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SWOT-AHP integration for determining development strategy of Pangkep Pomelo Citrus Agro-industry
Abstract
This research proposes a development strategy for the Pomelo Citrus agro-industry in the Pangkep Regency, utilising a combined SWOT and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach. The purpose of this study is to identify key factors influencing the industry's competitiveness and growth potential, providing a strategic framework for stakeholders. The methodology involves SWOT analysis to evaluate internal and external factors, followed by AHP to prioritise these factors for strategic decision-making. Findings indicate that strengths and opportunities are the most influential factors, with abundant raw materials and strong government support as major growth drivers. In contrast, limitations in technological mastery and the threat of land-use changes present relevant but less significant challenges. The SWOT quadrant analysis places the Pangkep Pomelo agro-industry in Quadrant I (Growth), suggesting a strategy focused on expansion, capacity building, innovation, and market utilisation. The conclusion underscores that a growth-oriented strategy can enhance regional economic resilience by maximising the value of local commodities. Practical implications of this study include actionable insights for policymakers and business actors to leverage local strengths and address constraints, promoting sustainable development in the agro-industry sector.
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The necessity of making reliable decisions is exceptionally important in the field of sustainable development,particularly when evaluating the management of renewable energy sources. A thorough analysis becomesimperative in complex decision problems where various factors influence outcomes. Multi-Criteria DecisionAnalysis (MCDA) methods have emerged as valuable tools for addressing such challenges, enabling decision-makers to navigate through conflicting criteria and make informed choices. Combined with sensitivity analysisapproaches, comprehensive assessments can be achieved, ensuring the robustness of decision-making processes.To increase the reliability of the results, different aspects of input data fluctuations should be examined toprovide a broader view of the stability of the results.This paper proposes a comprehensive multi-dimensional sensitivity analysis approach to assess therobustness of renewable energy source (RES) development in selected European countries. By evaluatingRES management in terms of electricity and energy consumption and generation, the study addresses keycomponents of sustainable development. It offers a holistic perspective on result reliability and stability byanalyzing five sensitivity dimensions: a comparative analysis of four MCDA methods, varying criteria weightsscenarios, probabilistic modifications, criteria relevance identification, and ranking stability. This approachenhances decision-making in sustainable energy development, providing valuable insights for policymakers onprioritizing sustainable technologies. The provided open-source implementation promotes transparency andaccessibility in decision support systems.
The origins of SWOT analysis have been enigmatic, until now. With archival research, interviews with experts and a review of the available literature, this paper reconstructs the original SOFT/SWOT approach, and draws potential implications. During a firm's planning process, all managers are asked to write down 8 to 10 key planning issues faced by their units. Each manager grades, with evidence, these issues as either safeguarding the Satisfactory; opening Opportunities; fixing Faults; or thwarting Threats: hence SOFT (which is later merely relabeled to Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats, or SWOT). Subgroups of managers have several dialogues about these issues with the instruction to include the needs and expectations of all the firm's stakeholders. Their developed resolutions or proposals become input for the executive planning committee to articulate corporate purpose(s) and strategies. SWOT's originator, Robert Franklin Stewart, emphasized the crucial role that creativity plays in the planning process. The SOFT/SWOT approach curbs mere top-down strategy making to the benefit of strategy alignment and implementation; Introducing digital means to parts of SWOT's original participative, long-range planning process, as suggested herein, could boost the effectiveness of organizational strategizing, communication and learning. Archival research into the deployment of SOFT/SWOT in practice is needed.
