Technical ReportPDF Available

Deliverable D.1.1: Typology of the Horizon Europe project, UNTWIST: Policy recommendations to regain “losers of feminism” as mainstream voters

January 2023

DOI:10.3030/101060836

Affiliation: Universität Bern

Authors:

Ann-Kathrin Rothermel

University of Bern

Valentina Nerino

University of Bern

Michele Amacker

University of Bern

Leandra Bias

University of Bern

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Content may be subject to copyright.

UNTWIST Typology

Deliverable 1.1

This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon Europe research and

innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 101060836.

Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the

author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European

Research Executive Agency (REA) under the powers delegated by the European Commission.

Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.

Ref. Ares(2023)8298805 - 05/12/2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Executive Summary ............................................................................................................. 5

2. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 7

3. Conceptualization and background ...................................................................................... 8

3.1 Gender-based needs (GBNs) ......................................................................................... 8

3.2 Feminist permeation ..................................................................................................... 10

4. Data Collection - Literature Review .................................................................................... 12

4.1 Pillar 1: Locating the Literature – Funnel Approach ..................................................... 12

4.2 Pillar 2: Selecting the Literature – Venn Approach ....................................................... 13

4.3 Pillar 3: Summarizing the Literature ............................................................................. 15

5. Data analysis – Typology Development ............................................................................. 18

5.1 Methodology ................................................................................................................. 19

5.2 Research Process ........................................................................................................ 19

6. Findings .............................................................................................................................. 23

6.1. Dimensions of gender-based needs ............................................................................ 23

6.2. Clusters of gender-based needs ................................................................................. 26

6.3. Ideal-types of gender-based needs ............................................................................. 30

7. Conclusions for use in UNTWIST and beyond ................................................................... 37

8. Annexes ............................................................................................................................. 39

Annex 1: Full list of literature divided by country ................................................................ 39

Annex 2: Initial categories from working papers ................................................................. 65

Annex 3: Final Code Book .................................................................................................. 67

Annex 4: Results with absolute frequencies overall and by country ................................... 89

PROJECT INFORMATION

GRANT AGREEMENT

NUMBER

101060836

PROJECT FULL TITLE

UNTWIST: Policy recommendations to regain "losers of feminism" as

mainstream voters

PROJECT ACRONYM

UNTWIST

FUNDING SCHEME

Research and Innovation Action

START DATE OF THE

PROJECT

01 Feb 2023

DURATION

36 months

CALL IDENTIFIER

HORIZON-CL2-2021-DEMOCRACY-01

PROJECT WEBSITE

https://www.upo.es/investiga/UNTWIST

DELIVERABLE INFORMATION

DELIVERABLE N°

1.1

DELIVERABLE TITLE

D.1.1 Typology

WP NO.

WP LEADER

UBERN (Michèle Amacker, Leandra Bias, Valentina Nerino, Ann-Kathrin

Rothermel)

NATURE

TOOL

DISSEMINATION LEVEL

DATA COLLECTION

(CONTRIBUTORS)

Lidia Balogh (CSS), Edurne Bartolomé-Peral (UDEUSTO), Steffen Bay

Rasmussen (UDEUSTO), Giuseppe Carteny (USAAR), Vincent Druliolle

(UDEUSTO), Colm Flaherty (RUC), Laura Horn (RUC), Ayauzhan

Kamatayeva (UDEUSTO), Carlos Nagore (UDEUSTO), Valentina Nerino

(UBERN), Veronika Paksi (CSS), Valeria Pisani (UBERN), Ann-Kathrin

Rothermel (UBERN), Mariana Sendra (UDEUSTO), Alexandra Sipos (CSS),

Katalin Tardos (CSS), Anna Ujlaki (CSS)

DATA ANALYSIS

(CONTRIBUTORS)

Natascha Flückiger (UBERN), Valentina Nerino (UBERN), Ann-Kathrin

Rothermel (UBERN)

AUTHORS (REPORT)

Ann-Kathrin Rothermel (UBERN), Valentina Nerino (UBERN)

REVIEWERS

Michèle Amacker (UBERN), Leandra Bias (UBERN), Valentina Nerino

(UBERN)

DUE DATE

31 October 2023

DELIVERY DATE

20 November 2023

MODIFICATION CONTROL

Version

Date

Authors

Commenters

Changes

V.01

October

2023

Ann-Kathrin Rothermel

(Text), Valentina

Nerino (Figures)

Michèle Amacker,

Leandra Bias, Natascha

Flückiger

Section 6, clarifications

V.02

October

2023

Ann-Kathrin

Rothermel, Valentina

Nerino

Lidia Balogh, Louise

Luxton, Antonia Ruiz,

Mariana Sendra, Katalin

Tardos

Abstract,

Contextualization,

stylistic/language edits,

concretization on

contributions by country

teams

1. Executive Summary

This

Typology Report

is the main deliverable outcome of Work Package 1 of the UNTWIST project.

It describes and contextualizes the

Typology

of gender-based needs. The

Typology

signifies the

theoretical and conceptual baseline to achieve UNTWIST’s General Objective (GO1) to advance

knowledge of how feminism, sex- and gender-based needs and demands are substantively represented

by mainstream and extreme populist parties to test the idea that extreme populist parties are acting as

niche parties in relation to sex- and gender-based demands. It presents the baseline for the

comparative analysis of demand and supply side by providing a comprehensive overview of gender-

based needs which can be contrasted with the coverage of gender-based needs by both mainstream

and right-wing populist parties and politics.

The report outlines and contextualizes the methodology and analytical process which led to the

Typology

based on an extensive literature review of 406 academic articles from feminist, queer and

masculinity studies. The resulting

Typology

is thus rooted in the empirical collection of all gender-

based needs discussed in the academic literature in the six UNTWIST country-contexts of Denmark,

Germany, Hungary, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom between 2007 and 2023. Drawing

from the analysis of feminist literature and its resulting findings, the

Typolog

y identifies four central

dimensions of gender-based needs: gender concepts, gender interests, policy issues and policy

solutions.

By cross-tabulating these dimensions and analyzing clusters of their co-occurrence, we expose how

policy issues need to be approached through a combination of different gender perspectives to capture

different types of gender-based needs, namely:

o Feminism (Fem): Through a focus on feminist thought and developments/shifts in

feminist thinking about gender, power, agency, sexuality etc.,

o Gender Inequality (GI): Through a focus on the material distribution of capabilities,

resources, power, and opportunities etc.,

o Gender Norms (GN): Through a focus on the naturalized construction of gender

behavior in norms, roles, and stereotypes and how they perpetuate and reproduce

gender orders, institutions and regimes,

o Intersectionality (I): Through a focus on other categories and experiences of

discrimination and how they impact the gendered experiences and demands in

intersectional ways.

Based on the co-occurrence analysis, we identify 15 ideal types of gender-based needs, which are

relevant across all country contexts. The ideal types describe multidimensional perspectives that

need to be considered to identify and address gender-based needs across different policy sectors.

These can serve as technical tools/lenses, highlighting how the different perspectives should be

applied to identify and locate gender-based needs in a variety of policy sectors. An overview of the

results shows that:

o A focus on norms and intersectionality is particularly salient for transnational

politics.

o Human rights/civil rights issues must be approached through all four gender

perspectives to capture all gender-based needs.

o For health policy, the most important perspective is that of material gender

inequalities, whereas for education topics gender norms also must be taken into

account.

o For family and economic policy issues, in particular gender norms, inequality and

intersectional perspectives reveal the most salient gender-based needs.

o Characterizing the ideal types can help understand the nuances in how, where and

which gender-based needs must be considered when designing policy

recommendations.

The results of the analysis thus provide a new technical toolbox to assess whether voters expose and

endorse these gender-based needs and demands, whether public surveys accurately measure and

reflect them, and whether political parties address and represent them.

Both in and beyond the context of UNTWIST, the

Typology

dimensions can help to better understand

which ideal types of gender-based needs are already represented – and which are missing – in policy

design, implementation, and evaluation. The ideal types can serve to compare the expressions of needs

and responses across country contexts and over time. A focus on dimensions can help uncover which

dimensions and spaces are occupied, claimed, and subsequently twisted by right-wing populist actors.

The

Typology

thus serves as an asset for academics and practitioners, as it offers a toolbox/repertoire

of distinct yet interlocking ways of thinking about, approaching, and treating gender-based needs.

2. Introduction

This

Typology Report

is the main deliverable of Work Package 1 of the UNTWIST project. It

describes and contextualizes the

Typology

of gender-based needs as a novel technical tool designed

to measure parties’ inclusiveness of gender-based needs and demands. It also aids in assessing voters'

perception of these needs and their political representation, as well as the effectiveness of surveys in

capturing them.

As such, the

Typology

represents the theoretical and conceptual baseline to achieve UNTWIST’s

General Objective (GO1) to advance knowledge of how feminism, sex- and gender-based needs and

demands are substantively represented by mainstream and extreme populist parties to test the idea

that extreme populist parties are acting as niche parties in relation to sex- and gender-based needs and

demands. The

Typology

, in particular, establishes the foundation for a comparative analysis by

offering a comprehensive overview of how feminist literature theorizes, defines, and addresses

gender-based needs (GBNs). This framework will be consistently applied throughout the project to

assess the extent of 'feminist permeation' on both the demand side (voters) and the supply side

(political parties). More specifically, it will serve as a tool to investigate the presence of these gender-

based needs among voters who have recently chosen or switched to right-wing populist parties

(demand), to assess which of these needs are captured by surveys that influence party politics, and,

finally, which of these needs are addressed by political parties (supply), including both mainstream

and right-wing populist parties.

The following section of this report provides detailed information on the rationale behind the

Typology

development and conceptualization and how it is embedded in both the EU HORIZON

call as well as the overall UNTWIST project set-up (Section 3). Section 4 provides a brief overview

of the two-fold research process of data collection through in-depth literature review in six country

contexts and Section 5 details the consecutive data analysis process through abductive coding. The

final

Typology

- including relevant dimensions (6.1) and identified clusters (6.2) as well as resulting

ideal types (6.3) – is outlined in Section 6. This report concludes in Section 7 through a brief

conclusion and outlook for the envisioned uses for the

Typology

3. Conceptualization and background

As conceptualized within the project, the

Typology

is developed as a tool of UNTWIST with the

intention to use it as a theoretical and conceptual baseline throughout the project to achieve

UNTWIST’s General Objective (GO1): to advance knowledge of how feminism, sex- and gender-

based needs and demands are substantively represented by mainstream and extreme populist parties

to test the idea that extreme populist parties are acting as niche parties in relation to sex- and gender-

based needs and demands.

The

Typology

specifically relates to the following of UNTWIST’s main research questions:

- Which gender-based needs and demands have been neglected by mainstream traditional

parties? In which areas and to what extent can we identify representational gaps? (WP 3, 4)

- Do extreme populist parties act as niche parties regarding gender-based needs? (WP 2, 3, 4)

- Which aspects/areas of gender-based needs are represented and twisted by far-right parties?

(WP 2, 4)

- Can those needs and demands be disentangled from the right-wing populist rhetoric and

integrated within a feminist framework? (WP 7)

- How can democratic actors untwist gender populist policies into productive reforms that

respond to the representation gap left open by the established parties? (WP 7)

Answering these questions will help us to achieve the General Objective 3 (GO3) to define policy

recommendations which help mainstream parties improve their substantive representation and

contribute to widening the horizon of gender expectations and overcome current ‘gender fatigue’

among citizens by co-creating alternative ways of addressing citizens. Based on these considerations,

the

Typology

provides the theoretical and conceptual backdrop and baseline to UNTWISTS research

questions and goals. The following sections outline the conceptual basis of the

Typology

and how it

contributes to answering each of the questions above.

3.1 Gender-based needs (GBNs)

The

Typology

starts from the perspective that gender is of multifaceted importance to research and

politics. Gender can be broadly defined as the “social meaning attached to the shape of our bodies”1.

Feminist research has shown how this distinction between man/male/masculine and

woman/female/feminine that is commonly referred to as gender is:

a. socially constructed, as evidenced by shifting meanings across time and space about what

‘being a woman’ and ‘being a man’ means2.

1 Laura Shepherd, ‘Sex or Gender? Bodies in Global Politics and Why Gender Matters’, in

Gender Matters in Global

Politics. A Feminist Introduction to International Relations

, 2014, 26.

2 R.W. Connell,

Gender and Power. Society, the Person and Sexual Politics

(Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987); Judith Butler,

Undoing Gender

(New York: Routledge, 2004).

b. inherent in all social relations, behaviors and representations and thereby informs political

decision-making and policy implementation3, and

c. often under-assessed and invisible, thereby perpetuating informal and naturalized gender

inequalities and hierarchical gender orders4.

