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Handicraft Sector of India: Overview of Production and Export Potentiality
Dipankar Saha1*, Giribabu, M.2
1Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Mizoram University, ORCID ID: 0009-0002-
7995-5987
2Professor, Department of Economics, Mizoram University, ORCID ID: 0000-0002-7467-6199
Abstract
India is a nation with rich ethnic traditions and cultural heritage, and it is also the center for
handicrafts. India's handicraft industry is an unorganized, decentralized, and labor-intensive
business in terms of economics. The handicraft industry is extremely important because of its
high percentage of value addition, minimal capital investment, and great potential for export and
foreign exchange revenues. This study examined the growth pattern of handcraft production and
exports as well as their relationship to overall exports by using the data from the annual report of
the Ministry of Textile and export of handicraft data collected from Export Promotion Council
for Handicrafts (EPCH). Also, the performance of the major government scheme which is
promoting the sector has been overviewed. India exported a total of 32,758 crores worth of
handicrafts in 2023–2024. The United States of America is the primary trading partner for
handicrafts. The percentage of handcrafted goods produced and exported has increased recently,
hence it is undeniable that Indian handicrafts will play a significant role in the future of the
global handicraft market, especially in terms of employment and income in rural India. Although
a sizable percentage of female artisan work in this industry, the study found that their pay is
significantly lower than their male counterparts. The analysis found that the main program
intended to boost the handicraft industry had fluctuations in its performance.
Keywords: Handicraft, Labour intensive, Export, Artisan.
Introduction
Handicraft Industry is one of the important sectors globally as 78% of unorganized workers are
employed in the handicraft industry, which contributes 27.49% of global GDP. Additionally, 87%
of women are currently employed in the handicraft industry (World Bank, 2020). Indian
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handicrafts include a diverse array of items. This is the second-biggest industry, behind
agriculture (Mehrotra, 2019). For the Indian economy it holds prominent place as it is employing
more than seven million people in rural and urban areas and generates substantial foreign
exchange for the country while preserving it cultural heritage (Deb et al., 2022; IBEF, 2024).
Ministry of Textiles manages the Indian handicrafts industry. According to the Ministry of
Textiles, "handicrafts" are items that are primarily made by hand, even though some tools or
machinery may have been used during the process; they are adorned with visually appealing
inlay work or other substantial work; they have unique features that can be artistic, aesthetic,
ethnic, or culturally associated; and they differ significantly from mechanically produced items
of comparable utility. The handicrafts industry is one that produces goods that are made entirely
by hand or with the aid of tools. Decentralized, cottage-based, and extremely labor-intensive is
the Indian handicrafts sector. From east to west and north to south, the industry is dispersed
throughout the nation, with the majority of its manufacturing facilities situated in small towns
and rural areas. Various types of handicrafts use different kinds of raw materials that are sourced
from different parts of the nation. These include wood, hand-printed textiles, leather crafts,
metallic art ware, carpet, wood designs, shawls, various kinds of stone carvings, hand-printed
textiles, and various designer ornamental jewelry (Upadhyay & Jain, 2019). The handicraft
industry creates jobs for the prosperity and uplift of all types of people, rich or poor, rural or
urban, particularly those living in underprivileged conditions. Furthermore, by making crafts
accessible locally, the industry serves as a vital platform for expressing artistic talent and
fostering cultural awareness. The handicrafts industry is considered to have a lot of potential to
play a significant role in VIKSHIT BHARAT 2047, which aims to make India the global
benchmark for inclusive growth rather than merely the growth of a specific industry.
A specific feature that sets handicraft industry apart is the utilization of indigenous raw materials
in manufacturing of products. With the support of a robust folk tradition, a benevolent society,
and an era that valued individualism and precision, Indian handicrafts flourished over the ages
(Chattopadhyaya, 1963). Handicrafts in India have huge potential to create jobs and revenue
because they are essential to maintaining not only the millions of artisans who are already
employed throughout the nation, but also the growing number of newcomers to the craft industry
(AIACA, 2017). Craftsmen and artisans can produce an infinite number of goods without
compromising sustainability. The products can be used for a variety of purposes, including
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decoration, art, creativity, cultural attachment, ornamentation, functionality, tradition, religion,
and social symbolism (Bhat & Yadav, 2016). Indian handicrafts have grown in popularity
throughout the years due to its superior craftsmanship, inventiveness, and aesthetic appeal. It has
a lot of potential in both the home and foreign markets (Mehra et al., 2019). These crafts are
helping artists overcome their issues and poverty also contributes to improving the living
conditions of the area's low-income workers (Yadav et al., 2021). This sector has been adversely
affected by the economic downturn as COVID-19 pandemic caused widespread unemployment
among artisans and reduced market demand (Narendra & Babu, 2023). However, due to growth
of digital marketing and e-commerce platforms provides a pathway for recovery and expansion
enabling artisans to reach more market and increase their earning potential (Sudha & Supriya,
2023).
