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Filfil Siyāh (Piper nigrum): Medicinal importance in perspective of Unani medicine and pharmacological studies
Abstract
Piper nigrum is a perennial climbing shrub from Piperaceae family. Piper nigrum is native of the Indo-Malaysian region. Fruits of the piper (Filfil Siyāh) are used in Unani Medicine for the treatment of asthma, dyspepsia, piles, flatulence, skin diseases, respiratory diseases, toothache, fevers, and leukoderma. It is also used as carminative, liver and Gastric tonic, aphrodisiac, expectorant, emmenagogue etc. A variety of phytoconstituent are isolated from Filfil Siyāh which include alkaloids, essential oils, fats, safrol, tannic acid, amids etc. Various pharmacological studies on the plant have been done like antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antidepressant, digestive etc. The aim of the paper is to highlight the therapeutic applications as per description in Unani literature and scientific studies done on Piper nigrum.
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Background: Black pepper [Piper nigrum (L.), Family: Piperaceae] is used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases including; cough, cold, dyspnea throat diseases, intermittent fever, dysentery, stomachache, worms and piles. The pharmacological potential of black pepper is due to the presence of metabolites like phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, carotenoids, terpenoids, etc. The multipurpose use of black pepper dried seeds has several other beneficial health effects that also received in the light of traditional as well as current medicine perspectives. The review aims to discuss the botany, phytochemical constituents, and pharmacological properties of piperine and black pepper essential oil (BPEO).
Results: Phytochemical analyses have described the main chemical constituents of black pepper, including carbohydrates, proteins, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, vitamin C, tannins, flavonoids and carotenoids. The volatile oil content ranges from 0.4 to 7 % in dried berries. The major constituents of BPEO are sabinene, 3-carene,
D-limonene, α-pinene, caryophyllene, β-phellandrene, α-phellandrene, α-thujene, and β-bisabolene. Additionally, piperine is the naturally occurring and principal bioactive alkaloid constituent of black pepper owing to its potential therapeutic properties, including cerebral brain functioning and increased nutrient absorption. The BPEO has several
biological roles, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-obesity, antidepressant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, gastroprotective, and insecticidal activities.
Conclusions: This review examines and presents the appropriate evidence on black pepper and its traditional uses as well as biological activities of BPEO and piperine. Although several previous reports
showed diverse biological effects for piperine and bioactive constitutes of BPEO. Thus, minimal investigations were conducted using animal models, and many of these studies also lacked appropriate experimental setting like doses, control details. Hence, future studies are necessary to understand the mechanism of piperine, BPEO, bioactive constituents and their effects upon their use by animal models and humans with the proper experimental procedure which we can facilitate the protection of human health
from several diseases.
Black pepper spices have many benefits in life. The most commonly used service is as a spice in the kitchen because it has a distinctive taste. Black pepper is one of the oldest spices and is most widely used for cooking and in the health sector, namely traditional medicine called the "king of spices."The data collection was sourced from the internet, such as Google Scholar, Researchgate, Science direct, books on black pepper, and trusted journal publishers from 2000-2020. Traditional medicine uses plants that exist in nature, such as roots, stems, branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits that are easier to obt ain. Besides not having side effects, they can also be used for a long time. The main content of piperine and essential oil from black pepper has many pharmacological effects, including an antioxidant, antifungal, antimicrobial, antiepileptic, increases libido, anti-diarrhea and others. Based on this, a lot of research has been done on black pepper's chemical content and its pharmacological effects.
Piper nigrum-the king of spices is originated in the Western Ghats of India. It has gained a global consideration because of its volume in the spice industry. It contains major pungent alkaloid piperine which is known to possess many interesting pharmacological actions. Medicinally black pepper can be used digestive disorder like large intestine toxins, different gastric problems, diarrohea and indigestion and also can be used against respiratory disorder including cold fever, asthama. Piperine exhibits diverse pharmacological activities like antihypertensive, antiplatelets, antioxidant, antitumor, antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-reproductive, insecticidal activities. Piper nigrum also found to decrease lipid peroxidation in vivo. It has reported to possess antioxidant activity that might be due to the presence of flavonoids and phenolic contents.