These insights about gender as important to social and political relations have been transferred into

policymaking under the umbrella of gender mainstreaming. Gender mainstreaming refers to “efforts

to scrutinize and reinvent processes of policy formulation and implementation across all issue areas

and at all levels from a gender-differentiated perspective to address and rectify persistent and

emerging disparities between men and women”5. As gender equality has become a fundamental

value of the European Union, the EU’s Gender Equality Strategy 2020-2025 is an example of gender

mainstreaming in that it strives to achieve a gender-equal Europe. Taking together these academic

and political commitments towards gender equality, UNTWIST’s

Typology

is rooted in feminist

research on gender-based needs (GBNs).

The basis of the

Typology

relies on insights from gender-focused research, including feminist, queer

and masculinity studies. This choice is rooted in the observation that these bodies of literature have

a long-standing tradition of analyzing policy issues through a ‘gender lens’, thus making visible the

role of gender in politics and policy and aiming to understand and explain political and social events,

behaviors, and dynamics through a focus on gender. The focus of feminist research on gender as an

analytical category helps us to assess how gender factors into political and social needs and demands

and to identify ‘gender-based needs’ (GBNs), i.e., those needs and demands that are discussed with

specific reference to gender. The theoretical assumption is here that such needs are rooted in (e.g.,

as the effect of certain configurations of) the social and political structures that have emerged around

the social distinctions between woman/female/feminine and man/male/masculine. Based on insights

on the invisible and informal nature of gender as political and social force, we further assume that

their relationship with gender is often missed by those approaches that do not center a gender lens.

This means that we define feminist, queer and masculinity studies as best suited to derive and assess

relevant areas and types of GBNs.

To summarize, the

Typology

is rooted in an understanding that centers gender as an analytical

category, which aligns with the commitment to gender equality by the EU as well as the approach

and hypotheses taken by UNTWIST to investigate far-right mobilization through a focus on gender

as explanatory variable. The

Typology

is therefore based on an in-depth analysis of discussions of

gender-based needs (GBNs) in the feminist literature in the last 15 years in the six countries of interest

3 J. Ann Tickner,

Gender in International Relations. Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security

(New York:

Columbia University Press, 1992), https://doi.org/10.2307/2152026; Cynthia Enloe,

Bananas, Beaches and Bases. Making

Feminist Sense of International Politics

Bananas, Beaches and Bases

(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2014),

https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520957282; Anne Sisson Runyan and V Spike Peterson,

Global Gender Issues in the New

Millennium

(New York: Routledge, 2013).

4 Enloe,

Bananas, Beaches and Bases. Making Feminist Sense of International Politics

; Louise Chappell and Georgina

Waylen, ‘Gender and the Hidden Life of Institutions’,

Public Administration

91, no. 3 (2013): 599–615,

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2012.02104.x.

5 Jacqui True, ‘Mainstreaming Gender in Global Public Policy’,

International Feminist Journal of Politics

5, no. 3 (2003):

369, https://doi.org/10.1080/1461674032000122740.

to UNTWIST (Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom). The

identified needs – while not exhaustive - are considered as indicative of important trends and needs

that have emerged during this time across the six countries under investigation.

3.2 Feminist permeation

Through the identification and categorization of gender-based needs (GBNs) the

Typology

presents

a tool to measure ‘feminist permeation’. Feminist permeation signifies the degree to which those

GBNs – that have been derived as relevant based on the feminist literature in the six country

contexts in the last 15 years – are covered and meaningfully represented in different domains,

including public opinion and political discourse (by both mainstream and right-wing populist

parties). As such, the

Typology

is designed to be able to identify policy-relevant dimensions of GBNs

which can be compared to policy documents and agendas.

This means that the

Typology

represents the baseline for the following analyses conducted in the

analytical work packages of UNTWIST, which aim to answer the following questions regarding

feminist permeation:

- which gender-based needs and demands have been neglected by mainstream traditional

parties? In which areas and to what extent can we identify representational gaps (WP 3, 4)

- whether extreme populist parties act as niche parties in regard to gender-based needs? (WP

2, 3, 4)

- which aspects/areas of gender-based needs are represented and twisted by far-right parties?

(WP 2, 4)

In each of the three Work Packages mentioned, the

Typology

serves to inform the theoretical and

conceptual framework to analyze the degree to which policy actors and approaches substantively

represent GBNs and to what extent they are reflected in voters’ concerns:

- WP2: WP2 identifies which GBNs are mentioned by focus group participants (consisting of

swing voters of right-wing populist parties). Categorizing these needs according to the types

and dimensions of the

Typology

helps identify areas where right-wing parties are

particularly active in mobilizing through gender and GBNs. By comparing the needs

suggested by participants to those dimensions and ideal types outlined in the

Typology

, we

can identify areas (in terms of both perspectives on gender as well as policy themes) that are

particularly important to some right-wing swing voters. Comparing these areas with those

captured as represented through surveys (in W3) and manifestos (in WP4) by democratic

parties, we can assess whether these issues are already represented in democratic policies or

have (yet) to be taken up by democratic parties. If we find selected neglected areas

(idealtypes) of GBN, for which WP4 furthermore demonstrates that they are, indeed,

currently represented by right-wing populist parties we are able to present some evidence

for the hypothesis that right-wing populist parties act as niche parties by tapping into those

GBN that are insufficiently represented by mainstream parties.

- WP3: WP3 identifies how GBNs are assessed in national and cross-national public surveys

to understand the degree of feminist permeation in surveys as tools for policymakers to

define policy-problems and demands. By comparing the spectrum of questions to the

Typology

, WP3 identifies areas of coverage and permeation as well as potential gaps within

national and cross-national surveys to assess important dimensions and types of gender-

based needs and demands. This helps to understand which and why particular GBNs have

been neglected by mainstream parties and to identify areas that should in the future be

covered.

- WP4: WP4 is concerned with feminist permeation in party manifestos. Analyzing to what

extent the dimensions and types of the

Typology

are covered in both mainstream and right-

wing populist manifestos helps understand areas of weak and strong / sufficient

representation of GBNs of mainstream parties. In tandem with the results from WP3, this

helps to explain and expose which GBNs have been neglected by mainstream politics and

identify areas where representation can and should be increased. On the other hand,

comparing the coverage of such dimensions and types of gender-based needs and demands

from the

Typology

between mainstream and right-wing populist manifestos can expose

areas where both are substantively covering needs but might have different ‘twisted and

untwisted’ solutions. Moreover, it can also shed light onto those instances where right-wing

parties act as ‘niche parties’ by addressing certain types and dimensions of needs that are

still underrepresented by mainstream parties. By further comparing

Typology

solutions to

those from right-wing populist parties, WP4 can help to identify ‘twisting’ moves thus

indicating where and how GBNs become utilized to justify anti-democratic and anti-

egalitarian right-wing politics and goals.

To sum up, this

Typology

as the main outcome/deliverable of WP1 acts as the comparative baseline

to all following Work Packages. It represents the breadth of GBNs and thus acts as tool to measure

feminist permeation by exposing which needs (dimensions and types) are covered substantively and

which are neglected. Comparing those measurements of permeation across Work Packages as

foreseen in WP5 in turn provides insights into

- whether and where right-wing populist parties act as niche parties by covering needs that

are not substantively covered by mainstream actors;

- whether and how solutions provided have been ‘twisted’ to act as mobilizers towards anti-

democratic, anti-egalitarian, and anti-feminist worldviews.

Based on these insights, the

Typology

will further inform and provide a cross-check for WP7 by

offering insights into how needs and demands that are picked up by right-wing populist voters can

be represented and addressed in pro-democratic, egalitarian ways by considering the solutions and

approaches suggested in feminist, queer, and masculinity studies literature. It is therefore a vital

resource to help identify theoretically and empirically substantiated policy recommendations for

democratic actors about how to untwist gender populist policies into productive reforms that respond

to the representation gap left open by the established parties, all while respecting the core democratic

and egalitarian values of the EU.

4. Data Collection - Literature Review

In order to fulfill the demand to provide a baseline tool that sufficiently represents the bandwidth

of relevant gender-based needs (GBNs) in the six country contexts and over the period of the last 15

years, the

Typology

is based on an extensive and comprehensive literature review of 406 research

articles that were analyzed through an in-depth qualitative abductive and iterative classification

process (see Section 5).

Due to the importance of covering the breadth of ‘needs’, the data collection was designed with the

goal to reach saturation of areas and dimensions covered in each country context (see detailed

explanation below). This means that the data should not be seen as representative in terms of the

number of articles on each topic per country but rather as representing the total coverage of topics

and approaches in feminist theory over the time horizon under analysis. In other words, we selected

for breadth rather than amount by content. Thus, while the number of articles is referenced in the

Table below, we refrain from making statistical and quantitative inferences that are based on the

frequency of articles per country, but rather focus on deriving the comprehensive baseline entirety

of GBNs.

Table 1: Responsibilities and partners for data collection process

PARTNER

TASK

CONTRIBUTORS

N# Articles

UBERN

WP LEAD

Ann-Kathrin Rothermel;

Valentina Nerino

n/a

CSS

DATA HUNGARY

Judit Acsády; Lidia Balogh; Veronika

Paksi; Alexandra Sipos; Katalin Tardos;

Anna Ujlaki

RUC

DATA DENMARK

Colm Flaherty; Laura Horn

UBERN

DATA UK

Valentina Nerino; Valeria Pisani

UBERN

DATA SWITZERLAND

Ann-Kathrin Rothermel

UDEUSTO

DATA SPAIN

Edurne Bartolomé-Peral; Steffen Bay

Rasmussen, Vincent Druliolle; Ayauzhan

Kamatayeva; Carlos Nagore; Mariana

Sendra

USAAR

DATA GERMANY

Giuseppe Carteny

To define the breadth of GBNs in each country context, the leading team of WP1 at UBERN

developed a data collection Manual for all partners to ensure a systematic approach across countries.

The approach followed a process based on three “Pillars” of data collection:

4.1 Pillar 1: Locating the Literature – Funnel Approach

To locate the relevant areas where GBNs are discussed in regard to the geographical location, the

UBERN lead team developed a ‘Funnel Approach’, which guided contributors through a series of

questions and suggestions based on a three-step loop:

The main questions that guided partners in the identification process in Step 1 were:

- Where is gender discussed

the local/national context?

- Where is gender discussed

local thinkers/scholars?

- Where is gender discussed

with regard to

the local context?

Through this set of questions, we worked with an encompassing conceptualization of

location

the sense that the respective geographical context could be represented both as context in which

the articles were developed as well as topics covered in the articles.

In Step 2, partners were advised to identify concrete web or physical spaces/locations of gender

discussions. These could be both physical spaces (institutes, libraries (on- and offline)) and spaces of

‘thoughts’ (authors, networks, book series etc.) and their associated websites, archives or buildings.

The country teams – in the following referred to through the ISO country codes CH (Switzerland),

DE (Germany), DK (Denmark), ES (Spain), GB (United Kingdom), HU (Hungary) – conducting the

literature reviews took various approaches to narrow down these locations through their own

network of scholars (DE; HU; DK), previous meta-literature reviews both from within (DE) as well

as beyond the team (DK), and systematic collection through search engines (Google Scholar) (DE,

CH, ES), repositories and archives (GB, HU) and web scraping (DE). Searches were conducted in

both the local languages and English to ensure relevant coverage across the different types of

‘locations’.

In Step 3, country teams were advised to reconsider their results for completeness through circular

procedures of iteration and triangulation across different types of locations of gender knowledge

production (including institutions, outlets, and authors). For example, the DK team adopted an

approach from the literature that defines a literature review as “a continuing, open-ended process

through which increased understanding of the research area and better understanding of the

research problem inform each other” (Boell & Cecez-Kecmanovic, 2010, p. 130). While the country

teams chose different orders and priorities for this iterative funneling based on the availability of

prior knowledge and resources (such as institutional overview websites, meta-analyses etc.), the

encompassing definition of ‘location’ developed as part of the

Funnel Approach

served to

systematize the different approaches to the best possible degree by making sure all types of locations

were covered. This also helped to make sure not to overemphasize outliers or prioritize particular

locations over others by also explicitly including untypical, potentially less influential locations,

such as e.g., “grey” literature and working papers.

4.2 Pillar 2: Selecting the Literature – Venn Approach

The next step in the literature review was to identify from the locations of ‘gender thought’ those

articles that were relevant to the discussion of GBNs. To do this, the lead team of WP1 developed a

Manual to help country teams narrow down the selection of articles in a systematic way with the

goal to reach saturation and cover all relevant GBNs discussed in the local contexts.

Country teams defined first relevant search terms in both their local languages as well as English in

order to identify all articles from the locations that explicitly focused on gender. To apply this, teams

used the search function (or manually searched those articles that were not available in a digitalized

format) for ‘gender’ (and its respective local translations: Geschlecht – DE, CH; Køn - DK; genre –

CH; (társadalmi) nem – HU; género – ES). In addition, country teams could expand the keyword

search in cases where the translation of gender did not sufficiently cover the relevant literature.

Gender was here understood in line with the gender conceptualization outlined in Section 2 as

extending beyond the use of the word as demographic or categorical variable to designate

populations as ‘men’ or ‘women’. To center gender in this way, teams were asked to focus on those

contributions that consider gender as analytical and theoretical perspective to explain and

understand political and social relations and/or phenomena rather than as (binary) variables to

designate and disaggregate populations.