Fruit peels comprise several biologically active compounds, but their nutritional composition and antioxidant potential of different fruit varieties are limited. This study aimed to determine the nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of 12 peels of different fruit varieties such as apples, pomegranates, guavas, strawberries, grapes, and citrus fruits using a ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer, an inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), and an amino acid analyzer. The highest values of TPC, TFC, lycopene, ascorbic acid [total carotenoids and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)], reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, and total soluble proteins were reported in grapes (Black seedless) 54,501.00 ± 0.82 μM/g dry wt., guava (Gola) 198.19 ± 0.46 Rutin equivalent dry wt., strawberry (Candler) 7.23 ± 0.33 mg/g dry wt., citrus (Mausami) 646.25 ± 0.96 ug/g dry wt., apple (Kala kulu-Pak) 14.19 ± 0.38 mg/g dry wt. and 12.28 ± 0.39 μM/g dry wt., strawberry (Candler) 25.13 ± 0.40 mg/g dry wt., pomegranate (Badana) 9.80 ± 0.43 mg/g dry wt., apple (Kala kullu-Irani) 30.08 ± 0.11 mg/g dry wt., and guava (Gola) 638.18 ± 0.24 mg/g dry wt. compared with its opponent peels of fruits, respectively. All 12 peels of the fruit verities had 20 amino acids and presented as dry matter basis%. The highest trend of glutamic acid + glutamine, glycine, and aspartic acid + asparagine was observed in pomegranate (Badana) 1.20 DM basis%, guava (Surhai and Gola) 1.09 and 1.09 DM basis%, and strawberry (Desi/local and Candler) 1.15 and 1.60 DM basis% in response to other fruit peels, respectively. Regarding the mineral profile, the highest values of nitrogen (764.15 ± 0.86 mg/100 g), phosphorus (53.90 ± 0.14 mg/100 g), potassium (3,443.84 ± 0.82 mg/100 g), ferric (1.44 ± 0.00 mg/100 g), magnesium (1.31 ± 0.00 mg/100 g), and manganese (0.21 ± 0.00 mg/100 g) were found in pomegranate (Badana), grapes (Black seedless), apple (Kala kulu-Pak), and pomegranate (Badana), respectively, in context to other fruit peels’ extract. Principal component analysis (PCA) and agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) were analyzed for determining the correlation among different peels of fruits. Significantly, high levels of variation were noticed among different variables of peels of fruit. Fruit variety and its peels have been distinctive variables in selecting genotypes. The dendrogram obtained from cluster analysis was distributed into two groups and consisted of eight varieties in the same group, and four fruit varieties were in second group. Overall, the results conclude that fruit peels have the abundant antioxidants and some minerals, which can effectively be utilized for nutraceuticals as well as for food security.
Human T lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is a public health issue for most countries and imposes important consequences on patients' health and socioeconomic status. Brazil is one of the global leaders of the public health response to these viruses. The country has challenges to overcome to implement meaningful policies aiming to eliminate HTLV-1/2. An analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) for the implementation of public health policies on HTLV-1/2 was performed. The strengths identified were the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS); Brazilian expertise in public health programs successfully implemented; currently available policies targeting HTLV; and strong collaboration with researchers and patient's representative. Lack of awareness about HTLV, insufficient epidemiological data, lack of reference centers for patient care, insufficient availability of confirmatory tests, lack of universal antenatal screening, and absence of cost-effectiveness studies were identified as weaknesses. Some interesting opportunities included the increased interest from international organizations on HTLV, possibility of integrating HTLV into other programs, external funding for research, available online platforms, opportunity to acquire data from HTLV-1/2 surveillance to gather epidemiological information, and HTLV policies that were implemented independently by states and municipalities. In addition to the COVID-19 pandemic, existing demands from different diseases, the country's demography and its marked sociocultural diversity and the volatility of the technical team working with HTLV-1/2 at the Brazilian Ministry of Health are threats to the implementation of public policies on HTLV-1/2. This SWOT analysis will facilitate strategic planning to allow continuous progress of the Brazilian response to HTLV-1/2 infection.
Populations in coastal areas are vulnerable to chronic exposure to potentially toxic elements (PTEs) from aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we estimated the health risks from Cd, Cr, Fe, and Pb exposure in river water, sediments, and edible aquatic biota (Anadara granosa and Chanos chanos). Human daily intake was determined by an interview process with 287 respondents that were selected by proportional cluster random sampling. The cumulative probability value for total risk exceeded the acceptable limit value, indicating that adverse health impacts from PTE exposure may occur in the Pangkep coastal population. The sensitivity analysis showed that exposure duration and Cr concentrations are the factors with the greatest influence in a recreational exposure scenario, whereas the frequency of exposure to shellfish and milkfish is the most influential factor for health risks in a residential scenario. Thus, reducing Cr concentrations in river water, restricting swimming duration, and limiting the frequency of shellfish and milkfish consumption are required to mitigate health risks in the future.
