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Efek Suplementasi Tepung Tulang Ikan Bandeng (Chanos chanos) dengan Metode Freeze Dry terhadap Performa Otot Ayam Bangkok (Gallus gallus domesticus) Effect of Supplementation of Milkfish Bone Flour (Chanos chanos) with Freeze Dry Method on Muscle Performance of Bangkok Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Authors:

Abstract

This study aims to determine the effect of the administration of milkfish bone flour (Chanos chanos) which is using freeze-dry on testosterone levels in the pectoralis muscle, pectoralis muscle weight (PMW), and chest circumference (CC) in bangkok chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). This study used 10 male bangkok chickens aged 3-4 months which were divided into two treatment groups, namely P0 (control) and P1 (milkfish bone flour of 3.3 g/bird/day). Prior to the study, acclimatization was carried out for 7 days and then milkfish bone flour was given orally every day for 35 days. Measurement of the CC of bangkok chickens was carried out on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. At the end of the treatment the chickens were necropsied, then the pectoralis muscles were weighed and the pectoralis muscle homogenate samples were cold centrifuged. Then the supernatant was collected and analyzed using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method to determine testosterone levels in the pectoralis muscles. The data obtained were then analyzed using an independent sample T-Test with the help of SPPS version 26. The results showed that there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in pectoralis muscle testosterone hormone levels, PMW, and CC in bangkok chickens. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that administration of milkfish bone flour using the freeze-dry method at a dose of 3.3 g/bird/day orally for 35 days can improve testosterone levels in the pectoralis muscle, PMW, and CC in bangkok chickens.
Jurnal Sain Veteriner, Vol. 42. No. 2. Agustus 2024, Hal. 275-274
DOI: 10.22146/jsv.85681
ISSN 0126-0421 (Print), ISSN 2407-3733 (Online)
Tersedia online di https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jsv
275
Efek Suplementasi Tepung Tulang Ikan Bandeng (Chanos chanos) dengan Metode Freeze Dry
terhadap Performa Otot Ayam Bangkok
(Gallus gallus domesticus)
Effect of Supplementation of Milkfish Bone Flour (Chanos chanos) with
Freeze Dry Method on Muscle Performance of Bangkok Chicken
(Gallus gallus domesticus)
Pudji Astuti
1
*, Rizki Fitrawan Yuneldi
2
, Adelia Lintang Divani
3
, Nafisa Az Zahra
3
, Jayanti Astridya Rochmah
3
,
Claude Mona Airin
1,
Sarmin Sarmin
1
1Departemen Fisiologi, Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
2Program Post-Doctoral, Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
3Program Studi Kedokteran Hewan, Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan Universitas Gadjah Mada,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
*Email: pastuti2@ugm.ac.id
Naskah diterima: 14 Juni 2023 , direvisi: 4 Juli 2024 , disetujui: 25 Juli 2024
Abstract
This study aims to determine the eect of the administration of milksh bone our (Chanos chanos)
which is using freeze-dry on testosterone levels in the pectoralis muscle, pectoralis muscle weight (PMW),
and chest circumference (CC) in bangkok chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). This study used 10 male
bangkok chickens aged 3-4 months which were divided into two treatment groups, namely P0 (control) and
P1 (milksh bone our of 3.3 g/bird/day). Prior to the study, acclimatization was carried out for 7 days and
then milksh bone our was given orally every day for 35 days. Measurement of the CC of bangkok chickens
was carried out on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. At the end of the treatment the chickens were necropsied, then
the pectoralis muscles were weighed and the pectoralis muscle homogenate samples were cold centrifuged.
Then the supernatant was collected and analyzed using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
method to determine testosterone levels in the pectoralis muscles. The data obtained were then analyzed using
an independent sample T-Test with the help of SPPS version 26. The results showed that there was a signicant
dierence (P < 0.05) in pectoralis muscle testosterone hormone levels, PMW, and CC in bangkok chickens.
Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that administration of milksh bone our using the freeze-
dry method at a dose of 3.3 g/bird/day orally for 35 days can improve testosterone levels in the pectoralis
muscle, PMW, and CC in bangkok chickens.
