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B I O D I V E R S I T A S
ISSN: 1412-033X
Volume 25, Number 8, August 2024 E-ISSN: 2085-4722
Pages: 2570-2582 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250829
Ethnobotanical study of Acanthaceae family in Kantarawichai District,
Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand
PIYAPORN SAENSOUK1, AREERAT RAGSASILP2, NICHA THAWARA3, THAWATPHONG BOONMA4,
SOMBAT APPAMARAKA4, ANOUSONE SENGTHONG5, HANVEDES DAOVISAN6,
AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN7,8, SURAPON SAENSOUK4
1Diversity of Family Zingiberaceae and Vascular Plant for Its Applications Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham
University. Kham Riang, Kantharawichai, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
2Diversity of Family Zingiberaceae and Vascular Plant for Its Applications Research Unit, Program of Environmental and Resource Management,
Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University. Kham Riang, Kantharawichai, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
3Department of Biology, School of Science, Walailak University. Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
4Diversity of Family Zingiberaceae and Vascular Plant for Its Applications Research Unit, Biodiversity Program, Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research
Institute, Mahasarakham University. Kham Riang, Kantharawichai, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand. email: surapon.s@msu.ac.th
5Faculty of Forest Science, National University of Laos. Vientiane 7322, Laos
6Behavioral Science Research Institute, Srinakharinwirot University. Bangkok 10110, Thailand
7Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central
Java, Indonesia
8Biodiversity Research Group, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia
Manuscript received: 18 June 2024. Revision accepted: 14 August 2024.
Abstract. Saensouk P, Ragsasilp A, Thawara N, Boonma T, Appamaraka S, Sengthong A, Daovisan H, Setyawan AD, Saensouk S. 2024.
Ethnobotanical study of Acanthaceae family in Kantarawichai District, Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand. Biodiversitas 25: 2570-
2582. Traditional botanical knowledge plays a crucial role in the cultural and medicinal practices of indigenous communities, yet it is
increasingly at risk of being lost. This study aims to document and analyze the use of Acanthaceae species by villagers in two villages in
Kantarawichai District, Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand to preserve this knowledge and support sustainable resource management.
Data on traditional botanical knowledge of Acanthaceae from villagers were collected using semi-structured interviews. The data were
then analyzed by using Use Value (UV), Cultural Importance Index (CI), and Informant Agreement Ratio (IAR). The study found nine
species with two variations belonging to seven genera in the Acanthaceae family that are used by villagers, namely Andrographis
paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees, Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson, Barleria prionitis L., Justicia adhatoda L., J. gendarussa
Burm.f. (Kra Duk Kai Khaw), J. gendarussa Burm.f. (Kra Duk Kai Dum), Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz, Ruellia tuberosa L., and Ru.
simplex C.Wright. They can be classified into four groups based on their uses: foods, medicine, religious plant and other uses. Species
with the highest Use Value (UV) and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) was Rh. nasutus (L.) Kurz which is used in many respects. The
highest IAR value of 0.79 was Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. followed by An. paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees (0.70) and Rh. nasutus
(L.) Kurz (0.33), indicating the agreement among informants mentioned the plant species for particular disease. This study emphasizes
the importance of transmission of traditional knowledge to prevent it from disappearing in the future and to inform natural resource
management of local people for conservation and sustainable development.
Keywords: Acanthaceae, diversity, ethnobotany, Kantarawichai, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
INTRODUCTION
Thailand, located in Southeast Asia, is a country
positioned in the tropical zone and being divided into
various distinct areas of biogeography (Junsongduang et al.
2021). The diverse ecosystems in Thailand support a wide
range of natural resources, including a great diversity of
flora and fauna, which have a crucial role in maintaining
life of the people (Phumthum et al. 2020; Junsongduang et
al. 2021; Saisor et al. 2021; Phatlamphu et al. 2021;
Ragsasilp et al. 2022). Human have relied on natural
resources to meet their needs of food, medicine, clothing,
and housing. Various plant species are utilized to make
food, flavoring, and beverages, as well as to produce
clothing as in the case of cotton. Housing construction uses
locally available resources like timber producing trees
(Maknoi et al. 2016; Phumthum et al. 2020; Saisor et al.
2021; Ragsasilp et al. 2022; Sudchaleaw et al. 2023).
Furthermore, medicinal plants are used for therapeutic
reasons. These medicinal plants are frequently combined
with other chemicals in accordance with specific medicine
formulations to address medical conditions, supplement
food, or possibly act as poisonous compounds
(Pholhiamhan et al. 2018).
The use of natural resources provided by ecosystems
differs geographically since it is influenced by several
factors including lifestyle, cultural traditions, ancestral
wisdom, transmitted perspectives and resources abundance
(Pholhiamhan et al. 2018; Numpulsuksant et al. 2021;
Phatlamphu et al. 2021, 2023). The collection of
information regarding the uses of plants due to their
beneficial properties comes from hands-on knowledge. The
accumulated knowledge and experience are inherited from
the older generations into the younger ones, resulting in the
SAENSOUK et al. – Ethnobotanical study of Acanthaceae family
2571
development of particular traditions in each ethnic group.
Currently, the utilization of plants particularly for medical
purposes is still being practiced by several communities in
Thailand (Pholhiamhan et al. 2018; Phumthum et al. 2020;
Saisor et al. 2021; Sudchaleaw et al. 2023).
The investigation of biodiversity in Thailand highlights
the importance of ethnobotanical attributes possessed by
indigenous community. For bioprospection purposes, there
is a greater emphasis on researching the utilization of
indigenous plants acquired from their habitats in nature
(Supiandi et al. 2019; Mutaqin et al. 2020; Rahman and
Asha 2021; Fadhilah et al. 2023) using ethnobotany study.
Ethnobotany was initially introduced by John W.
Harshberger in 1895 (Phumthum et al. 2020; Junsongduang
et al. 2021; Saisor et al. 2021; Ragsasilp et al. 2022;
Phatlamphu et al. 2021). It is a multidisciplinary field that
focuses on investigating the interactions between human
and plants. It specifically examines the cultural value and
utilization of plants, with a special emphasis on native plant
species in the area being studied (Phumthum et al. 2020;
Junsongduang et al. 2021; Numpulsuksant et al. 2021;
Phatlamphu et al. 2021; Saisor et al. 2021). The plants
utilized consist of both local cultivars and uncultivated
(wild) species (Saensouk and Saensouk 2021).
