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Stem, prefix or prefixoid? Resolving the status of pale-, paʎ-, and paʎo- in Standard Modern Greek

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Abstract

In this study, I parameterize the five tests proposed by Stevens (2005) for characterizing an element as an affixoid and formulate ten criteria for prefixation. Using these criteria, I analyze the morphological status of the initial components of Modern Greek words beginning with pale- and paʎo-. Contrary to Giannoulopoulou’s (1999) analysis of paleo- as a “confix” and paʎo- as a “stem”, I argue that pale- is a stem that has two allomorphic realizations: pale~paʎ. pale- is marked as [+learnèd] and paʎ- as [-learnèd]. While paʎo- historically derives from pale-, it has acquired a distinct morphological status and should now be considered a prefixoid. The ten criteria I present could serve as a model for determining the morphological status of initial elements in other Greek morphological structures and potentially in other languages where this status is ambiguous. Finally, I propose that prefixation in Greek differs from that in word-based languages. In Greek, prefixation is not a case of morphologization; rather, prefixes originate in and remain confined to the morphological domain.
       󰃊  󰂹󰆼󰆻󰂺 󰆼󰆼󰇁󰆾 󰃈󰆼󰇀󰇁 󰇄󰇄󰇃󰆿 󰇁󰄀󰆻󰆽 󰆿󰆻󰆽󰆻 󰆻󰆽
󰅺  󰂺 󰂶 󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿 󰃊 󰂹 󰆼󰇀󰇁󰇁󰄀󰇀󰇃󰆿󰆿󰃍󰃎 󰆼󰇀󰇁󰇄󰄀󰇄󰇃󰆿󰇁 󰃍󰃎
             󰆗󰂺󰆓 󰂺
    󰆽󰆿 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿󰃎 󰆽󰆿󰆽󰄍󰆽󰇁󰆾
󰂺󰃈
󰂶   󰂿
    󰄀󰂶 󰃖󰂌  󰃖    
 󰂐  󰃊 󰂹 󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆻󰄀󰆻󰆻󰆻󰆽󰄀󰇃󰆽󰇀󰇃󰄀󰆾󰇂󰆽󰇁
   󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 
󰂐󰅮󰅎󰂐
 󰆕󰆚  󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆗 󰃊  󰆖󰆔  󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆗 󰃊
  󰆔󰆗  󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆗

  󰂶        󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰃎  󰄀
           󰂺  
󰂶           
   󰄀  󰄀󰂺   󰄘 󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆜󰃎 󰄀
  󰄀  󰄙󰄛  󰄀  󰄙󰄛󰂶   󰄀   
   󰂹 󰅦󰂺󰄀    󰃕󰈴󰃖  󰄀 
󰃕󰄀󰃖󰂺  󰄀    󰄀󰂶     󰄀
       󰂺    
           
           
  󰂺 󰂶         
󰄀 󰂺  󰂶      󰂷 󰂶
         󰂺

 󰄍 󰄍  󰄍   󰄍  󰄍 
 
󰂶   󰓑 󰆽󰆿󰆾
    󰆽󰆿 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿󰃎 󰆽󰆿󰆽󰄍󰆽󰇁󰆾
󰆔   
       󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂶 󰃍󰆕󰃎  󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂶 󰃍󰆕󰃎 󰂶
       󰄖󰄘󰂺   
    󰃍󰆔󰃎  󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂶        󰃍󰆔󰃎
 󰃍󰆕󰃎           󰃍󰆔󰃎 
󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂺  󰃍󰆔󰃎  󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂶     󰄖    
󰃈   󰄘󰂶   󰃍󰆔󰃎  󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂶    󰄀
    󰂺󰇟
󰃍󰆞󰃎 󰂺  󰄖󰄘
󰂺  󰄖 󰄘
󰂺  󰄖 󰄘
󰃍󰆟󰃎 󰂺  󰄖󰄘
󰂺  󰄖󰄀 󰄘
󰂺  󰄖 󰄘
      󰃍  󰄀
󰃎         󰃍󰆔󰃎  󰃍󰆔󰃎
󰂶 󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰃎  󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂶     󰂶  
    󰃕󰈴󰃖      󰃕󰄀󰃖  
     󰂺 󰂶      󰄀
        󰇠  
    󰃍󰆔󰄍󰃎  󰃍󰆕󰄍󰃎      󰄀
      󰂺󰇡
󰂶  󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆜󰃎      󰄀
  󰄀  󰄀      󰂺
󰄀     󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆜󰂹 󰆔󰆙󰆗󰃎 󰂶      󰄀
󰆞     󰂶     󰄖󰄘󰂺   󰃍󰃎󰂶     󰃕󰈴󰃖
    󰃍󰃎  󰃕󰄀󰃖 󰂺
󰃍󰃎   󰄖 󰄘
󰃍󰃎   󰄖 󰄘
󰂶       󰃍󰂶  
󰂤󰂶   󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂹 󰆔󰆗󰄍󰆔󰆛󰃎󰂶     󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆗󰃎󰂶 
           󰂺   󰂶
          󰄘  󰂺
󰆟       󰂶   󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆗󰃎󰂺
󰆠    󰂶 󰄀     󰄙   
 󰃕󰄘    󰃖󰄛󰂺
󰆽󰆿󰆿 
    󰆽󰆿 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿󰃎 󰆽󰆿󰆽󰄍󰆽󰇁󰆾
     󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂶󰇢      󰄙 
󰃕 󰃖󰄛 󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆜󰂹 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰃎󰂺    󰄀󰂶  󰄀
 󰄀       󰄙 󰃕󰃖󰄛󰇣 󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆜󰂹 󰆔󰆖󰆜󰂶
󰆔󰆙󰆗󰃎󰂺
 󰄘      󰄀
           
    󰂶  󰂶 󰂶  󰄀
󰂶   󰂺
󰂶    󰂹
󰄍          󰄀 󰃍󰂹 󰃍󰃎󰄀󰄎
󰃍󰃎󰄀󰄎󰃍󰃎󰄀󰃎󰂶           󰄀
 󰃍󰆔󰃎  󰃍󰆕󰃎  󰃻󰄀󰂺 󰂶      
 󰂶  󰄀󰂶   󰄀󰄀    
󰂺 󰄀          
󰂶 󰃕󰃈 󰈴 󰈴 󰃈󰃖󰂶     
    󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺      
󰃍󰆖󰃎  󰃍󰆖󰃎󰂺
󰃍󰆠󰃎 󰂺 󰄀 󰄀󰄀 󰄀
 