The advent of modern technology and increased competition from other nations have presented
numerous obstacles for the handicraft sector. Increased production of modernized craft has
resulted in loss of traditional rural markets and social standing of the craftsmen (Sirika, 2008).
Craft manufacturers are not equipped with the necessary funds, equipment, or facilities to
operate their businesses in the growing market of handicraft (Makhitha, 2017). The global
market for handicrafts is highly competitive, which affects the artisans who work in this sector.
Competition centers on price, deadline compliance time, design, pattern, and quality (Majeed,
2018). Unfortunately, these traditional industries face extinction or decline due to government
negligence, the disappearance of craftsmanship, and a growing demand for machine-made items
(Mir & Bhushan, 2014). Artisan working in the handicraft sector tend to be in unstable working
situations. Artists usually have project-based agreements, and therefore frequently experience
periods of unemployment in between engagements. The majority of craftsmen are self-employed,
part-time, or work on an irregular basis with little insurance or pension benefits (UNCTAD,
2010). Working in the handicraft sector increases the risk of developing a number of
occupational diseases, including lung conditions, accidents, vision issues, nerve disorders, and
skin issues. Workers in these handcraft sectors already face issues due to a lack of awareness. By
taking the right safeguards, the majority of the illnesses and health risks associated with these
industries can be prevented (Upadhyay & Jain, 2019).
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The structural factors that influenced the handicraft sector's growth have been the subject of a
few studies at the state and national levels, but these studies overlooked at the differences in the
growth rates of handicraft production and exports relative to total exports or the implementation
of significant government initiatives to support the sector nationwide. Keeping the above facts,
the present study made an attempt to examine the trends in production of the handicraft Sector
and export performance along with an overview on govt. schemes promoting handicraft sector in
India.
Materials and Methods
This study is based on secondary sources for its data which was gathered by exploring variety of
secondary sources such as Books, Journals, Annual Reports of Ministry of Textiles, and Website
of government organizations etc. For analysis of the data descriptive statistics such as, growth
rate percentage, correlation has been used. Furthermore, the data has also been collected from
internet sources. Formula used Pearson correlation coefficient is shown below:
,
= Mean of ,
Results and Discussion
Growth of Handicraft Production in India
In recent years the handicraft sector has been diversified and production has also been expanding
in manifolds. The handicraft production in India has reached a valuation of Rs. 65,745.58 crores
in 2021-22 from 31,940.36 crores in 2007-08. Similarly, the growth rate of the sector reached at
25.17% per annum the year 2021-22, where it showed negative growth as -39.34% in 2008-09.
Figure: 1 explains the trend of growth of handicraft production in India. In figure-1, it is evident
that the production of handicraft products in India showed fluctuations suggests both periods of
growth and decline. Starting with a significant drop in 2008-09, the production values have
shown an increased trend till 2011-12. The growth rate of handicraft production has reached in
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peak in the year 2013-14. Afterwards it showed again some upward and downwards trends. It has
taken an encouraging upward trend in recent years starting from 2020-21. According to the
report of Export Promotion Council for Handicrafts (EPCH), in 2025–2026, the market for this
industry is expected to be worth $5 billion. The Indian government launched numerous programs
to promote handicrafts, with a primary goal on increasing exports, creating jobs, and fostering
social change (Dixit & Lal, 2019) . However, because it is an unorganized industry, the
handicraft sector has suffered greatly from factors including inadequate capital, lack of
education, lack of market intelligence, lack of exposure to new technology, and a weak
institutional framework (Subbiah, 2022).
Figure-1: Growth of Handicraft Production in India
Source: Author’s estimation from the Annual Report of Ministry of Textile 2015-16 to 2022-23.