Keywords: bangkok chicken; freeze-dry; milksh bone our; pectoralis muscle; testosterone
Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian tepung tulang ikan bandeng (Chanos
chanos) yang dikeringbekukan menggunakan freeze-dry terhadap kadar testosteron pada otot pectoralis, bobot
otot pectoralis, dan lingkar dada pada ayam bangkok (Gallus gallus domesticus). Penelitian ini menggunakan
10 ekor ayam bangkok jantan dengan umur 3-4 bulan yang terbagi menjadi dua kelompok perlakuan yaitu
P0 (kontrol) dan P1 (tepung tulang ikan bandeng sebanyak 3,3 g/ekor/hari). Sebelum dilakukan penelitian
dilakukan aklimatisasi selama 7 hari kemudian tepung tulang ikan bandeng diberikan setiap hari secara oral
selama 35 hari. Pengukuran lingkar dada ayam bangkok dilakukan pada hari ke 7, 14, 21, 28, dan 35. Pada
Pudji Astuti, et al.
276
Pendahuluan
Ayam bangkok merupakan ayam
yang berasal dari Thailand dan banyak
dikembangbiakan di Indonesia (Zahra, 2023).
Ayam tersebut juga berhasil dikembangkan
sebagai bibit unggul, dan juga untuk mencukupi
kebutuhan protein hewani, maupun untuk
sekedar hobi atau kepentingan bisnis (Budi
et al., 2023; Zahra, 2023). Keunggulan ayam
bangkok terletak pada postur tubuh yang gagah,
dan memiliki otot yang kuat (Endo et al., 2021;
Sidiqi et al., 2023). Organ otot berperan dalam
metabolisme tubuh dan sebagai penyimpanan
protein (Puspita et al., 2016; Endo et al., 2021).
Selain dipengaruhi oleh protein, performa ayam
bangkok khususnya performa otot dipengaruhi
juga oleh hormon testosteron (Astuti et al.,
2021; Yuneldi et al., 2021a; Yuneldi et al.,
2023). Hormon testosteron merupakan hormon
yang vital pada performa otot ayam (Astuti
et al., 2020; Yuneldi et al., 2021d). Untuk
meningkatkan performa otot ayam bangkok
membutuhkan biaya yang tidak murah, dan
apabila menggunakan bahan sintetis yang instan
dapat menyebabkan down-regulation (Pomara
et al., 2016), namun ada alternatif yang murah
dan aman yaitu protein yang dihasilkan dari
tulang ikan bandeng yang diinovasi menjadi
tepung tulang ikan bandeng.
Tulang ikan bandeng memiliki kadar
protein dan mineral yang melimpah (Toppe
et al., 2007; Bechtel et al., 2019; Wulandari
& Kusumasari, 2019; Sidiqi et al., 2023).
Protein yang terkandung dapat mempengaruhi
aktivitas testosteron karena protein terlibat
dalam proses enzimatik dalam sintesis
hormon (Hanai & Esashi, 2012; Zamir et al.,
2021). Perbesaran massa otot muncul karena
testosteron memacu sintesis protein di dalam
otot. Peningkatan absorbsi asam amino yang
dilanjutkan dengan sintesis protein terjadi pada
otot yang terstimulasi testosteron (Schiaffino et
al., 2013). Tulang ikan bandeng dapat menjadi
sumber asam amino untuk sintesis protein
di dalam otot (Sidiqi et al., 2019). Menurut
Saragih et al. (2019) bahwa pemberian protein
berperan penting dalam pertumbuhan otot
pectoralis. Penelitian sebelumnya melaporkan
bahwa kandungan protein dalam pakan ayam
memiliki pengaruh yang cukup besar terhadap
pertumbuhan ayam dan juga meningkatkan
efisiensi sistem pencernaan (Ravidran et al.,
2013; Beski et al., 2015; Saragih et al., 2019).
Namun, dikhawatirkan kadar protein dapat
labil dalam proses pemanasan sehingga perlu
dilakukan pengeringbekuan menggunakan
freeze-dry selama pembuatan tepung tulang ikan
bandeng. Pemberian bubuk cangkang kerang
darah (Anadara granosa [Linnaeus, 1758])
dengan dosis 0,9 mg/kg BB dapat meningkatkan
lingkar dada ayam pelung (Yuneldi et al., 2023).
Menurut Saragih et al. (2017), ayam broiler dan
ayam pelung yang diberikan pakan berprotein
tinggi dapat meningkatkan luas area myofiber
pada hari ke-7 dan ke-14 dibandingkan dengan
ayam broiler dan ayam pelung yang diberi pakan
rendah protein. Menurut Sidiqi et al. (2023),
pemberian tepung tulang ikan bandeng (Chanos
chanos) 3,3 g dicampurkan dengan bubuk
cangkang kerang darah (Anadara nodifera) 6,6
g dapat meningkatkan kadar testosteron pada
otot pectoralis dan serum, serta performa otot
pada ayam bangkok jantan. Namun, penggunaan
tepung tulang ikan bandeng dengan metode
freeze-dry belum diteliti.
