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Towards holistic well-being: Understanding mental health in India through student perspectives
Children with intellectual disabilities (ID) encounter several developmental obstacles that require a strong support structure to thrive. This process requires parental involvement, strong social support networks, and community resources, according to research. The study examined parental participation, social support, and community resources for intellectually disabled children in Calamba City. A descriptive-correlational study design was used to evaluate these variables' associations. From 100 parents of children with intellectual disabilities in Calamba City, 80 were randomly selected. A modified survey instrument from earlier studies was validated by experts and tested for reliability using Cronbach's alpha. Average weighted mean parental participation was 3.56, indicating significant involvement. Parental participation in emotional (3.61), decision-making (3.54), and educational (3.53) support was strong. Social assistance for children with intellectual disabilities was "Greatest Extent" for school (3.53), instrumental (3.43), and informational (3.37). The weighted mean of 3.39 indicated strong community resource accessibility. Accessibility and effectiveness ranked first (3.40), followed by availability (3.36). Parental involvement and social support were significantly correlated in several areas: emotional support (r=0.492), instrumental (r=0.346), and school support (r=0.550); decision-making (r=0.474), instrumental (r=0.353), and school support (r=0.477). Parental educational support was associated with community resources in availability (r=0.387), ease of access (r=0.460), and efficacy (r=0.410). Community resource availability (r=0.422), ease of access (r=0.473), and efficacy (r=0.452) were also strongly associated to emotional support. Informational and instrumental social support had significant relationships with community resource availability, ease of access, and effectiveness (r=0.724, r=0.826, r=0.773, r=0.806). In conclusion, parental involvement in emotional support, decision-making, and educational support is strong, showing that parents celebrate their children's successes and provide a loving atmosphere. At the "Greatest Extent," schools provide school, instrumental, and informational social support for children with intellectual disabilities, reflecting their attempts to customize education and provide specific services. Respondents highly agree that community resources are available, accessible, and effective. Parents' educational, emotional, and decision-making participation increases social support and community resource availability. Social assistance also improves community resource access. A comprehensive action plan that increases parental involvement, social support, and resource access for children with intellectual disabilities is needed to sustain these advances.
Background
This study aims to explore the prevalence of symptoms of depression and traumatic stress in fathers in the setting of poor fetal, neonatal, and maternal outcomes.
Methods
A prospective mixed-methods study was conducted at an outer metropolitan public teaching hospital in Brisbane, Australia, with quantitative results presented here. Subjects included 28 fathers whose male partners had experienced pregnancy or childbirth complicated by a significant congenital abnormality or aneuploidy, termination of pregnancy, fetal death in-utero, stillbirth, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit or special care nursery or significant maternal morbidity, such as a postpartum haemorrhage or an emergency postpartum hysterectomy. These experiences were classified into two groups: anticipatory (time to prepare) and sudden (no warning). The fathers were screened using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) to assess subjective distress at 2-3 weeks (timepoint 1) and 3-4 months (timepoint 2) after the event.
Results
Data for both the EPDS and IES-R scales was available for 26 fathers (92.9%) at timepoint 1 and for 15 fathers (53.6%) at timepoint 2. High overall EPDS scores (≥10) were noted in 16/27 (59.3%) fathers at timepoint 1 and 6/15 fathers (40.0%) at timepoint 2. High overall IES-R scores ≥33 were noted in 12/26 (46.2%) fathers at timepoint 1 and 4/15 fathers (26.7%) at timepoint 2. A higher percentage of fathers who experienced anticipatory events had EPDS and IES-R score above these cut-offs at timepoint 1 (8/13 or 61.5%) compared to those experiencing sudden events (8/14 or 57.1%), however, percentages were similar between groups at time point 2 (2/7 or 28.6%% and 4/8 or 50.0%, respectively). More fathers who experienced anticipatory events had IES-R scores ≥33 at timepoint 1 (7/13 or 53.8%) compared to those experiencing sudden events (5/14 or 38.0%).
Conclusion
Our study indicates high rates of distress in fathers exposed to poor fetal, neonatal, and maternal outcomes, which can persist for months after the event. Increased support for fathers in this setting may be required to prevent poor mental health. Further research on the long-term effects of these adverse events is warranted.