Acanthaceae is the family of the angiosperms that have
two seed leaves and produce flowers. It consists of
approximately 210 genera and around 4000 species. In
Thailand, there are 40 genera and 250 species of
Acanthaceae family described so far (POWO 2023). The
majority of these plants are tropical herbs, shrubs, or
twining vines, although a few of them are epiphytes, while
temperate zones host a limited number of species. The
primary distribution of this family includes Indonesia,
Malaysia, Africa, Brazil, and Central America. The
members of the family can be found in various habitats,
including dense or open forests, scrublands, wet fields and
valleys, seashores and marine areas, wetlands, and
mangrove forests (POWO 2023). The plant in this family
has various uses, such as being utilized as a food source,
medicinal plants, ornamental plants, ritual plants,
commercial crops and dye. Furthermore, some species of
Acanthaceae family exhibit therapeutic properties to
mitigate beriberi, paralysis, discomfort, toothache, asthma,
and cough; as an expectorant and a tonic for longevity;
treat abscesses, promotes blood circulation, and stimulates
lymphatic fluid flow; alleviate flatulence, and treat bug
bites and stings.
Kantarawichai is a district located in the northern
region of Maha Sarakham Province in northeastern
Thailand. The local community in this area has a long
history of utilizing plants, both local cultivars and
uncultivated wild and common native species. This study
aimed to document the diversity and ethnobotany of
Acanthaceae family utilized by local people in Ban Don
Wiang Chan and Ban Hua Khua, Kantarawichai District.
The results of this research will serve as an important
archive of indigenous people in managing natural resources,
especially plants, for the purposes of conservation and
sustainable development.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
Two villages in Tha Khon Yang Subdistrict,
Kantarawichai District, Maha Sarakham Province,
Thailand were selected for the study: Ban Don Wiang Chan
and Ban Hua Khua (16.19’29N-103.17’54E) (Figure 1).
The province consists predominantly of flat terrain adorned
with rice fields and is situated at an elevation ranging from
130 to 230 meters above sea level. The Chi River, which is
the longest river in Thailand (Numpulsuksant et al. 2021;
Saisor et al. 2021), along with its branches, runs through
our study area.
Figure 1. Map of the study area in two villages: Ban Don Wiang Chan and Ban Hua Khua in Tha Khon Yang Subdistrict,
Kantharawichai District, Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand
B I O D I V E R S I T A S
25 (8): 2570-2582, August 2024
2572
Ban Hua Khua and Ban Don Wiang Chan are old
village that established since 1867 and 1863 respectively.
They have a long historical background more than 100
years. The lifestyle of villagers remains unchanged in
which they live in a simple life. Main occupation is farmer.
Recently, climate change has had direct effects on these
villages, particularly impacting agriculture, horticulture,
and local farms. Unpredictable weather patterns, such as
irregular rainfall and prolonged droughts, have disrupted
traditional farming schedules, leading to reduced crop
yields and affecting the availability of essential resources.
These changes have also stressed horticultural practices,
with some plant species struggling to adapt to altered
growing conditions. The overall resilience of farming
systems in these villages is being challenged, threatening
both food security and livelihoods.
Study on diversity and distribution of Acanthaceae
Botanical collection and identification
Botanical exploration was conducted and plant samples
were obtained from the two villages. During January to
December 2021, 3-4 plant samples were collected per
month for the survey. Forests, residential areas, and other
village areas were surveyed. During the survey, we
validated botanical data like scientific names, native
names, sources, and plant benefits and risks. Plant
specimens were gathered, dried, identified, and vouchered
at Mahasarakham University Herbarium, Maha Sarakham
Province, Thailand. Plant identification relied on
taxonomic literature, particularly The Flora of Thailand.
The plant specimens have been kept in a fabric case for
experts’ analysis or study using identifying plant keys,
books for reference, and botany databases (Rahman et al.
2014; Smitinand 2014; Thongpukdee et al. 2014; Van
Welzen et al. 2014; Bongcheewin et al. 2015; Esser and
Saw 2015; Paton et al. 2016; Saensouk et al. 2016; Ye and
Xia 2016; Bongcheewin et al. 2017; Leeratiwong et al.
2017; Chen et al. 2018; Rather et al. 2018;
Souvannakhoummane et al. 2018; Boonma and Saensouk
2019; Choopan et al. 2019; Ezedin and Weiblen 2019;
Boonma et al. 2020a, b; Chen et al. 2020; Rokade et al.
2020; Esser 2021; Johnson et al. 2021; Lim et al. 2021;
Kumar et al. 2021; Priscila et al. 2021; Saensouk and
Saensouk 2021a, b; Saensouk et al. 2021a, b, c, d;
Satthaphorn et al. 2021; Bongcheewin et al. 2022;
Chantaranothai et al. 2022; Ngernsaengsaruay et al. 2022;
Ragsasilp et al. 2022; Rakarcha et al. 2022; Saensouk et al.
2022a, b; Tagane et al. 2022; Tarmizi et al. 2022; Zhang et
al. 2022; Boonma et al. 2023; Inta et al. 2023; POWO
2023; Saensouk and Saensouk 2023).
Distribution of Acanthaceae
The data gathering process systematically recorded the
species, categorizing them based on their location within
each district, specifically differentiating between wild
plants, cultivated plants, and those that were present in both
locations. When assessing the geographical distribution of
plant species whether they are endemic, native, or
introduced, it is essential to depend on reliable sources.
This includes consulting the website powo.science.kew.org
and referring to research publications, both in print and
online, as well as relevant books. Additionally, it is crucial
to utilize references that provide citations for plant
specimens preserved in herbaria situated in foreign
countries.
Ecology of Acanthaceae
Ecological data were also documented during the
survey of the biodiversity and traditional usage of
Acanthaceae in Ban Don Wiang Chan and Ban Hua Khua
Villages. Plants that are purposely produced within the
home or in gardens for different uses are categorized as
"Cultivated".
Conservation status of Acanthaceae
The conservation status assessment is divided into two
components: the initial component only evaluates the state
of untamed species discovered in Ban Don Wiang Chan
and Ban Hua Khua villages based on the IUCN Red List
criteria. The latter part of the discussion will focus on the
conservation status of plants, taking into account the
conservation status provided on the website
"https://www.iucnredlist.org/" and the conservation status
mentioned in pertinent papers, which are assessed using the
IUCN Red List criteria.
Ethnobotanical study of Acanthaceae
The ethnobotanical data was gathered through semi-
structured interviews. Interviews were conducted with
three key informants and seventeen local respondents.
Names, used parts, preparation, and properties were noted
and categorized according to Cook (1995). The specimens
were identified using various documents, including
Bongcheewin et al. (2017), Leeratiwong et al. (2017),
Saensouk and Saensouk (2021a, b, 2023), Boonma et al.