Once the initial lists of relevant articles were compiled, country teams followed three selection

criteria, developed by the WP leaders through a three-fold focus on gender issues,

feminist/masculinities literature, and country-context:

Figure 1: Graphical depiction of the 'VENN' approach to article selection, detailing the guiding principles and questions

for teams to select relevant articles.

Figure 2: Graphical depiction of the funnel approach to narrow down the literature for the Spanish context (image created

by the ES team).

As a final step, country teams were again asked to reiterate and triangulate the approach to reach

saturation. The figure below depicts an example designed by the WP leaders that models the

iterative and triangulative move through a variety of relevant locations with the goal to reach

saturation and avoid selection bias. Country team members reported that through the process of

abductive and reiterative classification and expansion of the selection they were able to “obtain a

clear overview of research focusing on gender structures and hierarchies […]” (DK) in their specific

country contexts.

Figure 3: Example triangulation process circling through locations for best saturation practice.

In total all partners collected and analyzed 406 papers. The full literature list is available as an

annex to this deliverable (Annex 1).

4.3 Pillar 3: Summarizing the Literature

As the final central step of the literature review, the country teams were asked to summarize the

articles by uploading the file and respective the meta-data for each selected article in Zotero and

filling in a questionnaire about the content of the article in EUSurvey. In addition, the country

teams also produced a working paper, which provided a more zoomed-out perspective of the

literature review. In the working papers, the teams reflected on the literature review process and

detailed their impressions about relevant background information on the local context and the

themes that emerged during the collection process.

The lead team of WP1 provided a Manual (with templates and guidance) that guided the country

teams through each of the three steps:

1. Upload and Metadata input in Zotero

2. Questionnaire in EU-Survey

3. Working Paper Summary

Through this three-fold process, we were able to collect a rich information base about both the

relevant information on each article as well as relevant background information on differences and

overlaps between country selections.

The first two steps were on the article-level with the goal of gathering all relevant information on

each of the collected articles. In order to systematize and streamline the process, as well as alleviate

the burden on country teams, many of the information variables were collected through multiple

choice options (e.g., method, type, theoretical approach, actors, etc.). However, since we did not

want to presume some of the most central aspects for typology development, we decided to capture

most of the article content through open questions, where teams could decide on their own framing

depending on the close reading of the articles (gender concept, policy issues, storyline). This served

to ensure that the collection process was able to cover the variance of articles across contexts

without pre-defining the interpretation of the coders. In addition to the open-input fields, coders

from the country teams were free to add information on the multiple-choice options to specify their

input and explain if they felt the article’s information was not sufficiently covered through the

available options.

The variables collected for each article are the following:

Table 2: Variables collected for each article divided by applicable type and software.

INFORMATION COLLECTED

Zotero

EUSurvey

METADATA

Title (in original language and translated to

EN)

Author(s)

Year of Publication

Language

Unique ID (following the structure: ISO-Code

+ Number)

Contact person (within country team)

Item type (journal article, book, chapter,

report etc.)

RESEARCH

APPROACH/

CONTEXT

Research (empirical, theoretical, mixed)

Method (qualitative, quantitative)

Discipline

Theoretical approach (Feminist, Masculinity

studies, queer studies)

Gender approach (essentialist, constructivist,

poststructuralist)

ARTICLE

CONTENT/

SUMMARY

Abstract (in original language and translated to

EN, if not available provide own summary)

Gender concept

Policy Issues/Themes

Actors/Groups affected

Storyline (root cause, consequences, solutions)

The information from the EUSurvey and the paper title from Zotero has been extrapolated and

combined into one single dataset will be openly accessible in a .csv file that will be uploaded to

Zenodo in March 2024.

In the third step of the working papers, the country teams provided additional information that

helped the lead team of WP1 to contextualize the results for all articles in each country context in

two regards:

- First, each country team justified and contextualized their chosen selection and summary

process in their working papers. This helped the lead team of WP1 to clearly identify areas

where teams’ approaches differed from one another to better contextualize the results and

ensure transparency. For example, while all teams first identified the topics through a first

round of collection, which was a necessary step to reach saturation and avoid

overrepresentation of specific topics or theoretical approaches, some of the teams focused

primarily on the broadest available variety of gender concepts and theoretical approaches

(DK; GB; DE), while others prioritized policy issues/themes covered (CH; HU; ES; DE) as

first aspects for saturation. Further, the ways in which teams included metadata and context

as a focus of the collection process varied. For example, regarding the coverage over time,

some prioritized representation of each year in the selection (CH) while others were more

focused on varying across disciplines or authors (GB), theoretical traditions (DK, DE), or

item type and location (HU).

- Second, in addition to the important contextualization of the selection process itself, teams

used the working papers to document important patterns that they had observed throughout

their data collection process. While the content-related patterns were further developed in

the next step of the analysis, they were important to define the starting points for the

subsequent analysis (see 5.2 and 6.1). Moreover, the contextual knowledge of the teams

through which they embedded their findings in broader societal dynamics was vital for the

WP1 team to better understand and interpret potential divergences between countries

whose governments’ policies and societal gender norms diverge substantively.

5. Data analysis – Typology Development

After the data collection was complete, the 406 selected articles and the information/ summaries

developed by the country teams were analyzed qualitatively by the WP1 team in order to develop

a typology. The literature on typologies defines them as “organized systems of types”6 or

“hierarchical system of categories used to organize objects according to their similarities and

dissimilarities”7. As such, “[t]hey make crucial contributions to diverse analytic tasks: forming and

refining concepts, drawing out underlying dimensions, creating categories for classification and

measurement, and sorting cases”8.

There are different ‘types’ of typologies that are elaborated in various ways. In the case of

UNTWIST, the following characteristics are most relevant to identify the

Typology

of gender-based

needs (GBNs) developed in WP1:

- A conceptual typology: Refining the concept of GBNs by mapping out its dimensions,

- A descriptive typology: “the cell types serve to identify and describe phenomena under

analysis”,

- A multidimensional typology: which deliberately captures “multiple dimensions and are

constructed by cross-tabulating two or more variables”9.

Based on the engagement with the literature, the WP1 lead team decided to derive the

Typology

working with the ‘ideal type’ analysis as defined by Stapley, O’Keeffe, and Midgley:

“In a nutshell, it involves the systematic comparison of cases or participants within a

qualitative dataset to form ‘ideal types’, or groupings of similar cases. Together, the ideal

types form a typology. 10”

In our specific case, this involved a systematic analysis and comparison of scientific contributions

from feminist literature and masculinity and queer studies. Our goal was to extract the primary

dimensions addressed by this scholarship when discussing gender-based needs. Subsequently, we

used these dimensions to identify patterns and clusters, which represent the ideal types of

conceptualization for such needs.

6 David Collier, Jody LaPorte, and Jason Seawright, ‘Putting Typologies to Work: Concept Formation, Measurement, and

Analytic Rigor’,

Political Research Quarterly

65, no. 1 (March 2012): 217–32, https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912912437162.

7 Jelani Mandara, ‘The Typological Approach in Child and Family Psychology: A Review of Theory, Methods, and

Research’,

Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review

6, no. 2 (1 June 2003): 132,

https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023734627624.

8 Collier, LaPorte, and Seawright, ‘Putting Typologies to Work’.

9 Collier, LaPorte, and Seawright, 218.

10 Emily Stapley, Sally O’Keeffe, and Nick Midgley, ‘Developing Typologies in Qualitative Research: The Use of Ideal-

Type Analysis’,

International Journal of Qualitative Methods

21 (1 April 2022): 16094069221100633,

https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221100633.

Based on this analytical framework, the qualitative data analysis had several goals:

1. To systematically compare the data gathered in the literature review process

2. To derive the core dimensions of GBNs

3. To identify patterns and cluster of GBNs

4. To derive “ideal types” of GBNs

5.1 Methodology

To achieve these goals, the WP1 lead team developed a mixed method approach that combines the

theoretical deductive conceptualization of GBNs based on existing classifications in theory and

policymaking (see below) with empirical inductive analysis of dimensions that emerge from the

literature review summaries. The inductive approach towards GBNs involves gathering data from

the literature review process (see Section 4), whereby consortium partners collected relevant

feminist literature on gender and compiled summaries that include a translated abstract, details

about the approach taken by the authors, the policy issue covered, and the article's narrative about

the causes, consequences, and solutions related to the specific ‘gender issue’ addressed.

The data analysis approaches the concept of ‘gender-based needs’ (GBNs) through four research

questions, which overall assess how GBNs can be conceptualized by focusing on how and where

they are identified. The questions are:

1. How can GBNs be understood theoretically?

2. How are GBNs approached and conceptualized in the literature? What ‘lenses’ are used to

identify them?

3. Where are GBNs emerging and in relation to whom are they vocalized/identified?

4. How should GBNs be addressed?

5.2 Research Process

Throughout the analysis process, the data were continuously re-organized with the goal to identify

and refine overarching patterns that help to develop dimensions of GBNs that relate to the four

research questions outlined above. To do this, our interdisciplinary team of three researchers (one

political scientist, one sociologist, and one social anthropologist) conducted an in-depth analysis in

MAXQDA. The researchers assigned codes to different categories that were designed to address the

above-mentioned questions.

As starting points for the coding process, we developed a variety of starting categories for each of

the questions outlined in the following Table 311 .

11 The color for each sub-category relates to the corresponding color in the coding system (see below). Those categories

that are listed in black were not part of the data analysis but were directly taken from the classifications provided by

country teams as part of the data collection process.

Table 3: Collected information divided by research questions and baseline used to determine dimension.

QUESTION

THEORETICAL/POLICY-

BASED

EMPIRICAL/DATA-BASED

How can GBNs be understood

theoretically?

Gender Interests (based on

theory)

Theoretical Approach

(based

on theory)

Theoretical Approach

(based

on literature review)

How are GBNs approached

and conceptualized in the

literature? What ‘lenses’ are

used to identify them?

Gender Concepts (based on

literature review)

Gender Approach

(based on

literature review)

Where are GBNs emerging

and in relation to whom are

they vocalized/identified?

Policy Issue

(based on policy)

Focus (based on data)

Macro Actors

(based on

literature review)

Policy Issue

(based on

literature review)

How should GBNs be

addressed?

Solution

(based on policy)

The relationship between question and category was conceptualized and applied as follows:

1. How are GBNs theoretically understood on the continuum between structural (positional)

goals and strategies of feminist emancipation and practical concerns arising from the

particular (gendered) condition? (Gender Interests)

● Conceptually this relies on a notion of gender interests originally introduced by

Molyneux in 1985 as part of an analysis of gender planning in development and

adapted by other scholars later on.12 The approach categorizes gender 'interest' based

on the extent to which they are theorized as rooted in strategic systemic goals, or

particular societal positions, between two opposite ends of a scale. On one hand, it

considers as position/strategic those interests defined in alignment with feminist

strategic goals for systemic emancipatory change in gender relations. On the other

hand, it evaluates those interests as practical/conditional, which are primarily

identified through a gender analysis of a specific situation and condition.13 Since

these concepts have been previously applied in policymaking, we also looked at

existing policy approaches and classifications for gender policies to define the coding

memos.

● Analytically the assignment of qualitative coding labels is based on a qualitative

analysis of the data derived from the answers given to the survey questions about

the

problem, consequence, solution

as well as a reading of the

translated abstract

for

each document in question. The goal was to locate each article on a scale between

conditional and structural interests.

12 Maxine Molyneux, ‘Mobilization without Emancipation? Women’s Interests, the State, and Revolution in Nicaragua’,

Feminist Studies

11, no. 2 (1985): 227–54, https://doi.org/10.2307/3177922.

13 Carolyn Moser, ‘Gender Planning in the Third World: Meeting Practical and Strategic Gender Needs’,

World

Development

17, no. 11 (1 November 1989): 1799–1825, https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(89)90201-5.

2. How are GBNs approached and conceptualized? What ‘lenses’ are used to identify them?

(Gender Concepts, Gender Approach and Theoretical Approach)

● Conceptually this refers to how the contributions are approached theoretically. This

provides information on how the conceptualization of gender itself

(epistemologically) impacts the understanding/visibility of GBNs.

● Analytically, this information had already been supplied by the country partners

and is captured through the responses to survey questions about

gender concepts,

gender approach and theoretical approach

. The initial starting categories were taken

from the working paper lists provided. As part of the final coding process, we

systematized and cross-checked the information received by partners as response to

the open question on gender concepts and built a higher-level code book that

defines the central gender concepts derived from the data

3. Where are GBNs emerging and in relation to whom are they vocalized/identified? (Policy

issue/themes, Focus, Actors)

● Conceptually, this serves to understand where needs are considered to emerge in

terms of policy sectors and actors. This helps to understand where GBNs are

considered to take shape and effect by the feminist literature.

● Analytically, this is based on the data given in the survey answers about which

policy issue/themes

and

actors

are identified as relevant to the needs construction.