Background: Sertraline is commonly prescribed to children for the treatment of anxiety and major depressive disorder and is metabolized in part by CYP2C19. While dosing recommendations based on CYP2C19 genotype exist, there is sparse data in children on the relationship between sertraline concentrations and CYP2C19 genotype. Additionally, although rarely utilized in the United States, therapeutic drug monitoring can also help to guide dosing. The primary objective of this pilot study was to compare sertraline concentrations with CYP2C19 genotype. Secondary objectives included exploring the feasibility of using pharmacogenetic testing and therapeutic drug monitoring in a residential treatment center for children and adolescents.
Methods: This study was a prospective, open-label study of children prescribed sertraline being treated at a residential treatment center for children and adolescents. Individuals were included if they were < 18 years of age, taking sertraline for at least 2 weeks allowing them to reach steady-state concentrations, being treated through the residential treatment program, and able to understand and speak English.
Results: A total of 20 participants (80% female) completed all study procedures, including pharmacogenetic testing and therapeutic drug monitoring, with an average age of 15.4 years (range: 9-17 years). Forty percent (n=8) of participants had a diagnosis of Generalized Anxiety Disorder, while 30% (n=6) had a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder. Overall, average sertraline and desmethylsertraline concentrations were 21.1 ng/ml (range: 1-78 ng/ml) and 52.4 ng/ml (range: 1-258 n/ml). Based on CYP2C19 genotypes, 60% (n=12) were normal metabolizers, 10% (n=2) were intermediate metabolizers, and 30% (n=6) were rapid metabolizers. Daily sertraline dose (mg/day) accounted for a significant amount of the observed variability in sertraline (p
Background
It has often been suggested that restricting access to legal abortion could have a negative impact on the mental health of women seeking this procedure. The recent judgment of the United States Supreme Court in the Dobbs case has brought the question of the psychological impact of changes in abortion policy into focus. The results of studies on the link between induced abortion and mental health are contradictory, and interpreting the results of these studies is complex due to a multitude of potential confounding factors. However, there is little data on the relationship between the availability of legal abortion and its effects on the mental health of women of childbearing age in the general population.
Objective
The objective of the current study was to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between access to legal abortion and the prevalence of common mental disorders in women of childbearing age at a cross-national level while correcting for potential confounding factors.
Methods
The current study employs both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of nation-level data for 197 countries and regions. As data on global abortion policy were compiled in 2009 and 2017 by the Guttmacher Institute, data on access to legal abortion for these years were examined in relation to the prevalence of anxiety disorders and depression in women of childbearing age for each country, obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Studies for the most recent subsequent year (2010 and 2019). The relationship between changes in abortion policy and changes in the prevalence of these disorders in each country was examined for the aforementioned period. All analyses were adjusted for the potential confounding effects of gender development, gender inequality, and intimate partner violence. Cross-sectional associations were examined using Pearson's bivariate and partial correlations, while longitudinal associations were examined using a general linear model and analyses of covariance.
Results
At the cross-sectional level, broad legal access to abortion was associated with a lower prevalence of depression in women aged 25-49 years, however, this association was not significant after correcting for measures of gender development, gender inequality, and intimate partner violence. At the longitudinal level, a slight but significant decrease in the prevalence of anxiety disorders in women aged 25-49 years was observed in countries where access to legal abortion was broadened in the period 2009-2017. This association remained marginally significant after adjustment for the above confounders.
Conclusions
The current study suggests that there is a modest relationship between access to legal abortion and its effects on the mental health of women aged 25-49 years. However, this relationship appears to be largely indirect in nature and influenced by factors, such as gender development, gender inequality, and intimate partner violence. These results may lead to further exploration of the links between reproductive rights and mental health of women in the general population and draw attention to the influence of gender inequality and intimate partner violence on mental health of women of childbearing age.
Adolescent mental health problems have been recognised as a major issue in low‑income
countries including India. Through a meta‑analytic approach, the present review delineate the overall prevalence of each of the most discussed mental health problems among rural adolescents in India, comprising depression, anxiety disorders, generalised anxiety disorder, panic disorder, separation anxiety, social anxiety disorder, suicidality, hyperactivity, emotional problems, conduct problems and peer problems. The review also presents the potential determinants of such mental health problems.
