
11.6
6.2
7.1
NE
6.6
3.7
3.1
3.0
4.1
E
6.0
3.1
1.7
2.8
3.4
SE
7.8
6.0
2.3
4.1
5.1
S
3.1
3.4
1.9
2.4
2.7
SW
5.1
7.2
5.5
7.8
5.0
W
8.2
9.5
10.0
10.1
9.5
NW
9.0
10.6
15.2
9.6
11.1
Kaynak:
255 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Şekil 6: .
7).
0
5
10 N
NE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW
Kangal Kış
0
5
10
15 N
NE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW
Kangal İlkbahar
0
5
10
15
20 N
NE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW
Kangal Yaz
0
5
10
15 N
NE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW
Kangal Sonbahar
0
5
10
15 N
NE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW
Kangal Yıl. Ortalama
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 256
Tablo 7: .
KANGAL
İST.
O
Ş
M
N
M
H
T
A
E
E
K
A
Yıl
.
N
1.6
1.8
2.4
2.2
2.0
2.6
2.8
2.8
2.2
1.7
1.5
1.6
2.1
NE
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.8
2.0
1.8
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.7
E
2.0
1.9
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.7
SE
3.8
3.7
3.8
3.6
2.9
2.2
1.8
1.7
1.7
2.3
2.8
3.6
2.8
S
3.2
3.3
3.6
3.7
3.0
2.3
1.8
1.6
2.1
2.4
2.8
3.0
2.7
SW
2.1
2.6
2.8
2.9
2.6
2.1
1.9
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.0
1.9
2.2
W
2.6
2.7
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.3
2.0
2.1
2.0
1.8
2.0
2.3
2.4
NW
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.7
2.5
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.4
1.9
1.9
1.8
2.4
TOPLAM
2.2
Kaynak:
3.4. Nemlilik ve Yağış
Siva
257 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Tablo 8: .
İst. Adı
O
Ş
M
N
M
H
T
A
E
E
K
A
Yıl.
Kangal
79.
7
79.
0
74.
0
66.
7
65.
7
60.
3
53.
3
51.
7
53.
7
63.
7
73.
3
79.
1
66.7
Arapgir
71.
2
68.
2
60.
3
54.
7
50.
0
39.
4
33.
2
32.
3
35.
0
49.
6
62.
5
72.
1
52.4
Sivas
75.
3
73.
0
69.
5
65.
7
63.
9
59.
8
56.
3
57.
7
61.
8
69.
4
71.
5
75.
2
66.6
Kaynak:
Şekil 7: .
Yağış: 1959-
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
OM N M H T A E E K A
Kangal Arapgir Sivas
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 258
Tablo 9:
.
İst. adı
O
Ş
M
N
M
H
T
A
E
E
K
A
Yıl.
Kangal
37.4
36.7
43.2
60.4
58.4
35.9
10.0
9.9
13.7
33.0
36.7
42.2
417.5
Arapgir
111.
3
98.1
93.5
92.5
61.3
22.0
5.5
2.3
10.4
54.1
88.2
116.
8
756.0
Sivas
42.8
39.3
44.8
57.7
61.2
33.8
9.4
6.7
17.6
33.5
40.8
44.4
432.0
Kaynak: .
Şekil 8:
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
OM N M H T A E E K A
KANGAL TOPLAM YAĞIŞ (mm)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
OM N M H T A E E K A
ARAPGİR TOPLAM YAĞIŞ
(mm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
OM N M H T A E E K A
SİVAS TOPLAM YAĞIŞ (mm)
259 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Tablo 10:
.
Veri
Peryodu
Kış
İlkbahar
Yaz
Sonbahar
mm
%
mm
%
mm
%
mm
%
Kangal
1959-2021
116.3
27.8
162
38.8
55.8
13.3
83.4
19.9
Arapgir
1958-2021
326.2
43.4
247.3
32.9
29.8
3.9
152.7
20.3
Sivas
1930-2021
126.5
29.2
163.7
37.8
49.9
11.5
91.9
21.2
Kaynak:
Şekil 9:
4. Kangal’ın İklim Modeli
İlkbahar
39%
Yaz
13%
Sonbahar
20%
Kış
28%
Kangal
İlkbahar Yaz Sonbahar Kış
İlkbahar
33%
Yaz
4%
Sonbahar
20%
Kış
43%
Arapgir
İlkbahar Yaz Sonbahar Kış
İlkbahar
38%
Yaz
12%
Sonbahar
21%
Kış
29%
Sivas
İlkbahar Yaz Sonbahar Kış
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 260
-
(-6- klim
4.1. Erinç Yöntemine Göre İklim Sınıflandırması
261 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Tablo 11:
.
O
M
N
M
H
T
A
E
E
K
A
Kangal
37.4
36.7
43.2
60.4
58.4
35.9
10.0
9.9
13.7
33.0
36.7
42.2
34.7
Nemli
Nemli
Nemli
Nemli
Nemli
Nemli
Kurak
Kurak
Kurak
Nemli
Nemli
Nemli
Nemli
Arapgir
111.
3
98.1
93.5
92.5
61.3
22.0
5.5
2.3
10.4
54.1
88.2
116.
8
63
Nemli
Nemli
Nemli
Nemli
Nemli
Tam Kur.
Kurak
Nemlili
Nemli
Nemli
Nemli
Sivas
42.8
39.3
44.8
57.7
61.2
33.8
9.4
6.7
17.6
33.5
40.8
44.4
36
Nemli
Nemli
Nemli
Nemli
Nemli
Nemli
Kurak
Kurak
Nemli
Nemli
Nemli
Nemli
Kaynak:
4.2. Thorntwaite Yöntemine Göre İklim Sınıflandırması
Thornthwaite --
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 262
ektedir.
Şekil 10:
.
263 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Tablo 11: .
O
Ş
M
N
M
H
T
A
E
E
K
A
Yıl.
Sıcaklık
-6
-4,8
0,5
6,7
11,1
15
18,5
18,5
13,9
8,3
2
-3
6,725
İndis
0
0
0,03
1,56
3,34
5,28
7,25
7,25
4,7
2,15
0,25
0
31,81
Düzeltilmemiş PE
0
0
2,49
33,85
56,26
76,17
94,06
94,06
70,55
41,99
10,03
0
Enlem
0,85
0,84
1,03
1,1
1,23
1,24
1,25
1,17
1,04
0,96
0,84
0,83
Düzeltilmiş PE
0
0
2,56
37,24
69,2
94,45
117,58
110,05
73,37
40,31
8,43
0
553,19
Yağış
36,9
24,4
36,9
52,1
60
39,2
4,1
7,9
14,1
30,3
27,4
27,3
360,6
Depo Değişikliği
36,9
24,4
0
0
-9,2
-55,25
-35,55
0
0
0
18,97
27,3
Depo Değişikliği
83,17
100
100
100
90,8
35,55
0
0
0
0
18,97
46,27
Gerçek Evapotr.