Performance of Total Export and Handicraft Export
Figure-2 shows the trends in growth rate of total export of India. The line exhibits a highly
volatile pattern of total export from India. The lowest point observed in the 2015-16 where the
growth rate of export shown significant dip. Conversely, the highest point recorded in 2021-22
indicates peak of growth of total export. The recent trend suggested that there has been a
substantial reduction in the growth of export value from 2021-22. There are number of
interrelated causes including as changes in domestic policy, movement in global demand,
fluctuations in exchange rates have contributed to decline in growth rate of export in recent
years. Export competitiveness was weakened by a notable 20% increase in real exchange rate
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between 2014 to 2017, which resulted in a drop of export volumes (Chinoy & Jain, 2019). The
high income elasticity of Indian exports, which is strongly impacted by the income levels of
trading partners, indicates that the downturn in global economic activity has negatively impacted
demand for Indian exports (Sahu & Barik, 2020).
Figure-2: Growth of Total Export of India
Source: Author’s estimation from the data available at Ministry of Commerce and Trade,
Government of India. Trade Statistics. Retrieved from https://tradestat.commerce.gov.in/
Figure-3: Growth of Handicraft Export of India
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Source: Author’s estimation from Export Promotion Council for Handicrafts (EPCH). Retrieved
from https://www.epch.in/
According to data from the Ministry of Textiles, 40% of the handicrafts sector's total production
(including carpets) is consumed domestically, with exports accounting for the remaining 60%
(Ministry of Textiles). Handicraft exports are monitored by EPCH. Figure-3 shows the pattern of
export of handicraft products (other than hand knotted carpets) from India which suggest
fluctuations during the reference period. The export of handicraft products has recorded low
growth in 2010-12. The export value of handicrafts in 1986-87 was Rs. 386.57, which has risen
to Rs. 32,758 crores in 2023-24, indicating a remarkable enhancement in the handicraft market.
The expansion of the handicrafts industry during the globalization period is equivalent to the rise
in demand for goods that are specific to a certain ethnicity or culture due to the expansion of
international tourism. Additionally, global spending on home furnishings was on the rise, and
there was a growing outcry against the homogenization of mass-produced goods, not to mention
a growing desire to replace products made of synthetic materials with environmentally friendly
natural raw materials (Subrahmanian, 2006). Indian handcraft exports had a notable increase in
2020–21 following the pandemic's cessation. According to IMARC Group's predictions, the
sector is expected to reach US$ 7,817.8 million by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth
rate (CAGR) of 6.9% from 2023 to 2032 (IBEF, 2024).
Figure-4 illustrates the annual growth rate of total export (TE) and handicraft export (HE)
between the period of 2011-12 to 2023-24. Both lines exhibit fluctuating trends indicating
significant growths followed by decline. Comparing both lines, total export is less volatile than
Figure-4: Growth of
Total Export and
Handicraft Export of
India
Source: Author’s
estimation from the
data available at
https://tradestat.comme
rce.gov.in/ and
https://www.epch.in/
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handicraft exports as it’s exhibiting sharp peak and troughs indicating handicraft sector is more
sensitive to the external and internal forces as well as policies.
Data provided in the Appendix-1 (Table-1) shows the contribution of Handicraft Export in Total
Export of India. It is seen that the export of handicraft as well as overall export of India recorded
remarkable growth during the 2001-02 to 2023-24. The share of handicraft export in total export
shown remains steady and stable during the 2012-13 to 2021-22. Afterwards it showed a slight
dip between 2022-23 to 2023-24. The same is illustrated in figure-5.
Table-2: Correlation Among HP, HE and Total Export
Variables
HP
HE
Total Export
HP
1
0.919**
(p < 0.001)
0.828**
(p = 0.001)
HE
0.919**
(p < 0.001)
1
0.834**
(p = 0.001)
Total Export
0.828**
(p = 0.001)
0.834**
(p = 0.001)
Note: p < 0.01 (2- tailed), N=12, HP= Handicraft Production, HE= Handicraft Export.
To explore the relationship between handicraft production, handicraft export and total export
value for 2011-12 to 2022-23, a Pearson correlation analysis was performed (Table-2). The
results indicate a strong, positive relation between handicraft production and handicraft export
(r= 0.919, p < 0.001) as well as significant positive correlation between handicraft production
and total export (r= 828, p = 0.001). All correlations are statistically significant at the 0.01 level,
Figure-5: Export of
Handicrafts in Total
Export
Source: Author’s
estimation from the data
available at
https://tradestat.commerc
e.gov.in/ and
https://www.epch.in/
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suggesting that handicraft production are closely associated with the increase in handicraft and
total export.