Asrawl is a well-known drug of Unani System of Medicine, which was earlier used mainly for the treatment of snake bite and insanity. Later on, it was introduced for the first time by Hakeem Ajmal Khan in Europe as a hypotensive medicine, where it decreased the death rate due to hypertension. It is used since last many centuries and because of its snake like shape it is called as "Serpentina root". Asrawl, an evergreen perennial under-shrub belongs to the family Apocynaceae, which comprises of the root of Rauwolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. Ex. Kurz. The plant is found worldwide and is best known for its sedative and hypotensive properties which makes it useful in the treatment of neuropsychiatric and cardiological disorders especially Daght al-Dam Qawi (hypertension) respectively. These actions are attributed to the presence of two important group of constituents in it; Ajmaline and Serpentine group. Reserpine, an indole alkaloid is the most significant alkaloid of Asrawl which was isolated by Mueller in 1952. It acts as an adrenergic neuroblocker that lowers the amount of nor-adrenaline from the peripheral nerve endings and helps in lowering the raised blood pressure. It depletes the stores of catecholamines at the nerve endings which prevents the reuptake of nor-epinephrine at storage sites, allowing enzymatic destruction of neuronal transmitter. In Unani System of Medicine it is the most WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES SJIF Impact Factor 7.632 Kalam et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences common drug used for neuropsychiatric disorders such as insomnia, hysteria, epilepsy, melancholia and mania. This review gives a complete information of its root regarding the morphology, phytochemistry, pharmacological studies and therapeutic uses in the perspective of Unani System of Medicine.
Considerable literature on medicinal uses of black pepper is available in the traditional system of medicine. Black pepper has been used in many traditional, particularly Unani system of medicine. In this review paper, the study of black pepper, its medicinal uses along with pharmacological actions is being presented. The plant description, its chemical constituents, and properties have also been included. The paper also demonstrates the geographical distribution of black pepper across the world. The analysis shows that black pepper could be used as an effective medicine for various ailments in both as single as well in compound formulations.
The antimicrobial activity of essential oils and their components has been recognized for several years. Essential oils are produced as secondary metabolites by many plants and can be distilled from all different portions of plants. The recent emergence of bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics has spurred research into the use of essential oils as alternatives. Recent research has demonstrated that many of these essential oils have beneficial effects for livestock, including reduction of foodborne pathogens in these animals. Numerous studies have been made into the mode of action of essential oils, and the resulting elucidation of bacterial cell targets has contributed to new perspectives on countering antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity of these bacteria. In this review, an overview of the current knowledge about the antibacterial mode of action of essential oils and their constituents is provided.
Piper nigrum popularly known as 'Black Pepper' contains abundant amount of piperine alkaloids. Piperine alkaloids have been implicated in Hepatoprotective activity. To evaluate effect of methanolic extract of Piper nigrum fruits in Ethanol-CCl 4 induced hepatotoxicityWistar rats. The methanolic extract of P. nigrum (MEPN) (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o., 15 days) and Piperine (PPR) (50 mg/kg, p.o., 15 days) was gavaged daily to the rats along with Ethanol [40%,2ml/100gm,p.o. for 15 days, twice a day] & on 14th Day CCL 4 [1:1 in groundnut oil, 0.1 ml/kg,s.c.]. The levels of Triglycerides (TG), aminotranferases (AST, ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Bilirubin and Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione reductase (GSH) and Lipid peroxidation (TBARS) levels in liver were measured. Morphological and histopathological indices in the liver of healthy and Ethanol-CCl 4 treated rats were also measured. In the underlying study, Ethanol- CCl 4 exhibited increase in the hepatic biomarkers (TG, AST, ALT, ALP, and Bilirubin), LPO which were significantly decreased after pretreatment with MEPN (100, 200 mg/kg) and PPR (50 mg/kg). Ethanol- CCl 4 significantly decreased levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH which were restored with MEPN and PPR. The results were similar to that of Liv52 [1ml/kg, p.o. for 15 days], which served as a reference standard. Histopathological studies were also in agreement of above. The study indicates that P. nigrum possess potential hepatoprotective activity which may be attributed to its piperine alkaloids, having therapeutic potential in treatment of liver disorders.