The utilization of rubber dams for water supply and irrigated agriculture is becoming an emerging practice in developing countries. In this study, based on the SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis, a variety of standards and processes in project management (PM) are integrated within the framework of the strategic management (SM) of an organization responsible for the management of new small-scale hydraulic infrastructures, e.g., rubber dam projects. The most important internal and external factors in PM and organizational SM of rubber dam projects in Iran are initially identified, adapted, and integrated. Thereafter, the factors are weighted, evaluated, and analyzed using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and combined SWOT–AHP methods. Based on the results, the total weighted scores of the internal and external factors are 2.353 and 2.718, respectively. Hence, the derived main strategy of the organization is WO. This means that the weakness factors can be reduced through the opportunities available for projects. Finally, a new methodology called “strategy matrix” resulting from “priority matrix” is proposed to prioritize and determine the organization’s possible strategies. The outputs demonstrate the first three priorities as a mix of the main strategy alternatives, e.g., W1O1, W7O1, and W9O1. The organization, hence, is proposed to use the economic benefits of rubber dam projects to further monitor organizational units, the project’s resource management, and the project’s stakeholder management (not the project’s stakeholders). The proposed research could be conceived as a pilot for sustainable management in developing countries, where strategic project management can produce important operational benefits.
The present research aims to use SWOT analysis to identify strategic problems of small business companies (SBCs) from the automotive selling parts of a brazilian city and use the GUT matrix for identifying a Priority Level (PL) result of each problem listed. This case-study is expected to bring improvements to the automotive pole in territory, as a way to quantify and prioritize the actions focused on the weaknesses and threats identified though the SWOT analysis (an acronym for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats and is a structured method that evaluates those four elements on a strategic way), the GUT matrix (technique for priorization and decision making) will be used according its aspects of severity, urgency and tendency. It finds that solving problems of “Low cooperation between the companies” and increase the level of interaction between the companies will increase generation of information. Solve “infrastructure deficiency and accessibility to the Pole” problems will increase the Association’s recognition and representativeness, bringing closer and enabling the gradual implementation of a more adequate governance.
Decision making is a significant responsibility for business managers, their decisions impacting business performance. Managers are therefore interested in acquiring and implementing reliable methods for making decisions both now and in the future. Currently, in the countries in the Albanian-speaking regions of the Western Balkans, intuitive decision-making methods predominate. In order to find appropriate methods for assessing and prioritizing goals, new approaches to decision making should be adopted. Various methods have been developed for multi-criteria decision making. One of these is the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method—a method which should receive more attention than it has up to now. We would like to show that the AHP method could be of great use in decision making. Through a case study, this paper explores the AHP, a method with three levels in which the identification of decision-making criteria is based on the perceptions of managers and consumers. The paper’s findings offer an important guide for managers to improve decision making and enhance performance in competitive markets.
Purpose
Advanced digitalization techniques combined with artificial intelligence and automated robotic systems have created “Smart” organizations resulting in a new revolution in the industrial production systems as Industry 4.0 (I4.0). The research is aimed to do a meticulous scanning of internal and external environment pertaining to I4.0 implementation in the manufacturing industry in India.
Design/methodology/approach
A survey was conducted among the manufacturing managers and information technology professionals about the factors affecting I4.0 application, and 20 such internal and external factors were identified. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were executed for factor analysis, and four dimensions in terms of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) factors were determined from the variables. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) methodology was then applied.
Findings
Results show that increased productivity and efficiency appeared to be the biggest strength of I4.0 while the biggest weakness is the need for specialized training and skills. The biggest opportunity is found to be increasing trust of customers in Internet transactions and employee resistance to adopting new technologies turned out to be the biggest threat.
Practical implications
Organizations will be able to evaluate the strengths, work upon weakness, exploit the opportunities and protect against external challenges and threats beforehand while implementing I4.0 technologies.
Originality/value
The four dimensions in terms of SWOT pertaining to manufacturing industry have been identified by collecting original data from the manufacturing industry, and AHP and CFA were then carried out to prioritize and verify them.