Distribution of Handicraft Export in Major country
The Handicraft sector's crafts and craftsmen play a vital role in the economy and are establishing
India's presence on the international stage. Furthermore, its worth in the global market has
increased due to its rich cultural heritage, outstanding workmanship, and art (Bhat & Yadav,
2016). Figure 6 shows share of handicraft exports in major countries and region. From the figure
it is clear that in 2023-24, the Indian handicraft export market majorly concentrated in USA with
40.85%. India's strong market potential is demonstrated by the $ 4.3 billion in handcraft exports
it made in 2021, primarily to the United States (Singh & Singh, 2023). From the graph it can be
noted that the craft is widely accepted globally.
Employment Patterns of Handicraft Artisan
According to annual report of Ministry of Textile 2022-23, the handicraft sector employs 68.86
lakh artisans, of which 30.25 lakh are men and 38.61 lakh are women. Women are more involved
in this field than males are. Working in the handicraft industry has a big impact on women's life
since it allows them to support their families (Debbarma, 2020; Udensi et al., 2014). They all
reached their full potential, became independent, and successfully balanced job and family
obligations (Sharan & Mittal, 2020). They also established a sustainable environment free from
poverty and inequality (Shimoda, 2022). The government is implementing different schemes like
ODOP (One district one product) to represent the area-specific products as well as to promote
40.85
7.23
1.99
24.5
2.25
1.83 3.2
4.67
1.75 0.56
4.56
6.25
0.36 USA
UK
LAC
Other Country
Australia
Canada
France
Germany
Italy
Japan
Figure-6:
Handicrafts Export
from India to Major
Country in 2023-24.
Source: Data has been
extracted from Export
Promotion Council
for Handicrafts
(EPCH).
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women entrepreneurs in the handicraft sector. ODOP has greater scope in fostering rural
development and local employment creation (Marhaeni et al., 2019; Oyekunle & Muchie, 2020).
Additionally, efforts to promote the geographical indication (GI) tagging of certain crafts have
sought to preserve and enhance the distinctiveness of local handicrafts, protecting them from
unfair competition and imitation in the worldwide market (Kalshetti et al., 2024). Access to
employment by social category is shown figure-7. When it comes to employment in the industry,
the OBC community has been in the lead, while the ST community has the fewest jobs.
Table-3: Average Daily Wage Rates for Handicraft Workers by Gender in Rural Areas of
India (in Rs.)
Year
2013-
14
2014-
15
2015-
16
2016-
17
2017-
18
2018-
19
2019-
20
2020-
21
2021-
22
2022-
23
Gender
Men
296.77
328.05
338.00
364.17
380.69
384.05
366.99
384.03
387.66
408.17
Women
148.56
175.07
181.86
197.57
208.16
213.72
182.79
249.85
250.22
260.81
Source: Author’s estimation from Indiastat. "Wage Rates for Handicraft Workers." Retrieved
from www.indiastat.com
20.80%
7.50%
52.40%
19.20% SC
ST
OBC
Figure 7: Social
Category of Handicraft
Artisan.
Source: Annual Report of
Ministry of Textile, 2022-
23.
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Table-3 presented average wage rate for handicraft workers in rural India between 2013-14 to
2022-23. Although a significant portion of female artisans around 56% employed in the
handicraft sector, their remuneration is lower than that of male artisans throughout the reference
period. The wage gap was recorded highest in 2019-20 followed by 2017-18 and lowest in 2020-
21. The reason may be attributed to noticeable skill gaps among artisans, especially in high-
quality production complicated abilities required and women’s are lacking it (Dadheech &
Sharma, 2024).
Registration of Handicraft Artisans
India is renowned as the "land of handicrafts," with a large number of craftsmen working part-
time to create a wide range of crafts using materials that are readily available in the country,
including ceramics, baskets, stone and glassware, handmade paper goods, and other practical
items. Govt of India has launched the PEHCHAN scheme in 2016 to provide the identity of
handicraft artisans as well as to facilitate the direct benefit of schemes designed for them. A total
of 31,14,468 artisans were registered under the new initiative as of June 30, 2023. Additionally,
during 2022–2023, 1.17 lakh craftsmen benefited from various programs run by the Office of
Development Commissioner (Handicrafts
1
). Table-4 shows the percentage share of handicraft
artisan region wise of India, where northern region leading in terms of registration of artisans.