(2020a, b, 2021, 2023), Chantaranothai et al. (2022),
Ngernsaengsaruay et al. (2022), Ragsasilp et al. (2022), and
Rakarcha et al. (2022), which are all part of the Thai flora
literature.
Data analysis of ethnobotanical data
The flora data was categorized based on family group,
scientific name, native name, and use in twelve distinct
groups: foods and spice, drinks, herbs for medicinal
purposes, toxic plants, dye plants, cosmetics and
perfumery, apparel, construction materials, beliefs and
rituals, fuel, ornamental plants, and industrial crops. The
classification also encompassed the plant components that
were utilized. The studies conducted by Pholhiamhan et al.
(2018), Junsongduang et al. (2021), Numpulsuksant et al.
(2021), Phatlamphu et al. (2021), and Saisor et al. (2021)
involved quantitative analysis.
The quantitative data was tabulated and analyzed using
Microsoft Excel 2013. The analysis involved the
application of various indices, including the ethnobotanical
index for calculating the Use Value (UV) (Phillips et al.
1994), the Cultural Importance Index (CI) (Sutjaritjai et al.
2019), the Informant Agreement Ratio (IAR) (Trotter and
Logan 1986; Heinrich et al. 1998), and the Fidelity Level
(%FL) (Friedman et al. 1986).
SAENSOUK et al. – Ethnobotanical study of Acanthaceae family
2573
Use Value (UV)
This indicator is utilized to ascertain the relative
significance of the utilization of plant species "s". The
index is formally defined according to Phillips et al. (1994)
and calculated as follow:
UV =∑
UI represents the frequency of mentions by each
informant for a specific species, whereas N represents the
total number of informants. A high UV score signifies the
cultural significance of plant species, whilst a low score
reflects a lower number of use reports mentioned by the
informants.
Cultural Importance Index (CI)
This index was utilized to assess the importance of each
species. The CI is determined by summing the percentage
of informants who mention the utilization of each species.
The index was calculated following Tardio and Pardode-
Santayana (2008):
CI = ∑ (u=1) NC ∑ (i=1) NURUi /N
The cultural significance index of the plant is denoted
as CI, the utilization report in a specific utilization group is
denoted as UR, the number of plant groups divided by
utilization is denoted as I, the total number of usage is
denoted as NC, and the number of informants is denoted as
N.
Informant Agreement Ratio (IAR)
The index is a measure used in ethnobotanical research
to assess the consistency of informants' knowledge
regarding the medicinal use of plants. It quantifies the
degree of agreement among informants about the use of a
particular species to treat specific ailments (Trotter and
Logan 1986). The IAR is calculated using the formula:
IAR = (Nur-Nt)/(Nur-1)
The variable Nr represents the total number of citations
that have been recorded for each unique taxon, while Na
represents the number of sickness categories that are
treated with this particular species. The IAR provides a
numerical score that falls within the range of 0 to 1. The
IAR value of zero signifies that the number of illness
categories is equal to the number of citations. Conversely, a
value of one indicates that all participants recognized the
plant species for a specific ailment (Thomas et al. 2009)
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Diversity of Acanthaceae in the studied area
Nine species with two variations belonging to seven
genera from Acanthaceae used by the villagers from Ban
Don Wiang Chan and Ban Hua Khua in Tha Khon Yang
Subdistrict, Kantarawichai, Maha Sarakham Province,
northeastern Thailand, have been recorded. These are
Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees,
Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson, Barleria prionitis L.,
Justicia adhatoda L., J. gendarussa Burm.f. (Kra Duk Kai
Khaw), J. gendarussa Burm.f. (Kra Duk Kai Dum),
Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz, Ruellia tuberosa L., Ru.
simplex C.Wright, and Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl (Figure
2).
Morphological characters, distribution, and conservation
status
Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees
The herbs are annual and grow up to 60 cm tall. They
have a significant amount of branching. The stems have
four angles and are smooth. The length of the petiole is
between 0.5 and 0.9 centimeters. The leaf blade is ovate in
shape, measuring 1.6-7.2 cm in length and 1.2-2.6 cm in
width. It is smooth and hairless on both surfaces, with the
upper surface being green and the lower surface pale green.
The leaf base tapers, and the edge is smooth and without
any abnormalities. The apex is acute to shortly acuminate.
The inflorescences are in the form of racemes, located at
the terminal end. The rachis is smooth to somewhat hairy.
The bracts are triangular to needle-shaped, measuring 1.2-
1.4 mm. The bracteoles are linear to needle-shaped,
measuring 1.1-1.5 mm. The pedicel measures 2.2-8 mm
and is covered with a sparse number of hair-like structures
that have glands at their tips (gland-tipped pubescent) as
well as non-glandular trichomes. The calyx is 2.6-3.1 mm
and is either smooth or covered with gland-tipped hairs on
the outside. The lobes of the calyx are slender and tapering.
The corolla is white and is 1-1.4 cm. It is covered in gland-
tipped hairs on the outside. The tube of the corolla is
funnel-shaped at the base and measures 4.2-8.2 mm. The
lower lip of the corolla has purple spots and measures 5.2-
7.2 mm. It is upright and has lobes that are 3-4 mm long.
The upper lip of the corolla measures 5.5-7.5 mm. It is
reflexed and has two lobes that are 1-2 mm long. The
stamens extend outwards from the corolla tube. The style
measures 6.5-10.5 mm in length and is covered with scant
hairs towards the base. The capsule is ellipsoid-
compressed, measuring 1.6-2.2×0.4-0.45 cm. It is smooth
or has few hairs with gland-tipped trichomes. The capsule
contains approximately 12 seeds. The seeds are 2-3×1.5-2
mm and have a rough texture.
Phenology: The flowering period spans from
September to December.
Vernacular name: The local name for the people in the
research area is "Fa Thalai Chon".
Distribution: This species is found in tropical Asian
nations. It is present in diverse environments, including
plains, hillsides, beaches, as well as broken and cultivated
regions like roadways and fields. The plant is a non-native
species in Thailand. The plant is extensively grown in
many regions of Thailand for its therapeutic properties.
Ecology: The village exclusively cultivates this species.
Conservation status: The IUCN classifies the plant as
Least Concern (LC). According to POWO 2024, this is the
first documented occurrence in Thailand.