akhir penelitian ayam dinekropsi, kemudian dilakukan penimbangan otot pectoralis dan sampel homogenat
otot pectoralis disentrifugasi dingin. Selanjutnya supernatan dikoleksi dan dianalisis menggunakan metode
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) untuk mengetahui kadar testosteron pada otot pectoralis. Data
yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis menggunakan independent sample T-Test dengan bantuan SPPS versi
26. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signikan (P < 0,05) pada kadar hormon
testosteron otot pectoralis, bobot otot pectoralis dan lingkar dada ayam bangkok. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian
dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian tepung tulang ikan bandeng dengan metode freeze-dry dengan dosis 3,3
g/ekor/hari secara oral selama 35 hari dapat meningkatkan kadar testosteron pada otot pectoralis, bobot otot
pectoralis dan lingkar dada pada ayam bangkok.
Kata kunci: ayam bangkok; freeze-dry; otot pectoralis; tepung tulang ikan bandeng; testosteron
Efek Suplementasi Tepung Tulang Ikan Bandeng (Chanos chanos) dengan Metode Freeze Dry ....
277
Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan
untuk mengetahui pengaruh tepung tulang ikan
bandeng dengan metode freeze-dry terhadap
kadar hormon testosteron otot pectoralis, bobot
otot pectoralis, dan lingkar dada pada ayam
bangkok.
Materi dan Metode
Semua prosedur penelitian telah mendapat
persetujuan tim ethical clearance dari
laboratoium pengujian dan penelitian terpadu
(LPPT), Universitas Gadjah Mada dengan nomor
00009/04/LPPT/III/2021. Sepuluh ekor ayam
bangkok jantan umur 3-4 bulan ditempatkan
dalam kandang individu yang terbagi menjadi
dua kelompok perlakuan yaitu P0 (kontrol:
pakan standar tanpa tepung tulang ikan bandeng)
dan P1 (pakan standar dan tepung tulang ikan
bandeng sebanyak 3,3 g/ekor/hari). Sebelum
diberi perlakuan dilakukan aklimatisasi selama
7 hari dan selanjutnya suplemen tepung tulang
ikan bandeng sebanyak 3,3 g diberikan secara
oral (dicekok) setiap hari selama 35 hari, serta
pemberian pakan dan minum secara ad libitum.
Pembuatan tepung tulang ikan bandeng
dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Departemen
Fisiologi, Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan,
Universitas Gadjah Mada. Pembuatan tepung
tulang ikan bandeng dilakukan sesuai dengan
modifikasi metode Wulandari & Kusumasari
(2019), dan hanya direbus dengan air (Sidiqi et
al., 2023). Pada proses pengeringan dimodifikasi
dengan menggunakan freeze-dry selama 3 hari
dengan suhu -81°C agar tulang lebih lunak.
Selanjutnya tulang ikan bandeng dihancurkan
menggunakan mesin penggiling di pusat antar
universitas (PAU) Universitas Gadjah Mada
agar menjadi tepung (Divani, 2023; Rochmah,
2023; Zahra, 2023).
Pengambilan sampel lingkar dada
dilakukan pada hari ke 7, 14, 21, 28, dan 35
dengan menggunakan pita ukur. Pengambilan
sampel dengan cara melingkarkan pita ukur
pada dada, tepat pada carina sterni, kemudian
memutar hingga bawah sayap ayam (Modifikasi
Abdel & Lattif, 2019; Santoso et al., 2010;
Sitanggang et al., 2016). Pada hari ke-35, ayam
bangkok dinekropsi dengan cara penyembelihan
secara halal. Setelah itu, dibedah pada bagian
abdomen menggunakan gunting dan pisau
bedah. Selanjutnya otot dada sebelah kiri
ditimbang untuk mengetahui bobot otot
pectoralis ayam tersebut (Saragih et al., 2019).
Proses selanjutnya otot pectoralis dipotong
untuk kebutuhan analisis kadar testosteron.
Sebelum dilakukan pengujian, 100 mg otot
pectoralis yang telah ditumbuk dihomogenisasi
ke dalam tabung eppendorf 1,5 mL yang berisi
1 mL Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS). Sampel
kemudian dilakukan siklus beku-cair sebanyak
dua kali untuk memecah membran sel dengan
memasukkan sampel ke dalam freezer selama
semalam hingga membeku. Proses dilanjutkan
dengan melakukan thawing pada sampel yang
beku supaya kembali pada keadaan semula.