0
0
2,56
37,24
69,2
94,45
39,65
7,9
14,1
30,3
8,43
0
303,83
Su Noksanı
0
0
0
0
0
0
77,93
102,15
59,27
10,01
0
0
249,36
Su Fazlası
0
7,57
34,34
14,86
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
56,7
Yüzeysel Akış
0
3,79
19,08
16,99
8,49
4,25
2,12
1,06
0,53
0,26
0,13
0
56,7
Nemlilik Oranı
36,9
24,4
13,41
0,4
-0,13
-0,58
-0,97
-0,93
-0,81
-0,25
2,25
27,3
100,99
Kaynak:
Kangal istasyonu iklim verileri sonucunda
birlik
5. Sonuç ve Öneriler
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 264
Bu veriler
olumsuz
Kangal-
; %38.8
.
265 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Kangal istasyonu iklim verileri Thornthwaite
ikli
ne neden
•
•
•
•
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 266
267 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS OF KANGAL DISTRICT
(SIVAS)
Abstract
Human beings in the world continue their lives depending on many
natural factors. One of these natural factors is the climate, which is the subject
of physical geography. As such, the climate is the most important factor that
determines the fate of people in the geographical environment, starting from
the natural environment in terms of human and economic activities. In this
context, the study was carried out to determine what kind of characteristics
the climatic elements of Kangal district have statistically in the long term. The
study is of great importance in creating a sustainable environment and making
healthy plans for the future. Kangal has a continental climate model in Central
Anatolia due to its climate feature. In order to make the climate assessment in
the study, observation data of Kangal for 62 years (1959-2021), for Arapgir
for 63 years (1958-2021) and for Sivas for 91 years (1930-2021) were taken
from MGM (General Directorate of Meteorology). These climatic data
provided are explained with tables and graphs. According to the Kangal
station observations, it is seen that the annual average temperature in the
The period with the lowest temperature with - January,
The annual average
wind speed in Kangal is 2.2 m/s and it mostly blows from the north. Kangal's
average precipitation is 417.5 mm. However, the most precipitation is in April
(60.4 mm) and the least in August (9.9 mm). According to the seasons, the
highest precipitation was observed in the spring (38.8%), while the least
precipitation was observed in the summer (13.3%).
Thornthwaite climate models were used for the climate type of the site. As a
result, Kangal's average temperature causes limitations in terms of agricultural
activities, as well as low productivity in agriculture due to the high risk of
frost. Again, the high number of snowy and frosty days in winter affects
transportation negatively. In addition, the scarcity of precipitation and
seasonal irregularities in the region cause fluctuations in agricultural products
from year to year in terms of yield.
Keywords: Physical Geography, Climate Elements, Sivas, Kangal.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 268
KAYNAKÇA
Ackerman,S.A.ve Knox, JA. (2015). Meteoroloji atmosferimizi anlamak,
-
Kangal köpeklerinin doğal ortam
özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, II.
Sempozyumu 8 Temmuz 2005 (Sivas), 54-62.
Ekosistem ekolojisi ve coğrafyası-II
Uygulamalı klimatoloji
Türkiye’nin bölgesel coğrafyası
Ayhan, G. (2013). Adıyaman’ın iklimi ve Atatürk baraj gölünün Adıyaman’ın
iklimin etkisi,
Lisans Tezi.
Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi
Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(3).
İklim değişiklikler ve küresel ısınma,12. bölüm yer bilimi
kitabı, Ed. Mete Alim-
-
Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler
Dergisi, 30 (2) , 29-42. DOI: 10.18069/firatsbed.713550.
Türkiye'de iklim değişikliğinin yağış-sıcaklığa etkisi ve
kuraklık analizi: Akarçay örneği
Türkiye’de
maksimum, minimum ve ortalama hava sıcaklıkları ile yağış dizilerinde
gözlenen değişiklikler ve eğilimler
-
- 14 Mart 2008, Ankara.
269 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Demircan, M. (2019). Sıcaklık verilerindeki kırılma tarihleriyle iklim
indekslerinin ilişkisi Doktora Tezi,
Ankara.
Umumî klimatoloji ve iklim çalışmaları.
Klimatoloji rasat el kitabı,
Klimatoloji ve metodları
Erlat, E. (2013). İklim sistemi ve iklim değişmeleri,
Erol, O. (1999). Genel klimatoloji.
Sivas’ın fiziki coğrafya şartlarının hava kirliliği
üzerine etkileri, -17
-269, Sivas.
Elmacık dağı ve yakın çevresinin dendroklimatolojik ve
dendrojeomorfolojik yöntemlerle analizi,
GOP Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler
Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2, 171-197.
Kartal, F. (2022). Hafik, Zara ve İmranlı (Sivas) çevresinde jips ekolojisi.
Social Sciences (IJOESS), 15(57), 1055-
1070.
Türkiye İklimi. İzmir
Polat, P. ve Sunkar
F.Ü. Sosyal
Bilimler Dergisi, -
Sunkar, M. (2006). Kangal Havzası’nın (Sivas) jeomorfolojisi,
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 270
Tapur, T. (2003). Anamur-Silifke arası kıyı bölgesinin coğrafi etüdü,
Doktora Tezi, Konya.
Demirpınar Çayı Havzası’nın (Üzümlü-Erzincan) fiziki
coğrafyası,
Nesnelerin interneti tabanlı akıllı sulama ve uzaktan
izleme sistemi. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, (15), 229-236.
Annual and seasonal air
temperature trend patterns of climate change and urbanization effects
in relation to air pollutants in Turkey, Journal of Geophysical
Research, 102, 1909-1919.
Spatial and temporal analysis of annual rainfall variations
in Turkey, International Journal of Climatology, 16, 10571076.
Tödürge gölü sulak alanı (Sivas) yöresinin
hidroklimatoloji ve iklim değişimleri açısından incelenmesi,
Sulak Alanlar Kongresi, 22-
Re-evaluation of trends and
changes in mean, maximum and minimum temperatures of Turkey for
the period 1929-1999. International Journal of Climatology 22: 947-
977.
Klimatoloji
Erbaa ve Niksar Ovalarının fiziki coğrafya özellikleri,
271 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
11. BÖLÜM
DEVOLOPING A DIGITAL TECHNIQUE FOR PAPER MAP
UPDATING, USING REMOTE SENSING, AND
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM
APPLICATIONS CASE STUDY; TOPOGRAPHIC PAPER
MAP OF BENGHAZI - LIBYA
Doktorant Mohammed S. ALJAROUSHI
24
Aim of Research
• To find a solution for map updating for regions with old analog
coverages, or missing destroyed original master plates
• To enhance the time, budget, and accuracy of the updating process
• To build a digital database of coverage up to date with all derived
data throughout the process
24
.
mohammed.s.aljaroushi@gmail.com, ORCID: 0009-0008-0991-1069.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 272
273 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
INTRODUCTION
Maps are increasingly valuable tools in providing essential geospatial
and geomorphological information. Mapping techniques are changing due to
the improvements in digital processes and programming in terms of hardware
and software. Throughout history paper maps symbolized landscapes long
before the introduction of scientific methods to cartography (Harvey, 1980).