󰄖 󰄘
󰂺 󰄀 󰄀󰄀 󰄀󰇤
 
󰄖 󰄘
󰄍 󰂶   󰂶   󰄀󰄀󰂶     󰄀 󰄀
      󰂶   󰃍󰆗󰃎󰂺     
    󰂶      
  󰃍󰆔󰃎󰂶 󰃍󰆕󰃎󰂶  󰃍󰆗󰃎󰂶 󰂶      
󰆡      󰄖  󰄘󰂺
󰆢       󰂶  󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆜󰂹 󰆔󰆖󰃎   󰄨 󰂻
           
󰃕 󰂻           󰄀
󰃖󰄩󰂺
󰆣       󰃍󰆖󰃎       󰂺
         󰂹   󰄀 󰄖󰄘󰂶
   󰄀󰄀󰂶   󰄀󰄀 󰄖󰄘󰂶  󰄀 
  󰄖 󰄘󰂶    󰄀󰄀 󰄖   
   󰄘󰂶    󰄀   󰃕󰈴󰃖󰂶 󰃕󰈴󰄀
󰃖󰂶 󰃕󰈴󰃖󰂺
󰂶   󰓑 󰆽󰆿󰇀
    󰆽󰆿 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿󰃎 󰆽󰆿󰆽󰄍󰆽󰇁󰆾
󰂺   󰂶    󰃍󰆔󰃎  󰃍󰆕󰃎    󰂶
   󰃍󰆗󰃎   󰂶      󰂺
󰃍󰆡󰃎 󰂺 󰇥󰄀 󰄀󰇦󰄀 󰄀󰇧
 󰂺󰂺󰇟󰇞
󰄖 󰄀󰂺󰂺󰄘
󰂺 󰄀 󰄀󰄀 󰄀󰂞
 󰂺󰂺
󰄖 󰄀󰂺󰂺󰄘
󰂺 󰄀 󰄀󰄀 󰄀
 󰂺󰂺
󰄖 󰄀󰂺󰂺󰄘
󰄍    󰂶 󰄀         󰄀󰄎
󰄀󰄎󰄀 󰄖󰄘󰂺 󰂶    󰄀     
             󰄀
󰄎󰄀󰄎󰄀 󰄖󰄘 󰃍 󰃕󰆔󰃖  󰃕󰆕󰃖󰃎󰂺
󰂶       󰄀   󰂶
󰂹
󰄍    󰃍󰆔󰃎  󰃍󰆕󰃎    󰄀    
  󰂺
󰄍    󰂶  󰄀      󰄀
 󰂶      󰂞 󰄖󰄘󰂺
󰄍  󰂶  󰂣󰂤󰄀      󰂶   
             󰂞
󰄖󰄘 󰃍󰆘󰃎󰂺
󰆤   󰄀      󰄀   󰂷  
   󰃕󰈴󰃖    󰃕󰈴󰃖 󰂺 󰄀  
     󰂶󰂶󰂺        
 󰂶          󰄀
           󰂺
󰆥 󰂶             󰃕󰈴󰃖
    󰂺
󰆦            󰂶   󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺
󰂶   󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆗󰃎       󰄀
  󰂺
󰆞󰆝  󰂶           󰂶
  󰂶  󰂶  󰂶   󰂶   󰄀
󰂶    󰂺
󰆽󰆿󰇁 
    󰆽󰆿 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿󰃎 󰆽󰆿󰆽󰄍󰆽󰇁󰆾
󰃍󰆢󰃎 󰂺 󰄀 󰄀󰄀 󰄀
 󰄀󰂺󰂺
󰄖 󰄀󰂺󰂺󰄘
   󰄀    󰂶 󰂶  󰄀
          
  󰄖󰄘󰂺   󰂶     󰄀
󰂹
󰆞󰂺           󰃍
󰃎󰂶    󰂶 󰂶    
   󰄖󰄘󰂿
󰆟󰂺      󰆔  󰄙󰄛  󰄙󰄛󰂶    
   󰂿
󰆠󰂺           
   󰆕󰂿   󰂶 󰂶  󰂿
󰆡󰂺 󰂶  󰄘   󰂶   
            󰄀
󰂿
     󰂹   󰆕󰂶   
󰂶 󰂶       
 󰂶 󰂶   󰂺   󰆖󰂶    󰄀
      󰆕󰂶     󰄀  󰄀
           󰂺
  󰆗󰂶         
   󰄀  󰄀󰂺 󰂶   󰆘󰂶   
          
   󰂶     󰃍 
󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂶   󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰃎󰂺
󰆕       
         󰂶
            󰃍󰂶
 󰂶  󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂹 󰆘󰆚󰄍󰆛󰆕󰂶 󰆔󰆙󰆔󰄍󰆔󰆚󰆘󰃎󰂺    󰂶 󰄀
󰂶     󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆔󰆕󰃎       
         
   󰂺    󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆘󰂹 󰆙󰆜󰃎󰂶  󰄀
           
  󰂺 󰂶    󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂷 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰃎󰂶 
󰂶   󰓑 󰆽󰆿󰇂
    󰆽󰆿 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿󰃎 󰆽󰆿󰆽󰄍󰆽󰇁󰆾
           
 󰂶󰇟󰇟       
   󰂺        󰄀
        󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆔󰆕󰃎  
󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆘󰃎󰂺
    󰂶      
     󰃍 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰂷    󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂷 
󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰂷   󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰂷  󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂷  󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆖󰂷    󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂷
 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂷  󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰂷   󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆓󰂷   󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰃎󰂷   
          󰂺 󰂶  󰂶 
󰂶    󰂶    󰂶  
 󰂶      󰂶   
  󰄎  󰄎    󰂺
          
󰂶         
 󰂺 󰂶        󰂹
󰆞󰂺      󰂶  󰂶 
   󰂺
󰆟󰂺      󰂶    
 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 󰂶 󰂺  󰂶    
 󰂺
󰆠󰂺  󰂶     󰂶  
          