Using PRISMA guidelines, a total of thirty‑five studies were finalized from databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, JSTOR, Web of Science, Google Scholar and ProQuest. From the findings, it is observed that male and female adolescents does not differ significantly in the prevalence of most mental health problems. However, social anxiety was found to be more prevalent among females when compared to males. In meta‑regression, factors like tools used (screening tools vs diagnostic interviews), sample size, setting (school‑based vs community‑based), sampling technique and year of publication were
found to influence the prevalence rates of certain mental health problems, reported in the studies.
Major determinants influencing the prevalence of mental health problems in rural adolescents were age, socio‑economic status, academic and family environment. Individual factors such as social media usage, physical activity, and substance use also contribute to mental health problems. As India accounts for one‑fifth of the world’s adolescent population, the findings of this review can have global implications
Postpartum depression is the term used for depression that predominates in the postpartum period, which is increasingly seen in research and clinical practice up to 1 year after delivery. Other symptoms commonly seen in women with postpartum depression include mood swings or lability and excessive worry about the baby. In addition, postpartum depression is often associated with anxiety disorders or significant anxiety symptoms. Women with a history of psychiatric illness are prone to postpartum depression. Postpartum depression is a crucial psychological health ailment that confers a vast degree of disability in females and is often associated with significant emotional, behavioral, and cognitive dangers in children. It is a disorder that is often unrecognized and undertreated. Postpartum depression is a critical issue to be addressed because it interferes with a woman's self-care and parenting. It also affects a child's mental growth and development. For these reasons, evaluation of risk factors is required to consider every facet of postpartum depression in women. This article reviews the associated risk factors and management of postpartum depression in India. Traditional studies for risk factors in postpartum depression have typically categorized women according to a particular stage of pregnancy that follows them into postpartum depression. Pregnancy-associated risk factors are estimated during pregnancy and are looked up for their predictive association with postpartum depression defined by clinical diagnostic methods or self-report assessment. Treatment options include psychotherapy and antidepressant medication. The risk of postpartum depression in fathers also follows maternal postpartum depression. Paternal depressive disorder is associated with adverse effects on child development. Early intervention for postpartum depression and anxiety may decrease the severity and recurrence of symptoms as well as the negative effects on the baby's health and development.
Context:
There is a relative paucity of prevalence data about eating disorders (EDs) in India among young population.
Aims:
We aimed to estimate the prevalence and characteristics of EDs and abnormal eating behaviors among college students of a nonmetro city of Gujarat.
Setting and design:
A cross-sectional survey was done among five colleges of a nonmetro city in Gujarat from February to September 2019.
Subjects and methods:
Total 790 college students were assessed using a semi-structured format, Eating Attitudes Test-26, and Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh followed by structured clinical interview as per DSM-5 criteria for EDs.
Statistical analysis:
Outcomes were expressed in frequency, proportion, mean, and standard deviation. P values were calculated by Pearson Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test to determine the significance of the result.
Results:
The prevalence of abnormal eating behaviors was 25.2% (n = 199). Anorexia nervosa (AN) was not detected. The prevalence of bulimia nervosa (BN) was 0.2% and other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) was 0.6%. "Being aware of calorie content" (53.7%) and "preoccupation with desire of thinness" (46.3%) were commonly found. "Impulse to vomit after meals" (2.5%) was least common. Lower body mass index was found among subjects with abnormal eating behavior. None of the subjects had amenorrhea.
Conclusions:
The prevalence of disordered eating behaviors, BN, and OSFED was 25.2%, 0.2%, and 0.6%, respectively. AN was not detected. OSFED was the most common ED and the characteristic "body image disturbance" was the most common symptom.
Objective
The present study aimed to examine the associations of several indicators of food insecurity with depression among older adults in India.
Design
A cross-sectional study was conducted using country-representative survey data.
Setting and participants
The present study uses data of the Longitudinal Aging Study in India conducted during 2017–2018. The effective sample size for the present study was 31 464 older adults aged 60 years and above.