In the sixteenth century, the idea of drawing to a fixed scale revolutionized
topographical mapping, and the relevance of topographic information
motivated many initiatives in state map-making. Gradually, survey methods
developed to incorporate photogrammetry, and cartographic production
improvements, which enabled topographic maps to be regarded as the
supreme achievement of the modern age of cartography (Jervis, 1936).
Nowadays, consumer needs have changed. The newest requirements of digital
geocoded data are raster maps, raster orthoimages, digital elevation models,
and vector data. The traditional analogic mapping production should be
replaced by a new digital process, that gives digital results. Time is over when
the principal activity of mapping agencies was analogic.
The main problem is finding solutions to convert and update the old
analogic available data and change it to digital form. Accordingly, mapping
agencies must change their production lines by integrating new digital
production processes. At the core of this problem, is the case of map updating.
Several countries in the world face problems concerning outdated
cartographic maps. As a consequence, there is a necessity to apply
methodologies that allow map updating faster, cheaper, and more efficiently.
Institut Geographique National (IGN) based in Toulouse-France, has a
department that developed an updating method suitable for updating analogic
master plates in a digital form called Map-up. This indirect method updates
the main cartographic master plates of maps. Input cartographic data are a set
of analogic master plates, and the result is a set of updated digital master
plates. These plates are suitable for printing an updated map. IGN method is
using satellite data as a source of change detection, and basis for the updating
process. The whole process consists of three parts: Data preparation, Indirect
updating of the master plates, and printing process. Each of these parts consist
of several steps, these steps must be followed sequentially. A lot of time and
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 274
work is needed, especially in the cartographic data preparation steps that
consist of scanning, orthorectification (georeferencing), and cleaning
separately each master plate before updating them. The updating process itself
is complex and sometimes tedious. Because the features on maps are often
split on different master plates that must be updated in parallel. (Aljaroushi,
2005).
Using modern equipment and techniques, we aim to introduce a paper
map updating method, based on satellite data interpretation as a change
detection indicator. This new method is relevant for areas where the original
master plates are lost or destroyed, especially when dealing with large regions
or countries with old map versions. This technique saves a lot of time and
money in terms of data budget, cheap software, fewer working hours, and less
field trips. The new method presented is a direct updating method considered
as a modification and development of the IGN updating processes, it is
applied directly on the colored paper map itself and is considered a
simplification of the indirect method. The only cartographic input data is a
digitized analogic paper map, and the result is a digital composite updated
map ready for printing. To achieve this developed, a 1:50 000 topographic
paper map of Benghazi, Libya is chosen as the old map to be updated. This
scale and type of coverage are considered the base map by Libyan authorities
for civilian use, and the whole country is covered. This coverage is out of date
and has never been updated. A comparison of the steps between the new direct
method with the old indirect method are highlighted.
Finally, at the end of this study, we will see how the direct and indirect
updating processes are compatible with the constitution of the commercial
geocoded database. We will see also, during the updating procedure,
examples of achieving different digitally derived data, this data can be used
to enrich the database, and processed to produce more information, for
example, the digital elevation model can be used for slope, shadow, and relief
maps, space maps can be produced, and the different digital vector types can
be integrated into data sets.
275 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
1. Material
1.1. Cartographic old map: BENGHAZI 3389-III, with a scale of
1:50 000 (Fig. 1), georeferencing system (UTM-33N), datum is (WGS84),
coordinates are shown in (Table 1). Benghazi, the second largest city of Libya,
(Map 1), is located in the eastern part of the country, on the Mediterranean
shoreline. This city has seen a lot of development lately, including roads and
highways, the construction of new urban areas, and the development of a lot
of agricultural zones. This area is especially relevant as a case of study for our
direct updating method because of all those changes.
Map 1: Location of the Old Topographic Map to be Updated.
Table 1: Coordinates of The Used Map in Cartographic
X-coordinate(m)
406,000
429,000
Y-coordinate(m)
3541,000
3568,000
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 276
1.2. Satellite data: Two raw satellite scenes acquired from SPOT 2-
HRV; level A1 covering the area of interest by 60 x 60 km. The characteristics
of both scenes are described in (Table 2) and (Map 2).
3.Digital elevation model (DEM): 20 M. resolution DEM was
produced and used as an elevation reference. (Map 3).
Table 2: Characteristics of both Spot.
Number of Spectral Bands
One (PAN)
Three (XS1, XS2, XS3)
Satellite
SPOT 2
SPOT 2
Instrument
HRV 1
HRV 1
Actuation Date
06/07/2010
06/07/2010
Viewing angle
Pixel Resolution (meter)
10
20
K-J Identification
087-258
087-258
Map 2: Composite Map 3: DEM Derived From The
Cartographic Map.
Operating System (hardware and software)
To achieve the needed renders and final layout, the operating system
consists of several hardware and software, the main properties of this
operating system are the low cost, advanced features for officiant results, the
ability to process big files and store them, working with different layers at the
same time, and handling geocoded vector and raster data.
• Power Macintosh, G4. workstation (Mac. Os. 9.2)
• CT36/400 friction scanner was used for the input of the reference
maps.
277 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
• Colored large-size printer for the graphic output of the final updated
map proof layout.
• ImaView 1.2: IGN- software, for Image acquisition by the scanner.
• GeoView 4.9: IGN software, for displaying, processing, and
handling geocoded data of raster, vectors, map layout, and contours.
• MultiDelta1.8: IGN software, used to orthorectify the satellite.
• Arc/Info: GIS commercial software, for acquiring the DEM.
• Macromedia FreeHand 10: commercial software, used for vector
modeling.
• Adobe Photoshop 6.0: commercial software, for processing raster
forms.
2. Methodology
The whole process consists of four main parts, each part consists of
several steps, these steps need to be done in sequence. The main differences
between both methods in all steps are shown in (Figure 1) the indirect method
and (Figure 2) the direct method. Each diagram illustrates and clearly shows
the number of files and data processed in each method. They also show the
consequence of the steps for both methods as well.
1. Data preparation steps: preparing the cartographic, and satellite
image.
2. Updating process: This includes vector style creation and change
detection on the satellite image. Finally integrating the updates on
the old paper map.
3. Control chick: by a field trip to verify the interpretation done on the
satellite image in reality.
4. Final printing.
2.1. Data Preparation
2.1.1. Cartographic Data Scanning
Scanning the original old paper cartographic data, using the parameters
shown in (Table 3). Scanning resolution, dot per inch (dpi)= 2x Halftone
screen = 2x (150 lpi to 200 lpi) = 300dpi to 400dpi. (Benne, 1998).