   󰂺
󰆡󰂺  󰂶 󰂶     󰂶    
         󰃍󰂺󰂺󰂶    
   󰃎󰂶       󰄘 󰂺
  󰂶  󰂶     󰂶  
  󰂶         󰂺  
          󰂺
 󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰃎󰂶        󰄀
   󰆔󰆜󰆚󰆓  󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆓󰂶    󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆓󰃎󰂶 
        󰂹󰇟󰇠
󰆞󰆞       󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎      
       󰂶     
  󰄖󰄘     󰂶  󰂷 
      󰂶  󰂶  󰄀   
  󰂺
󰆞󰆟            󰂺
󰆽󰆿󰇃 
    󰆽󰆿 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿󰃎 󰆽󰆿󰆽󰄍󰆽󰇁󰆾
  󰆼  󰄙  󰄛󰂶     󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰂹 󰆚󰆖󰃎
󰂺 󰄙 󰃕󰂻󰃖  󰃕󰂻󰃖   󰄛󰂺
󰂺 󰄙    󰂶   󰂶 󰄙󰄛
󰄛󰂺
󰂺 󰄙           
  󰄛󰂺
󰂺 󰄙           
   󰂶    󰂶  󰂶   
 󰂺  󰂶       󰄀
      󰂺  
       󰃕󰃖       󰄀
 󰃍󰂶 󰂶 󰂺󰃎󰄛󰂺
󰂺 󰄙          󰄀
  󰄛󰂺
           
󰃍 󰂶  󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂶  󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂷  󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰃎󰂺 󰄀
󰂶           󰂶 
 󰂶      󰆔  󰂶   
     󰃍   󰆔󰄍󰆔󰆓󰂶 󰃎󰂺
         
      󰂺 󰂶      
     󰂶    
󰄘    󰃍 󰆔󰃎󰂺 󰂶     
    󰂿    󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆜󰃎󰂶󰄀
            
 󰂶      󰂺
󰂶             󰄀
          󰄀
 󰃍 󰆔󰃎󰂺
 󰆔
          
    󰂺
            
          󰃍 󰄀
 󰆔󰃎󰂶           
󰂶   󰓑 󰆽󰆿󰇄
    󰆽󰆿 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿󰃎 󰆽󰆿󰆽󰄍󰆽󰇁󰆾
󰂺    󰃕󰈴󰃈󰄀󰃖  󰃕󰈴󰃈󰄀󰃖    
     󰂶󰇟󰇡       󰄀
 󰆕󰂹
 󰆕
         󰂫󰃖󰂬 󰂞
󰂫󰈊󰂬    󰂺
             
         󰂶  
         󰄀
  󰃍 󰆖󰃎󰂶         󰄀
 󰂺  󰂶       
     󰂶      
     󰂺
 󰆖
    󰂌    
       󰂺󰇟󰇢
      󰂶       
           
 󰃍 󰄘  󰂶  󰆔󰃎󰂺 󰂶      󰄀
󰂶    󰄙 󰄛      
     󰂶     󰄀󰄀
        󰃍  
  󰆗󰃎󰂺 󰂶        
󰂶      󰂶    
󰂺󰇟󰇣 󰂶      󰆗 󰆘    󰂹
 󰆗
             󰂐
          
󰂺
󰆞󰆠 󰂶  󰂶  󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆓󰃎  󰂶   󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺
󰆞󰆡 󰂶                 󰄀
󰂷 󰂶     󰂶    󰄙󰃕󰈴󰃖󰄛     
󰂺
󰆞󰆢   󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆖󰆘󰃎   󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰃎         
         󰂺
󰆽󰇀󰆻 
    󰆽󰆿 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿󰃎 󰆽󰆿󰆽󰄍󰆽󰇁󰆾
 󰆘
󰂌         󰃖
󰂺
   󰄘    󰃍 󰆔󰃎󰂶     
    󰆙󰂹
 󰆙
         
         󰂺
       󰂶  󰃍 󰆔󰃎 
     󰄀     
       󰂺      
󰂶            
 󰃍󰂶  󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆔󰃎 󰂶󰇟󰇤        
             
 󰃍 󰆚󰃎󰂹
 󰆚
 󰂌          
   󰂺󰇟󰇥
   󰂶           
        󰃍 󰆛󰃎󰂺
 󰆛
             󰃖
󰂺
󰆞󰆣  󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎           󰂶  
  󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆔󰃎󰂺      󰃍󰂶 󰂶
 󰃎󰂶                󰄀
󰂺 󰂶      󰂶      
  󰂷  󰂶        
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆗󰃎󰂺
󰆞󰆤  󰃍󰆚󰃎           
          󰂺
󰂶   󰓑 󰆽󰇀󰆼
    󰆽󰆿 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿󰃎 󰆽󰆿󰆽󰄍󰆽󰇁󰆾
󰂶           󰂶 󰂺󰂺󰂶
  󰂶         
   󰃍 󰆜󰃎󰂺
 󰆜
          
   󰂌       󰂣󰂤  
      󰂺
󰂶            󰂶
 󰄘  󰃍 󰆔󰃎󰂶        
󰂶    󰃍 󰆔󰆓󰃎󰂺
 󰆔󰆓
          
 󰂺
           󰄀  󰄀󰂺
            
       󰂹 󰃍󰃎    󰄀
 󰃍󰂷 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂶      󰂶  󰃍󰃎
     󰃍󰂷 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰂺󰃎󰂺    
           󰂶 
           󰂶  
         󰂺  
󰄎 󰄎       
   󰃍  󰆔󰄍󰆔󰆓󰃎   󰂺  󰂶 
      󰄀     󰄀
  󰂺        󰂶 
     󰂶      󰄀
            
 󰃍 󰂶 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆜󰂷 󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂺
󰆖      
󰆖󰂺󰆔       
  󰄀     󰃍󰂶 󰆙󰄍󰃎   
  󰂶  󰂶   󰃍󰆙󰃎󰂶 󰂶   󰃍󰆙󰃎󰂶 
󰂶   󰃍󰆙󰃎󰂺
󰆽󰇀󰆽 
    󰆽󰆿 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿󰃎 󰆽󰆿󰆽󰄍󰆽󰇁󰆾
󰃍󰆣󰃎 󰂺 