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25 (8): 2570-2582, August 2024
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Asystasia gangetica (L.) T.Anderson
The height of the herbs is 0.7 m, and they grow in an
upward manner. The stems have four angles and are
covered in fine hairs. The petiole measures 3.2-5.2 mm and
is covered in fine hairs. The leaf blade is ovate to elliptic in
shape, measuring 3.2-12.3 cm in length and 1.2-5.2 cm in
width. It is smooth and hairless, with a truncated to
rounded base, slightly wavy edges, and a pointed apex. The
inflorescence racemes are located either in the axils or at
the tips of the plant, and they can grow up to 15 cm in
length. The bracts are triangular in shape, measuring 5-6
mm, and covered in fine hairs. The bracteoles are linear-
lanceolate, measuring 1.2-2.5 mm, and also covered in fine
hairs. The pedicel is 2.1-3.2 mm and is covered in fine
hairs. The calyx measures 6.5-7 mm and has linear-
lanceolate lobes that are 5.2-7.2 mm long and 1.2-1.3 mm
wide. The outer surface of the lobes is covered in glandular
hairs, and the edges are fringed with small hairs. The
corolla is either yellowish or white in color, measuring 1.3-
3.6 cm. The outside surface is covered in gland-tipped
hairs, while the inner surface is smooth. The tube of the
corolla is cylindrical at the base, measuring 3-4 mm wide
for a length of 8.1-9 mm, and then gradually widens to 1-
1.2 cm. The lobes of the corolla are obovate to semicircular
in shape, measuring 0.8-1.4 cm in length and 0.9-1.2 cm in
width. The middle lobe of the lower lip is marked with
violet or maroon coloring. The stamens are present, and the
filaments are smooth. The longer pair of filaments
measures 5-6 mm, while the shorter pair measures 3-4 mm.
The anther thecae are 3-4×1-2 mm in size. The ovary is
shaped like an ellipsoid and is 3.5-4 mm. The style is 1.8-2
cm long and covered in soft hairs. The stigma is slightly
rounded and has two lobes. The capsule measures 1.3-
1.5×2-2.5 cm is covered in fine hairs, and is initially green
but changes to brown when opened. The seeds have an
irregularly obovate shape, with an outline of 3.2-5.2×0.6-
3.2 mm. They are yellow-brown in color and have a
tuberculate-rugose texture.
Phenology: The flowering period spans from January to
December, including the entire year.
Vernacular name: The indigenous inhabitants of the
research region are commonly referred to as "Om Sap".
Distribution: This species has widespread distribution
in the tropical regions of the Old World and has been
brought to the tropical Americas and Hawaii, where it has
successfully established itself. The plant is a non-native
species in Thailand.
Ecology: The community exclusively cultivates this
specific species.
Conservation status: This species is widespread and not
restricted to a particular region.
Barleria prionitis L.
The shrubs are 1.5-2 m tall and have spines in the lower
leaf axils. They are also branching. The stems and branches
are cylindrical, smooth, covered with small lens-shaped
pores, and free of hair. The petiole measures 1.2-2.4 cm in
length. The leaf blade is elliptic to ovate, with dimensions
of 4.2-10.7×2-5.7 cm. It is covered with fine hairs on both
surfaces. The base of the leaf tapers, and the edge is
smooth, and the apex is pointed. The flowers are grouped
together in the axils. The bracts are oblong in shape,
measuring 1.3-2.4 cm in length and 0.3-0.9 cm in width.
The margins of the bracts have little hairs, and the tips are
sharply pointed. The bracteoles are long and lanceolate,
measuring 1.4-1.5 cm in length and 0.2-0.3 cm in width.
They have a spine-like tip. The outer calyx lobes are ovate-
oblong, measuring 1.5-1.6 cm in length and 0.4-0.5 cm in
width, with a pointed tip. The inner calyx lobes are linear-
lanceolate, measuring 1.3-1.4 cm in length and 0.2-0.3 cm
in width, also with a pointed tip. The corolla of the flower
is yellow to pale orange in color and is 2.5-4.2 cm. It is
covered in fine hairs. The tube of the corolla has a short
basal section. The lobes of the corolla are rectangular in
shape and measure 8.1-10.2 mm in length and 6.3-7.2 mm
in width. The lobes are curled backwards. The flower has
four stamens, with the longer pair measuring 1-1.2 cm and
having anthers that are 3.2-3.3 mm in size. The lesser pair
of stamens measures 1.5-1.6 mm and has anthers that are 1-
2 mm in size. The ovary is shaped like an oval; the stigma
is slightly larger, divided into two parts, and protruding.
The capsule is ovoid in shape, measuring 1.8-1.9 cm. It
tapers slightly at the tip, resembling a beak, and contains
two seeds. The seeds have an oval shape with an outline of
7-8×5-6 mm.
This species is typically differentiated from other
Barleria by the presence of spines on the top of its calyx
lobes and a yellowish to orange colored flower.
Phenology: The flowering season extends from October
to December, whereas fruiting takes place from December
to February.
Vernacular name: The native people of the study area
are widely known as "Angkab Nuu".
Distribution: The predominant species is indigenous to
regions of Island and Mainland Southeast Asia, China,
Indonesia, Philippines, Peninsular Malaysia, Vietnam,
Thailand, Laos, Myanmar, and the Indian subcontinent.
The plant is a native species in Thailand.
Ecology: It is found in a deciduous dipterocarp forest
near the village.
Conservation status: This species is widespread and not
restricted to a certain region.
Justicia adhatoda L.
The height of the shrubs is between 2 and 2.5 m. The
branches become thicker and have four angles. They have
small lens-shaped markings and are covered in fine hairs
when young, but these hairs quickly disappear. The petiole
measures 1.5-2.5 cm and has fine hairs. The leaf blade is
ovate to elliptic-ovate, measuring 7.5-18.5×2.5-7.5 cm. The
underside of the leaf is covered in fine hairs, while the
upper side is densely covered in hair when young but
becomes mostly hairless except for hair along the veins.
