Phytochemical Analysis and Medicinal Properties of Some Selected Traditional Medicinal Plants

Abstract

Article History Interest in and awareness of health attributes by natural resources such as herbs, spices, and fruits have resulted in increased consumption of natural products for a safe and effective resolution for illness and also promoting good health. Plants are rich in diverse chemical substances, including polyphenols, flavonoids, and xanthones, many of which have demonstrated medicinal effects or pharmacological benefits. Chinese clinical studies have identified many useful plants that can increase the effectiveness of modern drug treatment and reduce its side effects. The scientific basis for using traditional medicinal plants such as Garcinia mongostana, Lycium barbarum, Momordica grosvenori, and Psidium guajava has been established. Therefore, this review research aims to highlight these four traditional medicinal plants' chemical components and medicinal effects.

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International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences 2024 13(4): 689-700.
https://doi.org/10.47278/journal.ijab/2024.177
This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
REVIEW ARTICLE
eISSN: 2306-3599; pISSN: 2305-6622
Phytochemical Analysis and Medicinal Properties of Some Selected Traditional
Medicinal Plants
Elham Bagheri 1, Amal Bakr Shori 2, Chin Wai Peng1, Ahmad Salihin Baba 1 and Ashwag Jaman Alzahrani 3
1Biomolecular Research Group, Division of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of
Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
3University of Jeddah, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
*Corresponding author: shori_7506@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT
Article History
Interest in and awareness of health attributes by natural resources such as herbs, spices, and
fruits have resulted in increased consumption of natural products for a safe and effective
resolution for illness and also promoting good health. Plants are rich in diverse chemical
substances, including polyphenols, flavonoids, and xanthones, many of which have
demonstrated medicinal effects or pharmacological benefits. Chinese clinical studies have
identified many useful plants that can increase the effectiveness of modern drug treatment
and reduce its side effects. The scientific basis for using traditional medicinal plants such as
Garcinia mongostana, Lycium barbarum, Momordica grosvenori, and Psidium guajava has been
established. Therefore, this review research aims to highlight these four traditional medicinal
plants' chemical components and medicinal effects.
Keywords: Medicinal properties; Phytochemical; Garcinia mangostana; Lycium barbarum;
Mormodica grosvenori; Psidium guajava
Article # 24-749
Received: 07-Aug-24
Revised: 05-Oct-24
Accepted: 10-Oct-24
Online First: 23-Oct-24
INTRODUCTION
In many parts of the world, ethnomedicines focus on
traditional medical intervention and the interpretation of
health and diseases by indigenous populations (Díaz-de-
Cerio et al., 2017). In addition, it addresses the process of
seeking healthcare and the practices associated with
healing. Medicinal plants have been used to treat human
diseases for thousands of years, and this practice is even
more common nowadays. Medical plants usually have a
more permanent and stronger long-term effect without
bringing any side effects to our bodies compared to
synthetic medications. Garcinia mangostana, Lycium
barbarum, Mormodica grosvenori, and Psidium guajava are
four important traditional medicinal plants in Southeast
Asia (Fig. 1). Due to their widespread usage as herbal
medicines, this group of plants is currently being studied
to discover new bioactive compounds (Ansori et al., 2020;
Zhao et al., 2020; Kaur et al., 2020; Tun et al., 2020).
G. mangostana Linn (purple mangosteen) contains
xanthones as one of its main compounds (Dharmayani et
al., 2022). There are several xanthones that have been
studied extensively: a-, b-, and c-angostins, garcinone E, 8-
deoxygartanin, and gartanin (Pedraza-Chaverri et al., 2008)
which possess a wide range of health-promoting
properties, including antioxidant (Krisanti et al., 2021), anti-
inflammatory (Gondokesumo et al., 2020)., antimicrobial
(Pohan & Rahmawati, 2022) as well as anticancer
properties (Nauman & Johnson, 2022).
L. barbarum L. (goji) is rich in zeaxanthin, which exists
as dipalmitate (Tang et al., 2011) and polysaccharide
protein. Moreover, various bioactive components
(hydrophilic, lipophilic) were also isolated from goji
(Zhang et al., 2021a; Liu et al., 2022). According to
Chinese medicinal monographs, L. barbarum fruits were
recorded as nourishing the liver and kidney
(Byambasuren et al., 2019), and enhancing eyesight (Liu
et al., 2022). More functions were reported as anti-
oxidation (Liu et al., 2020; Shori & Baba, 2023), anticancer
(Qi et al., 2022), anti-inflammatory (Liu et al., 2021), anti-
diabetes properties (Luo et al., 2004) and
antihypertensive activity (Shori et al., 2021a).
Cite this Article as: Bagheri E, Shori AB, Peng CW, Baba AS and Alzahrani AJ, 2024. Phytochemical