Sampel yang sudah mencair dimasukkan
ke dalam freezer selama 4-5 jam, kemudian
dikeluarkan lagi untuk didiamkan pada suhu
ruangan agar mencair dan disebut sampel
homogenat. Sampel homogenat disentrifugasi
dingin selama 8 menit pada kecepatan 5000
rpm pada suhu 4°C. Selanjutnya sampel diambil
supernatannya dan dipisahkan dari homogenat
awal, kemudian disimpan pada suhu -20°C
sampai dilakukan pengujian kadar testosteron
dengan ELISA (Yuneldi et al., 2021b; Yuneldi
et al., 2021c; Sidiqi et al., 2023). Analisis
ELISA dengan metode kompetitif dilakukan
sesuai dengan petunjuk pabrikan dalam KIT
(Calbiotech) (Astuti et al., 2018; Astuti et al.,
2019; Yuneldi et al., 2021d).
Semua parameter dianalisis secara statistik
menggunakan independent sample T-Test.
Apabila memiliki nilai P < 0,05 menunjukkan
data yang diujikan berbeda signifikan. Analisis
dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat
lunak SPSS versi 26 (Yuneldi et al., 2023).
Hasil dan Pembahasan
Hasil pengujian kadar Nitrogen (N) pada
tepung tulang bandeng memperoleh hasil
sebagai berikut (Tabel 1).
Tabel 1. Hasil analisis kadar protein tepung tulang ikan
bandeng dari Laboratorium Balai Pengkajian
Teknologi Pertanian (BPTP)
No Parameter Uji Satuan Tepung Ikan
TH 23,05
Metode
1 N Total % 3,88 Kjeldahl
Pudji Astuti, et al.
278
Pada pembuatan tepung tulang bandeng
dilakukan analisis protein menggunakan metode
kjeldahl yang didapatkan hasil kandungan protein
pada tepung tulang ikan bandeng yaitu 24,25%.
Menurut Rosaini et al. (2015), hasil tersebut
diperoleh dari perhitungan dengan rumus kadar
protein total (%) = %Kadar Nitrogen x Faktor
Konversi (6,25). Pada penelitian didapatkan
kadar nitrogen total sebanyak 3,88%, sehingga
penentuan kadar protein dapat dihitung dengan
rumus sebagai berikut:
Kadar protein total (%) = %
Kadar Nitrogen x Faktor Konversi (6,25)
Kadar protein total (%) = 3,88% x 6,25
Kadar protein total (%) = 24,25%
Tabel 2. Rerata kadar hormon testosteron otot pectoralis
(ng/100 mg) pada ayam bangkok kelompok kontrol
(P0) dan kelompok perlakuan yang diberi suplementasi
tepung tulang ikan bandeng (P1) selama 35 hari
P0 P1
1,88 ± 0,81b3,78 ± 0,25a
a,b Huruf yang berbeda pada baris yang sama menunjukkan
adanya perbedaan yang signifikan (P < 0,05)
Hasil penelitian rerata kadar hormon
testosteron pada otot pectoralis menunjukkan
bahwa P1 (diberi tepung tulang ikan bandeng)
berbeda signifikan dengan P0 (kontrol) (P <
0,05) (Tabel 2). Peningkatan kadar testosteron
pada otot pectoralis karena pemberian tambahan
tepung tulang ikan bandeng yang mengandung
protein sebesar 24,25%. Protein tersebut dapat
menstimulasi dan mengaktifkan enzim-enzim
yang berperan dalam sintesis testosteron.
Menurut Shidiqi et al. (2023), protein yang
terkandung di dalam tepung tulang ikan bandeng
dapat menambahkan protein yang dibutuhkan
tubuh untuk menjaga ketersediaan enzim dalam
proses biosintesis dan pensinyalan testosteron.
Menurut Wang et al., (2017) dan Hanai & Esashi
(2012), kekurangan protein dapat mengurangi
enzim 3β-hidroksisteroid dehidrogenase
(3β-HSD; HSD3B), 17α-hidroksilase/17,20
liase (CYP17A1) dan tipe 3 17β-hidroksisteroid
dehidrogenase (17β-HSD3, HSD17B). Enzim
tersebut berperan dalam proses biosintesis
testosteron (Wang et al., 2017). Defisiensi
17β-hidroksisteroid dehidrogenase tipe 3
(17βHSD3) dapat menyebabkan gangguan
perkembangan seksual karena terhambatnya
konversi androstenedion menjadi testosteron
(Grimbly et al., 2016). Hasil tersebut sesuai
dengan Sidiqi et al. (2023), yang menjelaskan
bahwa tepung tulang ikan bandeng yang
dicampurkan dengan bubuk cangkang kerang
(Anadara nodifera) dapat meningkatkan kadar
testosteron otot pectoralis. Hasil tersebut
berbeda dengan yang hanya diberikan tepung
tulang ikan bandeng, walaupun lebih tinggi dari
pada kontrol tetapi tidak berbeda signifikan
(Sidiqi et al., 2023).