The initial categories were taken from the working paper lists provided as well as

from existing policy categorizations in policy practices on gender, in particular as

practiced by the EU (EIGE). During the concluding coding phase, we re-organized

and cross-checked the initial categories, and developed a higher-level code book

based on the collected data

● Emerging from the data we further identified an additional category called

‘focus’,

which was coded based on information provided in

the abstract and summary

capture whether the focus was on GBNs in the context of policies, discourses, actors,

or theory, each of which we assumed to carry different types of GBNs.

4. How should GBNs be addressed? (Solutions)

● Conceptually, this category is related to the broader approach of the project to

identify

solutions/responses

to GBNs by already analyzing the suggested approaches

as part of the how the need is conceptualized. This means that needs are not only

defined through their ‘need’ as defined by the person that holds the need but also in

terms of what is ‘needed’ from political actors in terms of addressing the need. While

the categorization is largely based on the data provided, the starting categories are

based on the literature about policy responses to gender equality needs in particular

in discussions about a) gender mainstreaming, b) Women, Peace and Security

Agenda and c) WID/GAD (Women in Development/Gender and Development)

theories (the underlying literature is found in the folder methods and theory) and

the resulting categories are outlined in more detail below (Step 5).

● Analytically, this information is captured in the survey responses to the qualitative

open fields of

‘root causes’, ‘consequences’ and ‘solutions’ as well as the

abstract/summary

Throughout the analysis, the researchers continually met to discuss emerging categories and codes

to ensure inter-coder reliability and jointly develop a codebook by:

1. Creation of new sub-categories and categories based on repeated occurrence of aspects that

were not covered by existing codes (

e.g., interests: ‘twisted interests’, policy themes: ‘care

work’, ‘gender mainstreaming’; solutions: ‘alliances/activism’; gender concepts: ‘doing

gender/gender binary’

);

2. Concretization of existing codes through memos (see Code Book in Annex 3);

3. Reorganization of codes and defining higher-level categories (e.g., re-systematize gender

concepts into two broader categories of

gender (in)equalities and gender norms

);

4. Merging of codes based on occurrence in the data (e.g., submerging of

childcare into care

work).

Through this process, the initial categories and dimensions and the related sub-categories were thus

revised, refined, or rejected, thus following an abductive, iterative research process of systematic

comparison to arrive at a final code book that best captures the qualities of GBNs. The final code

book can be accessed in Annex 3. In addition, all codes have been extrapolated from MaxQDA and

will be uploaded as a .csv file to Zenodo in March 2024.

6. Findings

The

Typology

does not adhere to a strict theoretical or methodological school of thought to

approach gender-based needs (GBNs). Rather, the research process was developed with the goal to

capture the widest possible definition of GBNs as rooted in as broad a variety of political and

theoretical conceptualizations of gender in feminist theory as possible. As such, we followed the

above-mentioned iterative approach to derive the relevant dimensions, which we then used to

identify clusters and ideal types of GBNs. This section presents the main results of the process.

6.1. Dimensions of gender-based needs

As outlined above, one central goal of the analysis was the identification of the most salient

dimensions for a typology of GBNs. To provide a starting point for the analysis we abductively

combined insights from both the data collection process (inductive, see Annex 2), as well as previous

theorizations of GBNs (deductive, see 5.1). Throughout the analytical process described above, these

dimensions as well as the categories within them were continuously updated and reworked until

the team concluded that they were able to capture the literature in an encompassing way (see 5.2).

In its final iteration, our coding scheme consisted of eight dimensions with a range of categories and

sub-categories (for full coding scheme, see Annex 3). We identified four of those eight dimensions

as the most useful to answer the questions posed in the analytical process. The following Table lists

the final categories for those four dimensions that emerged through the analytical process.

Table 4: Final list of analytical findings of most salient categories and dimensions divided by research

questions.

QUESTION

DIMENSION

CATEGORIES

How can GBNs be understood

theoretically?

Interests

(1) Conditional/Practical

(2) Conditional/Hybrid

(3) Hybrid Needs

(4) Positional/Hybrid

(5) Positional/Strategic

(99) ‘Twisted ’

How are GBNs approached and

conceptualized? What ‘lenses’ are

used to identify them?

Gender concepts

Feminism

Gender norms/values

Intersectionality

Gender inequality

Where are GBNs emerging and in

relation to whom are they

vocalized/identified?

Policy Theme/Issue

Economy/labor market

Transnational politics

Human/civil rights

Health

Education/Art

Family

How should GBNs be addressed?

Solution

(0) Not specified

(1) Relief/resources

(2) (legal) Protection/anti-discrimination

(3) Inclusion

(4) Alliance/network/activism

(5) Gender language/awareness

(6) Transformation

(99) Untwist

While the dimensions and categories are the precondition for the further identification of ideal

types, they are also an important finding in themselves as they represent the core dimensions that

have emerged as important to categorize and typecast gender-based needs. In other words, the

categories by themselves already contribute to the future analysis of the project by providing

insights into which aspects and categories should be taken into consideration when assessing

gender-based needs in policy agendas and voter considerations. In the following, we therefore

describe the categories emerging in the four dimensions in some detail:

Interests. As outlined above, the dimension of interests largely emerged from existing theorization

of gender interests for policymaking. In the analytical process we found the dichotomous

classification into positional and conditional interests to be of limited value and instead opted for a

definition of interests on a scale from 1 (conditional) to 5 (positional) including more hybrid options.

We further formed a new category of ‘twisted’ interests based on the insight that some of the

literature did not cover primarily an analysis of

gender-based needs but rather was concerned

with exposing the narratives with which far-

right actors ‘twist’ gender-based needs into an

antifeminist agenda. This was based on the

observation that while all country teams had

included at least one such article, these were of

limited value for us to assess gender-based

needs. Yet, we also did not want to exclude the

articles altogether since a) the country teams

had included them as important part of the

feminist local literature and b) they could

provide useful information for the future work

packages. The corpus within this category

encompassed 23 articles, which were excluded

for the following steps of the analysis.

Gender concepts. The second category of

gender concepts was initially populated with

the concepts identified in the six working

papers, which were continuously redeveloped

into an encompassing coding scheme. The

resulting scheme can be seen in Figure 4. The

main finding was that most categories could be

subsumed under four important segments of

feminism, gender norms/values, gender (in-

)equality, and intersectionality. The ways in

which these approached the needs in question

were sufficiently distinct to signify different

categories, whereby:

- intersectionality focused on the

intersections between gender and other categories of discrimination;

- gender norms/values captured those lenses that focus on how normative values and

institutionalized beliefs about gender relate to a particular set of needs;

- gender (in)equality concepts focused on the particular comparative angle of exposing

unequal access, power, and resources in society based on gender needs;

- Feminism in turn was covered by those contributions which were explicitly concerned with

the needs in the context of the (changing) concept and knowledge system of feminism.

Within the higher-level category of gender norms two broader themes emerged where categories

could be split up in gender regimes, which encompassed the more institutionalized systems and

regimes that (re)produce gender expressions and inequalities, and gender roles, which foreground

these expressions and their constructedness. Articles could – and often did – cover several of these

themes and sub-themes, since these were not mutually exclusive, and the goal was to capture all

important lenses used in order to also assess how they co-occur in regard to different policy topics

and actor groups.

Policy themes/issues. The issues we identified

were based on a mix of classifications of existing

gender policies in EU policymaking as well as

patterns derived and highlighted by the country

teams during data collection (see Annex 2).

Through the analytical refinement process, we

identified six broad policy sectors/issues that

were the most salient as locations of gender-

based needs (see Figure 5). Like gender concepts,

contributions could hold several relevant

categories and sectors to assess clusters of co-

occurrences both within and across articles.

Importantly, however, the analysis exposed that not all aspects within the broader policy sectors

were equally important to the locations of GBNs. Instead, we were able to narrow down the list of

policy issues relevant to the emergence of GBNs (full coding scheme see Annex 3).

- In the context of the economy, the labor market emerged as most relevant including a

variety of sub-categories detailing both specific sectors (

sex work, care work

) as well as

particular aspects of employment (

leadership, salaries, work/life balance

). Other less

relevant areas of concern included

economic crisis,

as well as

finance, agriculture, and

digitalization

- Regarding transnational politics, the focus was particularly on three aspects of security

policy, migration policy and gender mainstreaming policies.

- In regard to human and civil rights, a lot of divergent relevant themes emerged including

the issue of

violence

and violations of rights and integrity, s

exual rights, the right to social

representation and activism for gendered rights

, policies with a specific focus on

gender-

based rights

, and the

right to political representation and participation

. Another theme was

Figure 4: List of categories and sub-categories for

dimension of 'gender concepts’

Figure 5: List of categories for dimension of 'policy

issues/themes'.

the civil right of

citizenship

including the issues of asylum, as well as immigration and

integration processes.

- Health policy, while proportionally less present in the collection, encompassed the sub-

categories of

mental health, obstetrics,

and

reproductive health

as locations where GBNs

emerged.

- Education and the arts, as a relatively broad policy area relevant to GBNs emergence,

encompassed the sub-categories of

art and sports

, as well as

civic education and media

Within the broad field of education, we identified GBNs clusters in the areas of

research

with an additional sub-category of gender studies, higher education (at universities) and

education at

schools

in the primary and secondary levels.

- The final category of family is divided into the sub-locations of

work/life balance, marriage,

and care work

, whereby care work is again separated into household labor, childcare, and

elder care. While both work/life balance and care work appear as categories within both the

broader arenas of the family and the labor market, we tried to categorize the contributions

based on whether their focus was on discussing the roots and effects of the GBNs more in

terms of/through a focus on the family or on the labor market – thus avoiding double-coding

where possible.

Solutions. The category of solutions was added as part of the coding process. It is the least complete

category as a lot of the contributions do not cover any suggested solutions. Nevertheless, we decided

that the insights in this category could be useful for the projects’ goal to derive policy

recommendations in line with feminist goals to address gender-based needs. The categories in the

solutions dimension were coded on a scale from relief/resources as the least and transformation as

the most intrusive/systemic solution. As can be seen in Figure 6, there is a general tendency towards

more gender- sensitive language and transformative solutions. While the solutions do not factor

into the ideal type creation at this point, their intersections/co-occurrences within the ideal types

can aid the later analysis and identification of policy recommendations in WP7.

Figure 6: List of categories and sub-categories for dimension 'solutions'.

6.2. Clusters of gender-based needs

As the next step in deriving conclusions about the types of GBNs and further condensing the

dimensions into more tangible types, Figure 7 presents an overview of the results from four

intersecting dimensions (policy themes, gender concepts, gender interests, and coverage)14. The

choice of the four dimensions was based on the above-mentioned insights that gender concepts,

policy themes and interests were the most relevant to depict and categorize the breadth of GBNs.

While we consider solutions important as well, as mentioned above, these were difficult to include

due to missing values and were deemed more valuable for later stages in the project. The fourth

variable that has been assessed and included in both the analysis and graphical representation of the

Typology

is the coverage of the three aforementioned dimensions across countries.

In Figure 7, each bubble represents the co-occurrences between the two main categories of policy

themes – Family (F), Health (H), Economy (EC), Human/Civil Rights (HR), Education (ED), and

Transnational Politics (TP) – and gender concepts – Gender norms (GN), Gender inequality (GI),

Intersectionality (I), and Feminism (Fem). The graph displays these co-occurrences at the highest

dimension level (see 6.1) for each of the two categories, resulting in a 4 by 6 matrix. The size of the

bubbles at each intersection between the dimensions represents the number of countries in which

the respective co-occurrences were present at least once. In this regard, the graph shows that nearly

all co-occurrences are found within at least five of the country selections, thus confirming the

validity and salience of the identified dimensions. The only outliers are the intersections between

'family' and 'feminism,' which were only relevant in one country context (Spain), as well as

'feminism' and 'health' (Spain and Switzerland)15.

The reason we focus on the number of countries, rather than the overall number of contributions

when exploring coverage of co-occurrences, is twofold. First, during the data selection process (see

Section 3), our objective was to identify the broadest possible range of GBNs addressed by the

relevant literature, rather than capturing all contributions within that literature for each need.

Therefore, we cannot extrapolate from our data the salience (operationalized as absolute frequency)

of each particular dimension within each country. Second, due to variations in the number of

contributions from one country to another, displaying absolute frequencies would potentially bias

the

Typology

towards an overrepresentation of those countries with a higher number of total

contributions.

The color of the bubbles represents the 'interests' variable, derived from the homonym dimension

and calculated as the mean value between 1 (conditional) and 5 (positional) assigned to each relevant

contribution (i.e., those for which co-occurrences were detected). The results indicate a general

tendency toward a more positional understanding of gender interests, with the lowest mean being

3.3 (gender norms/economy) and none below 3. This is in line with the theoretical assumption that

feminist literature tends to emphasize and consider GBNs in a strategic and somewhat normative

manner, as embedded within systemic hierarchies and power structures.