Spices are important food supplements and/or food products, which have been used as flavouring agents and preservatives for thousands of years in tropical Africa, Asia and other parts of the world. They are well known for their medicinal properties, and their use in traditional systems of medicine has been on record for a long time. Although, epidemiological and clinical studies have indicated that spices are important source of natural antioxidant having the digestive stimulant action, bioavailability enhancement nature, carminative attribute, antimicrobial activity, hypolipidemic property, antidiabetic influence, antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory ability, anticarcinogenic potential and neuroprotective effect. The present review reports the phytochemical constituents and mode of action of some tropical spices as antidiabetic and antihypertensive agents. The conclusion of this review may help in undertaking research for the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals.
Medicinal plants are very popular in different traditional systems of medicines due to their diverse
pharmacological potentials and lesser side effects in biological systems. Piper nigrum L. (Family Piperaceae)
is a well known spice considered as ‘‘The King of spices’’ among various spices. It contains a pungent alkaloid
‘‘piperine’’ which is known to possess many pharmacological actions. Piperine increases bioavailability of
many drugs and nutrients by inhibiting various metabolising enzymes. Piper nigrum L and its active constituent
‘’Piperine’’exhibits diverse pharmacological activities like antihypertensive, antiplatelet, antioxidant, antitumor,
anti-asthmatics, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, antispasmodic, antidepressants, immunomodulatory, anticonvulsant, anti-thyroids, antibacterial, antifungal, hepato-protective, insecticidal and larvicidal activities etc. The current review article is aimed to provide an updated literature review on recent advancement of pharmacognosy, chemistry and pharmacological activities of Piper nigrum L.
The present scientific peer review describes on novel natural cyclobutane-containing alkaloid piperine isolated from Piper species. The characterization of this alkaloid showed that it imparts pungency and medicinal value to Piper species. It has been confirmed that piperine acts as an efficient bioavailability enhancer for different nutrients and trace elements and exhibits potential anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-depressant, anti-apoptotic, anti-pyretic and analgesic activities. In this review, origin, structure and biological properties; extraction, quantification and applications of piperine were presented. Immense study of this type of valuable natural compounds will provide substantial knowledge to scientific world to develop right technologies for itsample production, to meetits demand in food and pharmaceutical industries.
Medicinal plants are various plants thought by some to have medicinal properties, but few plants or their
phytochemical constituents have been proven by rigorous science to have medicinal effects. Phytochemicals are
non-nutritive plant chemicals that have protective or disease preventive properties. The main objective of the study
is to screen the antibacterial activity of pepper (Piper nigrum L.) against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi,
Escherichia coli, Proteus sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Agar well diffusion method was performed and found
that all the bacteria showed sensitive to methanol and chloroform extract of pepper except Pseudomonas aeruginosa
which showed resistant to both the extracts. The pepper plant extracts were screened for their phytochemical
content. Qualitative phytochemical tests were used to detect the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids,
cardiac and cardiac glycosides. Presence of these phytochemicals in the medicinal plants indicates the presence of
antibacterial properties against the Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Proteus sp. This
study scientifically validates the use of plants as a potent antibacterial agent.
Utilization of biological materials in synthesis of nanoparticles is one of the hottest topics in modern nanoscience and nanotechnology. In the present investigation, the silver nanoparticles were synthesized by using the leaf and stem extract of Piper nigrum. The synthesized nanoparticle was characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The observation of the peak at 460 nm in the UV-vis spectra for leaf- and stem-synthesized silver nanoparticles reveals the reduction of silver metal ions into silver nanoparticles. Further, XRD analysis has been carried out to confirm the crystalline nature of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. The TEM images show that the leaf- and stem-synthesized silver nanoparticles were within the size of about 7-50 nm and 9-30 nm, respectively. The FTIR analysis was performed to identify the possible functional groups involved in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Further, the antibacterial activity of the green-synthesized silver nanoparticles was examined against agricultural plant pathogens. The antibacterial property of silver nanoparticles is a beneficial application in the field of agricultural nanotechnology.