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 278
Table 3: Scanning Parameters of the Paper Map.
2.1.2. Georeferencing the Cartographic Raster Data
Polynomial rectification first-degree affinity is used. Eighteen ground
control points (GCPs) are manually interred to create the model. The residual
value is 1.3 pixels, which corresponds to 4.13 m on the ground. During the
convergence from the center of the map sheet.
2.1.3. Producing Digital Elevation Model
Contour lines and elevation points are digitized. A 20m DEM is
interval 10) = 5m. (Benne, 1998).
2.2. Satellite Data Preparation
Raw images are geometrically incompatible with any ground reference
system because they are in image coordinates, with some distortions during
image formation (Sylvaner, 2000). Two images from the two sensors of Spot
2 HRV, (Panchromatic and Multispectral). With the same viewing angle, the
produced DEM is used to generate an ortho-rectified satellite image mono-
scope method is used. Only planimetric features with their 2-D map
coordinates (X, Y) can be extracted and used as a reference for map updating.
Satellite images are used as a reference for change detection. Physical
modeling with DEM, Space Triangulation, and 3D rectification are applied.
Data
source
Number
of files
Scanning
model
Scanning
resolution
(dpi)
Pixel
size on
the
ground
(m)
Size of one
raw file
Mb.
File
format
Original
map
1
RGB (24-
bit)
400
3.175
166
BIL
+HDR
Converted
to
TIFF
Master
plates
plates
number
at least 6
or 7
Grey
level
400
100
Bit Map
1200
1.058
95
279 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Images are clipped to each other. This process is made in two steps as follows
(Figure 1-2).
Figure 1: Methodology and Steps of the old Indirect Method (MAP_UP). Number of
files needed to be handled in each step. (M. Alaroushi, 2005).
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 280
Figure 2: Methodology and Steps of the New Direct Method. It is Clear How Much
Less Files needed to be handled Compered to the old Method. (M. Alaroushi, 2005).
2.2.1. Modeling
Building a mathematical model, using all the known prior information
about viewing conditions such as position, speed altitude of the satellite,
geometric description of the instrument, and mirror-viewing angle (Rodowski
,1997). Thirty GCPs are measured from a georeferenced map for building up
the model. The Z value is achieved automatically from the produced DEM.
The auxiliary data are known. The model Root Mean Square (RMS) value is
30 m. This result is acceptable for maps with 50, 000 scales according to
observations made at IGN (Table 4).
Table 4: Map Precision Of Several Regions by (IGN ESPACE).
Map source
Europe
Africa
North Africa
Map accuracy in the meter
10
50
35
281 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
2.2.2. Orthorectification
Bicubic interpolation is applied on both scenes. The resolution of the
Multispectral (XS) image is resampled from 20m to the Panchromatic
resolution (Pan) which is 10m, so they can be merged. The georeferencing
system is the same as the cartographic map. T
planimetric accuracy of the buildup model used in the orthorectification of the
images. This value is given by the software used in RMS and is equal to 30
m
calculated by using the following equation:
Δh =5m (Altimetric precession of the DEM.)
= 5 * 0.4834 = 2.41 m. I= 25.8˚ (The viewing angle).
is obtained by the influence of the two
independent previous factors calculated as follows:
30m.
The value is acceptable with the accuracy of the map. (Albertz BS TAUCH ,
1993, 1994).
2.3. Radiometric Processing
Image readability that is necessary to extract useful geographic
information, is done in three steps as follows:
2.3.1. Pan and XS Merging
Producing red, green, and blue color (RGB) composite image by using
the Spot Pan, and the multispectral Spot XS images, the HIS system is used,
and the processing includes three steps: 1- Changing the color reference
system on the XS image from RGB. To hue intensity saturation (HIS). 2- The
intensity channel is replaced by integrating the panchromatic channel using
the linear formula (2P+XS3)/3. To avoid vegetation discrimination. 3- Inverse
transform from HIS. to RGB. (Carper. et.al. 1990 and Harris. 1990).
is the planimetric accuracy due to the accuracy of the
model.
is the planimetric error due to the altimetric accuracy
of the DEM.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 282
2.3.2. Cropping and Rotating the P+XS Image
Applying a rotation to the produced P+XS composite image
corresponding to the convergence of the meridian at the center of the map that
the image is cropped to a smaller area corresponding to the map of interest.
Now they are easily superimposed together.
2.3.3. Radiometric Enhancement of the P+XS Image
Applying radiometric improvements and corrections to the P+XS
composite image, to enhance the interpretability, by improving the
appearance and quality of the image. (Map 6). At this level a Geocoded
satellite composite image sharing the geometry and size extent of the original
raster map, both are ready to be used in the map updating process.
Map 6: Left Image Before Enhancement. Right Image After Enhancement.
3. Updating Process
3.1. Creating colors
The needed colors for our example and the percentages of each
component making them are shown in (Table 5), here we work with the final
printing color since we are printing directly.
283 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Table 5: Percentages of Each Component of The Needed Colors.
Color component
Produced color
CYAN %(C)
MAGENTA%
(M)
YELLOW%(
Y)
BLACK%(B)
BLACK
0
0
0
100
BLUE
98
95
34
39
WHITE
0
0
0
0
REDDISH
BROWN
48
87
77
71
3.2. Creating Styles
Deals with creating the drawing bases in vector modes, used in
drawing, and modifying features on the original map (Benne, 1998). one of
the most complex steps of the updating process, the new drawing path styles
have to be similar to the original objects on the map. Styles can be classified
as 1) Symbols, 2) Surfaces (land cover), and 3) Linear features.
3.3. Creating Layers
This is a matter of arranging the main framework and ordering object
vectors with their styles in layers. The first and second layers from the bottom
will contain the reference satellite image and raster map, followed by the
deleting layer containing all the masks, then the layers that contain the newly
added features. For complex features the basic rule is one style one layer, the
arrangement of the layers must be carefully managed.
3.4. The capture of Changes
Based on the interpretation done on the referenced satellite image and
raster map, Identification (recognition of the object from the image), and
interpretation (recognition of an object making use of logic). It was found that
the following feature types could be updated:
• Symbols:
• Surfaces: (land cover) including three major types represented on
our map which are: buildup areas (City extensions), cultivated areas
(agriculture zones), or water bodies.
• Linear features: including in our case six classes of the network; 4
lanes of dual roads, 2 or 3 lanes of hard surface roads, 2 lanes of
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 284
loose surface either all-weather roads or dry-weather roads, and
Tracks.
• Texts: this includes all corrections and adding of text in toponomy
and Legend text.