In today's complex and changing business environment the concern with sustainability has gained more notoriety. However, companies still do not have a sustainable perspective, but a short-term one, where their values are constantly forgotten and this concept is no longer welcomed. This research demonstrates the need for companies to adapt and to start acting in this direction. Following a set of interviews conducted with professionals with management positions of high responsibility , findings reveal that although sustainability is on the management mind, strategies and tools need to be adapted to be at the core of the organization's strategic formulation. To support this process, a new SWOT analysis to fit a forward-looking sustainable world is proposed. Furthermore, due to the aggregative nature of the model, it represents an essential tool for an open innovation. "SWOT i" integrates the concern with sustainability as one of its pillars, placing the values and impacts that each decision can have at the center of the strategic formulation, allowing their performance to leverage.
Researchers and practitioners argue that in the global context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, also labelled Industry 4.0, the regional dimension of industrial development remains equally essential. A region that effectively implements the concept of Industry 4.0 can accelerate by enhancing the manufacturing energy efficiency, thus contributing to the goals of the “Green Deal” policy. Therefore, to support the policy-making process, it is necessary to develop analytical tools exploring the determinants of the Industry 4.0 development. This paper presents a methodology of strategic analysis of a region in terms of the Industry 4.0 development potential. The core of the methodology is an extended Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis. The study identifies regional strengths and weaknesses, external incentives and disincentives, internal opportunities and threats, and external opportunities and threats with regard to the development of Industry 4.0, related technologies and the potential of increasing manufacturing energy efficiency. The research procedure is exemplified by the case of Podlaskie Voivodeship in Poland. The results of this study demonstrate the robustness of the proposed approach. The elaborated methodology can be used by decision-makers in designing strategies for the development of fourth-generation industry at a regional level.
Energy has been the cornerstone for all the technological advancements that are happening in the world. The need for energy at present is great than ever before and it is foreseen to rise in the future, as a result, it triggered us to look into zero-emission alternatives i.e. renewables to meet our energy demand. Energy demand surge is not the only cause, rising fossil fuel prices and global warming are among the major factor for such a verdict. Governments of nearly all the nation are taking the necessary measures that will result in a greater good. Carbon neutralization is a feat that every nation must attain to ensure sustainable global development, renewables prove to be the best tool to achieve it. The scope of the study is to analyse both the drivers and de-motivators for renewable energy development for the study nations including India, China, Iceland, Sweden, and the US are taken into account, each country has its unique strongholds in renewable energy genesis. This work will give a descriptive overview of the country’s renewable assets and its green future by means of a SWOT analysis where each country will be assessed based on the four parameters namely Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats for renewable resources. This study has been carried out to access each country potential for renewable energy generation. The motive for selecting these countries is that, these countries show promising outcomes to the leap towards green energy generation and utilization. Their positive results are due to various factors that will be analysed in this work. Additionally an arithmetic based approach was formulated to identify which of the countries will be able to attain Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7).
Solar energy systems are a cheaper and easy solution to cope with severe energy crisis especially in emerging economies including Turkey which exerted huge efforts to enhance the existing solar power projects. However, the selection of the optimal site for the installation of solar projects needs vigorous investigation through various factors. Adequate quantitative scientific research is required for the process of site selection in Turkey. This paper categorizes various sites in Turkey through various factors such as economic, environmental, and social factors. Various major criteria have been combined through mathematical development to install the solar power project in remote areas of Turkey. The scientific evaluation of remote and rural solar projects in Turkey has been taken as a case study in the current paper. Additionally, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and F-VIKOR methods were used to aggregate the criteria. The results show that economic and social ratio is significant, whereas the transmission matrix, land cost, and the sun irradiance got a major score in order to generate electricity. The study results show that total sunshine time per year determined is 2741 h (a total of 7.5 h per day) and the total solar energy obtained each year is 1527 kWh per square meter per year (a total of 4.18 kWh per square meter per day).