The effect of piperine, the main alkaloid from piper nigrum, on the central nervous system is not clearly known until now. In the present study, male Wistar rats were administered piperine at various doses ranging from 5, 10 and 20mg/kg BW once daily for 4 weeks and the animals were determined the neuropharmacological activity after single, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of treatment. The results showed that piperine at all dosage range used in this study possessed anti-depression like activity and cognitive enhancing effect at all treatment duration. Therefore, piperine may be served as the potential functional food to improve brain function. However, further investigations about precise underlying mechanism are still required.
Many herbal remedies individually or in combination have been recommended in various medical treatises for the cure of different diseases. Kshara is a kind of medication described in Ayurveda Texts for the management of various disorders. The genus Piper L. is estimated to contain over 1000 species which are distributed mainly in tropical regions of the world. This review mainly focuses on the plants of family Piperaceae that are used in Kshar so that more research work is carried out in the direction of standardization, therapeutic level determination of Kshar plants.
Spices have long been recognized for their digestive stimulant action. Several spices are also employed in medicinal preparations against digestive disorders in traditional and Indian systems of medicine. Earlier reports on the digestive stimulant action of spices are largely empirical; only in recent years, this beneficial attribute of spices has been authenticated in exhaustive animal studies. Animal studies have shown that many spices induce higher secretion of bile acids which play a vital role in fat digestion and absorption. When consumed through the diet also spices produce significant stimulation of the activities of pancreatic lipase, amylase and proteases. A few of them also have been shown to have beneficial effect on the terminal digestive enzymes of small intestinal mucosa. Concomitant with such a stimulation of either bile secretion or activity of digestive enzymes by these spices, leading to an accelerated digestion, a reduction in the food transit time in the gastrointestinal tract has also been shown. Thus, the digestive stimulant action of spices seems to be mediated through two possible modes: (i) by stimulating the liver to secrete bile rich in bile acids, components that are vital for fat digestion and absorption, and (ii) by a stimulation of enzyme activities that are responsible for digestion. This review highlights the available information on the influence of spices on the digestive secretions and enzymes.
Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is one of the most widely used among spices. It is valued for its distinct biting quality attributed to the alkaloid, piperine. Black pepper is used not only in human dietaries but also for a variety of other purposes such as medicinal, as a preservative, and in perfumery. Many physiological effects of black pepper, its extracts, or its major active principle, piperine, have been reported in recent decades. Dietary piperine, by favorably stimulating the digestive enzymes of pancreas, enhances the digestive capacity and significantly reduces the gastrointestinal food transit time. Piperine has been demonstrated in in vitro studies to protect against oxidative damage by inhibiting or quenching free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Black pepper or piperine treatment has also been evidenced to lower lipid peroxidation in vivo and beneficially influence cellular thiol status, antioxidant molecules and antioxidant enzymes in a number of experimental situations of oxidative stress. The most far-reaching attribute of piperine has been its inhibitory influence on enzymatic drug biotransforming reactions in the liver. It strongly inhibits hepatic and intestinal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and UDP-glucuronyl transferase. Piperine has been documented to enhance the bioavailability of a number of therapeutic drugs as well as phytochemicals by this very property. Piperine's bioavailability enhancing property is also partly attributed to increased absorption as a result of its effect on the ultrastructure of intestinal brush border. Although initially there were a few controversial reports regarding its safety as a food additive, such evidence has been questionable, and later studies have established the safety of black pepper or its active principle, piperine, in several animal studies. Piperine, while it is non-genotoxic, has in fact been found to possess anti-mutagenic and anti-tumor influences.
A protocol was developed for induction, maturation and germination of somatic embryos from the tissues of germinating seeds of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). Explants were cultured on growth regulator - free solid SH medium maintained in the dark. The first somatic embryos developing directly from the explant tissue were noticed after 60 d of culture. Somatic embryos originated from a ring-like tissue on the micropylar region of the seeds. Sucrose concentration of the medium was found to be crucial for the induction of somatic embryos, and 30 g l-1 was found to be the optimum. Maturation and germination of somatic embryos were achieved on the same medium. Suspension culture enhanced the process of maturation and germination. Regenerated plants were established in soil. Histology confirmed the ontogeny and each stage of development. Growth regulators were found to inhibit the induction of somatic embryogenesis. Cytological analysis of the regenerated plants revealed the normal chromosome number of 2n=52.