Since most of the intersections were proven relevant for any analysis of gender-based needs, in the

next Section, we zoom in into the sub-categories to provide more detail about the nature of the

14 Importantly, we excluded those contributions that we had identified to focus on ‘twisted’ needs (N=23) since these

were not primarily concerned with the description and discussion of gender-based needs. This meant that the totality of

contributions that fed into Figure 7 is 383 rather than 406.

15 One reason for these outliers is probably the lower number of overall contributions coded as feminism across countries.

The absolute number of frequencies per intersection are accessible in Annex 4.

intersections identified in Figure 7, which forms the basis for the development of ideal types of

GBNs.

Figure 7: Graphical representation of co-occurrences between the dimensions of policy issues and gender concepts,

including the mean of the interests dimension on a scale from 1 (conditional) to 5 (positional) represented by color and

the number of countries in which the intersection occurs (out of six) represented by size

6.3. Ideal-types of gender-based needs

As outlined above, ideal types emerge out of the constant comparison of data and signify important

patterns and intersections. In the previous sections, we have outlined both the most salient

dimensions and their intersections that have emerged from the analysis. In particular the inductive

analysis of dimensions and co-occurrences which has driven the typology development has led to a

repertoire of six policy issues (Family, Health, Economy, Human/Civil Rights, Education, and

Transnational Politics) and four gender perspectives (Gender Norms (GN), Gender Inequality (GI),

Intersectionality (I) and Feminism (Fem)) that are particularly important to assess and identify GBNs.

From the subsequent the analysis of clusters of intersections in Figure 7, we have identified 15 out

of 24 possible intersections that occur across all our country contexts (see Table 5). In this section,

we combine these insights for the formation of ideal types. Ideal types of GBNs should be understood

not as detailed descriptions of specific GBNs. Instead, they can be viewed as technical tools for

identifying and locating GBNs by focusing on different arenas and intersections across dimensions.

We believe that such a repertoire of different ways of how and where GBNs emerge can help to

provide policymakers and academics with a feminist-informed toolbox to identify, represent and

address as broad as possible a variety of GBNs.

Due to the highly contextualized nature of both the data collection and analysis, the focus on these

15 ideal types as opposed to the other ideal types has to be understood as particular to the context –

i.e., in a different country or year selection, different intersections might become more salient. This

means that even beyond the ideal types described below, the

Typology

offers a valuable asset, since

it provides a variety of separate yet interlocking ways of thinking about, approaching, and treating

GBNs:

- Feminism (Fem): Through a focus on feminist thought and developments/shifts in feminist

thinking about gender, power, agency, sexuality etc.,

- Gender Inequality (GI): Through a focus on the material distribution of capabilities,

resources, power, and opportunities etc.,

- Gender Norms (GN): Through a focus on the naturalized construction of gender behavior

in norms, roles, and stereotypes and how they perpetuate and reproduce particular gender

orders, institutions and regimes,

- Intersectionality (I): Through a focus on other categories and experiences of discrimination

and how they impact the gendered experiences and demands in intersectional ways.

Table 5: Depiction of the 15 ideal type arenas present across all six country contexts. Names of the

intersections are based on an abbreviation of the intersecting policy theme and gender concept at their

core.

To better understand these arenas, Figure 8 depicts the sub-level categories that form the

intersections of policy issues and gender concepts in Figure 7. Each intersecting bubble from Figure

7 is turned into a rectangle (arena) with more detailed information about the types of GBNs at its

core. The color of the smaller, sub-category intersection bubbles in Figure 8 is determined by the

number of countries between zero (white) and six (purple) in whose literature reviews this

intersection of sub-categories occurred. In other words, by looking at which sub-level category

bubbles are most salient across countries we can glean insights into which particular aspects of the

gender concepts and sub-fields of policy themes are most relevant to the particular ideal type. From

this, we can then move to a more detailed description of ideal types (below), by outlining their

specificities and what they mean for the identification and analysis of GBNs. 16.

In the following section, we provide a detailed UNTWIST– ‘toolbox’ of all the 15 ideal types

highlighted in Table 5.

16 It should be noted that the Figure 8 also includes the higher-level categories which are depicted with a light blue

background. The values in their row represent those codings where we felt like no specific sub-category was overly

represented, and thus the content was better captured by the higher-level category.

FEMINISM

(Fem)

GENDER IN-/

EQUALITY (GI)

GENDER

NORMS (GN)

INTERSEC-

TIONALITY (I)

TRANSNATIONAL

POLITICS (TP)

TPGN

(Ideal Type 1)

TPI

(Ideal Type 2)

HUMAN/CIVIL

RIGHTS (HR)

HRFem

(Ideal Type 3)

HRGI

(Ideal Type 4)

HRGN

(Ideal Type 5)

HRI

(Ideal Type 6)

HEALTH (H)

HGI

(Ideal Type 7)

FAMILY (F)

FGI

(Ideal Type 8)

FGN

(Ideal Type 9)

(Ideal Type 10)

EDUCATION (ED)

EDGI

(Ideal Type 11)

EDGN

(Ideal Type 12)

ECONOMY (EC)

ECGI

(Ideal Type 13)

ECGN

(Ideal Type 14)

ECI

(Ideal Type 15)

Ideal type 1 (TPGN): Transnational Patriarchy

TPGN –

Transnational Politics and Gender Norms.

The first need intersection in Table 5 that is

mentioned across country contexts is TPGN, thus the arena at the intersection of the policy area of

Transnational Politics (TP) and the gender concept of Gender Norms (GN). This ideal type

highlights the necessity to approach Transnational Politics through a focus on norms and values in

order to locate and treat emerging GBNs. In particular, this perspective often prescribes to challenge

those gendered norms that are considered as ‘natural’ and assess how they are implicated in the

construction and reproduction of particular GBNs. Zooming into the more small-scale intersections

reveals that one particular sub-category of norms that is relevant in regard to Transnational Politics

is the lens of masculinity. Masculinity acts as an important, yet underutilized perspective regarding

security, migration, and gender mainstreaming in transnational politics. Contributions explore how

the different aspects of transnational politics factor into norms of masculinities, which in turn are

connected to gender order including male supremacy/patriarchy, and prescriptions of a gender

binary. To access GBNs of this ideal type thus requires attention to how transnational policies are

implicated within these naturalized gender norms and how they produce and potentially obscure

certain GBNs.

Ideal type 2 (TPI): Managing gender at the border/Gendered border management

TPI – Transnational Politics and Intersectionality

. The TPI ideal type covers an arena of GBNs,

which can be accessed by approaching transnational politics through a focus on multiple

simultaneous and intersecting forms of discrimination. The focus on the sub-categories within the

TPI ideal type shows how the TPI-GBNs is mostly located at the intersection of ethnicity and

migration but also ethnicity and security. A lot of the contributions are indeed concerned with how

gender and ethnicity work in intersecting ways in migration management by states. Here it is

important to note that migration does not refer to immigration and integration debates but rather

to how states manage their borders and/or how people manage their transnational journey between

their home and destination country – and how those movements and barriers affect people in

gendered and racialized ways, which must be considered together for policy design. To access GBNs

of this ideal type thus requires paying attention to how transnational events, policies and movements

create and alleviate challenges which are both racialized and gendered.

Ideal type 3 (HRFem): Feminism as and for Human Rights

HRFem

–

Human/Civil Rights and Feminism.

This HRFem ideal type arena means that GBN emerge

in instances where human and civil rights issues (with a particular emphasis on social

representation, gender equality policies and practices, and political representation and participation)

are approached through a focus on feminist theory. This encompasses changes in the meaning of

feminism and gender across different groups and how these changes influence the construction and

production of gender knowledge. To address GBNs of this ideal type thus requires thinking human

rights and feminist activism together with and approach them through a focus on feminist theorizing.

Ideal type 4 (HRGI): Unequal distribution of rights

HRGI - Human/Civil Rights and Gender (In-)equality.

The HRGI ideal type covers a relatively broad

arena of GBNs within the policy field of human/civil rights. The GBNs in this arena become salient

when approached through a focus on the material (unequal) distribution of power and access. When

zooming into the sub-categories in this arena, it becomes clear that GBNs

are emerging across all

sub-categories of Human and Civil Rights, when approached through a focus on unequal

distribution of labor, rights and treatment before the law, as well as representation and access, and

exposure to violence. To access GBNs of this ideal type thus requires focusing on those specific

material constellations in the field of human rights sub-sectors and their attached unequal conditions.

Ideal type 5 (HRGN): Naturalizing inequality

HRGN - Human/Civil Rights and Gender Norms.

This HRGN arena is connected to the previous

arena, yet while the focus in GIHR is on the material distribution of rights and the resulting GBNs,

HRGN GBNs emerge particularly through a focus on the norms and stereotypes that work to obscure

and naturalize unequal treatment, in particular around sexual- and gender-based violence as well as

sexual and gender rights policies. Contributions here specifically highlight the role of patriarchy,

heteronormativity and stereotypes of masculinity and femininity in obscuring and creating GBNs

and demands for equal treatment, and protection of rights. One other particularly salient location

of GBNs is on the intersection of queerness and non-conformity and human rights activism, rights,

and violence, thus highlighting how GBNs are expressed as well as obscured. To access GBNs of this

ideal type thus requires focusing on how existing gender norms and stereotypes work to entrench

unequal rights thereby creating and sustaining GBNs and to foreground those areas where these norms

are naturalized and challenged respectively to better understand and address HRGN-GBNs.

Ideal type 6 (HRI): Rights for all

HRI

– Human/Civil Rights and Intersectionality.

Human Rights can also be approached through

other marginalized experiences. The arena of HRI exposes that an intersectional focus on how

individuals’ rights are impacted by their position as either marginalized or privileged in terms of

both gender as well as other intersecting categories matters for the identification of GBNs.

Specifically, the intersections between gender and sexuality are relevant to the identification of

rights-related GBNs. Ethnicity and religion in their intersection with gender also play a crucial role

for the emergence of GBNs. This is particularly evident in relation to rights such as citizenship,

asylum, and immigration, which become only when approached through an intersectional

perspective. To access GBNs of this ideal type thus requires focusing on how intersectional

experiences of marginalization and privilege impact on individuals’ ability to enjoy human and civil

rights.

Ideal type 7 (HGI): Access to Health Care

HGI – Health and Gender (In-)equality.

In the sector of health, GBNs emerged through a perspective

on material distribution of access and power. More than other arenas, this intersection is particularly

driven by one particular focus on discrimination, thus exposing how GBNs emerge from and are

located within the unequal treatment of individuals based on gender. This was relevant specifically

in the context of reproductive health but also obstetrics, exposing a continuum of discrimination

and violence. To access GBNs of this ideal type thus requires foregrounding and focusing on the

unequal treatment in terms of access, protection, and bodily integrity within health care provision.

Ideal type 8 (FGI): Distribution of family labor

FGI - Family and Gender (In-)equality.

In the first arena of relevance in the family policy field,

GBNs emerge as salient when approached through a perspective on unequal distribution of power.

Zooming into the intersection shows how GBNs are located in particular in the unequal division of

labor in regard to housework, marriage, work/life balance, childcare and care work more broadly,

as well as discriminatory treatment in society concerning marriage and work/life balance. To access

GBNs of this ideal type thus requires focusing on the gendered material distribution of labor and the

treatment of this labor by society.

Ideal type 9 (FGN): Normative structures of family life

FGN - Family and Gender Norms.

Another arena regarding family related GBNs emerges through a

different, yet interrelated focus on how gender norms and roles impact on/sustain and reproduce

GBNs in the family. Zooming into the sub-categories within this ideal type exposes three major

themes that are analyzed within a variety of countries: The first theme is about how roles

concerning fatherhood, motherhood, masculinity impact on and (re)produce GBNs in the area of

childcare. The second is on how norms of heteronormativity but also non-conforming identities

impact and shape the field of marriage and the related GBNs. Lastly, GBNs related to work/life

balance within the family emerge through a focus on patriarchal norms and motherhood. As such,

there is a broad variety of GBNs, which can usefully be approached through a focus on different

sub-sectors and with particular norms and orders in mind. To access GBNs of this ideal type thus

requires foregrounding how gender norms and orders are reproduced and challenged within the

family and how this relates to reproduction and change of family-related GBNs.

Ideal type 10 (FI): Family life at the intersection

FI - Family and Intersectionality.

A last arena of family-related GBNs can be assessed through a

focus on intersectional experiences and identities. This prescribes a focus on how family related

experiences are not only gendered but also implicated with experiences based on status and

treatment of marginalization and privilege rooted in one’s intersecting position in terms of class and

sexuality. These two intersecting categories emerged in particular in the areas of childcare and

work/life balance where GBNs emerged at the intersection of gender and class, whereby particular

needs result from experiences and conditions of marginalization and privilege along both of those

identity categories. A focus on sexuality on the other hand brought other GBNs in the area of

marriage. To access GBNs of this ideal type thus requires being attentive to how family life and

policies are not only gendered but also embedded in other identity-based experiences, at whose

intersection with gender new previously invisible GBNs emerge.