󰇟󰇦
󰄀
󰄖󰄘
󰂺 


󰄀
󰄖 󰄘
󰂺 󰃑


󰄀
󰄖  󰄘
󰂺 󰃑


󰄀
󰄖   󰄘
󰂺 󰃑


󰄀
󰄖    󰄘
 󰂶   󰄀      󰃍󰂶 󰂺󰂺󰂶
󰆚󰄍󰃎     󰃍󰂶 󰂺󰂺󰂶 󰆚󰄍󰃎󰂺
󰃍󰆤󰃎 󰂺  
󰄀
󰄖 󰄘
󰂺  
󰄀
󰄖 󰄘
󰂺  
󰄀
󰄖 󰄘
󰆞󰆥 󰂶   󰂶    󰂶    
        󰂺 󰂶  
            
 󰂶 󰃍󰃎       󰂺
󰂶   󰓑 󰆽󰇀󰆾
    󰆽󰆿 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿󰃎 󰆽󰆿󰆽󰄍󰆽󰇁󰆾
󰂺  
󰄀
󰄖 󰄘
󰆖󰂺󰆕     
           
        󰂺 󰄀    
   󰃕󰈴󰃖󰂶     󰃍󰆛󰃎  󰃍󰆛󰃎󰂶   
 󰂶 󰄀        
 󰃕󰈴󰃖󰂺
󰃍󰆥󰃎 󰂺  󰄖 󰄘
󰂺  󰄖󰄘
󰂶        󰃕󰈴󰃖   󰄀 
     󰃍󰆗󰄍󰃎   󰃍󰆛󰄍󰃎    
󰃕󰈴󰃖
 󰂶   󰄀       󰄀
     󰃕󰈴󰃖󰂶       󰄀
     󰃕󰈴󰃖󰂶    󰃍󰆜󰄍󰃎󰂺
󰃍󰆦󰃎 󰂺  󰄖 󰄘
󰂺  󰄖 󰄘
󰆖󰂺󰆖   󰂫󰈊󰂬 
󰄀          󰄀
󰂶    󰃍󰆔󰆓󰃎󰂺   󰂶   󰄀  
         󰃕󰈴󰄀
󰃖  󰂺
󰃍󰆞󰆝󰃎  󰄖 󰄘
 󰄖 󰄘
 󰄖 󰄘 󰃍󰂺󰂺 󰄖   󰄘󰃎
󰂶        󰂺
󰆖󰂺󰆗 󰃖    
󰂶 󰄀        󰄀 
    󰂺     
            
   󰂺    󰃍󰆔󰆔󰃎  󰃍󰆔󰆔󰃎󰂺
󰆽󰇀󰆿 
    󰆽󰆿 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿󰃎 󰆽󰆿󰆽󰄍󰆽󰇁󰆾
󰃍󰆞󰆞󰃎 󰂺  󰄖󰃈󰄀 󰄘
󰂺  󰄖 󰄘
 󰃍󰆔󰆔󰃎󰂶 󰄀     󰄖󰄘󰂶   󰃍󰆔󰆔󰃎󰂶 󰄀  󰄀
    󰂺
󰆖󰂺󰆘  
         
     󰄖󰄘󰂺 󰂶  󰄀 󰄀
    󰂺    󰃍󰆔󰆕󰃎 
󰃍󰆔󰆖󰃎󰂶    󰃍󰆔󰆕󰃎󰂶   󰄀      
   󰃍󰃎󰂺         
󰂶 󰂶    󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆜󰂹 󰆕󰆘󰆗󰃎󰂶   
󰂺    󰂶  󰃍󰆔󰆖󰃎󰂶    󰃍󰄀󰃎   
    󰄀󰄀 󰈴 󰄀󰄀  󰄀󰄀       󰄀
󰂺󰇟󰇧
󰃍󰆞󰆟󰃎 󰃖󰃖 󰄖 󰄘
󰃍󰆞󰆠󰃎 󰃖 󰄖 󰄘
󰆖󰂺󰆙   󰂞 
  󰄀  󰃍󰆔󰆗󰃎  󰄖 󰂶    󰄀
   󰄘󰂺  󰂶  󰃍󰈽  󰄖󰄘 󰈴 
󰄖󰄘󰃎       󰂶   󰄀
       󰆔󰆜󰆕󰆖󰂺
󰃍󰆞󰆡󰃎  󰄖󰄀󰄘
 󰄖󰄀 󰄘
     󰄀󰂶    
 󰂶   󰃍󰆔󰆘󰃎󰂶    󰂶   󰃍󰆔󰆘󰃎󰂶  󰄖 󰄀
󰂶  󰂶     󰄘󰂹󰇠󰇞
󰃍󰆞󰆢󰃎 󰂺  󰄖   󰃍󰃎 󰄘
󰂺  󰄖 󰄘
󰆞󰆦      󰆘󰂶 󰂺
󰆟󰆝         󰃍󰃎  󰃍󰆔󰆘󰃎  󰃍󰆔󰆘󰃎󰂶   󰄀
  󰂶   󰆗  󰆘󰂺
󰂶   󰓑 󰆽󰇀󰇀
    󰆽󰆿 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿󰃎 󰆽󰆿󰆽󰄍󰆽󰇁󰆾
󰂶        󰃍󰆔󰆘󰃎   󰂶  
 󰂶        󰃍󰆔󰆗󰃎󰂺   󰄀
  󰃍󰆔󰆘󰃎󰂶 󰂶        󰄀
󰄘󰂺 󰂶   󰄀      
󰂶   󰃍󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂶    󰂹
󰃍󰆞󰆣󰃎  󰈓  󰄖󰄘
 󰈓  󰄖󰄘
 󰈓  󰄖󰄘
             