Tabel 3. Rerata bobot otot pectoralis (g) pada ayam bangkok
kelompok kontrol (P0) dan kelompok perlakuan yang
diberi suplementasi tepung tulang ikan bandeng (P1)
selama 35 hari
P0 P1
128 ± 23,03b261,2 ± 20,93a
a,b Huruf yang berbeda pada baris yang sama menunjukkan
adanya perbedaan yang signifikan (P < 0,05)
Hasil penelitian rerata bobot otot dada
menunjukkan bahwa P1 (diberi tepung tulang
ikan bandeng) berbeda signifikan dengan P0
(kontrol) (P < 0,05) (Tabel 3). Penambahan
protein dari tepung tulang bandeng sebesar
24,25% dapat meningkatkan bobot otot
dada ayam bangkok. Menurut Saragih &
Daryono (2012), bobot otot pectoralis, luas
otot pectoralis dan diameter myofiber otot
pectoralis pada ayam broiler dan pelung yang
diberi ransum tinggi protein berbeda signifikan
dengan ayam broiler dan pelung yang diberi
ransum rendah protein. Protein diketahui juga
dapat merangsang proliferasi sel satelit dalam
meregenerasi myofiber untuk pertumbuhan
otot yang lebih baik (Saragih et al., 2019).
Testosteron yang mengalami peningkatan dan
asupan gizi yang seimbang (protein yang cukup)
dapat mempengaruhi massa dan kekuatan otot
(Fu et al., 2021).
Hasil penelitian rerata lingkar dada pada
hari ke-35, 28, 21, 14 menunjukkan bahwa P1
(diberi tepung tulang ikan bandeng) berbeda
signifikan dengan P0 (kontrol) (P < 0,05) (Tabel
4). Peningkatan lingkar dada pada ayam bangkok
disebabkan karena penambahan tepung tulang
ikan bandeng yang mengandung protein sebesar
24,25%. Menurut Kurniasih et al. (2017) dan
Efek Suplementasi Tepung Tulang Ikan Bandeng (Chanos chanos) dengan Metode Freeze Dry ....
279
Mahari (2017), bahwa bubuk cangkang kerang
mengandung 3-4% protein. Pemberian bubuk
cangkang kerang darah (Anadara granosa
Linnaeus, 1758]) dengan dosis 0,9 mg/kg BB
selama 56 hari dapat meningkatkan lingkar
dada ayam pelung (Yuneldi et al., 2023). Hasil
peningkatan lingkar dada bersesuaian dengan
hasil kadar testosteron otot pectoralis dan
bobot otot pectoralis pada ayam bangkok yang
mengalami peningkatan.
Kesimpulan
Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh dapat
disimpulkan bahwa pemberian tepung tulang
ikan bandeng dengan metode pengeringbekuan
menggunakan freeze-dry sebanyak 3,3 g/
ekor/hari secara oral selama 35 hari dapat
meningkatkan kadar testosteron pada otot
pectoralis, bobot otot pectoralis dan lingkar
dada pada ayam bangkok.
Ucapan Terima Kasih
Terimakasih disampaikan kepada Fakultas
Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Gadjah Mada
yang telah memberi dukungan finansial melalui
Hibah Penelitian Pengembangan Departemen
Tahun 2023 dengan nomor kontrak: 1142/UN.1/
FKH/HK4/2023.
Daftar Pustaka
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Tabel 4. Rerata lingkar dada (cm) pada ayam bangkok kelompok kontrol (P0) dan kelompok perlakuan yang diberi suplementasi
tepung tulang ikan bandeng (P1) selama 35 hari
Perlakuan (P) Rerata lingkar dada (cm), hari ke-
7 14 21 28 35
P0 32,13 ± 5,04a32,51 ± 5,07b33,50±5,64b35,43±4,65b36,23 ± 3,33b
P1 40,20 ± 6,91a43,40 ± 5,48a45,20±5,93a47,80±5,10a48,80 ± 4,44 a
a,b Huruf yang berbeda pada kolom yang sama menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan (P < 0,05)
Pudji Astuti, et al.
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Tepung Tulang Bandeng (Chanos chanos)
dengan Metode Freeze Dry terhadap
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