Primary and secondary outcome measures
The outcome variable was major depression among older adults. Descriptive statistics along with bivariate analysis was presented. Additionally, binary logistic regression analysis was used to establish the association between the depression and food security factors along with other covariates.
Results
The overall prevalence of major depression was 8.4% among older adults in India. A proportion of 6.3% of the older adults reduced the size of meals, 40% reported that they did not eat enough food of their choice, 5.6% mentioned that they were hungry but did not eat, 4.2% reported that they did not eat for a whole day and 5.6% think that they have lost weight due to lack of enough food in the household. Older adults who reported to have reduced the size of meals due to lack of enough food (adjusted OR (AOR): 1.76, CI 1.44 to 2.15) were hungry but did not eat (AOR: 1.35, CI 1.06 to 1.72) did not eat food for a whole day (AOR: 1.33; CI 1.03 to 1.71), lost weight due to lack of food (AOR: 1.57; CI 1.30 to1.89) had higher odds of being depressed in reference to their respective counterparts.
Conclusion
The findings suggest that self-reported food insecurity indicators were strongly associated with major depression among older Indian adults. The national food security programmes should be enhanced as an effort to improve mental health status and quality of life among older population.
Objectives
To determine the prevalence of stress and depression and associated factors among women seeking a first-trimester induced abortion in China.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Beijing, from April 1st to Oct 31st, 2021. Women seeking termination of an intrauterine first-trimester pregnancy were invited to participate and complete a digital self-administered questionnaire. The survey included socio-demographic and health questions, Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Descriptive analyses and binary logistic regression analyses were performed using SPSS 23.0.
Results
A total of 253 women participated. Prevalence of high perceived stress (cut-off ≥ 20) and depressive symptoms (cut-off ≥ 10) was 25.3% and 22.5%, respectively. Women were more likely to suffer high stress if they reported low resilience (aOR = 16.84, 95% CI 5.18–54.79), were not-using contraceptives (aOR = 3.27, 95% CI 1.39–6.29), had low social support (aOR = 2.95, 95% CI 1.39–6.29), were non-local residents (aOR = 2.51, 95% CI 1.15–5.92), were dissatisfied with their intimate relationship (aOR = 2.44, 95% CI 1.15–5.16), or held pro-life attitudes towards abortion (aOR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.18–3.53). Odds of experiencing depression were higher among women who also reported high perceived stress (aOR = 19.00, 95% CI 7.67–47.09), had completed higher education (aOR = 12.28, 95% CI 1.24–121.20), and were non-local residents (aOR = 3.38, 95% CI 1.37–8.32).
Conclusions
The magnitude of perceived stress and depression was high among Chinese women seeking a first-trimester induced abortion. It is necessary to comprehensively evaluate the mental health of women seeking an abortion, especially those with high risk. Interventions to mitigate relevant associated factors could improve the psychological wellbeing of women.
The therapeutic termination of pregnancy (TToP) is an induced abortion following a diagnosis of medical necessity. TToP is applied to avoid the risk of substantial harm to the mother or in cases of fetal unviability. This type of induced abortion is provided after the second semester of gestation if fetal illness or the pregnancy cause physical danger or pathological mental distress to the mother. Socio-cultural and economic determinants could influence the desire for children and family planning in couples, as well as the use of effective contraception and the choice to perform an induced abortion. Also, pre-existing mental health problems could affect the decision between carrying on a problematic pregnancy or having TToP. Furthermore, the TToP is a reproductive event with an important traumatic burden, but also with an intrinsic therapeutic effect and it can produce different psychological and psychopathological effects on women and couples. The aim of this review is to evaluate what demographic, reproductive and psychopathological determinants are involved in the choice of undergoing a TToP in women. Also, we will examine both positive and negative consequences of this procedure on women's mental health, underlying which factors are related to a worse outcome in order to provide the best clinical support to vulnerable groups.
Depression and anxiety are highly prevalent conditions worldwide. This article reviews the extent of depression and anxiety among medical students and elucidates associated potential risk factors. In comparison to other countries, students from Middle East countries have a higher prevalence of depression. Females suffer from these conditions more commonly than males. Factors associated with these morbidities can be divided into academic and non-academic factors. There is an inconclusiveness of whether medical students experience these symptoms more commonly than their counterparts. The present review provided a cross-sectional picture of the students’ psychological well-being, which is crucial to formulate a health policy for preventive and therapeutic purposes.