Ideal type 11 (EDGI): Educating for gender inequality

EDGI - Education and Gender (In-)Equality

. Similar to other policy sectors the material distribution

of resources also provides an important perspective to assess GBNs in the field of education. A closer

examination of the ideal type arena reveals that scholars of several country contexts locate GBNs

through a focus on the uneven division of labor, and discriminatory and violent treatment. This is

particularly true for the arenas of higher education, but also media and research. GBNs of this ideal

type thus emerge through a focus on the uneven treatment of individuals in higher education and

research as well as in and through media and civic education. To access GBNs of this ideal type thus

requires paying attention to how identities are treated differently in the field of education based on

their gender and how this impacts their material position in terms of power, resources and access.

Ideal type 12 (EDGN): Teaching patriarchy/teaching equality

EDGN – Education/arts and Gender norms.

The second perspective that is essential for the

identification of GBNs in the field of education is the arena of gender norms. There is a broad variety

of intersections that are identified by researchers in several country contexts, including most

saliently the role of gender stereotypes about masculinity, femininity in different arenas of

education, ranging from primary and secondary school to higher education but also art and sports.

This shows how GBNs are rooted in (and perpetuated by) the reproduction of gender stereotypes in

societal areas of recreation and education alike. Similarly, gender orders of male supremacy,

patriarchy and gender binary are seen as relevant lenses to identify GBNs across all levels of

academia, including gender studies, research, and higher education. To access GBNs in this ideal

type thus requires foregrounding how education and arts are implicated in the reproduction of

unequal gender norms, stereotypes, and orders, how they are being perpetuated and disrupted by the

educational system, and how they reproduce unequal perspectives on education, knowledge and arts.

Ideal type 13 (ECGI): Economic material status

ECGI – Economy and Gender (In-)Equality.

As with most other policy areas also in the broad sector

of economy and the labor market one important arena to identify GBNs emerges through a focus on

material distribution of power. This is a particularly relevant intersection with several fields of sub-

category intersections which prove salient across several country contexts. One particularly salient

field in which GBNs can be located are through a focus on the division of labor in a variety of

economic sub-sectors including care work and digitalization. Moreover, GBNs emerge through a

focus on the distribution of salaries, access, leadership positions and time in the context of work/life

balance. Closely interlinked are further GBNs that emerge through a focus on discriminatory

treatment based on gender regarding the type of work (sex work, digitalization) as well as access to

representation and power in the labor market. Other intersections emerge through a focus on how

material conditions are affected in the context of economic crisis or in specific sectors, such as sex

work and pornography. To access GBNs in this ideal type thus requires focusing on the material

distribution of power, access, representation in the economic sector, and assessing how they serve to

perpetuate unequal economic status and capacities based on gender.

Ideal type 14 (ECGN): Economic power and normative structures

ECGN – Economy and Gender Norms.

The second arena of economy-based GBNs that is salient

across country contexts emerges through a focus on gender norms in the economy. Zooming into

the arena shows how this concerns particularly the role of stereotypes – with a specific focus around

masculinity – which are implicated in GBNs regarding the access, leadership, and work/life balance.

Focusing on how these stereotypes reproduce patriarchal orders within the economic system and

the labor market can shed light on how they produce and obscure GBNs in the areas of sex work,

digitalization, and the labor market more broadly. To access GBNs in this ideal type thus requires

focusing in on how economic structures, systems and status and values assigned based on merit and

labor are embedded in and reproduce gendered naturalized orders and roles, which in turn relate to

and host a variety of GBNs.

Ideal type 15 (ECI): Class and the structure of the labor market

ECI – Economy and Intersectionality.

The last ideal type delineates the arena of GBNs emerging at

the intersection of the economy and intersectionality. This ideal type prescribes considering

intersecting experiences of status and identities to identify GBNs which are only or differently

emerging in their intersection with gender. Zooming into the sub-categories, the most salient

intersection emerges between class and gender, in particular regarding the areas of work/life balance

as well as the labor market more broadly. However, also ethnicity and sexuality emerge as locations

of GBNs in regard to the labor market. To access GBNs in this ideal type thus requires focusing on

intersecting experiences and identities when analyzing and creating economic policies.

7. Conclusions for use in UNTWIST and beyond

This report has presented a

Typology

of gender-based needs. In the preceding sections, we have

outlined how the

Typology

is embedded in the project logic of UNTWIST, how the underlying data

was collected and analyzed. The previous section, finally, in turn has outlined the findings that

make up the toolbox of the final

Typology

. The inductive analysis of dimensions and co-occurrences

which has driven the typology development has led to a repertoire of six policy issues (Family,

Health, Economy, Human/Civil Rights, Education, and Transnational Politics) and four gender

perspectives (gender norms (GN), gender inequality (GI), intersectionality (I) and feminism (Fem))

that are particularly important to assess and identify GBNs. By assessing their intersections, we have

further identified 15 particularly salient ideal type arenas of how and where gender-based needs

emerge according to feminist literature. These can serve as technical tools/lenses by highlighting

which perspectives should be used to identify and represent gender-based needs – thus achieving

feminist permeation - in a variety of policy sectors.

We have argued that the

Typology

represents a toolbox for use both within and beyond UNTWIST.

For UNTWIST, we have outlined how it provides the theoretical baseline for the following work

packages by providing a repertoire of knowledge on gender-based needs in the relevant country

contexts. Following Work Packages shall use this repertoire to inform their theoretical and

analytical lens and direct their methodological operationalization of gender-based needs. In other

words, the Typology serves as comparative baseline against which the findings of gender-based

needs in policymaking and analysis practices (WP3) and agenda-setting (WP4) as well as the citizen

communication (WP2) can be assessed. This will help the project to determine which dimensions

and ideal types of needs are already present in policy design and implementation and which are

missing. A focus on the identified categories and arenas of GBNs can further help uncover which

spaces are occupied, claimed, and subsequently twisted by right-wing populist actors (WP2, WP4).

Even beyond UNTWIST, the

Typology

dimensions can be used as a toolbox for academics and

practitioners alike, as it describes various ways of approaching gender-based needs.

o Feminism (Fem): Through a focus on feminist thought and developments/shifts in

feminist thinking about gender, power, agency, sexuality etc.,

o Gender Inequality (GI): Through a focus on the material distribution of capabilities,

resources, power and opportunities etc.,

o Gender Norms (GN): Through a focus on the naturalized construction of gender

behavior in norms, roles and stereotypes and how they perpetuate and reproduce

particular gender orders, institutions and regimes,

o Intersectionality (I): Through a focus on other categories and experiences of

discrimination and how they impact the gendered experiences and demands in

intersectional ways.

The

Typology

thus provides a useful asset for academics and practitioners, since it provides a

toolbox/repertoire of separate yet interlocking ways of thinking about, approaching, and treating

gender-based needs. In this sense, additional outputs are planned in the form of infographics and an

explanatory video that will be placed on UNTWIST’s website as well as circulated among the

national stakeholders and members of the External Expert Advisory Board in order to maximize the

deliverable’s dissemination and impact.

Within the consortium, the typology was presented by the WPL to those Work Package Leaders

involved in the first phase of the project and who thus had to already draw from the typology (WP2,

WP3 and WP4). The internal evaluation brought to the fore, however, that consortium partners

who have so far not had to use the typology (RUC, CSS, UDEUSTO) might need additional

explanation which the UBERN team will do in the form of an online workshop sometime in spring

2024.

8. Annexes

Annex 1: Full list of literature divided by country

Denmark (DK):

Bengtsson, Tea Torbenfeldt. ‘Performing Hypermasculinity: Experiences with Confined

Young Offenders’. Men and Masculinities 19, no. 4 (1 October 2016): 410–28.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X15595083.

Bergman Rosamond, Annika, and Annica Kronsell. ‘Cosmopolitan Militaries and Dialogic

Peacekeeping: Danish and Swedish Women Soldiers in Afghanistan’. International Feminist

Journal of Politics 20, no. 2 (3 April 2018): 172–87.

https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2017.1378449.

Bindesbøl Holm Johansen, Katrine, Bodil Maria Pedersen, and Tine Tjørnhøj-Thomsen.

‘Visual Gossiping: Non-Consensual “Nude” Sharing among Young People in Denmark’.

Culture, Health & Sexuality 21, no. 9 (2 September 2019): 1029–44.

https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2018.1534140.

Bjønness, Jeanett. ‘Between Emotional Politics and Biased Practices—Prostitution Policies,

Social Work, and Women Selling Sexual Services in Denmark’. Sexuality Research and

Social Policy 9, no. 3 (2012): 192–202.

———. ‘Narratives About Necessity—Constructions of Motherhood Among Drug Using Sex-

Sellers in Denmark’. Substance Use & Misuse 50, no. 6 (12 May 2015): 783–93.

https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2015.978648.

Bloksgaard, Lotte. ‘Negotiating Leave in the Workplace: Leave Practices and Masculinity

Constructions among Danish Fathers’. In Fatherhood in the Nordic Welfare States:

Comparing Care Policies and Practice, edited by Guðný Björk Eydal and Tine Rostgaard,

141–62. Policy Press, 2014.

https://bristoluniversitypressdigital.com/display/book/9781447310495/ch007.xml.

Bloksgaard, Lotte, Ann-Dorte Christensen, Sune Qvotrup Jensen, Claus D. Hansen, Morten

Kyed, and Kent Jacob Nielsen. ‘Masculinity Ideals in a Contemporary Danish Context’.

NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research 23, no. 3 (3 July 2015): 152–69.

https://doi.org/10.1080/08038740.2015.1046918.

Borchorst, Anette, and Lise Rolandsen Agustín. ‘og retliggørelse: Køn, ligestilling

europæiseringen af dansk ligestillingspolitik’. In Europeisering av nordisk likestillingspolitikk,

edited by Cathrine Holst, Hege Skjeie, and Mari Teigen, 106–22. Oslo: Gyldendal

Akademisk, 2019.

https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=_YvOC8cAAAAJ&s

ortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=_YvOC8cAAAAJ:xtRiw3GOFMkC.

———. ‘Ligestillingspolitikken i politiske, faglige og retlige spor’. In Konflikt og konsensus.,

edited by Anette Borchorst and Drude Dahlerup, 55–82. Køn, samfund og politik. Frydenlund

Academic, 2020. https://www.frydenlund.dk/varebeskrivelse/5669.

———. Seksuel chikane på arbejdspladsen: Faglige, politiske og retlige spor. Aalborg:

Aalbor Universitetsforlag, 2017.

https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/files/264775360/Seksuel_chikane_p_arbejdspladsen_Online.pdf.

Borchorst, Anette, and Birte Siim. ‘Woman-Friendly Policies and State Feminism: Theorizing

Scandinavian Gender Equality’. Feminist Theory 9, no. 2 (2008): 207–24.

Boroumand, Kiana. ‘Lone Motherhood and Welfare Feminism: A Comparative Case Study of

Iceland and Denmark’. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 29,

no. 1 (1 March 2022): 141–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxab036.

Childs, Sarah, and Drude Dahlerup. ‘Increasing Women’s Descriptive Representation in

National Parliaments: The Involvement and Impact of Gender and Politics Scholars’.

European Journal of Politics and Gender 1, no. 1–2 (2018): 185–204.

Christensen, Ann-Dorte. ‘Resistance and Violence: Constructions of Masculinities in Radical

Left-Wing Movements in Denmark’. NORMA 5, no. 2 (2010): 152–68.

Christensen, Ann-Dorte, and Sune Qvotrup Jensen. ‘Combining Hegemonic Masculinity and

Intersectionality’. NORMA 9, no. 1 (2 January 2014): 60–75.

https://doi.org/10.1080/18902138.2014.892289.

Christensen, Ann-Dorte, and Birte Siim. ‘Citizenship and Politics of Belonging–Inclusionary

and Exclusionary Framings of Gender and Ethnicity’. Kvinder, Køn & Forskning, no. 2–3

(2010): 8–17.

Christiansen, Connie, Garbi Schmidt, and Mogens Christoffersen. ‘Provokeret abort’. VIVE,

2003. DK065. https://www.vive.dk/da/udgivelser/provokeret-abort-rv7b0qzn/.

Dahl, Hanne Marlene. Struggles in (Elderly) Care: A Feminist View. London: Palgrave

Macmillan, 2017.

Dahlerup, Drude. ‘Denmark: High Representation of Women without Gender Quotas’. In

Breaking Male Dominance in Old Democracies, edited by Drude Dahlerup and Monique

Leyenaar, 146–71. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

———. ‘Gender Equality as a Closed Case: A Survey among the Members of the 2015

Danish Parliament’. Scandinavian Political Studies 41, no. 2 (2018): 188–209.

———. ‘Trajectories and Processes of Change in Women’s Representation’. In Breaking

Male Dominance in Old Democracies, edited by Drude Dahlerup and Monique Leyenaar,

238–59. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Dahlerup, Drude, David Karlsson, and Helena Olofsdotter Stensöta. ‘What Does It Mean to

Be a Feminist MP? A Comparative Analysis of the Swedish and Danish Parliaments’. Party

Politics 27, no. 6 (2021): 1198–1210. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068820942690.