 󰂺󰇠󰇟
󰆖󰂺󰆚  
      󰂶 󰄀       
    󰂺  󰂶 󰄀     󰄀
          󰂺 󰂶   
             
       󰂶    
        󰂶   󰄀
   󰂺󰇠󰇠  󰂶  󰃍󰆔󰆛󰃎󰂶    
       󰂶 󰂺   󰄀
             
󰂺
󰆖󰂺󰆛  
    󰂶       󰄀 
             󰄀
󰂺    󰃍󰆔󰆚󰃎  󰃍󰆔󰆛󰃎 󰂺
󰆟󰆞 󰂶   󰄀         
   󰄀󰂺 󰂶        
 󰂶     󰂺  󰂶      
 󰆔󰆖   󰆔󰆗 󰂶   󰆔󰆔󰆖󰂶       󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆚󰃎󰂹 󰃖
 󰈽 󰈴󰈴 󰄖         
   󰄘󰂶      󰄀    
 󰄀  󰂺
󰆟󰆟             󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎 󰄀
          󰂶    
   󰃍  󰆔󰆙󰃎󰂺
󰆽󰇀󰇁 
    󰆽󰆿 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿󰃎 󰆽󰆿󰆽󰄍󰆽󰇁󰆾
󰃍󰆞󰆤󰃎  󰄖 󰄘
󰃍󰆞󰆥󰃎  󰄖 󰄘
 󰄀󰂶   󰄀        
    󰂺  󰂶 󰃍󰆔󰆜󰃎󰂶    
󰇠󰇡   󰂹
󰃍󰆞󰆦󰃎  󰄖 󰄘
󰆖󰂺󰆜    
         󰂶 󰄀
                
󰂺   󰄀󰂺       󰂶   󰃍󰆕󰆓󰄍
󰃎󰂶            󰂶  
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂺 󰂶   󰃍󰆕󰆓󰄍󰃎  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰃎󰂶    󰂺
󰃍󰆟󰆝󰃎 󰂺  󰄖 󰄘
󰂺  󰄖 󰄘
󰂺  󰄖 󰄘
󰂺  󰄖 󰄘
󰃍󰆟󰆞󰃎 󰂺  󰄖󰄘
󰂺  󰄖 󰄘
 󰂶   󰄀   󰄀      
󰂺  󰂶 󰄀         
  󰂶   󰃍󰆕󰆔󰄍󰃎󰂶     󰂺  󰄀 
      󰂶 󰄀        
    󰂺
󰆖󰂺󰆔󰆓    
   󰄎       
 󰃕󰈴󰃖󰄎         󰂶
󰆟󰆠  󰂶   󰄀       󰂺
     󰂶   󰄀  󰄀
    󰂺   󰂶     󰄘  
         󰂺
󰂶   󰓑 󰆽󰇀󰇂
    󰆽󰆿 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿󰃎 󰆽󰆿󰆽󰄍󰆽󰇁󰆾
  󰄀   󰄀 󰄀󰂺 󰂶   󰃍󰆕󰆕󰄍
󰃎󰂶    󰂺
󰃍󰆟󰆟󰃎 󰂺  󰄖 󰄘
󰂺  󰄖 󰄘
󰂺  󰄖 󰄘
󰆗  󰂶  󰂺  󰂻 󰂿
         󰆖󰂶     󰄀 
󰄀          󰂺 󰄀
     󰂶   󰄀     
󰂶    󰄀   󰂺   
          󰆕     
   󰆖󰂺
󰂶  󰄀  󰄀󰂶 󰄀󰂹
󰆞󰂺         󰄎
 󰄎 󰄀     󰂺
󰆟󰂺          
󰃕󰈴󰃖󰂺
󰆠󰂺        󰃕󰈴󰃖󰂺
󰆡󰂺  󰂶    󰃈    󰄀
  󰃍󰄀󰃎󰂺  󰂶  󰄀     
󰄖󰄘󰂶 󰄀        󰄀
          󰂶  
  󰂶   󰄀 󰂺
󰆢󰂺 󰄀       󰃍󰄀󰃎󰂶  
      󰂶   󰃍󰆙󰃎󰂺
󰆣󰂺          󰂶   
 󰂺
󰆤󰂺    󰃍󰃎       󰂺
󰆥󰂺            󰂷 
          
         󰄀󰂺
󰆦󰂺   󰂶            󰄀
    󰂺
󰆞󰆝󰂺        󰄀󰂺
        󰆕       󰂶
󰄀  󰄀󰂶          󰄀
    󰂹
󰆽󰇀󰇃 
    󰆽󰆿 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿󰃎 󰆽󰆿󰆽󰄍󰆽󰇁󰆾
  󰆽    󰄀  󰄀      
  󰄀󰄀
󰆔󰂺         

󰄍 󰈴
󰆕󰂺            󰄍 󰈴
󰆖󰂺        
  󰃕󰄀󰂶 󰈴󰃖
󰄍 󰈴
󰆗󰂺 󰄀     󰄍 󰈴
󰆘󰂺   󰄍 󰈴
󰆙󰂺   󰃈  󰄍 󰈴
󰆚󰂺     󰃈     󰄍 󰈴
󰆛󰂺          󰄍 󰈴
󰆜󰂺         󰄍 󰈴
󰆔󰆓󰂺    󰃍󰃎 󰃍󰃎 󰄍 󰈴
       󰄀     󰄀
 󰂶  󰄀󰂶     󰂺  󰂶
  󰄀󰂶      󰂶     
󰄀󰂺
󰂶        󰄀󰂶   
     󰂶     
  󰃍  󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰃎󰂶      
 󰄀󰄀󰂺   󰂶       
      󰂶󰇠󰇢     󰃍󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂹
󰃍󰆟󰆠󰃎 󰆔  󰆕   
󰂹 󰄀 󰄀󰄀 󰃈 
󰂹 󰄀 󰄀󰄀 󰃈 
󰂹 󰄀 󰃈 
󰆟󰆡   󰄀󰄀        
      󰂶  󰄎 󰄎  󰄀
󰂶 󰂶   󰃍      󰂶   󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰃎󰂺  
             󰄀
     󰄀󰂶     󰂺
󰂶   󰓑 󰆽󰇀󰇄
    󰆽󰆿 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿󰃎 󰆽󰆿󰆽󰄍󰆽󰇁󰆾
  󰆾     󰄀󰂶 󰄀󰂶  󰄀
    󰄀󰄀
 󰄼 󰇠󰇣 󰃍 󰃎
 󰄖󰄘      
   