Citrus grandis Osbeck, commonly known as “pomelo” or “shaddock,” is the largest citrus fruit, the peel of which is a well‐known agricultural residual waste. Pomelo peel offers a wide range of components such as essential oils, polysaccharides, and phytochemicals with potential food applications. Utilization of pomelo peel to recover these components is an important step toward agricultural sustainability. This review covers pomelo peel utilization opportunities beyond conventional composting and animal feed production, and critically examines value‐added uses via the recovery of potentially bioactive components. The peel of pomelo accounts for approximately 30% of the total fruit weight and contains phytochemicals, including aroma‐active volatiles, pectin, flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, coumarins, and polysaccharides. Recovery of these phytochemicals offers an opportunity for value‐added utilization such as the development of enriched or functional foods and nutraceuticals. The health‐promoting and therapeutic potential of pomelo peel extracts and isolated pure compounds have been evaluated through numerous in vitro and in vivo studies that revealed a wide range of bioactivities, including hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer effects. Preclinical evidence highlights multifaceted molecular and signaling events that possibly underlie the said bioactive potential. Overall, the pomelo processing industry offers a great opportunity to recover or produce valuable products from the large amounts of residual wastes it generates. It is envisaged that a thorough understanding of the bioactive components of pomelo peel, their functional and nutraceutical applications, and mode of actions will benefit the food industry.
This study aims to determine the characteristics of Pamelo orange farmers as well as the level of income and efficiency value of Pamelo orange farming in Ma'rang District, Pangkep Regency. The sampling method used was random sampling (random) with a total of 124 farmers. The method of data collection is done by observation, interview and documentation. The data analysis technique used to calculate the income and the efficiency level of the siam farming uses the R/C Ratio analysis tool. The results showed that the Pamelo orange farming was feasible and profitable to be cultivated at all business scales. For a small scale business with an area of less than 0.5 hectares gives 1.99 times the cost of production incurred, a medium scale business with an area of 0.5 hectare to 1 hectare gives an income of 2.05 of the production costs incurred and the scale large businesses with more than one hectare of land give 2.37 of the production costs incurred
Supply chain refers to the integrated chain of organizations, loops, persons who are involving in stuff generation and costumer servicing. One of these services is the electricity which can be consumed as domestic, industrial, agriculture and etc. It can be considered that the electric power supply chain network has four stages which are electricity generation, transmission, distribution and consumption. In this paper, a framework of Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) is presented to analysis the electricity supply chain in north-west of Iran. In this regard, some interviews are done with several experts of electricity industry. In addition, an integrated AHP method which is combined with fuzzy-TOPSIS is proposed to prioritize the SWOT factors for the proposed electricity supply chain. The results show that the proposed method can be used effectively in order to determine a strategy plan with high prioritizing for planning and decision-making in electricity supply chain.
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis is a commonly used tool which examines strengths and weaknesses (internal factors) of a company or industry together with opportunities and threats (external factors) of the marketplace environment. SWOT analysis provides the basic outline in which to perform analysis of decision situations. In this study, the lack of determination of the importance ranking for the SWOT factors, we proposed to enhance SWOT analysis with multicriteria decision making technique called Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP approach achieves pairwise comparisons among factors or criteria in order to prioritize them using the eigenvalue calculation. The aim of applying the combined method is to improve the quantitative side of strategic planning.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui : (1) Bagaimana tingkat produksi jeruk besar (pamelo) di Kecamatan Ma’rang Kabupaten Pangkep, (2) Bagaimana tingkat pendapatan petani di Kecamatan Ma’rang Kabupaten Pangkep, (3) Apakah produksi jeruk besar (pamelo) berpengaruh terhadap pendapatan petani di Kecamatan Ma’rang Kabupaten Pangkep. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 50 orang petani dengan teknik proportional random sampling. Jenis penelitian ini adalah analisis regresi sederhana dengan pendekataan kuantitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data ini menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, kuesioner/angket dan dokumentasi serta dianalisis menggunakan formula statistika. Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukkan (1) Produksi jeruk besar (pamelo) di Kecamatan Ma’rang Kabupaten Pangkep berada pada kategori sangat baik dengan persentase sebesar 81,9 persen yang berarti produksi jeruk besar (pamelo) di Kecamatan Ma’rang Kabupaten Pangkep sudah berjalan dengan baik. (2) Pendapatan petani di Kecamatan Ma’rang Kabupaten Pangkep berada pada kategori sangat baik dengan persentase sebesar 81,5 persen yang berarti bahwa pendapatan petani di Kecamatan Ma’rang Kabupaten Pangkep sudah sangat baik. (3) Pengaruh produksi jeruk besar (pamelo) terhadap pendapatan petani diperoleh nilai koefisien r sebesar 0,719 yang berada pada interval 0,600-0,799 dengan kategori kuat. Hal ini berarti produksi jeruk besar (pamelo) berpengaruh terhadap pendapatan petani di Kecamatan Ma’rang Kabupaten Pangkep. Koefesien determinasi (r2) diperoleh sebesar 0.517 atau 51.7 persen, yang berarti bahwa pengaruh produksi jeruk besar (pamelo) terhadap pendapatan petani sebesar 51.7 persen
