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Controller influence on self-determination versus performance in a mobile augmented reality platform game
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Augmented Reality (AR) combines real and virtual objects, provides opportunities for real-time interaction and provides accurate registration of 3D virtual and real objects. Mobile AR creates unique opportunities for gameplay unrestricted by the screen size of mobile devices with interactions possible between players, game objects and the real world. Since the launch of Pokémon Go in 2016, AR gaming has gone mainstream, several commercial mobile AR games have been launched, and researchers have conducted several studies on the motivations, intentions, and experiences associated with playing AR games. However, most studies in this area have focused on Pokémon Go, and have not included issues reported by players. This paper presents a study conducted with the aim of understanding issues, specifically those associated with the use of AR in games, that mobile AR game players face. User reviews for 10 popular commercial mobile AR games that utilise AR in all significant gameplay activities were gathered and analysed using Thematic Analysis to identify 11 themes of issues. This study adds to the body of knowledge and understanding of issues facing mobile AR game players and includes commercial mobile AR games other than Pokémon Go in the research on AR games.
In order to appeal to a growing market, game developers are offering a wide variety of activities. It is becoming necessary to understand which psychological need each activity caters for. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the development and evaluation of an instrument to assess which basic psychological needs are satisfied by different video games. This work is part of a growing effort in HCI to develop surveys able to capture subtle nuances of the player experience. This model, UPEQ, was developed by transforming a self-determination theory questionnaire into a video game specific survey. UPEQ consists of three subscale of Autonomy, Competence and Relatedness, which, through two studies focusing on development and validation of the model showed significant correlations with other self-reported measures of sense of transportation to the game as well as enjoyment of and engagement with the game. Regression with in-game behavior of players tracked by game engine also confirmed that each subscale of UPEQ independently predicts playtime, money spent on the game and playing as a group.
Whether they are made to entertain you, or to educate you, good video games engage you. Significant research has tried to understand engagement in games by measuring player experience (PX). Traditionally, PX evaluation has focused on the enjoyment of game, or the motivation of players; these factors no doubt contribute to engagement, but do decisions regarding play environment (e.g., the choice of game controller) affect the player more deeply than that? We apply self-determination theory (specifically satisfaction of needs and self-discrepancy represented using the five factors model of personality) to explain PX in an experiment with controller type as the manipulation. Our study shows that there are a number of effects of controller on PX and in-game player personality. These findings provide both a lens with which to view controller effects in games and a guide for controller choice in the design of new games. Our research demonstrates that including self-characteristics assessment in the PX evaluation toolbox is valuable and useful for understanding player experience.
This investigation examines how video game interactivity can affect presence and game enjoyment. Interactivity in the form of natural mapping has been advocated as a possible contributor to presence experiences, yet few studies to date have investigated this potential. The present work formulates a preliminary typology of natural mapping and addresses how several types of mapping impact the experience of a video game, with the expectation that more natural mapping leads to increased spatial presence affecting enjoyment. Two studies were conducted. In the first study, 48 participants played a golfing video game using one of two controller types (Nintendo Wiimote or gamepad). In the second, 78 participants played a driving video game using an even more natural controller (steering wheel) or one of three other controller types. Participants then completed measures of perceived naturalness, presence, and enjoyment. Results of both studies were generally consistent with expectations.
In this paper, we present Art of Defense (AoD), a cooperative hand-held augmented reality (AR) game. AoD is an example of what we call an AR Board Game, a class of tabletop games that com-bine handheld computers (such as camera phones) with physical game pieces to create a merged physical/virtual game on the table-top. This paper discusses the technical aspects of the game, the design rationale and process we followed, and the resulting player experience. The goal of this research is to explore the affordances and constraints of handheld AR interfaces for collaborative social games, and to create a game that leverages them as fully as possi-ble. The results from the user study show that the game is fun to play, and that by tightly registering the virtual content with the tan-gible game pieces, tabletop AR games enable a kind of social play experience unlike non-AR computer games. We hope this research will inspire the creation of other handheld augmented reality games in the future, both on and off the tabletop.
In Augmented Reality (AR), interfaces consist of a blend of both real and virtual content. In this paper we examine existing gaming styles played in the real world or on computers. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these mediums within an informal model of gaming experience split into four aspects; physical, mental, social and emotional. We find that their strengths are mostly complementary, and argue that games built in AR can blend them to enhance existing game styles and open up new ones. To illustrate these ideas, we present our work on AR Worms, a re-implementation of the classic computer game Worms using Augmented Reality. We discuss how AR has enabled us to start exploring interfaces for gaming, and present informal observations of players at several demonstrations. Finally, we present some ideas for AR games in the area of strategy and role playing games.
In the gaming area, augmented reality (AR) and especially mobile augmented reality provides unique opportunities. Unlike traditional
video games, mobile augmented reality games are not imprisoned in the screen-space but provide for interaction with the world
that surrounds us. They incorporate real locations and objects into the game, therefore tapping into a set of pre-existing
thoughts, emotions and real-life experiences of its players, which in turn provides the material for a much richer gaming
world and user experience. In mobile augmented reality games the playing area becomes borderless and they can be played literally
anywhere and anytime. The current advancement of modern cell phone technology is finally giving more people than ever the
hardware necessary to participate and experience such games.