   
 󰃍󰆕󰆖󰄍󰃎󰂶      󰄀󰂶     󰂶󰇠󰇤
󰃍󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂶   󰃍󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂶   󰂺 󰄀   󰂺 
         󰂶  󰄀
  󰄀󰄀   󰂺  󰂶  󰃍󰆕󰆖󰃎󰂶   󰄀 
         󰂷   
         
   󰂺   󰂶 󰄀󰄀     󰄀 󰂶  
       󰂺   
         󰃍󰆕󰆖󰃎  
   󰆖󰂺
󰆘 
         󰄀
     󰄖󰄘󰂺 󰂶       
 󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆜󰃎󰂶      󰄀  󰄀
  󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆖󰂹 󰆔󰆙󰆗󰃎󰂶    󰄀󰇠󰇥  󰄙󰄛 󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆜󰂹 󰆔󰆖󰆜󰂶 󰆔󰆙󰆗󰃎
  󰄙      󰄛
󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆜󰂹 󰆔󰆖󰃎󰂶        󰂺  󰄀
   󰃍󰄀󰂶 󰄀󰃎      
      󰆕󰂺      
         󰄀  󰄀
󰆟󰆢           󰃕󰈴󰃈󰄀
󰃖   󰂶 󰄀  󰃕󰈴󰃖  󰄀 󰃕󰄀󰃖󰂺
󰆟󰆣          󰂺  󰂶  
󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆗󰃎 󰂶      󰂶 󰄀    󰂺
󰆟󰆤   󰆔󰂶    󰄘   󰂶   󰂶    󰆗󰂶 
    󰂺
󰆽󰇁󰆻 
    󰆽󰆿 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿󰃎 󰆽󰆿󰆽󰄍󰆽󰇁󰆾
      󰂷 󰄀  󰂶  󰄀  󰄀
󰂺 󰂶            
         󰂺 󰄀
󰂶     󰂶       
   󰄀         
  󰂺
    󰄀 󰂶   
    󰄘 󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆔󰆕󰃎   󰂷 
     󰂺 󰂶    
  󰂶   󰄀  󰃍 󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰃎󰂶 󰄀
     󰄘 󰃍󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆘󰂷   󰆕󰃎 󰄀
  󰂶     󰂶  
    󰂶     󰂺 󰂶
       󰄀  
       󰂺  󰂶 
  󰃍󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆖󰃎󰂶      󰄀   󰄀
   󰂺 󰂶      
             󰄀
󰂺   󰂶        󰄀
󰂺        
     󰄀 󰂶   󰂺
󰂶          󰄀
  󰂺        
 󰂶    󰄎 󰄎   󰂺 󰄀
󰂶        󰂶  
󰄀          
         󰄀
󰂺

         
   󰂶     󰄀
     󰂺      
        󰂶     
         󰂺  
  󰂺 󰂶  󰂶  󰄀󰂶
 󰂶      󰅲    
󰃍󰇄󰃎󰂶     󰆘󰄍󰆚󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂶     󰄀
󰂶   󰓑 󰆽󰇁󰆼
    󰆽󰆿 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿󰃎 󰆽󰆿󰆽󰄍󰆽󰇁󰆾
     󰄙    󰄛󰂺  󰄀
     󰅪󰅭     
󰃍󰆼󰆿󰃎    󰆘󰄍󰆛󰂶 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂶 󰂶   󰂺 󰂶
       󰄙   󰄀
󰂹        󰄛󰂺
           󰄀
    󰂶        
󰂶        󰂺 󰄎󰄎
  󰂺