The updating procedure could be broken down as follows; Examination
of the environment, correlation assumption, search for similar areas or
features, area, or feature identification, and confirm or infirm. The result on a
specific area or feature could be a) no change in the feature. The feature is not
on the image anymore (masking). b) The feature in the image is not
represented on the map (adding). c)The feature changed on the image, so this
change has to be done on the map. The capture of changes could be processed
in the following steps: a) Removing features on the map (masking). b)
Modifying and adding features on the map. c) Exporting vectors added in
encapsulated postscript (EPS) format. Exporting Vector adding all the
previous layers with all their content are then exported into EPS format.
The exportation is done in several steps, depending on the type of features:
• One EPS export must be done for all the masks.
• One EPS export must be done for all the symbols and all the linear
features.
• Land cover adding exceptional cases. Because they must be
modified to be integrated with the raster pattern, we are obliged to
generate an EPS export for each type of land cover adding.
3.5. Integrating Changes in the Map Raster File
This is the last part of the updating process; it is a matter of merging all
the vector exports containing the changes detected on the original raster map.
The vectors in EPS are converted to raster form. Each raster layer can be
precisely positioned over the original raster map, thanks to the small black
square we draw at the angle of each vector export. Each EPS export appears
now as a raster layer over the original raster map. The order of the raster layers
is important, first comes the layer of the mask, the layers correspond to each
kind of land cove, and then the layer corresponds to other adding (Symbols,
networks, etc.). The next step is replacing the filling colors used with the
appropriate raster pattern. The patterns are simply created by extracting a
285 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
sample from the raster original map. Afterward, raster corrections are applied,
when superimposing raster layers on the composite raster map, it appears that
the adding is partially covering some features of items like, the grid, part of
the text, pipeline, and electricity lines. When raster corrections are achieved,
we can now merge the raster layers to obtain a flattened raster image in Cayan,
Magenta, Yellow, and Black (CMYK) mode corresponding to the updated
new map (Fig. 2) shows the three major steps of the updating section.
4. Control Check
Printing a Check Proof in the direct method, the CMYK mode
updated raster map obtained at the end of updating process is ready to be
printed as check proof. This proof will be a reference in the ground check trip.
Ground Check and Acquiring Supplementary Features allow comparing the
interpretation we made to reality. The modifications collected on the ground
must be added to the previous work. in the end, we obtain the final updated
map in raster format ready for the final printing.
5. Printing the Final Updated Map
The updated raster map is here in CMYK. mode, so the logical printing
mode to use is Quadrichromic offset printing, which uses four CMYK. The
needed printing plates are directly produced from the raster updated map by a
separation process using a high-resolution film printer. This process is called
flashing. The printer used was Hp 2500 cp. with a postscript option and 72
RAM, 2 GB Disc spaces for large file printing (Figure 3).
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 286
Figure 3: Examples of Updating Mian Steps A) Interpretation, B) Digitizing, C)
Integration.
6. Results and Discussion
The main result is an updated paper map of the study area (Map 7).
Also, through the different steps of the direct updating method, several
geocoded data in digital georeferenced form are produced, for example: a
geocoded vector data representing capture of mapping changes, DEM, P, XS,
and P + XS orthoimages. Updated composite satellite maps (Map 8). This data
can be used for extracting various data suitable to produce derived products.
This data is digital and georeferenced, which make it easy to be integrated in
any available database. All this data can be used for further studies and could
be integrated into the constitution of a database that can be commercialized.
Also, some derived data can be processed and used for further analysis in any
GIS data uses. Listed underneath are all the derived data, acquired during the
different steps of the updating process.
287 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
• Image coverage databases, by mosaicking of P, XS, and P + XS
orthoimages.
• Vector database, the software allows by special export command
developed by IGN ESPACE to geocode the graphic vector data
according to the geometry of the geocoded image available in the
FreeHand document.
• Digital map database, by mosaicking composite raster map or raster
master plates.
• Generated DEM (Map 9).
Map 7: Final Direct updated Topographic Paper Map on the Right. And All the
Added Updated Features Shown in the Middle. The old Map on The Left.
Map 8: Derived Satellite Composite Map. Map 9: Derived DEM
Map.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 288
During this study, we went through different steps that are similar to
the old method. The main differences, advantages, and disadvantages are
highlighted according to the timeline of the steps and process as follows:
1- Cartographic Data: In the indirect method the master plates are
used as input cartographic data. Each plate contains features sharing
the same color. In the case of complex features and textured
features, one feature can be split into more than one master plate. A
large number of master plates depending on the complexity of the
features have to be scanned and processed. While in the direct
method we only deal with one file which is the scanned original map
itself. This saves a lot of time and disk space.
2- Geometric Processing of Cartographic Data: This process is done
only once in the direct method. While in the indirect method, this
step is repeated as much as we have files of master plates so, there
is a lot of time and disk space.
3- Cleaning Rectified Cartographic Data: In the indirect method, the
cleaning is the same. It is applied to all the raster plates, which could
be 6 to 8 depending on the complexity of the map. So here again
time is also saved by the direct method. The main difference is that
in the indirect method, no color mode management has to be done.
The plates are used in their original scanning acquirement mode
(grey level or Bitmap).
4- Preparing Map Updating Tools: This process is completely
different than in the indirect method. Because it deals with several
cartographic plates in grey level or bitmap modes and all the new
vector features are drawn in black or shades of black. The updated
cartographic plates are finally integrated to produce the printing
plates. Each printing plate corresponds to one ink color. The colors
are implemented during the printing process. While in the direct
method we work with the created final design, with the final style
and color, and the final product can be seen while drawing. This
saves time because we can make corrections and modifications even
before printing prof check.
289 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
5- Creating styles and colors: The methodology for both methods is
very similar, but the color management is different. In the indirect
updating, the styles must use only white or black colors and shades
of black. Indirect updating consists in updating several separated
plates at the same time. So, for a given abject, the style must be
created to produce the object as it appears on the master plates and
not as it appears on the composite map, with the indirect updating,
the features of the map are achieved only when printing.
6- Creating Layers: The methodology for using layers is the same.
Factors like the number of master plates and the number of features
in each plate control the number of layers. Each master plate has a
deleting layer and several adding layers including layers for
trapping. So, with the indirect method, the number of layers is
always bigger than with the direct method.
7- The capture of Changes: The difference in this part between the
two methods is that in the direct method, we can work on several
features at one time because all are represented in one raster file.
But for the indirect method, we repeat the operation for each feature
on the separated representative master plate. Time saving is done
again.
8- Integrating Changes in the Map Raster: In both methods
updating, and integration is similar, but in the Indirect method all
the processes must be repeated for each master plate. On the other
hand, the final raster correction step is often much simpler within
the direct updating method, because the grid and the text are on
separate plates, and this makes the raster corrections easier to
perform. After integration, the final result is a set of updated raster
master plates in grey level or Bitmap mode.
