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Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences, Volume 52, No. 1, 2025
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of Jordan.
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The relationship between Secondary Psychological Trauma resulting from the Aggression on
the Gaza Strip and Self-Efficacy among students at the University of Jordan
Momen Ali Al-Awaqleh* , Yousef Abdelwahab Abuhmaidan
Department of Psychology, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
Received: 27/11/2023
Revised: 5/12/2023
Accepted: 14/1/2024
Published online: 14/11/2024
* Corresponding author:
m.al-awaqleh@ju.edu.jo
Citation: AlAwaqleh, M. A., &
Abuhmaidan, Y. A. . (2024). The
relationship between Secondary
Psychological Trauma resulting from
the Aggression on the Gaza Strip and
Self-Efficacy among students at the
University of Jordan. Dirasat:
Human and Social Sciences, 52(1),
46–54.
https://doi.org/10.35516/hum.v52i1.6
249
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to identify the level of secondary trauma and self-efficacy, examine
the relationship between them, and reveal differences in the level of secondary trauma and self-
efficacy attributed to the gender variable in a sample of The University of Jordan students.
Methodology: The Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS) and the General Self-Efficacy Scale
(GSES) were administered to a sample of The University of Jordan students, totaling 303
participants (86 male and 217 female). To address the study questions, several statistical analyses
were conducted, including Cronbach's alpha coefficient, Pearson correlation coefficient, means,
standard deviation, percentages, and an independent samples t-test.
Results: The average level of secondary psychological trauma was 52.8, indicating a high degree,
while the average self-efficacy level was 29.1, suggesting a moderate level. The Pearson correlation
coefficient between secondary trauma and self-efficacy was -0.448**, and the t-test indicated no
differences in the levels of secondary trauma and self-efficacy attributed to the gender variable
among The University of Jordan students.
Conclusion: The study indicates that the study sample was affected by the bloody events in the
Gaza Strip, impacting their self-efficacy to a moderate degree. The greater the impact of the
secondary shock, the lower the self-efficacy. No differences were observed between males and
females in the levels of secondary trauma and self-efficacy due to the similarity of the circumstances
and conditions there.
Keywords: Aggression, secondary trauma, self-efficacy, students, University of Jordan.
STSSGSES
303
86217
52.8
29.1
-.448**
47
Pearlman &
Mac Ian (1995
Bandura (1986)
Zimmerman (2000)
.
1
2
3
.
Secondary trauma
48
Self efficacy
1
2
3 /2024
4
(2023) Kiran& ul-Ain,
Holman et al. (2019)
.
2016Sartor
Kira et al. (2008)
/
Creamer and Liddle (2005)
49
2023-2024
303
86
28.4
217
71.6
24
7.9
63
20.8
141
46.5
75
24.8
260
85.8
30
9.9
9
3.0
4
1.3
17
56
22.8
6.4
1 STSSSecondary Traumatic Stress Scale
(Bride et al., 2004)/
/
50
STSS
48-38
.
. .87.83
.58-.79
Matter
STSS
.
STSS
STSS 1
.82**
STSS 7
.73**
STSS 13
.76**
STSS 2
.76**
STSS 8
.82**
STSS 14
.69**
STSS 3
.80**
STSS 9
.85**
STSS 15
.85**
STSS 4
.76**
STSS 10
.77**
STSS 16
.81**
STSS 5
.74**
STSS 11
.84**
STSS 17
.79**
STSS 6
.80**
STSS 12
.70**
-
-
STSS = Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale
(.69**-.85**)
α
.96
2 GSES))General Self Efficacy Scale
Schwarzer, Jerusalem (1995)
(Crandall et al., 2015).95
51
GSES
.
GSES
GSES 1
.75**
GSES 6
.73**
GSES 2
.67**
GSES 7
.75**
GSES 3
.77**
GSES 8
.78**
GSES 4
.63**
GSES 9
.84**
GSES 5
.69**
GSES 10
.67**
GSES = General Self Efficacy Scale
.84**.63**
α
.90
1
2
3
4
5
6
Statistical Package for theSocial
Sciences(SPSS)
.
14.5
52.8
52.814.5
52
6.1
29.1
29.16.1
-.448**
α
""
1.88
.060
301
1.8853.811.950.4
19.4.060301
""
21
4.5
.541
.589
301
.54129.24.5
28.89.0.589301
53
Kiran& ul-Ain (2023) 2016Sartor
Creamer and Liddle (2005)
1
2
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