󰄀󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆔󰂺  󰄀󰃍󰃎  󰂺  
 󰃕  󰄀󰃍󰃎  󰂺   󰃖󰂺
   󰅭      󰅫󰅩󰅩󰅪󰂶 󰂺 
󰂶  󰂶  󰂶  󰂶  󰂶 
󰄀󰂶  󰂶    󰄀
󰂶 󰆚󰆔󰄍󰆛󰆙󰂺 󰂹   󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂺      󰄀
󰂺     󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆜󰆖󰃈󰃈󰎦
󰆜󰆚󰆛󰆓󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆖󰆛󰆗󰆙󰆘󰆘󰂺󰆓󰆔󰆖󰂺󰆘󰆙󰆜
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰂺    󰂹   󰄀
   󰂺   󰂶 󰂺 
 󰂺 󰂶  󰂶  󰂺 󰂶  󰂶 
󰂶  󰂺 󰂶 󰆔󰆛󰆖󰄍󰆔󰆜󰆘󰂺 󰂹  󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰂺   󰂹    󰄀
󰂺    󰂶 󰂺   󰂺 󰂶  󰂶
 󰂺 󰂶  󰂶  󰂶  󰂺 󰂶 󰆔󰆓󰆜󰄍󰆔󰆖󰆕󰂺
󰂹  󰂺
󰂶 󰂶  󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆘󰂺   
    󰂺       󰄀
  󰄀󰂺    󰆙󰆕󰂺󰆗󰂺󰆗󰆗󰆚󰄍󰆗󰆚󰆙󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂺   󰂹    󰄀 󰄀
󰂺  󰆖󰆕󰂺󰆔󰂺󰆕󰆘󰄍󰆗󰆗󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆓󰆚󰃈󰆔󰆔󰆘󰆕󰆘󰄃󰆓󰆕󰆔󰄃󰆓󰆜󰆖󰆛󰆘󰄃󰆚
󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆜󰂺     󰃖
      󰃕  
       󰃖󰂺  󰂹 
  󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆕󰆙󰆛󰆔󰃈󰃈󰆖󰆕󰆗󰆖󰆕
󰂶   󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂺 󰄀   
󰆽󰇁󰆽 
    󰆽󰆿 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿󰃎 󰆽󰆿󰆽󰄍󰆽󰇁󰆾
    󰂹  󰂺    
󰆔󰆜󰂺󰆔󰂺󰆖󰄍󰆘󰆚󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆔󰆙󰆖󰃈󰆔󰆘󰆙󰆜󰆜󰆛󰆗󰆙󰄃󰆓󰆔󰆜󰆓󰆔󰆓󰆓󰆔
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰂺  󰂺     󰂺
  󰆔󰆜󰂺󰆔󰂺󰆔󰄍󰆖󰆖󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆘󰆔󰆘󰃈󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰂺󰆓󰆓󰆔
     󰃈   󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆛󰂺 
   󰃕    󰃖󰂺  
 󰂺
󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆖󰂺   󰂺    󰃖
󰂶 󰂺   󰂺   󰂺 󰂶 󰆗󰆚󰆕󰄍󰆗󰆜󰆕󰂺 󰂹  󰄀
 󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆓󰆕󰃈󰆜󰆚󰆛󰆓󰆗󰆚󰆓󰆚󰆘󰆙󰆖󰆜󰆖󰂺󰆔󰆖
󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂺    󰃍  󰃎 󰂿  󰃖
 󰆗󰆛󰂺󰆕󰂺󰆖󰆙󰆔󰄍󰆖󰆛󰆗󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆘󰆔󰆘󰃈󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆗󰂺󰆓󰆔󰆖
󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂺         󰂺
   󰆕󰂺󰆔󰂺󰆖󰆗󰆖󰄀󰆖󰆗󰆖󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆕󰆘󰆔󰆛󰆜󰃈󰆕󰆙󰆚󰆘󰄃󰆗󰆜󰆔󰆙󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔󰂺󰆕󰂺󰆔󰎦
󰂺󰆖󰆗󰆖
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆗󰂺    󰂹  󰂶 
 󰂺    󰆗󰆓󰂺󰆕󰆙󰆖󰄍󰆖󰆕󰆖󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆚󰂺      󰂹󰅪󰅪󰅩󰅩󰃣
󰅪󰅯󰅯󰅲 󰃕      󰂹 󰆔󰆔󰆓󰆓󰄍󰆔󰆙󰆙󰆜󰃖󰂺 󰄀
󰂹   󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆙󰆘󰂺     󰂺  󰆘󰆔󰂺󰆘󰆘󰄍󰆚󰆔󰂺
󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆔󰆚󰆚󰃈󰆓󰆖󰆜󰆕󰆔󰆜󰆕󰆔󰆙󰆘󰆓󰆔󰆖󰆓󰆘󰆔󰆓󰆘
󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆓󰂺      󰂺  󰂶 󰄀
   󰂺
󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂺       󰃕 
 󰃖󰂺  󰂺   󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰎦
󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆕󰆙󰆛󰆔󰃈󰃈󰆗󰆙󰆛󰆗󰆕
󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂺     󰂺   
󰅲       󰂺    󰄀
󰄘        󰂺
󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆗󰂺 󰂺      󰂶 󰂺 
 󰂶  󰂺 󰂶  󰂶    󰂺
󰂹 󰂺
󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆗󰂺       󰄀
  󰂺   󰆘󰆛󰂺󰆕󰂺󰆘󰆗󰆔󰄍󰆘󰆙󰆕󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆘󰆔󰆘󰃈󰄃󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆗󰄃󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆔
󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆗󰂺     󰂹     󰄀
    󰂺    󰂶 󰂺   󰂺 󰂺
󰂹            󰄀
󰂺
󰂶  󰂺  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆜󰂺     󰂹 󰄀
󰂶   󰓑 󰆽󰇁󰆾
    󰆽󰆿 󰃍󰆽󰆻󰆽󰆿󰃎 󰆽󰆿󰆽󰄍󰆽󰇁󰆾
       󰂺    
󰅪󰅭     󰂺   󰂺
󰂶  󰂺  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂺    󰄀
󰂺   󰄀   󰂺   󰆔󰆖󰂺󰆖󰂺󰆖󰆜󰆙󰄍󰆗󰆕󰆚󰂺
󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆖󰆖󰆙󰆙󰃈󰂺󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂺󰆓󰆔󰆚󰆙
󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆔󰆕󰂺 󰄘   󰂺  󰂣 
󰂤󰂶 󰆔󰆕󰂺󰆖󰆛󰆗󰄍󰆗󰆓󰆓󰂺 󰃍  󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆕󰆔󰂺   
 󰂶 󰆔󰆖󰆓󰄍󰆔󰆗󰆛󰂺 󰂹    󰃎󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆜󰆜󰂺  󰂏     󰂺
󰂶 󰂹   󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆘󰆔󰆘󰃈󰆜󰆚󰆛󰆖󰆔󰆔󰆓󰆛󰆓󰆕󰆛󰆙󰆖
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆖󰂺    󰂺    󰂺
󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆓󰆚󰃈󰆜󰆚󰆛󰄃󰆜󰆗󰄃󰆓󰆓󰆚󰄃󰆗󰆜󰆙󰆓󰄃󰆖
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆔󰆛󰂺 󰄀  󰄀󰂹     󰂺   󰂹
      󰃕  󰂹  󰄀
    󰃖󰂶 󰂺  󰂶 󰆗󰆗󰆜󰄍󰆗󰆙󰆗󰂺 󰂹 󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆓󰂺 󰂹    󰂺  󰂏
  󰂶 󰂺     󰂶 󰆕󰆔󰆚󰄍󰆕󰆖󰆛󰂺 󰄀
󰂹   󰂺
󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆕󰆕󰂺 󰄎󰂶  󰃕󰂹 󰂶 
󰃖󰂺 󰂹 󰂺 󰃍󰆔  󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰂺󰃎
󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆓󰂺        󰂹
    󰂺     󰃖
   󰆔󰆕󰂺󰆔󰂺󰆘󰆖󰄍󰆚󰆜󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆚󰃈󰆔󰆓󰆗󰆓󰆛󰆕󰆓󰆚󰆓󰆓󰆓󰆓󰆕󰆛󰆓󰆛
󰂶  󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆘󰂺    󰂹   󰄀
   󰂺   󰂶 󰂺   󰂶 
   󰂶 󰆚󰆔󰄍󰆛󰆗󰂺 󰂹  󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆘󰆔󰆘󰃈󰎦
󰆜󰆚󰆛󰆖󰆔󰆔󰆓󰆜󰆕󰆘󰆖󰆙󰆗󰂺󰆚󰆔
 󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆓󰂺   󰂺 󰅪󰂐 󰂏  
    󰂶 󰂺   󰂶  󰂶
 󰂶    󰂶 󰆖󰆗󰆜󰄍󰆖󰆙󰆓󰂺 󰂶 
󰂹   󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆘󰆔󰆘󰃈󰆜󰆚󰆛󰆖󰆔󰆔󰆓󰆔󰆔󰆔󰆕󰆛󰆙󰂺󰆔󰂺󰆘󰂺󰆖󰆗󰆜
 󰂶 󰂺 󰆕󰆓󰆓󰆛󰂺 󰄀   󰂹   
       󰂺  󰆔󰆛󰂺󰆕󰆚󰄍
󰆗󰆜󰂺 󰂹󰃈󰃈󰂺󰃈󰆔󰆓󰂺󰆔󰆓󰆓󰆚󰃈󰆔󰆔󰆘󰆕󰆘󰄃󰆓󰆓󰆛󰄃󰆜󰆔󰆕󰆔󰄃󰆙
󰂶 󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆛󰆔󰂺    󰄙 󰄛  󰄙  󰄛󰂺 󰃖
  󰆔󰆕󰂺󰆕󰂺󰆕󰆗󰆘󰄍󰆕󰆚󰆗󰂺
󰂶  󰂺 󰆔󰆜󰆖󰆘󰂺  󰃖  󰂏     󰃖
󰂺 󰂹  󰂺
Research
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This is the bibliography of publications on Construction Morphology and the use of its concepts in the description of individual languages
Article
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This paper explores the nuanced realm of case syncretism, focusing primarily on its synchronic presence in Modern Greek (dialectal variety) and on the diachronic emergence of the phenomenon, classifying the distribution of syncretic cells in the nominal inflectional system of the language. This analysis shows that syncretism has been extended over time to many nouns, no longer limited either to neuter nouns or to the cells for the Nominative and Accusative. I suggest that the distribution of syncretic cells in Greek is influenced primarily by grammatical gender, but it is also affected by the productivity of each inflectional class, which I attribute to the morphomic (in terms of Aronoff [1994]. Morphology by itself: Stems and inflectional classes, vol. 22. MIT Press.) nature of the phenomenon. I propose a decisive new factor preventing a cell from participating in syncretic patterns: inter-paradigmatic similarity of affixes appears to block syncretism. Further, I examine the factors facilitating the development and expansion of syncretic patterns.