9- Modifying and Adding Features: Removing features on the map
is the same as in the indirect updating method, but each plate has a
deleting (masking) layer. Each feature being on a single master plate
can be modified on its own without any modification on the other
plates.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 290
10- Render quality of Printing: The best render quality of printing
is obtained with the indirect updating method with scanning
resolution up to 1200 dpi in bitmap mode. because of the high
resolution used and also the bitmap mode, there is no halftone to
print. With direct updating at 400 dpi, the render has a lower quality.
Between them, the lowest quality is obtained with the direct
updating method because of the quadrichromic printing.
The software used as the operating system line is considered in
expensive, powerful, and easy to use. They have a lot of options and solutions
that simplify the complexities of working directly on composite maps. We
is application software that could be changed by any other vector drawing
software. We suggest the use of OCAD software that is used now at IGN in
Paris. This software is dedicated to mapping editing and its price is similar to
FreeHand. The use of software depends on the needs and budget, also not to
forget that this media is changing each day and prices are decreasing. In
general, using satellite data and digital technology is a powerful and fast
process, that is developing each day.
The production of maps is based on the restitution of aerial photographs
for many decades. During the process, a lot of work has to be done to prepare
aerial photos for the use of mapping. This includes a lot of geometric and
radiometric processes that will finally produce an Arial photo representing a
small area of coverage. Satellite images have been considered an information
source that presents several advantages: 1) Quick data acquisition, for change
detection; 2) the possibility to apply faster-updating methodologies than the
traditional photogrammetric process; 3) high temporal resolution; 4) spatial
resolutions; 5) fairly low costs (Thierry, 1999). The advantages of the Spot
system are various characteristics like different resolutions, off-nadir viewing
capacity allowing commission imagery for specific areas, stereo-capability,
and a large area of coverage with low prices in comparison with other systems.
Therefore, we can say SPOT has characteristics that should be a boon to the
cartographic community, especially after the release of SPOT 5, where the
panchromatic mode is up to 2.5 m resolution. There are different cartographic
applications for SPOT images, for example, topographic map production,
291 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
map revision, compilation, and generation of digital elevation data. Image
quality and geometric accuracy of SPOT data are essential elements in
cartographic applications.
The production of maps from satellite image data has been ignored by
the cartographic community for a long time. It is of course obvious that the
use of satellite remote sensing for the production and revision of maps is only
of interest if the data can be extracted with the appropriate accuracy,
completeness, and reliability. The coverage of one satellite image could be as
coverage of several aerial photos.
The recognizability of relevant topographic objects in satellite images
depends on a lot of factors like tone, color, texture, size, shape, and pattern.
In the map updating process by the use of satellite planimetric features for
mapping from satellite image data, all the topographic objects that are of
relevance for the certain map scale, have to be identified and located with
sufficient accuracy. Data is considered cheap and fast now by the use of the
direct updating method.
Some interpretation limits of the satellite image could be solved now
by the use of Spot 5, with a panchromatic mode of up to 2.5 m resolution.
Even if we can derive a lot of geocoded data that could be integrated into
databases, we should mention that the indirect method offers kinds of
geocoded data much more diversified than the direct method. This is because
by the indirect method, we obtain geocoded data corresponding to separate
plates and not to a composite map like in the direct method.
Conclusion
This method is considered the only solution available when the master
plates are lost or destroyed. This study is implemented for old country map
coverage to be updated and reformed in a digital base. Especially, in Libya
where all map coverage is old and it is only available as analog paper form in
the archives, no digital database is available. Due to the absence of the original
master plates needed for map updating this method is strongly, recommend.
The direct updating method, and the use of spot satellite data for change
detection, as a good solution for updating the topographic map coverage of
scale 1:50 000 of Libya, quickly and cheaper. Using satellite data and digital
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 292
technology is a powerful and fast process. This technology is developing each
day. The map updating process by the use of satellite data is considered cheap
and fast. Now it is faster thanks to the direct updating method. This method is
considered the only solution available when the master plates are lost or
destroyed. We should mention that some interpretation limits of the satellite
image could be solved now by the use of Spot 5 with a panchromatic mode of
up to 2.5 m resolution.
For various scales, current satellites offer different resolutions suitable
for small (1:500 000 and 1:250 000), and medium (1:100 000 and 1:50 000)
products. After the release of very high-resolution satellites, it could be
possible to go to much more large scales up to (1:25 000 and 1:10 000). But
this factor is also depending on the resolution of the image, in other words,
which resolution is suitable for which scale, this is now going toward
standardization by Libyan survey and mapping authorities.
In comparison with the old indirect method, the new direct updating
method is a fast digital process. The main difference between the two methods
is the number of input cartographic data files to handle, and the printing
method for the final updated map. The main difficulty of the direct method
relies upon the updating process itself. While in the indirect method, changes
are drawn on separated plates, the direct method applies the changes directly
on the composite map. It means that for the direct method, changing one
feature can involve modifying some other features (names, or background
patterns). Time is saved at each step of the process as follows:
During input data preparation, these steps of preparation are time and
space consuming. But, since we only deal with one file in the direct method,
which is the scanned paper map itself. This file is processed representing the
composite map with all the content that will be updated.
During the updating step, a smaller number of layers, also working
with the final styles, and colors on the composite map, avoiding dealing with
the trapping techniques, are all factors that make the direct processing simpler
and faster than the indirect method. The direct method works with the rule
(What You See Is What You Get).
293 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
During integration process, we can make a lot of default corrections
and modifications even before printing the check-proof layout. This saves
time too and is considered similar to the previous rule of working.
At the printing process, the render is acceptable, even if the quality is
lower than the indirect method renders, due to the different printing
techniques. The use of printers with high halftone screen resolution is
recommended to ensure a good quality result in terms of colors and render
appearances.
I recommend making a field trip study to obtain more interpretation
keys to help in interpreting the satellite data, and to make some GPS
measurements to improve the precision of the new up-to-date coverage.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 294
REFERENCES
Albertz, J. (1993). Merging graphical elements and image data in satellite
image maps. International Mapping from Space” Working Group
IV/2 of International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote
Sensing, Hannover. Ed. G. Konecky, 15, 265-271.
Akiyama, M. (1993). Topographic Mapping Method Using SPOT
Imagery. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote
Sensing, 29, 336-336.
Albertz, J. & TAUCH, R. (1994). Mapping from space. Cartographic
Applications of Satellite image Data, GeoJournal 32.1, 29 - 37.
Aljaroushi, M. (2006). Solution for old analog map updating techniques using
Rs& GIS- from paper to digital database. IGN ESPACE Visit
technical report. Biriuni Remote sensing Center. Libya, Tripoli- 25
Pages
Benne, P. (1998). Comparaison des filieres DRY et FreeHand/PhotoShop.
Toulouse, France, IGN ESPACE,1, 14-35.