Background
During the current ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, psychological problems like anxiety, depression, irritability, mood swings, inattention and sleep disturbance are fairly common among quarantined children in several studies. A systematic review of these publications to provide an accurate burden of these psychiatric/behavioral problems is needed for planning mitigating measures by the health authorities.
Methods
Different electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, CENTRAL, medRxiv and bioRxiv) were searched for articles describing psychological/behavioral complications in children/adolescents with/without pre-existing behavioral abnormalities and their caregivers related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Only original articles with/without comparator arms and a minimum sample size of 50 were included in the analysis. The pooled estimate of various psychological/behavioral problems was calculated using a random-effect meta-analysis.
Results
Fifteen studies describing 22 996 children/adolescents fulfilled the eligibility criteria from a total of 219 records. Overall, 34.5%, 41.7%, 42.3% and 30.8% of children were found to be suffering from anxiety, depression, irritability and inattention. Although the behavior/psychological state of a total of 79.4% of children was affected negatively by the pandemic and quarantine, at least 22.5% of children had a significant fear of COVID-19, and 35.2% and 21.3% of children had boredom and sleep disturbance. Similarly, 52.3% and 27.4% of caregivers developed anxiety and depression, respectively, while being in isolation with children.
Conclusion
Anxiety, depression, irritability, boredom, inattention and fear of COVID-19 are predominant new-onset psychological problems in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Children with pre-existing behavioral problems like autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have a high probability of worsening of their behavioral symptoms.
Mental health burden is a major health concern worldwide. In the last few decades, we are witnessing innovations that are successfully addressing gaps in the mental health service delivery in Indian context. This is an opportune time to explore existing innovative mental health initiatives in the country and integrate viable interventions to primary healthcare facilities to strengthen public mental healthcare delivery. The descriptive review of literature on innovative mental health programs in India was carried out. The initial search from google scholar and PubMed database yielded 1152 articles, of which 1114 were excluded that did not meet inclusion criteria. Full texts of 38 articles were reviewed and finally 22 studies were included for the study. Based on the review, most innovations are broadly summarized into five categories: (1) quality improvement mental health programs; (2) community-based mental health programs; 3) non-specialist mental health programs, 4) mobile-technology based mental health programs, 5) tele-mental health programs. These promising innovations in treatment and care can be customized as per the context for scale up and integrated into the primary healthcare system through District Mental Health Programme.The innovative approach not only makes mental health services more accessible and affordable but also empowering in nature by encouraging community members in early detection, prevention of mental illness and appropriate treatment referral to existing primary health care services.
India was one of the major World Health Organization (WHO) member countries to launch its National Mental Health Programme (NMHP) in 1982 in accordance with WHO's recommendations to deliver mental health services to the people under the framework of general health care system in the community. NMHP underwent major strategic revisions over its course, starting from setting a district as the unit for program planning and implementation under the District Mental Health Program (DMHP) to incorporating it with the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) for effectively scaling up the program. The program also underwent evaluations by government bodies and independent agencies and was reviewed by many researchers. The program has been partly successful in terms of enhancing its reach to community, improving service delivery, and getting increased budgetary allocation, but at the same time, its impact was limited by financial and human resource constraints, lack of community participation, ineffective training, poor NGO/private partnership, and lack of a robust monitoring and evaluation (M and E) system. The latest National Mental Health Policy and the incorporation of its objectives have given a new impetus to the ongoing NMHP, however, its implementation needs to be monitored and the impact is yet to be evaluated. We attempted to review the available literature pertaining to NMHP and DMHP to highlight the determinants of its outcome, with special emphasis on on-going programs and to provide some important future directions. © 2018 Indian Psychiatric Society - South Zonal Branch | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow.