Citrus is a major processed crop and famous fruit crop which are enriched with specific minerals, vitamins, and bioactive compounds. They are mostly consumed either directly or in the form of fresh juice/processed fruit products. Fruits are widely known for their specific aroma, taste, and oil. Thereby citrus fruits have enormous potential to produce value-added products such as jelly, jam, marmalade, juices, concentrates, squashes, cordials, and even candies. This book chapter has given a detailed discussion on the processing of several value-added products which can be produced from citrus fruits. Several studies have been reported on citrus fruits focusing on the bioactive content and health benefits along with the perspective of its chemical compositions, extraction of bioactive compounds as well as products prepared from citrus fruits. Further, this chapter has discussed various extraction techniques and debittering techniques that are used in a detailed manner. Various novel technologies such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), enzymatic hydrolysis, and pulse electric field (PEF) have been discussed in this chapter. Utilization of citrus fruit waste which is a source of bioactive compounds by using novel technologies of extraction will facilitate to improve the financial status of the entrepreneurs and farmers. Further, it has even discussed the future challenges in citrus processing to incorporate these technologies from lab scale to large scale in industries.
Green and sustainable transportation has emerged as a mandatory task in alignment with climate change issues globally. In South Korea, fuel cell hydrogen vehicles (FCEVs) are considered to be an alternative to manage the global climate change paradigm and for local fine dust problems. However, low public acceptance is the greatest barrier to the growth of FCEVs and the hydrogen economy. To address this issue, this article discusses possible strategies for enhancing public acceptance of H2 stations using SWOT-AHP methodology and an additional focused group interview. As a result, the strength factor was the highest 1st class priority factor. In the 2nd class, the SO and ST strategies are highly recommended for enhancing public acceptance of H2 infrastructure. This article concludes with practical policy suggestions and alternatives, highlighting the importance of active research and development for hydrogen safety and the need for government-driven support.
This book examines the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, its varied uses, as well as its limitations for solving real-world scenarios. While the simplicity of the method compels users to find shortcuts to a real-world problem, it also leads to obtaining wrong results that do not represent reality.
The present study examines a new hybrid method for improving the usability of SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis. A commonly used decision analysis method, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and its eigenvalue calculation framework are integrated with SWOT analysis. AHP’s connection to SWOT yields analytically determined priorities for the factors included in SWOT analysis and makes them commensurable. The aim in applying the hybrid method is to improve the quantitative information basis of strategic planning processes. The hybrid method was tested in connection with a Finnish case study on forest certification. In the case study, the results were presented in an illustrative way by utilizing the quantitative information achieved by the hybrid method. The results indicated that certification could be a potential strategic alternative in our case study farm. In addition, the needed pairwise comparisons were found useful, because they force the decision maker to think over the weights of the factors and to analyze the situation more precisely and in more depth.
Various methods of consensus of preference rankings of individuals are described in applying group decision making. Here, we discuss two different approaches, one deterministic and the other stochastic. The first is applicable to situations where the group is small, and the second applies to opinions of the population at large where one cannot deal with people on an individual basis. The dividing line between these two approaches is not made in stone and it is the choice of the decision maker to select one approach or the other. How does one synthesize the judgments of a group? In these approaches we address the issues of obtaining priority weights for a group of individuals. Importance ranking of the judges is considered in the deterministic case.
Produksi Jeruk Besar Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan Menurut Kabupaten/Kota (Kuintal) 2021
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The application of SWOT analysis as a basis for determining marketing strategies
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