There are 9.2-12.5 secondary veins on each side of the
midvein, which meet near the margin. The base of the leaf
is broadly wedge-shaped, the margin is smooth, and the
apex is pointed and sometimes slightly curved. The spikes
are terminal or axillary, and they have an ovoid to broadly
ovoid shape, measuring 3.2-7.2 cm. The peduncle is also
3.2-7.2 cm long. The bracts are arranged in an overlapping
SAENSOUK et al. – Ethnobotanical study of Acanthaceae family
2575
pattern and have an ovate-oblong shape, measuring 1.2-
2.2×0.6-1.6 cm. They are covered in fine hairs and have 3-
7 veins. The border of the bracts is fringed with small hairs,
and the apex is pointed. The bracteoles are linear-
lanceolate, measuring 1.2-1.5×0.4-0.5 cm. They are also
covered in fine hairs and have 3-5 veins. The margin of the
bracteoles is fringed with small hairs, and the apex is
pointed. The calyx is divided into five lobes, which are
long and narrow, measuring 10-12×3-4 mm. The edges of
the lobes are thinly membranous and have little hairs. The
Corolla is either white or pink in color, with purplish or
pinkish stripes on the outside. It has a broad tubular shape,
measuring 2.7-3 cm in length. The exterior of the corolla is
covered in fine hairs. The base of the tube is cylindrical and
measures 4-5 mm in width for 4-5 mm, before slightly
expanding and curving upwards. The upper lip of the
corolla is ovate-oblong in shape, measuring 1.8-2 cm in
length. It stands upright and is shallowly divided into two
lobes. The lower lip is oblong-circular in shape and spreads
outwards. It has three lobes, with the middle lobe being
subcircular and measuring 9-10×5-6 mm, and the lateral
lobes being ovate and measuring 7-8×4.5-5 mm. The
stamens are protruding; the filaments measure 1.5-1.6 cm
and are inclined, smooth except for a silky base; the anther
thecae are ellipsoid, measuring 3.5-4 mm, equal in size,
stacked on top of each other, with the lower one having a
spur at the base. The ovary is covered in fine hairs,
particularly at the tip. The style is 2.5-2.7 cm and has a
curved shape, with the lower section also covered in hairs.
The stigma is uncomplicated in structure. The capsule is
obovoid in shape, measuring 2.6-4.2 cm in length and 0.5-
0.7 cm in width. The seeds have a round shape.
The stem displays many elongated branches that
develop vertically and are positioned immediately opposite
each other. The branches' bark exhibits a yellowish tint.
Phenology: The flowering season extends from
October to December, whereas fruiting takes place from
December to February.
Vernacular name: The native those who lived of the
study area are usually known as "Sa Niat".
Distribution: The plant is indigenous to Afghanistan,
the Indian subcontinent, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam. It
has been introduced in another location. The plant is a non-
native species in Thailand.
Ecology: The community mainly cultivates this
particular species.
Conservation status: The plant is classified by the
IUCN as Least Concern (LC). According to POWO 2024,
this is the first documented occurrence in Thailand.
Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. “Kra Duk Kai Khaw”
The subshrubs are 0.7-1.5 cm in height and have a
highly branching structure. The stems are cylindrical,
enlarged at the joints, green in color, and smooth. The
petiole measures 3-10 mm in length. The leaf blade is
narrowly lanceolate, measuring 6-10×1-1.5 cm. It is
smooth and lacks hair. There are 5-8 secondary veins on
each side of the midvein. The base of the leaf tapers to a
wedge shape or narrows gradually. The margin of the leaf
is slightly sinuous, and the apex is pointed or slightly
tapered. The spikes of this plant are terminal or axillary,
measuring 3-12 cm in length. They are interrupted and
typically arranged in a leafy panicle. The peduncle, or stalk
of the spike, is 0.5-1.5 cm long. The bracts, which are
triangular in shape, measure 2-6×1-2.5 mm. The basal
bracts are longer than the calyx and gradually become
smaller towards the apex, with the topmost bracts being
shorter than the calyx. The margin of the bracts is ciliate,
meaning it has small hairs along the edge, and the apex is
acute, or pointed. The bracteoles, which are elliptic to
linear-lanceolate in shape, measure approximately 3×1 mm.
Like the bracts, the margin of the bracteoles is ciliate, and
the apex is acute. The calyx is around 5 mm in size and has
5 lobes. The lobes are linear-lanceolate, measuring about 3-
4 mm in length and approximately 0.5 mm in width. They
are almost equal in size and have an acuminate apex. The
Corolla is creamy white in color, measuring 1.2-1.5 cm.
The tube of the corolla is cylindrical at the base, measuring
2-2.2 mm wide and 8-9 mm long. The lower lip of the
corolla is violet with basal dots, and it is cuneate-obovate
in shape, measuring 6-10 mm wide. The lower lip has 3
lobes that are oblanceolate in shape, measuring 3-5×3.4-3.5
mm. The upper lip of the corolla is violet with blotches,
and it is triangular in shape, measuring 6.8-7×3.4-3.5 mm.
The top lip is 2-cleft. The stamens are protruding; the
filaments measure 3-6 mm and are smooth; the anther
thecae are rectangular, measuring 1.2-1.3 mm, with one
positioned above the other, and the lower one has a spur at
the base while the upper one is without a spur. The ovary is
smooth; the style is approximately 1 cm long and smooth;
the stigma is rounded and has two small lobes. The capsule
is club-shaped, measuring 1.2-1.3 cm in size.
Phenology: The flowering season extends from October
to December, whereas fruiting takes place from December
to February.
Vernacular name: The native those who lived of the
study area are usually known as “Kra Duk Kai Khaw”.
Distribution: The species is indigenous to India,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Indochina, Peninsular
Malaysia, Sumatra, the Philippines, and New Guinea. The
plant in consideration is a rapidly growing, perennial shrub
that retains its leaves throughout the year. It is believed to
originate from China and may be found in Sri Lanka, India,
and Malaysia. The plant is a non-native species in
Thailand.
Ecology: The cultivation of this particular plant is
mainly carried out by the community.
Conservation status: This species shows a wide
distribution and is not confined to a specific geographic
area.
Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. “Kra Duk Kai Dum”
The subshrubs have a height ranging from 0.8 to 1.7 m
and are characterized by extensive branching. The stems
are cylindrical, enlarged at the joints, black, and smooth.