The estimate of the global burden of disease predicts that depression will be the second‑leading cause of disability
worldwide by 2020. Depression is widely prevalent in women in all age groups especially in India where 1.2 billion
population lives. In the current scenario of underdiagnosed, untreated cases of females suffering from depression, the
hurdles faced by Indian women include inadequate number of mental health professionals, lack of awareness, stigma,
disadvantaged position of women, multiple roles, increased levels of stress, and domestic violence. The literature search
included an electronic database, published materials, and standard textbooks. The authors have provided a brief overview
of different types of depression in females. Epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, and management linked to
the reproductive cycle of women have been covered. Awareness through public education, early detection, organized
national mental health programs, comprehensive management, with judicious utilization of the limited resources would
tackle the rising number of cases of female depression, in a cost effective manner, thereby preventing suicide.
Key words: Depression, female, India
Onset of depression is occurring earlier in life today than in past decades. Adolescence being transitional period from childhood to adulthood is a stage of emotional instability resulting from demand for separation and independence. Evidence suggests that early intervention for depression in children can improve long-term outcomes.
This cross-sectional study was done in January 2010 to find out the prevalence of depression among pre university students in Mangalore city. Prevalence of depression was assessed using Beck's Depression Inventory II. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire.
Out of 308 participants, depression was seen among 79.2% students. A majority (41.2%) were found to be suffering from moderate followed by mild (26.6%) depression. Prevalence of depression (P = 0.027) and severity of depression (P = 0.0357) was found to significantly increase with age of the participants. Students of commerce were found to be significantly more depressed than students of science stream (P = 0.002). No association of depression with gender of participants or with the type of college they were studying in was observed.
There is a need for college students to be educated about depression in order to improve recognition and diagnosis. Also student counselling service offering mental health assistance needs to be established at colleges.
Depression is one of the leading causes of disability in adolescents and adults, particularly starting from age 15 years and older. Diagnosis of depression has traditionally been made based on clinical criteria, including patient current symptoms and history. This process is widely used but relies on subjective interpretation. To standardize both the data obtained and data interpretation, various interview-based instruments and noninterview methods exist for screening and testing for depression in various clinical settings. This article evaluates the technical basis for and clinical performance of these various instruments and methods to diagnosis depression in clinical settings. Traditional tools include physician-administered or patient self-administered interview tools that have reasonable clinical accuracy depending on the threshold score and may lead to a full diagnostic evaluation for high-risk patients. In addition, older laboratory methods such as the dexamethasone test have contributed to the diagnosis of depression over a long period. Newer diagnostic methods such as genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are technically sophisticated and objective and are beginning to emerge in psychiatry. Although promising, further evaluation of these methods is needed to fully demonstrate their clinical value and accuracy.
Background:
Considerable evidence has shown that facial expression mimicry is impaired in patients with depression. We aimed to evaluate voluntary expression mimicry by facial expression recognition for diagnosing depression.
Methods:
A total of 168 participants performed voluntary expression mimicry task, posing anger, disgust, fear, happiness, neutrality, sadness, and surprise. 9 healthy raters performed facial expression recognition task through the observer scoring method, and evaluated seven expressions imitated by participants. Emotional scores were calculated to measure any differences between two groups of participants and provided a basis for clinical diagnosis of depression.
Results:
Compared with the control group, the depression group had lower accuracy in imitating happiness. Compared with the control group, the depression group imitated a higher neutrality bias for sadness, surprise, happiness and disgust, while sadness and surprise had a lower happiness bias; for imitating happiness, the depression group showed higher anger, disgust, fear, neutrality, and surprise bias; for imitating neutrality, the depression group showed higher sadness bias, and lower happiness bias. Compared with the control group, the raters had a higher reaction time to recognize the happiness imitated by depression group, and it was positively correlated with severity of depression. The severity of depression was also negatively correlated with accuracy in imitating happiness, and positively correlated with neutrality bias of imitating surprise.
Limitations:
The ecological effectiveness of static stimulus materials is lower than that of dynamic stimuli. Without synchronized functional imaging, there is no way to link brain activation patterns.
Conclusion:
The ability of patients with depression to voluntarily imitate facial expressions declines, which is mainly reflected in accuracy, bias and recognizability. Our experiment has discovered deficits in these aspects of patients with depression, which will be used as a method for diagnosising depression.