Table-4: Share (%) of Artisan Region Wise
Region
% Share of Artisan
Norther Region
42.72
Eastern Reion
23.67
Western Region
12.36
Southern Region
9.41
North Eastern Region
7.53
Central Region
4.31
Source: Author’s estimation from the data available at
https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1945169
Major Schemes of Govt. of India to Promote Handicraft Sector
1
Press Information Bureau. Press Release, Ministry of Textile, Government of India. Retrieved from
https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1945169
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Government of India to support and promote the handicraft sector implements various schemes
through National Handicraft Development Program (NHDP) and Comprehensive Handicrafts
Cluster Development Scheme (CHCDS) for upliftment of handicrafts sector and artisan in a
holistic manner. The NHDP and CHCDS has following sub schemes:
1. National Handicraft Development Program (NHDP)
The NHDP scheme aims to support artisans in small clusters and individually (up to 1,000
artisans) through its interventions, which include marketing assistance, skill development, cluster
development, business environment promotion through the establishment of producer
Companies, direct benefits to artisans, infrastructure and technology support, and assistance with
research and development for both cluster and individual artisans. NHDP is an umbrella scheme
which has the following sub components:
a) Marketing Support & Services: Under this initiative to promote the Market of
Handicrafts, financial assistance is provided to different eligible organizations to
organize/participate in domestic and international Craft Exhibitions/seminars in
metropolitan cities/state capitals/places of tourist or commercial interest/other places to
promote the craft in domestic and international markets. Table-5 demonstrates that the
number of artisans benefiting from this initiative has risen from 2019-20 to 2022-23.
Table-5: Marketing Support & Services
Year
No. of Artisans Benefitted
2019-20
8809
2020-21
9895
2021-22
18748
2022-23 (upto February)
21370
Source: https://www.data.gov.in/resource/stateut-wise-details-number-handicraft-artisans-
benefitted-marketing-support-and-services
b) Skill Development in Handicraft Sector: This sub scheme has been conceptualized to
promote standardized production processes, skilled manpower, design database for
handicraft products, quick & efficient prototyping, communication skills and other soft
skills. This scheme has the four elements which is shown in table-6.
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Table-6: Components of Skill Development in Handicraft Sector
Schemes
No. of Programme conducted /
Tools Kit Distributed
(upto 31.12.2023)
Design and Technology Development Workshop
352
Guru Shishya Hastshilp Prashikshan Program
81
Comprehensive Skill Upgradation Program
--
Improved Toolkit Distribution Program
14169
Source: Annual Report of Ministry of Textile, 2022-23.
c) Ambedkar Hastshilp Vikas Yojana (AHVY): Through community empowerment and
ensuring the sustainable growth of handicrafts craftsmen nationwide, the AHVY plan
aims to establish craft clusters as centers of excellence and promote social uplift. Table-6
demonstrates the year wise fund sanctioned and number of artisans benefited under the
AHVY scheme. Table-7 illustrates that fund sanctioned for the scheme have generally
increased over the years with significant jump in 2021-22 and 2023-24. The number of
artisans benefitted from the scheme has also shown increasing trend suggesting that
scheme has growing focus in supporting artisan and promoting traditional craft.
Table-7: Overview of AHVY Scheme Implementation
Year
2014
-15
2015-
16
2016-
17
2017-
18
2018
-19
2019
-20
2020
-21
2021
-22
2022
-23
2023
-24
Funds
Sanctione
d (Rs. In
Lakhs)
-
1883.0
4
1451.6
1
900.7
4
1291
1699
2990
5386
4325
5618
Artisans
Benefitted
-
70987
130649
77850
100937
157554
Source: www.indiastat.com, https://sansad.in/rs/questions/questions-and-answers and
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1781768®=3&lang=1
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d) Direct Benefits to Artisans (Welfare): The schemes envisage for welfare initiatives
including life and health insurance, recognition, credit extension, and the provision of
tools and equipment to artists, among other things. This program helps the craftspeople in
their old age by providing assistance in the form of a lump sum payment, monthly
stipend, or both starting on October 9, 2021. However, the aid cannot exceed Rs. 5,000/-
(Rs. five thousand only) per month. Under the Scheme Rs. 7.63 Crores have been
sanctioned upto 31.12.2022.