The petiole measures 4-11 mm in length. The leaf blade is
narrowly lanceolate, with dimensions of 6.5-10.5×1.5-2
cm. It is smooth and without hair. There are 5-8 secondary
veins on each side of the midvein. The base of the leaf
tapers to a wedge shape or narrows gradually. The margin
B I O D I V E R S I T A S
25 (8): 2570-2582, August 2024
2576
of the leaf is slightly curved inward. The apex of the leaf is
pointed or slightly tapered. The spikes are found in the
terminal or axillary position, measuring between 3.2 and
12.2 cm. They are interrupted and typically arranged in a
leafy panicle. The peduncle is 0.6-1.6 cm long. The bracts
are triangular in shape, measuring 2.2-6.2×1.5-2.5 mm. The
basal bracts are longer than the calyx and gradually
decrease in size towards the top, with the uppermost bracts
being shorter than the calyx. The bract margin is ciliate and
the apex is acute. The bracteoles are elliptic to linear-
lanceolate, measuring 3.2×1.2 mm. The margin of the
bracteoles is ciliate and the apex is acute. The calyx
measures 5-6 mm and has 5 lobes. The lobes are linear-
lanceolate in shape, measuring 3-4 mm in length and 0.5-
0.6 mm in width. The lobes are almost equal in size and
have an acuminate apex. The Corolla is creamy white in
color and is 1.5-1.8 cm. The tube of the corolla is
cylindrical at the base and is 2-3 mm wide for a length of
9-10 mm. The lower lip of the corolla is violet with basal
dots, and it is cuneate-obovate in shape, measuring 6-7-10-
12 mm in width. It has 3 lobes that are oblanceolate in
shape and measure 3.5-6×3.8-4 mm. The upper lip of the
corolla is violet with blotches and is triangular in shape,
measuring 7-8×3.5-4 mm. It is divided into 2 parts. The
stamens are protruding, with filaments measuring 4-6.5
mm and lacking hair. The anther thecae are rectangular,
measuring 1.2-1.4 mm, arranged one above the other, with
the lower one having a spur at the base and the higher one
lacking a spur. The ovary is smooth; the style measures 1-
1.5 cm and is also smooth; the stigma is rounded with two
short lobes. The capsule is shaped like a club, measuring
1.2-1.4 cm in size.
Phenology: The flowering season extends from October
to December, whereas fruiting takes place from December
to February.
Vernacular name: The native those who lived of the
study area are usually known as “Kra Duk Kai Dum”.
Distribution: The species is indigenous to India,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Indochina, Peninsular
Malaysia, Sumatra, the Philippines, and New Guinea. The
plant in consideration is a rapidly growing, perennial shrub
that retains its leaves throughout the year. It is believed to
originate from China and may be found in Sri Lanka, India,
and Malaysia. The plant is a non-native species in Thailand.
Ecology: The cultivation of this specific plant is
primarily conducted by the community.
Conservation status: This species shows a wide distribution
and is not confined to a specific geographic area.
Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz
The plants are subshrubs or perennial herbs, reaching a
height of 1.5-1.8 m. The stems have four angles and are
becoming smooth. The petiole measures 0.6-1.7 cm in
length. The leaf blade is elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or
occasionally lanceolate, with dimensions of 3-8×0.9-3.2
cm. The upper side of the leaf is covered in fine hairs, as is
the lower surface. The base of the leaf is wedge-shaped, the
margin is either smooth or slightly wavy, and the tip is
sharp. The panicles are located at the end or in the axils,
measuring 50-55 cm. The rachis is covered in dense hair.
The bracts are lanceolate, measuring 1.8-2×0.5-0.7 mm.
The bracteoles are 1-2 mm. The flowers are either sessile
or subsessile. The calyx measures 5-7 mm and is covered
with fine hairs on both surfaces. The lobes of the calyx are
lanceolate in shape, measuring 4-5 mm in length and 0.7-
0.9 mm in width. The Corolla is greenish white and
measures 2.2-2.9 cm. It is covered on the outer with fine
hairs that have gland-tipped and non-glandular trichomes.
The tube of the corolla measures 1.6-1.9 cm. The lower lip
is 0.78-1.25 cm long, with lobes that are 2.2-4.5 mm in size
and roughly equal in length. The upper lip is linear-
lanceolate, measuring 6.5-7.8 mm, and stands upright. The
staminal filaments are smooth and hairless. The style has
little hairs. The capsule is 2-2.5×0.3-0.4 cm and is covered
in fine hairs with gland-tipped structures. The seeds have a
size range of 2.5-2.8 mm in length and 2.2-2.3 mm in
width, and they have a rough surface texture.
Phenology: The flowering season extends from
October to December, whereas fruiting takes place from
December to February.
Vernacular name: The native those who lived of the
study area are usually known as “Thong Phan Chang”.
Distribution: This species is naturally found throughout
Tropical Asia. The plant is a shrub that predominantly
thrives in the seasonally arid tropical habitat. The plant is a
non-native species in Thailand.
Ecology: The cultivation of this specific plant is
primarily conducted by the community.
Conservation status: This species has a broad
distribution and is not limited to a particular geographical
region.
Ruellia tuberosa L.
The herbs are perennial and upright, reaching a height
of 40 cm. Roots with elongated tuberous enlargements. The
stems are enlarged above the nodes and have a four-sided
shape. The petiole measures up to 8 mm and is smooth.
The leaf blade is oblong-obovate, measuring 4.5-8.5×1.8-
4.5 cm. Both surfaces of the leaf are smooth, with a cuneate
base, undulate border, and sharp apex. The flowers are
arranged in clusters that grow from the leaf axils. The
clusters are called inflorescences and are in the form of
cymes. The stalk of the inflorescence measures 2.4-2.5 cm.
The bracts, which are leaf-like structures, are oblong-
lanceolate in shape and measure 3.5-9.5×1.5-3.5 mm. The
bracteoles, which are smaller bracts, are linear-oblong in
shape and measure 1.4-1.6 mm. The pedicel is 7-12 mm
and is covered in tiny hairs. The calyx tube measures 5-6
mm and is covered with fine hair on the outside. The lobes
are long and narrow, measuring 1-2.2 cm. The Corolla is a
pale blue color and measures 2.3-5.7 cm. It has a hairy
exterior. The lobes are nearly round and are 1.7-1.8 cm in
length and 1.6-1.7 cm in width. The stamens consist of a
taller pair measuring 7-8 mm and a shorter pair measuring
4-5 mm. The filaments are smooth, and the anther thecae
are white and covered in hair. The ovary is smooth; the
style measures 2.1-2.3 cm and has few hairs; the stigma has
two lobes. The capsule is not stalked and has a long,
narrow shape resembling an ellipse. It is 1.9-2.7 cm in
length and 0.5-0.6 cm in width. The surface of the capsule
SAENSOUK et al. – Ethnobotanical study of Acanthaceae family
2577
is smooth and hairless. It contains 20-26 seeds and has
septa with retinacula connected to the inner wall even when
mature. The seeds are disc-shaped, measuring 3-3.2×4-4.2
mm, and are coated with closely pressed hygroscopic
trichomes.
Phenology: The flowering season extends from June to
August, whereas fruiting takes place from July to October.
Vernacular name: The native people of the research
region are commonly referred to as "Toi Ting".
Distribution: R. tuberosa L. is commonly found in
environments with abundant moisture and shade. The plant
predominantly flourishes in grasslands and roadsides,
commonly as an undesirable species in cultivated areas, as
well as in arid and disrupted environments. The plant is
native to Central America, but it has successfully
naturalized itself in several regions of Africa, particularly
in Tanzania, as well as in South and Southeast Asia. The
plant is a non-native species in Thailand.