Benne, P. & Lasselin, D. (1998). Utilisateur et Guide dApprentissage de
MosaView. IGN ESPACE, Paris, France, 2, 50-175.
Carper, W., Lillesand, T., & Kiefer, R. (1990). The use of intensity-hue-
saturation transformations for merging SPOT panchromatic and
multispectral image data. Photogrammetric Engineering and remote
sensing, 56(4), 459-467.
Harris, J.R., Murray, R. & Hirose, T. (1990). IHS transform for the integration
of radar imagery with other remotely sensed data. Photogrammetric
Engineering of Remote Sensing,56, 16311641.
Harvey, P. D. A. (1980). The history of topographical maps: symbols,
pictures, and surveys with 116 illustrations 10 in color. Thames and
Hudson.
Jervis,W. (1936) The World in Maps: A Study in Map Evolution. London:
George Philip & Son.
Rodowski, V. (1997). Specifications quality de orthoview. IGN ESPACE,
Toulouse, France.
295 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Sylvander, S., Henry, P., Bastien-Thiry, C., Meunier, F., & Fuster, D. (2000).
vegetation geometrical image quality. Bulletin de la Société
Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, 159,59-65.
Thierry, T. (2000). Map Making with Remote Sensing Data. In: Buchroithner,
M.F. Remote Sensing for Environmental Data in Albania: A Strategy
for Integrated Management.
NATO Science Series, 72-, 65-87. Springer, Dordrecht.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 296
297 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
12. BÖLÜM
YÜZEY, 850, 700 ve 500 hPa BASINÇ SEVİYELERİNDE
ORTALAMA SICAKLIKLARIN TREND ANALİZİ
25
Dr. Sıracettin GÖZALAN
26
Amaçlar
•
•
•
25
26
.
sirac.gozalan@hotmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-6721-1860.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 298
299 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
GİRİŞ
.
Korkmaz, 2005).
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 300
r 1850-
2008; K
ayl
1. Materyal ve Metot
301 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
-
-
edilir.
-
olarak Kolmogorov-
-Wallis testi ile analiz edilm
-parametrik (Mann-
2. Bulgular
2.1. Sıcaklık Verilerine İlişkin Tanımlayıcı
İstatistikler
-
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 302
-
Tablo 1:
Ortalama
Minimum
Maksimum
n
850
700
500
850
700
500
850
700
500
1971
6
14,2
9,1
-1
-19
11,6
6,4
-3
-25
17,4
12
0,6
-17
1974
6
13,9
8,5
-3
-17
11,1
6,2
-9
-25
17,5
12
0,2
-5
1992
7
13,2
7,8
-2
-18
10,2
5,2
-4
-30
18
10
1,8
-4
1999
7
15,9
10
0,3
-12
12,7
7,6
-1
-25
19,5
14
1,6
14
2010
6
17,1
12
1,7
-16
13,9
9,6
0,4
-23
20,6
15
3,4
-14
ortalama
-
-
kaynaklan
303 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
2.2. Verilerin Dağılımının Araştırılması (Kolmogorov-
Smirnov)
lmogorov-Smirnov Normallik
-
-parametrik test
olan Kolmogorov-
Hipotezler:
H0
HA:
Tablo 2:
Kolmogorov - Smirnov
İstatistik
sd
p
0,068
305
0,002
0,065
305
0,003
0,059
305
0,011
0,324
305
0,00
p<0,05*
Smirnov testinden elde edilen
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 304
2.3. Farklı Atmosferik Yüksekliklerdeki Sıcaklık
Değişkenlerin Ortalamaların Karşılaştırılması (Kruskal-
Wallis Varyans Analizi)
Burada 1971-
-
1971-
verilerin Kruskal- -
Hipotezler:
H0: %95 güven düzeyinde veriler arasında fark yoktur.
HA; %95 güven düzeyinde veriler arasında fark vardır.
305 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Tablo 3: -
Grup
n
X2
sd
p
305
1051,43
850 Ortalama
305
777,36
1100,597
3
0
305
449,73
305
163,48
p<0,05
-
A hipotezi kabul
2.4. Farklı Atmosferik Yüzeylerdeki Sıcaklık Verilerine
İlişkin Korelasyon Analizleri (Spearman’s Rho)
1971-
Hipotezler:
Ho: Ortalama sıcaklık değişkenleri arasında ilişki vardır.
HA: Ortalama sıcaklık değişkenleri arasında ilişki yoktur.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 306
Tablo 4:
Grup
r
0,885**
p
0,00
r
0,863**
p
0,00
r
0,129
p
0,388
850 ve 700
r
0,901**
p
0,00
850 ve 500
r
0,213
p
0,151
700 ve 500
r
0,137
p
0,357
*p<0,05
2.5. Trend Analizleri
verilere Mann-
H0:
HA:
307 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
1971-
-
Hipotezler
H0
HA
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 308
Tablo 5:
Yaz
Sonbahar
-Atakum
+
+
+
+
+
850 hPa Samsun-Atakum
+
0
+
0
0
700 hPa Samsun-Atakum
+
0
+
+
0
500 hPa Samsun-Atakum
0
0
+
0
0
-
+
0
+
+
0
-
+
0
+
0
0
-
+
0
+
+
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
-
+
+
+
+
+
850 hPa Ankara-
+
0
+
+
+
700 hPa Ankara-
+
+
+
+
+
500 hPa Ankara-
+
0
+
+
+
-Konak
+
+
+
+
0
-Konak
+
0
+
+
+
-Konak
+
+
+
+
+
-Konak
+
+
+
+
+
Isparta-Merkez
+
+
+
+
+
850 hPa Isparta-Merkez
0
0
0
0
0
700 hPa Isparta-Merkez
+
0
+
0
0
500 hPa Isparta-Merkez
+
+
+
+
+
-
0
0
+
0
0
-
+
+
+
+
+
700 hPa -
+
+
+
0
+
-
0
0
0
0
0
-
+
+
+
0
0
850 hPa Adana-
+
0
+
+
+
700 hPa Adana-
0
0
+
0
0
500 hPa Adana-
-
-
0
-
-
+:Artan Trend, -:Azalan trend 0:Trend Yok
Kaynak:
Samsun-
309 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Isparta-
-
-
bir trend saptanama
-
-
Ankara-
Adana-
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 310
-
3. Sonuçlar
desteklenerek elde edilen
Kurulan hipotezler:
H0
HA
311 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Şekil 1:
•
• -Atakum, Ankara-
-Konak ve Adana-
edilmektedir.
•
• -
A hipotezi kabul
• Samsun-
•
500 hPa
700 hPa
850 hPa
Yüzey
İzmir İstanbul Isparta Ankara Samsun Adana Diyarbakır
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 312
•
4. Öneriler
313 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
TREND ANALYSIS OF AVERAGE TEMPERATURES AT
SURFACE, 850, 700 And 500 Hpa PRESSURE LEVELS
Abstract
The upper atmosphere is the main mechanism controlling many
atmospheric phenomena occurring on Earth. A strong correlation exists
between the climate prevailing on the Earth's surface and the upper
atmosphere. Determining the direction and magnitude of the trends occurring
at the surface and in the upper atmosphere is extremely important.