According to data from the WHO, the COVID-19 pandemic has created an increase in anxiety and depression around the world. In particular, there has been an increase in Depressive Disorder in childhood: the closure of childcare centers has caused great stress in parents, especially in mothers who have developed more depressive disorders. Maternal depression appears to have created problematic behaviors in preschool children. This phenomenon is explained by several studies that over the years have shown that a good mother-child interaction is essential for the child's psychophysical health and that interactions with depressed mothers have caused depression in children already in early childhood. The purpose of this work is a review of the scientific literature, from 1927 to 2022, on depression in early childhood, from 0 to 5 years of age. Research has been carried out on Medline PubMed, Google Scholar and specialist scientific journals of psychiatry, psychology and child neuropsychiatry, using the following keywords: infant depression, anaclitic depression, hospitalism, early chilhood depression, depressive position, attachement and mother-infant dyad. The depressive illness of the mother, the lack of care, attention and stimulation to the vocalizations of the young child can induce negative reactions in the relationship between mother and child. Early identification and treatment of perinatal depression is critical to ensuring the child's optimal development and future mental health. In addition to maternal depression there are also other factors that can generate depression in the child as well as a prolonged separation from her. The authors' conclusions are that it is essential to train and inform educators and family members on depression in childhood to allow for the recognition of the child's suffering and for it to be examined by the doctor. It is important an early intervention both on the family and on the child to avoid relapses, chronicity and any serious damage.
The burden of mental illness both in world and India is increasing at an alarming rate. Adding to it, there has been an increase in mental health challenges during covid-19 pandemic with a rise in suicide, loneliness and substance use. Artificial intelligence can act as a potential solution to address this shortage. The use of artificial intelligence is increasingly being employed in various fields of mental health like affective disorders, psychosis, and geriatric psychiatry. The benefits are various like lower costs, wider reach but at the same time it comes with its own disadvantages. This article reviews the current understanding of artificial intelligence, the types of Artificial intelligence, its current use in various mental health disorders, current status in India, advantages, disadvantages and future potentials. With the passage of time and digitalization of the modern age, there will be an increase in the use of artificial intelligence in psychiatry hence a detailed understanding will be thoughtful. For this, we searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, China national Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Globus Index Medicus search engines by using keywords. Initial searches involved the use of each individual keyword while the later searches involved the use of more than one word in different permutation combinations.
Purpose of review:
This comprehensive review of mood disorders brings together the past and current literature on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of the depressive and bipolar disorders. It highlights the primary mood disorders and secondary neurologic causes of mood disorders that are commonly encountered in a clinical setting. As the literature and our understanding evolve, recent additions to the current literature are important to bring forth to the readers.
Recent findings:
Advancements in clinical medicine have strengthened our understanding of the associations of neurologic and psychiatric diseases. This article highlights the medications frequently used with newly identified mood disorders and the common side effects of these medications. A paradigm shift has moved toward newer treatment modalities, such as the use of ketamine, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and complementary and alternative medicine. The risks and benefits of such therapies, along with medications, are reviewed in this article.
Summary:
Mood disorders are extraordinarily complex disorders with significant association with many neurologic disorders. Early identification of these mood disorders can prevent significant morbidity and mortality associated with them. With further expansion of pharmacologic options, more targeted therapy is possible in improving quality of life for patients.
Does it matter what we eat for our mental health? Accumulating data suggests that this may indeed be the case and that diet and nutrition are not only critical for human physiology and body composition, but also have significant effects on mood and mental wellbeing. While the determining factors of mental health are complex, increasing evidence indicates a strong association between a poor diet and the exacerbation of mood disorders, including anxiety and depression, as well as other neuropsychiatric conditions. There are common beliefs about the health effects of certain foods that are not supported by solid evidence and the scientific evidence demonstrating the unequivocal link between nutrition and mental health is only beginning to emerge. Current epidemiological data on nutrition and mental health do not provide information about causality or underlying mechanisms. Future studies should focus on elucidating mechanism. Randomized controlled trials should be of high quality, adequately powered and geared towards the advancement of knowledge from population-based observations towards personalized nutrition. Here, we provide an overview of the emerging field of nutritional psychiatry, exploring the scientific evidence exemplifying the importance of a well-balanced diet for mental health. We conclude that an experimental medicine approach and a mechanistic understanding is required to provide solid evidence on which future policies on diet and nutrition for mental health can be based.