Ecology: It is a common weed in various parts of the
village.
Conservation status: This species demonstrates a broad
distribution and is not confined to any particular
geographical region.
Ruellia simplex C.Wright
The genus is named in honor of the French botanist
Jean Ruel, while the specific name pertains to the presence
of simple, rather than complex, leaves. R. simplex is the
scientific name for a certain plant species. The species in
question has been known by multiple names, including
Ruellia angustifolia (Nees) Lindau, Ruellia brittoniana
Leonard, and Cryphiacanthus angustifolius Nees.
However, the oldest and most widely acknowledged name
for this species is R. simplex C.Wright.
This plant is a perennial herb that reaches a height of
0.9-1 m. The stems are either green or purple. The leaves
are dark green, arranged in an opposing pattern, and have a
lance-shaped structure. They measure between 16-32 cm in
length and 1.2-2.2 cm in width. The veins on the underside
of the leaves are clearly visible, while the edges of the
leaves are either smooth or slightly undulating. The flowers
are pedunculate, trumpet-shaped, and have a diameter
ranging from 4.2 to 8.2 cm. They are found singly or in
clusters at the ends of the stems. The flowers are typically
purple, however white and pink variations also occur. The
fecund varieties possess elongated capsules that house a
varying quantity of 6 to 30 seeds. Capsules demonstrate
explosive dehiscence, enabling seeds to scatter over
significant distances.
Phenology: The flowering season extends from June to
August, whereas fruiting takes place from July to October.
Vernacular name: The indigenous residents of the
research site are widely known as "Toi Ting Fa lung".
Distribution: R. simplex is indigenous to Mexico, the
West Indies, western Bolivia, southwestern Brazil,
Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina. The plant has
been extensively utilized for decorative purposes and has
spread beyond intentional cultivation in the United States,
Australia, portions of Asia, and various Pacific Islands. It is
a highly prevalent plant in the landscape of Dubai. The
plant is a non-native species in Thailand.
Ecology: The cultivation of this specific plant is
primarily conducted by the community.
Conservation status: This species exhibits a wide-
ranging range and is not restricted to any specific
geographic area.
Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl.
The leaves of T. laurifolia are arranged in an opposing
pattern, have a heart shape, and their edges are serrated.
They gradually narrow down to a pointy tip. This species
bears a striking resemblance to T. grandiflora, although it
possesses elongated and slender leaves, and its youthful
stems and leaves lack any hair. The flowers lack fragrance
and are carried on drooping clusters. The hermaphrodite
flower exhibits a trumpet-shaped structure, characterized
by a concise and wide tube. The outer part of the flower is
white, while the inner part has a yellowish hue. The corolla
exhibits a pale blue hue and consists of 5-7 petals, with one
petal being bigger in size compared to the others. Plants
exhibit nearly continuous flowering throughout the year,
with blooms blooming in the morning and wilting by dusk
on the same day. Carpenter bees are common pollinators,
entering flowers to collect pollen and nectar. Meanwhile,
black ants are likely present as nectar scavengers. The plant
forms an extensive and swollen root system.
Phenology: The flowering season extends from
November to January, whereas fruiting takes place from
January to February.
Vernacular name: The native people of the research
region are commonly referred to as " Rang Juet".
Distribution: T. laurifolia is indigenous to India and
Thailand, as well as the Indo-malayan region. The species
inhabit the region spanning from Indochina to Malaysia.
Therefore, the plant is a native species in Thailand.
Ecology: It is a common in a deciduous dipterocarp
forest near the village and it is cultivated in various parts of
the village. It grows in all types of soil.
Conservation status: This species demonstrates a broad
distribution and is not confined to any geographical region.
Ethnobotanical uses of Acanthaceae in the studied area
Ten species of Acanthaceae family in the area research
can be classified into four categories based on Cook
(1995): food plant, medicinal plant, religious plant and
other uses. The plant species, part used, preparation and
propertied are shown in Tables 1-4 and Figure 2.
Table 1 indicates that three species, specifically
Asystasia gangetica, R. nasutus, and Thunbergia laurifolia,
are utilized as food plants. The shoots and leaves of A.
gangetica are consumed raw or boiled along with meat,
while the leaves of R. nasutus and T. laurifolia are used in
their raw form for food preparation.
The findings from Table 2 reveal that various parts of
this plant, such as young leaves, leaves, root, and entire
plant, are used for medicinal purposes. These purposes
include analeptic, cancer treatment, cough relief,
detoxification, prevention of motion sickness, management
of diabetes mellitus, diarrhea treatment, fever reduction,
gonorrhea treatment, kidney stone prevention, treatment of
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2578
malnutrition, panchrest (a remedy for all diseases), treatment
of pustules, prevention of seasickness, relief of sore throat,
alleviation of stomachache, treatment of tinea capitis (a
fungal infection of the scalp), and uterine tonic. Various
methods of preparation were documented, including
consuming the fresh young leaves, boiling them, combining
them with alcohol, chewing the young leaves, brewing a
tea from dried herbs, applying them externally to wounds,
holding them in the mouth, crushing the leaves and applying
them to the head, and mixing them with chaya.
Table 3 reveals that four species are identified as having
religious significance. These plants are used for various
rituals by folk healers, such as bark, flowers, and young
leaves. Additionally, two species with two variations are
used to pay respect to the Buddha, while one species is
used in the ritual of Khanha (accepting). There are three
species used for ornamental purposes as presented in Table 4.
Use Value (UV) and Cultural Important Index (CI)
Ten species are shown in Table 5 and Figure 2, where
ethnobotanical information on each species is calculated
into 2 quantitative indices to demonstrate Use Value (UV)
and Cultural Importance Index (CI) among informants.