The scope of the research was determined as "Trend analysis of the
average temperature parameter at surface, 850, 750 and 500 hPa pressure
values". In this context, Samsun, Istanbul, Ankara, Ankara, Izmir, Izmir,
seri stations in Turkey were
analyzed. The data should have at least 30 years of measurements to perform
trend analysis.
In the statistical methods used within the scope of the study, first
descriptive statistics of the data were made. Subsequently, it was seen that the
data were not normally distributed by applying the normality test with the
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. After the Kruskal-Wallis H test was performed to
determine the difference between the temperature data of 4 different altitude
levels, the relationship between them was determined by using Spearman Rho
method for correlation analysis. Mann-Kendall and Spearman Rho methods
were preferred for trend analysis of annual temperatures.
According to Mann-Kendall and Spearman's Rho annual trend analysis
results, there is a positive trend in annual average temperatures at surface
stations in Samsun, Ankara, Izmir, Adana, while there is no trend in Isparta
and Adana, while there is no trend in Isparta. At
700 hPa, there is a positive trend in Samsun, Istanbul, Izmir, Isparta, and
Diyarbakir, but there is no trend in Adana. At 500 hPa, a positive trend was
detected in Ankara, Izmir and Isparta stations. No trend was observed in
station.
Keywords: Climate change, Trend analysis, Temperature
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 314
KAYNAKÇA
Cosun, F. (2008), Kahramanmaraş ilinde iklim değişikliği trend analizi,
Yüksek Lisans Tezi,
İklim değişmeleri ve küresel ısınma.
(Yay. haz.). Yer Bilimi (s. 272-302). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
İklim değişmeleri, küresel ısınma ve Türkiye
-350).
Ankara: Pegem Akademi
-
Journal of Academic Social Science
Studies, 15(89).
analizi. The Journal of Social Sciences, (49), 24-39.
Türkiye’de
maksimum, minimum ve ortalama hava sıcaklıkları ile yağış dizilerinde
gözlenen değişiklikler ve eğilimler
-84.
-245.
Erlat, E. (2013), İklim sistemi ve iklim değişmeleri
Yüzey, 850, 700 ve 500 hPa basınç seviyelerinde sıcaklık
ile nem parametrelerinin karşılaştırmalı trend analizi: Türkiye örneği.
Kar
analizi, Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 7 (1), S. 65-83.
315 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Kartal, F. (2024). le Toplam Y
Trend Analizi ve SSP EKEV Akademi
Dergisi, (98), 111-123.
Isparta İlinde sıcaklık ve yağış verilerinin trend analizi,
- 2001
Kongresi, Sivas, s.355-365
-205.
Klimatoloji ve meteoroloji.
Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 4(2),
1-32
variability of winter mean temperatures in Turkey. Theoretical and
Applied Climatology 92: 75-85.
Teknik Sunumlar, Seminerler Dizisi: 1: s. 187205, Ankara.
mean air temperatures in Turkey with respect to climatic variability.
International Journal of Climatology, 15(5), 557-569.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 316
YAZARLARIN ÖZGEÇMİŞİ
Prof. Dr. Mücahit COŞKUN
ORCID: 0000-0002-7881-674.
Doktorant İlker ERDÖNMEZ
etmektedir.
ORCID: 0000-0003-0453-3368.
317 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Doktorant Hüsameddin ECE
mine
ORCID: 0000-0002-3442-9361.
Prof. Dr. Güzin KANTÜRK YİĞİT
-
-
-
etmektedir.
ORCID: 0000-0001-6137-6018.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 318
Doktorant Kamile ZEREN
Ka
- Dorukhan-
devam etmektedir.
ORCID: 0000-0003-0034-9563.
Uzman Murat AĞCABAY
ve mezun oldu.
ORCID: 0009-0006-3570-3189.
319 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Doktorant Hakan AKDAĞ
ORCID: 0009-0005-6614-0000
Prof. Dr. Osman ÇEPNİ
-
,
ORCID: 0000-0003-3978-8889.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 320
Doktorant Safiye YÜKSEL ÖZTEKİNCİ
mezun o
ORCID: 0000-0001-8603-2529.
Dr. Muhammet ÖZTEKİNCİ
Doktor
Serbest Tarım Danışmanı
2014-Tarımsal Yayım ve Danışmanlık Hizmeti
ORCID: 0000-0002-7801-9145.
321 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Doktorant Afife KIRMIZI
-2018 tarihleri
ORCID: 0000-0003-3542-6995.
Doç. Dr. Sevda COŞKUN
-2014
-
“Doç. Dr.” u
.
ORCID: 0000-0002-4702-4670.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 322
Doktorant Selime MUT
ORCID: 0009-0001-9028-7134.
Dr. Neslihan ERDÖNMEZ
-
D -
Safranbolu 15 Temmuz
ORCID: 0000-0003-1933-8004.
323 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Doktorant Nesrin SARSICI
Nesrin SARSICI, 1993 tarihinde
Akif Ersoy Anadolu Lisesi
ORCID: 0000-0002-6846-5803.
Dr. Özlem DÜNDAR TEMUR
TEMUR, tesi, Edebiya
mezun oldu. A
-
. 2014
EE
“Doktor”
ORCID: 0000-0003-2673-6780.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 324
Doktorant Nigar CANBULAT
D
Karab
desteklenen
devam etmektedir.
ORCID: 0009-0002-7554-8719.
Dr. Onur CANBULAT
https:
//www.researchgate.net/profile/Onur_Canbulat adresinden
ORCID: 0000-0002-9269-4219.
325 | CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI
Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Fatih KARTAL
2003-
-
-
ORCID: 0000-0001-9266-5007.
Doktorant Mohammed S. ALJAROUSHI
Mohammed S. Aljaroushi, born in America 1974. Benghazi - Libya is
where he finished all his primary education. In 1998-1999 he earned his
since, Garyunis University. In May 2000 he was employed by Biruni remote
sensing center, department of application he was trained on remote sensing
processes and satellite images interpretation and established a mapping
and geographic information systems at the university of Paris IV, France.
Since 2021 he is a full-time doctoral student at the university of Karabuk
Turkey, in the major of Geography. Mohammed is fluent in Arabic and
English and speaks a little Turkish.
ORCID: 0009-0008-0991-1069.
CUMHURİYET’İN 101. YILINDA GÜNCEL FİZİKİ COĞRAFYA ÇALIŞMALARI | 326
Dr. Sıracettin GÖZALAN
-
“Doktor”
ORCID: 0000-0002-6721-1860.
ISBN: 978-625-367-937-8