DiMuccio, Sarah H., Megan R. Yost, and Marie Helweg-Larsen. ‘A Qualitative Analysis of

Perceptions of Precarious Manhood in U.S. and Danish Men’. Psychology of Men &

Masculinity 18 (2017): 331–40. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000062.

Einarsen, Anna Franciska, Jo Krøjer, Sorcha McLeod, Sahra Louise Muhr, Ana Maria Munar,

and Eva Sophia Myers. Sexism in Higher Education and Research. Understanding, Exploring

and Acting. Online, 2021. https://sexismedu.dk/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Sexism-in-

Higher-Education-finished.pdf.

Fiig, Christina. ‘A Man’s World? Vertikal kønsfordeling i centraladministrationens

departementer’. Politica: Tidsskrift for Politisk Videnskab 42, no. 4 (2010).

———. ‘Gendered Segregation in Danish Standing Parliamentary Committees 1990-2015’.

Femina Politica – Zeitschrift Für Feministische Politikwissenschaft 27, no. 2 (16 November

2018): 111–25.

———. ‘Media Representation of Women Politicians from a Gender to an Intersectionality

Perspective’. Kvinder, Køn & Forskning, no. 2–3 (15 June 2010): 41–49.

https://doi.org/10.7146/kkf.v0i2-3.28013.

Fiig, Christina, and Mette Verner. ‘Lige for lige? Kønssegregering i Folketingsudvalg og i

ledelsen af det private erhvervsliv’. Politik 19, no. 4 (2016).

https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v19i4.27637.

Henriksen, Ann-Karina. ‘“I Was a Scarf-like Gangster Girl” – Negotiating Gender and

Ethnicity on the Street’. Ethnicities 17, no. 4 (August 2017): 491–508.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796816666592.

Herrmann, Janne Rothmar, and Annika Frida Petersen. ‘Barriers to Abortion in the

Autonomy-Based Danish Legal Model’. European Journal of Health Law 28, no. 5 (29

September 2021): 490–505. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718093-bja10054.

Ismail, Abir Mohamad. ‘“Doing Care, Doing Gender”: Towards a Rethinking of Gender and

Elderly Care in the Arab Muslim Families in Denmark’. Journal of Religion, Spirituality &

Aging, 2022, 1–19.

Jørgensen, Martin Bak. ‘Dependent, Deprived or Deviant? The Case of Single Mothers in

Denmark’. Politics and Governance 6, no. 3 (28 September 2018): 170–79.

https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v6i3.1436.

Kielsgaard, Kamilla, Hanne Kaae Kristensen, and Dorthe S. Nielsen. ‘Everyday Life and

Occupational Deprivation in Single Migrant Mothers Living in Denmark’. Journal of

Occupational Science 25, no. 1 (2 January 2018): 19–36.

https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2018.1445659.

Knudsen, Stine Emilie, and Marie Sihm Teisen. ‘Negotiating Gender: Female Combat

Soldiers in Denmark’. Kvinder, Køn & Forskning, no. 2–3 (12 November 2018): 49–61.

https://doi.org/10.7146/kkf.v27i2-3.110847.

Leine, Marie, Henrik Hvenegaard Mikkelsen, and Atreyee Sen. ‘“Danish Women Put up with

Less”: Gender Equality and the Politics of Denial in Denmark’. European Journal of Women’s

Studies 27, no. 2 (1 May 2020): 181–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506819887402.

Lenneis, Verena, and Gertrud Pfister. ‘Gender Constructions and Negotiations of Female

Football Fans. A Case Study in Denmark’. European Journal for Sport and Society 12, no. 2

(2015): 157–85.

Madsen, Diana Højlund, and Lise Rolandsen Agustín. ‘Gender Mainstreaming in the Danish

Central Administration:(Mis) Understandings of the Gendered Impact of Law Proposals’.

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Discourse Analysis’. Journal of Gender Studies 0, no. 0 (7 March 2023): 1–15.

https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2023.2172557.

Williams, Robert. ‘Masculinities and Vulnerability: The Solitary Discourses and Practices of

African-Caribbean and White Working-Class Fathers’. Men and Masculinities 11, no. 4 (June

2009): 441–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X09337931.

Wray, Helena. ‘“A Thing Apart”: Controlling Male Family Migration to the United Kingdom’.

Men and Masculinities 18, no. 4 (October 2015): 424–47.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X15575108

Annex 2: Initial categories from working papers

TEAM

GENDER CONCEPTS

MENTIONED IN

WORKING PAPER

POLICY ISSUES/THEMES

MENTIONED IN

WORKING PAPER

SOLUTIONS

Hegemonic masculinity,

gender norms, fatherhood,

femininity, gender

equality/inequality, role

expectations, patriarchy,

homophobia, legal/human

rights and gender,

discrimination, gendered

division of labor,

reproductive rights, gender

stereotypes, intersectionality,

sexuality, political

representation

Care work, family policies,

immigration/citizenship, migrant

communities, identity formation

and group dynamics, higher

education, career development,

labor market access, gender

wealth/wage gap, queer

communities/activism, gender-

based violence, women’s right to

vote, gender studies development

Anti-discrimination

policy/law, changing

societal

structures/norms

Masculinity, gender roles,

gendered hierarchies, gender

identity, doing gender,

gender binary, queerness,

Political representation, labor

market, family models

Intersectionality, hyper-

masculinity, gender in

institutions, gender equality,

(state) feminism, gender

norms/interactions,

hegemonic masculinity, role

expectations, gendered

power dynamics, homosocial

ties, affect, homonationalism,

gendered citizenship

(Elder) care, gender quotas,

gender gaps, gender

mainstreaming, political

representation, gender and

religion, feminist activism, sex

work, liberalism, knowledge

production, STEM, parental

leave, institutional gender

policies, abortion, violence

against women and sexual

harassment

Tackling harassment in

institutions, human

rights monitoring, build

inclusive gender norms

and expectations

Antifeminism, misogyny,

gender inequality, gender

roles, feminization of

poverty, feminist economy,

education, patriarchy, gender

stereotypes, gender violence,

gender gap, androcentrism,

female empowerment, glass

ceiling, hegemonic/new

masculinities, femininity,

gender and Islam, queerness,

sexual hierarchy, female

citizenship, distribution of

care/labor, pornography,

work-life-balance,

multiculturalism

Economic crisis, representation

of women among entrepreneurs,

leadership, education on sexual

diversity, sexuality-based

discrimination in employment

and health, care, Islamophobia,

gender-based violence (intra-

partner, symbolic, economic

violence), immigration,

COVID19 pandemic, family,

parental leave, childcare,

populism, antifeminist

movements

Resources, changing

legislation, education

prevention

programming,

awareness-raising, legal

sanctioning

Gender violence,

heteronormativity,

feminization of poverty,

feminism, anti-feminism,

queerness, discrimination,

gender and Islam,

intersectionality (in

particular, with class and

ethnicity), hegemonic

masculinity, gender gap, sex

work, (trans and non-binary)

health, stereotyping, (sexual

and affective) education,

gender studies, parenthood

Economic crises, austerity,

Brexit, gender-based violence,

gender inequality in the labor

market (in terms of both pay and

access), immigration,

multiculturalism, antifeminist

movement and politics,

discrimination, schooling,

academic research, youth, civil

and human rights, healthcare

(including abortion), care work,

family, activism

Access to and

ampliation of resources

and services,

enforcement of new

legislations for

protecting minorities

rights, awareness-

raising, activism,

educational programs,

policies designed to

consider

intersectionality

Discrimination, sexism, anti-

gender movement,

employment, division of

labor, work-life balance,

gender wage gap, gender

inequality, caring

responsibilities, welfare,

human rights, women’s

organizations, attitudes

towards gender, masculinity,

intersectionality, gender-

based violence, childbearing

Labor market, civil

society/NGOs, health care, social

work, Women & Politics,

gender-based violence, sex work,

exploitation and violence

through prostitution/sex

trafficking, intersectional groups

of women

Empowerment of

women, clarification of

gender concepts in

public life and academic

discourse, address

discriminatory

practices, raising

awareness, support

individuals in balancing

work and personal lives,

Annex 3: Final Code Book

Coding Scheme

WP 1

Authors: Ann-Kathrin Rothermel, Valentina Nerino, Natascha Flückiger

Code system

1 focus

1.1 discourse-centered

1.2 theory-centered

1.3 policy-centered

1.4 actor-centered

2 solutions

2.1 not specified

2.2 relief/resources

2.3 (legal) protection/anti-discrimination

2.4 inclusion

2.4.1 participation

2.4.2 representation

2.5 alliance/network/activism

2.6 gender language/awareness

2.7 transformation

2.7.1 systemic

2.7.2 attitudinal/cultural

2.8 untwist

3 gender concepts

3.1 feminism

3.1.1 antifeminism

3.1.2 gender knowledge

3.2 gender norms/values

3.2.1 gender regimes/order

3.2.1.1 doing gender/gender binary

3.2.1.2 queer(ness)/non-conformity

3.2.1.3 male supremacy/patriarchy

3.2.1.4 heteronormativity

3.2.2 gender roles/stereotypes

3.2.2.1 femininity

3.2.2.2 masculinity

3.2.2.3 motherhood

3.2.2.4 fatherhood

3.3 intersectionality

3.3.1 religion

3.3.2 sexuality

3.3.3 age

3.3.4 race/ethnicity

3.3.5 class

3.3.6 body/disability

3.4 gender (in)equality

3.4.1 SGBV

3.4.2 gender-based rights/discrimination

3.4.3 feminization of poverty

3.4.4 gendered division of labor

3.4.5 gender pay gap

3.4.6 representation

4 interests

4.1 1 - condition/practical

4.2 2 - condition/hybrid

4.3 3 - hybrid needs

4.4 4 - position-hybrid

4.5 5 - position/strategic

4.6 'twisted interests'

5 recoding theory/gender approach

5.1 uncertain

5.2 essentialist

5.3 constructivist

5.4 poststructuralist/relational

6 Themes/Issue

6.1 economy

6.1.1 economic crisis

6.1.2 finance

6.1.3 agriculture

6.1.4 labor market

6.1.4.1 care work

6.1.4.1.1 nursing

6.1.4.1.2 housework

6.1.4.1.3 childcare

6.1.4.1.4 elder care

6.1.4.2 sex work/pornography

6.1.4.3 salaries/pay gap

6.1.4.4 work/life balance

6.1.4.5 access/leadership

6.1.5 digitalization

6.2 transnational politics

6.2.1 migration

6.2.2 security

6.2.3 gender mainstreaming/CEDAW

6.3 human/civil rights

6.3.1 gender

6.3.2 sexuality

6.3.3 citizenship/immigration/asylum

6.3.4 social representation/activism

6.3.5 political representation/participation

6.3.6 security/violence

6.4 health

6.4.1 mental health

6.4.2 obstetrics

6.4.3 reproductive healthcare

6.5 education/arts

6.5.1 research/science

6.5.1.1 gender studies

6.5.2 art/sport

6.5.3 school (primary/middle education)

6.5.4 higher education

6.5.5 civic education/media

6.6 family

6.6.1 work/life balance

6.6.2 care work

6.6.2.1 household/housework

6.6.2.2 childcare

6.6.2.3 elder care

6.6.3 marriage

1 Focus

Conceptually, the category focus relates to questions about where the needs are located in

regards to the contribution authors’ empirical and analytical focus on understanding particular

actors (experiences, behaviors, motivations), policies (proposals, histories, enactments),

theories (debates, critiques, progress) or societal discourses.

1.1 Discourse-centered

This category captures contributions where the focus is on how a broader societal discourse

(e.g., media, advanced by movements) is conducted/changing in relation to gender issues. Do

Not choose this category if the focus is on either discourses linked to discussions about a

particular policy (policy-centered), or on discursive strategies and choices by political actors,

such as movements (actor-centered)

NB: this category was introduced after noticing a difficulty in regard to categorizing particularly

those contributions focusing on 'twisted interests' as these articles focus on how particular

discursive changes are driven by actors on the right and how they impact the societal and

political landscape.

1.2 Theory-centered

Theory-centered contributions are not concerned with empirical focus areas of either policies

or actor groups but rather conceptualize a need as grounded in theory. While this can entail

occasional examples of how the 'need' occurs in “real life”, the main focus is to develop it

further/refine it/critique it mainly as a theoretical concept.

1.3 Policy-centered

This category refers to articles that focus on existing policies rather than on identifying and

problematizing needs from the engagement with a particular group or condition. These

contributions often take the need for granted and engage with how it has been addressed thus

far, thereby developing more granular insights or updating and critiquing existing approaches

as limited/insufficient to address the underlying need.

1.4 Actor-centered

Actor-centered contributions focus centrally on a particular reference group or a type of actor

and their needs - these needs can be both structural/position as well as pragmatic/ condition.