e) Infrastructure and Technology Support: Establishing a stable marketing infrastructure
in the forms of Urban Haat, Emporia, Marketing and Sourcing Hubs, Craft Based
Resource Centre, Common Facility Centre (CFC) etc. in towns and large cities to offer
direct marketing facilities to handcraft artisans is the aim of this component. The scheme
interprets an increase and drop pattern in funds sanctioned. For instance, in 2014-15, the
amount sanctioned under the project was Rs. 1105 lakhs, which decreased to Rs. 525
lakhs in 2017-18. The Scheme has sanctioned a total of Rs. 4859 lakhs for the
establishment and implementation of infrastructure projects as of December 31, 2022.
f) Research and Development: The program was created to gather opinions on the
promotional, artistic, social, and economic elements of different crafts and craftspeople in
the handicraft industry. The number of projects and funds approved under the scheme
increased gradually between 2014-15 and 2016-17, from Rs. 281.16 lakhs to 613.57
lakhs. However there has been a decrease in the number of projects (from 137 to 83) and
artisans covered (3170 to 2360), despite an increase in funds indicating the need for
adjustment in projects scope and targeted outreach strategies.
2. Comprehensive Handicrafts Cluster Development Scheme (CHCDS)
The goal of the CHCDS project is to expand the production chain and infrastructure in a number
of locations, particularly in areas with a high concentration of craftspeople (at least 10,000
artisans). This plan includes two elements, such as Mega Cluster and Integrated Development
and Promotion of Handicrafts Projects (special projects), to establish handicraft clusters with
first-rate infrastructure. The interventions of schemes include baseline Survey and activity
Mapping, Skill Training, Marketing events, Improved Tool Kits, Publicity, Seminars, capacity
building, Design workshops, etc. The funds approved (from Rs. 13550 lakhs to Rs. 9205 lakhs)
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and the craftsmen who benefited (from 109300 to 57695) from the program have significantly
decreased during 2014-15 to 2016-17.
Conclusion
The handicraft sector is one of the sectors which can contribute to the success of VIKSHIT
BHARAT 2047. India is one of the important suppliers of handicraft to world market and has
shown its important since years. Handicraft sector is major source of employment, particularly in
rural areas, forming the second largest sources of unorganized sector employment in India.
Despite this, the production and exports of the handcraft sector have been on the rise recently.
But there were a lot of ups and downs throughout that time. There has been observed a strong
correlation between handicraft production with total export and handicraft export. Hence, the
role of the handicraft sector is very important in order to increase the country’s foreign exchange
reserves. Govt. has implementing various initiatives to promote the sector, however, there have
been fluctuations in the sanctioned and utilization of funds for initiatives that also include the
artisans. However, this sector suffers mainly due to its unorganized nature, skill gaps among
artisans, lack of financing, competition form machine made products, lack of database, lacks in
changing marketing dynamics etc. Policy should be aimed at conducting the regular survey for
maintaining the database of handicraft workers along with socio economic characteristics of the
worker so that proper implementation of the initiatives can be made.
Author’s Contribution
This manuscript has been the original work of Dipankar Saha and Prof Giribabu M. Dipankar
Saha participated in conceptualization, methodology, data curation, writing – original draft. Prof
Giribabu M. participated and contributed to the instrumentation, validation, formal analysis,
writing- review and editing.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declares that there is no conflict of interest with respect to research, authorships and
publications of the case.
Funding Acknowledgement
No funding was received for this work.
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Appendix-1
Table-1: Share (%) of Export of Handicrafts in Total Export
Year
Total Export
(in Crore)
Handicraft Export
(in Crore)
Share of Handicraft Export
in Total Export (in %)
2000-01
203,571.01
8,490.16
4.17
2005-06
456,417.86
14,526.85
3.18
2010-11
1,136,964.26
7,870.31
0.69
2011-12
1,465,959.40
11,130.04
0.76
2012-13
1,634,318.29
13,892.59
0.85
2013-14
1,905,011.09
19,103.98
1.00
2014-15
1,896,348.42
20,082.53
1.06
2015-16
1,716,384.40
21,557.12
1.26
2016-17
1,849,433.55
24,392.39
1.32
2017-18
1,956,514.53
23,029.36
1.18
2018-19
2,307,726.19
25,548.97
1.11
2019-20
2,219,854.18
25,270.14
1.14
2020-21
2,159,043.22
25,679.98
1.19
2021-22
3,147,021.49
33,253.00
1.06
2022-23
3,621,549.88
30,019.24
0.83
2023-24
3,618,952.27
32,758.80
0.91
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