Four studies apply self-determination theory (SDT; Ryan & Deci, 2000) in investigating motivation for computer game play,
and the effects of game play on well-being. Studies 1–3 examine individuals playing 1, 2 and 4 games, respectively and show
that perceived in-game autonomy and competence are associated with game enjoyment, preferences, and changes in well-being
pre- to post-play. Competence and autonomy perceptions are also related to the intuitive nature of game controls, and the
sense of presence or immersion in participants’ game play experiences. Study 4 surveys an on-line community with experience
in multi-player games. Results show that SDT’s theorized needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness independently predict
enjoyment and future game play. The SDT model is also compared with Yee’s (2005) motivation taxonomy of game play motivations.
Results are discussed in terms of the relatively unexplored landscape of human motivation within virtual worlds.
We introduce a new type of Augmented Reality games: By using a simple webcam and Computer Vision techniques, we turn a standard real game board pawns into an AR game. We use these objects as a tangible interface, and augment them with visual effects. The game logic can be performed automatically by the computer. This results in a better immersion compared to the original board game alone and provides a different experience than a video game. We demonstrate our approach on Monopoly™, but it is very generic and could easily be adapted to any other board game.
IncreTable is a mixed reality tabletop game inspired by The Incredible Machine. Users can combine real and virtual game pieces in order to solve puzzles in the game. Game actions include placing virtual domino blocks with digital pens, controlling a virtual car by modifying the virtual terrain through a depth camera interface or controlling real robots to topple over real and virtual dominoes.
Creating animated virtual AR characters closely interacting with real environments is interesting but difficult. Existing systems adopt video see-through approaches to indirectly control a virtual character in mobile AR, making close interaction with real environments not intuitive. In this work we use an AR-enabled mobile device to directly control the position and motion of a virtual character situated in a real environment. We conduct two guessability studies to elicit user-defined motions of a virtual character interacting with real environments, and a set of user-defined motion gestures describing specific character motions. We found that an SVM-based learning approach achieves reasonably high accuracy for gesture classification from the motion data of a mobile device. We present ARAnimator, which allows novice and casual animation users to directly represent a virtual character by an AR-enabled mobile phone and control its animation in AR scenes using motion gestures of the device, followed by animation preview and interactive editing through a video see-through interface. Our experimental results show that with ARAnimator, users are able to easily create in-situ character animations closely interacting with different real environments.
Video games enable the representation and control of characters that can agilely evolve in virtual environments. However, the detached character interaction they propose - often using a push-button metaphor - is far from the satisfactory feeling of grasping and moving physical toys. In this paper, we propose a new interaction metaphor that reduces the gap between physical toys and virtual characters. The user moves a smartphone around, and a puppet that responds in real time to the manipulations is seen through the screen. The virtual character moves in order to follow the user gestures, as if it was attached to the phone via a rigid stick. This yields a natural interaction, similar to moving a physical toy, and the puppet now feels alive because its movements are augmented with compelling animations. Using the smartphone, our method ties together the control of the character and camera into a single interaction mechanism. We validate our system by presenting an application in Augmented Reality.
Gesturing and motion control have become common as interaction methods for video games since the advent of the Nintendo Wii game console. Despite the growing number of motion-based control platforms for video games, no set of shared design heuristics for motion control across the platforms has been published. Our approach in this paper combines analysis of player experiences across platforms. We work towards a collection of design heuristics for motion-based control by studying game reviews in two motion-based control platforms, Xbox 360 Kinect and PlayStation 3 Move. In this paper we present an analysis of player problems within 256 game reviews, on which we ground a set of heuristics for motion-controlled games.
Controls based on Augmented Reality (AR), Tilt and Touch have been evaluated in a point and shoot game for mobile devices. A user study (n=12) was conducted to compare the three controls in terms of player experience and accuracy. Tilt and AR controls provided more enjoyment, immersion and accuracy to the players than Touch. Nonetheless, Touch caused fewer nuisances and was playable under more varied situations. Despite the current technical limitations, we suggest to incorporate AR controls into the mobile games that supported them. Nowadays, AR controls can be implemented on handheld devices as easily as the more established Tilt and Touch controls. However, this study is the first comparison of them and thus its findings could be of interest for game developers.
The controls for digital games understandably have an important part in building up the gaming experiences that people have. Whilst there is substantial work on innovative controllers for consoles, like the XBox Kinect, relatively little has been done to understand the effect of the different control mechanisms that can be used to play games on mobile devices like smartphones. A well-defined framework of naturalness has emerged as potentially useful concept in area of game controllers. This paper reports two experiments that look at how the naturalness of the game controls influences the experience of immersion in mobile games. It seems that where there is an a prior natural mapping, this will improve immersion in the game but in the absence of a prior mapping, naturalness alone is not sufficient to account for immersion. This opens up the need for a more thorough investigation of this area.
Controlling virtual characters in AR games for modern smartphones is even more challenging than controls for 'pure' VR games because the player has to keep the AR world in view. We propose six interaction concepts based on combinations of both physical and virtual buttons and sensor input and suggest an evaluation according to game experience criteria.
KE: In Communications of the ACM, Vol 45 No 1 January, 2002 - Copyright (C) 2001 ACM Please visit http://www.tinmith.net for more information The aim of the ARQuake project was to construct a first-person-perspective game with the following attributes: . The game is played in the physical world, with the user able to freely move about the world. . The view is determined solely by the orientation and position of the user's head. . The game is experienced as augmented reality using a transparent HMD. . The game is controlled using easy to understand real-life props and metaphors. We wanted to build a system that allowed the user to play the game in a natural way. The user can see the game monsters at their virtual locations, and use real-life props such as a plastic gun with simulated recoil to shoot at the monsters. Our experience with test subjects has shown they find the game very natural, since the haptic feedback gun operates in a way people are us
Mobile Game Designer Notebook: Control Design for Action and Arcade Games
- Juan Gril
- Gril Juan