Piper nigrum L. is considered the king of spices throughout the world due to its pungent principle piperine. Peppercorn of Piper nigrum as a whole or its active components are used in most of the food items. Different parts of Piper nigrum including secondary metabolites are also used as drug, preservative, insecticidal and larvicidal control agents. Biologically Piper nigrum is very important specie. The biological role of this specie is explained in different experiments that peppercorn and secondary metabolites of Piper nigrum can be used as Antiapoptotic, Antibacterial, Anti-Colon toxin, Antidepressant, Antifungal, Antidiarrhoeal, Anti-inflammatory, Antimutagenic, Anti-metastatic activity, Antioxidative, Antiriyretic, Antispasmodic, Antispermatogenic, Antitumor, Antithyroid, Ciprofloxacin potentiator, Cold extremities, Gastric ailments, Hepatoprotective, Insecticidal activity, Intermittent fever and Larvisidal activity. Other roles of this specie includes protection against diabetes induced oxidative stress; Piperine protect oxidation of various chemicals, decreased mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, inhibition of aryl hydroxylation, increased bioavailability of vaccine and sparteine, increase the bioavailability of active compounds, delayed elimination of antiepileptic drug, increased orocecal transit time, piperine influenced and activate the biomembrane to absorb variety of active agents, increased serum concentration, reducing mutational events, tumour inhibitory activity, Piperine inhibite mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, growth stimulatory activity and chemopreventive effect. This review based on the biological role of Piper nigrum can provide that the peppercorn or other parts can be used as crude drug for various diseases while the secondary metabolites such as piperine can be used for specific diseases.
In this study an attempt is made to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of various extracts of fruits of different Piper. species available in the Aurangabad-Marathwada (Maharashtra State) region. Twenty eight extracts prepared from the fruits of four species, viz. Piper cubeba Linn. f., P. retrofractum Vahl syn. P. chaba Hunter non Blume, P. longum Linn. and P. nigrum Linn. were evaluated against bacterial pathogens, such as Staphylococcus albus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium and one fungus, Aspergillus niger. Compared to Streptomycin all the extracts exhibited a good antibacterial activity. Some of the extracts showed antifungal activity as well.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Piper nigrum L. root extracts on carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4)-induced rat liver injury. Among the three different extracts (water, ethanol and chloroform extract), ethanol extract exhibits the highest hepatoprotective activity (p < 0.05). When using the ethanol extract at a dose of 120 mg/ kg to treat the CCl 4 -intoxicated rat, the activities of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transanimase (AST) in rat serum decreased to 65.7 and 84.5%, respectively. At the same time, the lipid peroxidation (MDA) decreased to 52.3% and glutathione (GSH) increased to 55.8% in the rats liver homogenate, as compared with those of the CCl 4 positive control rats. The hepatoprotective effect of ethanol extract was also supported by the histopathological observations. Moreover, the ethanol extract was studied for its in vitro antioxidant activity using the methods of ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA). The findings indicate that the ethanol extract of P. nigrum L. root is an efficient hepatoprotective and antioxidant agent against CCl 4 -induced liver injury.
Hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the associated hippocampal atrophy were observed in patients with depression, which could be ameliorated by the treatment with antidepressants. Therefore, neuroprotection has been proposed to be one of the acting mechanisms of antidepressant. Our previous studies have showed that treating mice with piperine produced antidepressant-like effect in animal models of behavioral despair. This study aimed to examine the protective effect of piperine treatment on corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. The results showed that piperine co-treatment revealed a differential effect on the cytotoxicity of corticosterone and had its maximum inhibitory effect at 1 μM. Piperine (1 μM) co-treatment also significantly decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species level, and enhanced superoxide dismutase activity and total glutathione level in corticosterone-treated PC12 cells. In addition, piperine (1 μM) co-treatment was found to reverse the decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA level caused by corticosterone in PC12 cells. The results suggest that piperine exerts a neuroprotective effect on corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, at least in part, via the inhibition of oxidative stress and the upregulation of BDNF mRNA expression. This neuroprotective effect may be one of the acting mechanisms accounts for the in vivo antidepressant activity of piperine.
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