Article
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In Modern Hebrew, prefixoids such as tat ‘sub’, χad ‘mono’, etc. appear on nouns and suffixed adjectives. The status of the prefixoid is not clear: in some respects, it behaves like the morphological head, but in others it behaves like the dependent. Focusing on tat ‘sub’, this paper provides both the first thorough description of such an item and a morphological analysis. It is claimed that the prefixoid is always a nominal modifier. In some configurations, the modified nominal structure is null. These claims are shown to account for the selectional restrictions of the prefixoid, as well as the agreement and inflection patterns of the different items with tat.
Article
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The notion of ‘grammaticalization’ — the embedding of once non- (or less-) grammatical phenomena into the grammar of a language — has enjoyed broad acceptance over the past 30 years as a new paradigm for describing and accounting for linguistic change. Despite its appeal, my contention is that there are some issues with ‘grammaticalization’ as it is conventionally described and discussed in the literature. My goal here is to explore what some of those problems are and to focus on what grammaticalization has to offer as a methodology for studying language change. Drawing on case studies from the history of English and the history of Greek, I reach a characterization of how much of grammatical change can legitimately be called “grammaticalization” and how much is something else. In this way, I work to achieve a sense of what grammaticalization is and what it is not.
Article
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This paper investigates aspects of adjectival modification in Romance and Greek of Southern Italy. In Italiot Greek, prenominal adjectives obey restrictions that do not exist in Standard Modern Greek, where all types of adjectives are allowed in prenominal position. As far as postnominal adjectives are concerned, in the textual tradition of Calabria Greek there is evidence of postnominal adjectives systematically articulated in definite nominal structures (henceforth DP s), in a structure similar to the so-called polydefinite construction that is typical of Standard Modern Greek (and of Greek in general since ancient times). Some residual evidence of such a construction is also found in Salento. Yet, in the varieties currently spoken in the two areas, postnominal adjectives are never articulated. The paper explores these patterns, with particular attention to the mechanisms potentially responsible for the loss of polydefiniteness.
Article
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One of the core challenges in linguistics is elucidating compounds—their formation as well as the reasons their structure varies between languages. This book on Modern Greek rises to the challenge with a meticulous treatment of its diverse, intricate compounds, a study as grounded in theory as it is rich in data. Enhancing our knowledge of compounding and word-formation in general, its exceptional scope is a worthy model for linguists, particularly morphologists, and offers insights for students of syntax, phonology, dialectology and typology, among others. The author examines first-tier themes such as the order and relations of constituents, headedness, exocentricity, and theta-role saturation. She shows how Modern Greek compounding relates to derivation and inflection, and charts the boundaries between compounds and phrases. Exploring dialectically variant compounds, and identifying historical changes, the analysis extends to similarly formed compounds in wholly unrelated languages.
Article
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It is clear that the set of changes effected by speakers in their languages include those that are often labelled “grammaticalization,” “grammaticization,” or even “grammatization.” This notion is variously defined,¹ but especially in recent years, almost always in such a way as to refer to something that, first of all, morphemes do, as opposed to (referring to) what is done by speakers, and that, second, echoes the characterization of Kurylowicz: “an increase of the range of a morpheme advancing from a lexical to a grammatical or from a less grammatical to a more grammatical status.” Indeed, several other chapters in this volume – those by Bybee, Fortson, Harrison, Heine, Hock, Mithun, Rankin, and Traugott, to be exact – are concerned, to one degree or another, with grammaticalization.
Chapter
1. Introduction 2. Criteria 2.1. Phonological Criteria 2.2. Morphosyntactic Criteria 2.3. Semantic Criteria 3. Classes of Problem Cases 3.1. Neoclassical Compounds 3.2. Affixoids 3.3. Synthetic Compounding 3.4. Exocentric Compounding 3.5. Copulative Compounding References
Article
The future of English linguistics as envisaged by the editors of Topics in English Linguistics lies in empirical studies which integrate work in English linguistics into general and theoretical linguistics on the one hand, and comparative linguistics on the other. The TiEL series features volumes that present interesting new data and analyses, and above all fresh approaches that contribute to the overall aim of the series, which is to further outstanding research in English linguistics.