The importance is that the experiences, actions, strategies or behaviors of actors or actor

groups are at the center of the engagement with the need in question.

NB: Actors can be social groups, individuals, or social movements, but also parties etc. If a

text is concerned with how particular (groups of) actors behave on an individual organizational

level rather than on the policy outcomes of this behavior this can also be coded actors.

2 solutions

Conceptually, this category is related to the broader approach of the project to identify

solutions/responses to gender-based needs by already analyzing the suggested approaches

as part of the how the need is conceptualized. This means that needs are not only defined

through their ‘need’ as defined by the person that holds the need but also in terms of what is

‘needed’ from political actors in terms of addressing the need.

While the categorization is largely based on the data provided, the starting categories have

been influenced by the literature on policy responses to gender equality needs in particular in

discussions about a) gender mainstreaming, b) Women, Peace and Security Agenda and c)

WID/GAD (Women in Development/Gender and Development).

2.1 Not specified

When no solution is discernably mentioned in abstract or as noted in the summaries (root

causes, consequences, solutions, Extra) by survey respondents for the literature review.

2.2 Relief/resources

Relief and resources policy solutions are concerned with treating the symptoms of gender-

based needs. These include most notably the provision of resources but also services in the

sense of for example provisions for poor people to get subsidized healthcare appointments,

women's shelters, but also crisis response in terms of humanitarian support. These are thus

the most 'reactive' policy solutions as they are primarily concerned with ‘fixing’ particular

disadvantages for individuals or groups rather than dealing with the reasons for why they occur

(sometimes called Band-Aid policies).

EXAMPLE CASE: in terms of a need for access to the labor market a resources solution would

entail either unemployment benefits but also vouchers for classes for e.g., CV development or

skillsets.

2.3 (legal) Protection/anti-discrimination

This concept is taken from the WPS agenda, where the protection of women is a main policy

goal. This is conceptualized as arising from the special vulnerable position of women in the

overall system (in terms of security in conflict and to a lesser extent peace). This can be

extrapolated to other sectors (e.g., workplace harassment, but also legal protection

mechanisms, or infrastructure changes etc.) and societal groups (queer people, migrants etc.).

In the Hungarian working paper this comes up under anti-discrimination - as such this also

encompasses anti-discrimination law. But it also encompasses non-legal protection aspects

that involve regulations e.g., in a company or in policy institutions to overcome the vulnerability

of specific groups (e.g., monitoring of gender equality policies; holding perpetrators

accountable; etc.)

EXAMPLE CASE: in terms of a need for access to the labor market a legal protection solution

would entail policies that prescribe legal and administrative regulations to e.g., protect

individuals from sexual harassment in the workplace or to disclose standards for recruitment.

2.4 Inclusion

This category encompasses solutions that focus on the inclusion of a social group in order to

enhance gender equality and solve gender-based needs. This encompasses both inclusion

into areas of underrepresentation (with the assumption of gender parity as beneficial for

gender-based needs), which relates to representation as well as participation in the sense of

an emphasis on active participation of the group in question. The distinction has been

emphasized by policy analysts also in the context of WPS, whereby participation is often

considered more important/meaningful since representation also encompasses a mere

'counting' that does not necessarily have to lead to policy change.

EXAMPLE CASE: in terms of a need for access to the labor market an inclusion solution would

be school programs that specifically target female students with the goal to increase

representation in STEM areas of study and employment.

2.4.1 Participation

According to the above-mentioned distinction participation refers to the active inclusion of

representatives of the reference group in decision-making and implementation of a particular

field or policy. For this, participants do not need to be officially recognized representatives but

have to be pointed out as active in the design or implementation of particular

policies/strategies/politics. Solutions for participation thus focus on making sure to seek out

advise and involvement from particular underrepresented groups in policymaking (e.g.,

inclusion of women’s activists into policy design or participation of women employees in the

design of sexual harassment policies of a company)

2.4.2 Representation

According to the above-mentioned distinction, representation refers to the inclusion of

representatives of the reference group in positions, regardless of their particular actions or

influence in said positions. This includes both political positions as well as economic positions.

Solutions for representation thus focus on getting individuals to join certain fields of

employment or political office.

2.5 Alliance/network/activism

This category was inductively created from the data to capture suggestions to address needs

by forming alliances between different societal groups, social movements etc. (often across

particular ideological divides) with the assumption that a broader network can lead to more far-

reaching or effective change.

EXAMPLE CASE: in terms of a need for access to the labor market an alliance solution would

be to form joint union efforts across companies or sectors to increase pressure for changes in

regulations.

2.6 Gender language/awareness

Gender language/perspective or gender awareness are commonly referred to as one aspect

of gender mainstreaming. This is also represented in the Hungarian working paper as

"clarification of gender concepts in public life and academic discourse". The idea is to raise

awareness among a broader public of issues and overturn oppressive and silencing language

structures.

We use this category when the idea of the suggested solution is to change the framing of a

particular issue to be more aware of gender as analytical category, which in turn will lead to

potential benefits regarding transformation.

EXAMPLE CASE: in terms of a need for access to the labor market, a gender awareness

solution would be to launch a campaign to raise awareness about the lack of opportunities for

women OR to actively dismantle gender norms that question women’s abilities in the field of

work.

2.7 Transformation

Transformation is often at the root of feminist advocacy. This category should be used for

solutions that encompass a broad structural transformation of underlying systems, institutions,

or discourses, which go beyond particular changes to inclusive language into institutions

(which are covered under gender language/awareness raising). Instead of this as well as

consciousness-raising, transformation does not aim to change people’s awareness but

address the underlying systems directly.

This also includes calls to address intersections of discriminatory structures (if they are indeed

challenging the structure itself)

EXAMPLE CASE: in terms of a need for access to the labor market, a transformation solution

would be to challenge the neoliberal patriarchal roots of capitalism (e.g., end of austerity

measures (HU020)) and advocate for alternative conceptions of labor based on “increased

social trust towards marginalized and vulnerable groups … rather than control and

surveillance” (DK002)

2.7.1 Systemic

This includes structural, systemic and institutional changes of a transformative nature that

actively challenge existing structures and orders. This can be both calls for entirely new

systems as well as far-reaching reforms within the existing system.

2.7.2 Attitudinal/cultural

Internal transformation relates to attitudinal reconfigurations and transformations that change

the internal gender conceptions, cultures and behaviors/mindsets. This includes solutions that

focus on empowerment as the attitudinal process of awareness- or consciousness-raising

which has a feminist history and refers to dynamics of questioning internalized oppression and

"leading people to perceive themselves as able and entitled to occupy decision-making space".

(Cornwall 2014). As such, it is more about a change in mind-sets and building critical

consciousness and capacity (e.g., through activism and education) rather than providing

material resources. In terms of policy this relates mostly to educational or activist policies with

the goal to raise awareness about one's own positionality and privilege with the implication of

change of behavior towards others.

The distinction to gender language is that the focus is not on providing changed language in

policy and public discourse but more on the transformative outcome thereof in terms of

changed attitude and culture.

2.8 Untwist

This category was created inductively to capture those contributions that problematize how

gender issues become twisted and suggest as the only or major solution (not just by

problematizing them but explicitly calling out as a countermeasure) to expose how the needs

have become ‘twisted’ and to ‘untwist’ the underlying discourse.

3 gender concepts

We define gender concepts as those concepts that are the central theoretical concept defined

by the authors and that serve as the central theoretical lens for the article (e.g., hegemonic

masculinity). These concepts are most often defined in the introduction/theory and/or literature

review section of the article.

Understanding which gender concepts are used to understand and frame a need is vital to

understand how and why the need is understood as ‘gendered/gender-related’. We expect that

some of them/similar concepts are also used by the far-right to build on already established

gender-concepts as well as to make needs into gender needs themselves by twisting both the

meaning of concepts as well as the target groups (macro-actors) and the solutions that are

associated with them.

3.1 Feminism

This category was created inductively to capture those contributions that are explicitly

concerned with an analysis or discussion of feminism as a theory and or movement.

3.1.1 Antifeminism

Antifeminism refers to those articles that cover antifeminism as a discourse or movement. This

also includes contributions that do not explicitly refer to ‘antifeminism’ but are explicitly

concerned with developments/discourses that run counter/threaten to override feminist

gains/stances etc. – e.g., anti-gender movements, anti-genderism, gender ideology, male

supremacism and violent misogynist (if there is a focus on their antifeminist qualities) etc.

3.1.2 Gender knowledge

gender knowledge is a particular feminist analytical category "to capture tacit as well as explicit

assumptions about gender relations". This means it relates to actively produced knowledge

about gender relations (by epistemic communities such as academia, church etc.) but also

gender knowledge processes that implicitly structure politics and society. Make sure to apply

this code only when the focus is on the knowledge as such rather than on norms, roles or

stereotypes (these do qualify as gender knowledge but are not what we're interested here).

3.2 Gender norms/values

Gender norms/values is a category that is derived from the Hungarian working paper and which

captures an analytical focus on how normative ascriptions and value-based representations

such as in stereotypes and gender roles impact on particular issues and result in particular

needs. The category also includes gender regimes, as well as analytical theorizations of

patriarchal structures as structural and/or institutional incarnations of gender norms.

3.2.1 Gender regimes/order

Gender regimes are the structural and institutionalized phenomenon of gender norms and

unequal relations. Articles with this focus center on how gender norms are entrenched in

institutions and reproduce a gendered logic that recreates inequality and a specific unequal

gender order.

3.2.1.1 Doing gender/gender binary

Doing gender is a concept that describes how social processes reproduce gender as a binary

of men and women/male and female/masculine and feminine.

Articles whose central focus is on how individuals/groups within gender orders (re)produce this

binary by conforming to their assigned gender identity fall into that category.

3.2.1.2 Queer(ness)/non-conformity

This is the flipside of the gender binary, which captures nonconforming behavior within a

gender order of male and female. This can include queer identities as well as gender trouble

in the sense of breaking open and troubling the gender norms. Articles that focus on such

behaviors rather than on the forces that oppress it fall into this category.

While both binary and non-conformity are likely to appear together, make sure ideally to only

code either 3.2.1.1 or 3.2.1.2 depending on the focus of the article.

3.2.1.3 Male supremacy/patriarchy

Male supremacy is a “cultural, political, economic, and social system in which cisgender men

disproportionately control status, power, and resources, and women, trans men, and nonbinary

people are subordinated” (Carian, DiBranco, and Ebin, 2022, p. vii).

This means that male supremacy is a particular systemic manifestation of patriarchal gender

orders. Articles that focus on this will focus on the systemic or radicalizing aspects of this

system. This should be coded when the focus of the articles is specifically on the hierarchical

ordering and the exclusionary dynamics of privilege and subordination. Such articles will most

likely mention the concepts of male supremacy, patriarchy, privilege explicitly, or focus on their

underbelly of misogyny and antifeminism that support these systems

3.2.1.4 Heteronormativity

Heteronormativity can be understood as an aspect of a binary gender order that interlinks

gender with sexuality, resulting in a normative system of prescribed heterosexuality. Thus, this

category will appear often in articles with a focus on intersectionality and sexuality themes.

3.2.2 Gender roles/stereotypes

This category captures those articles that are concerned with gender roles and stereotypes in

society. This is different from gender orders in so far as they often focus on a particular

stereotypes or particular fields/arenas in which they occur or change, rather than on the overall

order they uphold.

Please try to assign an individual contribution either to gender order or gender stereotypes

depending on which more aptly captures the article’s focus.

3.2.2.1 Femininity

This captures articles that focus on particular expressions/constructions of femininity in society.

Femininity is here considered as a normative concept that influences self-perception and

behavior according to gender norms.

3.2.2.2 Masculinity

This captures articles that focus on particular expressions/constructions of masculinity in

society. Masculinity is here considered as a normative concept that influences self-perception

and behavior according to gender norms. This includes concepts such as hegemonic

masculinity, violent/militarized masculinities, but also hybrid/new masculinities unless they are

actively breaking with the gender order (and that is the main focus of the authors).

3.2.2.3 Motherhood

While motherhood can be understood as a particular expression of femininity, this code was

created to capture how common the concern around gender norms in relation to motherhood

are. This captures articles whose main concern are exploring the status quo, impacts, roots,

or changes in expressions of motherhood.

3.2.2.4 Fatherhood

While fatherhood can be understood as a particular expression of masculinity, this code was

created to capture how common the concern around gender norms in relation to fatherhood

are – especially in contrast to motherhood. This captures articles whose main concern are

exploring the status quo, impacts, roots, or changes in expressions of fatherhood.

3.3 Intersectionality

Intersectionality is a common theoretical perspective originally from Black Feminist Theory that

focuses on multiple axes of discrimination and the roots and effects of their 'intersections'.

We code this when the article relates to intersectionality and/or focuses specifically on the

intersection of gender discriminations and experiences with other hierarchies (such as race,

age, etc.)

Often articles that assess privilege in some way through this lens as they are most likely

occupied with how the intersection of privileges and discrimination creates different categories

and experiences.

3.3.1 Religion