Figure 2. Nine species with two variations in Acanthaceae found in Kantarawichai District, Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand:
A. Andrographis paniculata, B. Asystasia gangetica, C. Barleria prionitis, D. Justicia adhatoda, E. J. gendarussa “Kra Duk Kai
Khaw”, F. J. gendarussa “Kra Duk Kai Dum”, G. Rhinacanthus nasutus, H. Ruellia tuberosa, I. Ruellia simplex, and J. Thunbergia
laurifolia. Photographs by Surapon Saensouk and Thawatphong Boonma
SAENSOUK et al. – Ethnobotanical study of Acanthaceae family
2579
Table 1. Food plants of Acanthaceae family used in two villages in Kantarawichai, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
Scientific name
Local name
Part used
Preparation
Asystasia gangetica
Om Sap
Shoot and leaf
Raw or boiled with meat
Rhinacanthus nasutus
Thong Phan Chang
Leaves
Raw
Thunbergia laurifolia
Rang Juet
Leaves
Raw
Table 2. Medicinal plants of Acanthaceae family used in two villages in Kantarawichai, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
Scientific name
Local name
Part useda
Preparation
Ailments treated
IAR
Andrographis paniculata
Fa Thalai Chon
Yl
Young leaves are eaten fresh or boiled
with Indian acalypha
Cough, fever, sore
throat, detoxicant
0.70
L
Mixed with alcohol
Fever, sore throat
Yl
Young leaves are chewed or boiled with
pandan leaves
Analeptic
L
Boiled with water
Stomachache
L or Ep
Prepared as a tea from dried herb
Diabetes mellitus
R
Boiled with water
Detoxicant
Barleria prionitis
Angkab Nuu
L
Boiled with water
Cancer
NC
Justicia gendarussa
Kra Duk Kai Khaw
Ep
Prepared as powder
Panchrest (remedy for
all diseases)
NC
Rhinacanthus nasutus
Thong Phan Chang
L
Boiled with water
Panchrest, haematinic
0.33
R
Boiled with water
Cystitis
R
Mixed with Thao kraduengchang, Kam
phaengchetchan and Kanuan bark
Gonorrhea, uterine
tonic
R
Boiled with water and then wash the body
Malnutrition
Yl
Boiled with water
Kidney stones
Ruellia tuberosa
Toi Ting
Yl
Apply externally on wounds
Pustules
0.00
Thunbergia laurifolia
Rang Juet
L
Eat the fresh eaves or boiled with water
Detoxicant
0.79
L
Keep in the mouth
Carsick, seasick
L
Leaves are crushed and applied on the head
Tinea capitis
L
Mixed with chaya
Diarrhea
Note: aPart used-Yl: young leaves, L: leaves, R: root, Ep: Entire plant, bIAR- Informant Agreement Ratio, CNC - not calculated (reported
only by one informant)
Table 3. Religious plants of Acanthaceae family used in two villages in Kantarawichai, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
Scientific name
Local name
Part used
Plant use
Justicia adhatoda
Sa Niat
Bark
Ritual of folk healers
J. gendarussa
Kra Duk Kai Khaw
Flowers
Pay respect to the Buddha
J. gendarussa
Kra Duk Kai Dum
Flowers
Pay respect to the Buddha
Rhinacanthus nasutus
Thong Phan Chang
Young leaves
Ritual- Khanha (Accepting)
Ruellia tuberosa
Toi Ting
Flowers
Pay respect to the Buddha
Table 4. Other uses of plants of Acanthaceae family used in two villages in Kantarawichai, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
Scientific name
Local name
Part used
Plant use
Rhinacanthus nasutus
Thong Phan Chang
Entire plant
Ornament
Ruellia simplex
Toi Ting Fa lung
Entire plant
Ornament
Ru. tuberosa
Toi Ting
Entire plant
Ornament
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Table 5. Use value and cultural importance index of plant species of Acanthaceae in Kantarawichai, Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand
Species
Local name
Plant uses
UV
CI
Food
Medicinal
Religious
Other
Rhinacanthus nasutus
Thong Phan Chang
√
√
√
√
1
1.70
Andrographis paniculata
Fa Thalai Chon
-
√
-
-
0.55
0.45
Thunbergia laurifolia
Rang Juet
-
√
-
-
0.35
0.55
Ruellia tuberosa
Toi Ting
-
√
-
√
0.25
0.25
Asystasia gangetica
Om Sap
√
-
-
-
0.15
0.15
Ru. simplex
Toi Ting Fa lung
-
-
√
√
0.15
0.15
Justicia gendarussa
Kra Duk Kai Khaw
-
√
√
-
0.1
0.1
J. gendarussa
Kra Duk Kai Dum
-
-
√
-
0.1
0.1
Barleria prionitis
Angkab Nuu
-
√
-
-
0.05
0.05
J. adhatoda
Sa Niat
-
-
√
-
0.05
0.05
Note: UV: use value; CI: cultural important index
Plant species with the highest Use Value (UV) and
Cultural Important Index (CI) was R. nasutus (UV=1,
CI=1.05) followed by A. paniculata (UV=0.55, CI=0.45)
and T. laurifolia (UV=0.35, CI=0.55). Rh. nasutus is used
in many purposes including for food, medicine and
religious uses. It is used as a side dish with spicy minced
salad, and it is believed to be a Panchrest that cures all
diseases, get healthier and prolong life. In addition, Rh.
Nasutus (locally known as Thong Phan Chang) is the most
popular uses in religion and ritual and it is an auspicious
tree. Thus, most the villagers grow it around the fence.
While An. paniculata and T. laurifolia are popular uses in
medicinal plant but they are more difficult to grow than
Thong Phan Chang. On the other hand, a low UV and CI
value is an important plant for specific group of people, for
example the healers use J. adhatoda or Sa Niat in ritual of
folk to blow magic with the patient.
Informant Agreement Ratio (IAR)
The IAR indicates a consensus on the utilization of
specific plant species to treat different ailments, as
indicated in Table 2. The highest IAR value of 0.79 was for
T. laurifolia followed by A. paniculata (0.70) and R. nasutus
(0.33). The highest IAR rating indicates unanimous
consensus among informants regarding the exclusive usage
of the medicinal plant for a certain ailment. It is not 100%
agreement among informants because the different part of
plant species has different properties to treat ailments.
Thus, one plant species can heal more than one disease.
This suggests the necessity of documenting traditional
knowledge to safeguard against its disappearance.
In conclusion, this study emphasizes the extensive
ethnobotanical knowledge of the Acanthaceae family in
Ban Don Wiang Chan and Ban Hua Khua Villages,
Kantarawichai District, Maha Sarakham Province,
highlighting their significant role in traditional medicine.
Key species such as R. nasutus, T. laurifolia, and A.
paniculata demonstrate high use values and informant
consensus factors, emphasizing their importance in local
healthcare practices. To preserve this valuable knowledge
and ensure the sustainable use of these plants, conservation
measures should include educational programs, promotion
of sustainable harvesting practices, establishment of
community-managed conservation areas, fostering
collaborations between local communities and researchers,
and implementation of ex-situ conservation methods. These
efforts will help protect the Acanthaceae species and the
traditional knowledge supporting their use.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was financially supported by Mahasarakham
University, Thailand. We express our profound gratitude to
the Walai Rukhavej Botanical Research Institute,
Mahasarakham University, for granting us permission to
utilize their facilities for our fieldwork. Excluding their
contribution, this study would have been unattainable.
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