analysis and medicinal properties of some selected traditional medicinal plants. International Journal of
Agriculture and Biosciences 13(4): 689-700. https://doi.org/10.47278/journal.ijab/2024.177
A Publication of Unique
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Int J Agri Biosci, 2024, 13(4): 689-700.
690
Fig. 1: Pictures of Garcinia mangostana, Mormodica grosvenori, Lycium
barbarum, and Psidium guajava.
The sweetness of M. grosvenori fruit (monk fruit) or
(luo han guo) is attributed to mogrosides as a main
bioactive component (Shen et al., 2014). Studies on M.
grosvenori have demonstrated a wide pharmacological
spectrum, including antioxidant, anticancer, and
antidiabetic properties (Chen et al., 2019; Li et al., 2022).
A variety of phytochemicals have been isolated from
Psidium guajava L. leaves, such as essential oils, phenols,
flavonoids, and quercetin with their derivatives (Weli et al.,
2019). These compounds exhibit biological properties,
including antioxidant, antitumoral, antiallergic, Anti-
diabetic, Antimicrobial, and Anti-diarrhoeal (Koriem et al.,
2019; Riaz et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2021). Recently, there
has been a surge in the development of pharmaceutical
drugs based on the therapeutic benefits of medicinal
plants. In addition, Chinese clinical studies have identified
many useful plants that can increase the effectiveness of
modern drug treatment and reduce its side effects (Shori,
2015; Kee et al., 2017; Shori et al., 2021b). Since medicinal
plants have been proven to have excellent properties in
maintaining health, the purpose of this research is to
highlight the chemical components and medicinal effects
of the four traditional medicinal plants i.e. Garcinia
mongostana, Lycium barbarum, Momordica grosvenori, and
Psidium guajava.
Traditional Medicinal Plants
Garcinia mangostana Linn.
The G. mongostana L. fruit simply called “purple
mangosteen”, is a seasonal tropical fruit with white and
juicy edible pulps which are protectively covered by a thick
layer of dark purple pericarp (Pedraza-Chaverri et al.,
2008). Mangosteen trees are primarily distributed in
Southeast Asia, such as Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia,
because of geographical and climate factors. It belongs to
the family Guttiferae (or Clusiaceae) characterized by
having secretory cavities and/or canals throughout most of
the plant body (Pedraza-Chaverri et al., 2008). Change in
color of the mangosteen pericarp from light greenish
yellow into dark purple or reddish is seen over the ripening
period. Munawaroh et al., (2016) found that the purple
color of mangosteen pericarp is caused by the presence of
anthocyanins. More surprisingly, it was found that the
pericarp of mangosteen is the most nutritious part of
mangosteen fruits but not the white pulps. It is rich in
bioactive secondary metabolites, such as xanthones and
oligomeric proanthocyanins, in considerable quantities (Fu
et al., 2007), with α-, β- and γ- mangostin having high
priority in terms of relative abundance (Suttirak &
Manurakchinakorn, 2014). In contrast to mangosteen
pericarp, the pulps of mangosteen relatively lack essential
macro- and micronutrients. Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)
values and some vitamins and minerals are too low to be
detectable. Still, they are a good source of carbohydrates
and dietary fiber (Gross & Crown, 2007).
Chemical Components
Xanthones are a class of polyphenolic compounds
with a similar chemical structure to bioflavonoids (Fig. 2)
and have great biological activity (Pedraza-Chaverri et al.,
2008). Xanthones endow mangosteen with significant
antioxidant activity, with its oxygen radical absorbance
capacity (ORAC) values falling between 17,000 and 24,000
µmol TE/g (Suttirak & Manurakchinakorn, 2014). In
addition to xanthones, tannins such as condensed tannins
(proanthocyanidins) and hydrolysable tannins in the
pericarp of mangosteens have the ability to bind and
precipitate protein (Moosophin et al., 2010). The
condensed tannins are resistant to enzymatic degradation.
Acid hydrolysis of condensed tannins leads to the
production of a small amount of anthocyanidins and
amorphous phlobaphens (tannins red) (Moosophin et al.,
2010). In contrast, hydrolysable tannins can be easily
hydrolyzed by weak acids to yield sugars and phenol
carboxylic acid such as gallic acid. Other phytochemicals
that exist in mangosteen pericarp are garcimangosone D,
benzophenones, aristophenones, depsidones,
polysaccharides, and terpenoids (Gross & Crown, 2007).
Fig. 2: Chemical structure of xanthone nucleus (Masters & Brse, 2012).
Medicinal Properties of G. mangostana
Antioxidant Properties
Together with other components such as sterols,
catechins, xanthones, and their derivatives react with the
free radicals generated during oxidation stress (Chavan &

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Muth, 2021). Free radicals are active and attack cellular
components, resulting in cellular damage. α- Mangostin
reduced light-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and α
tocopherol consumption in humans (Ibrahim et al., 2017;
Chavan & Muth, 2021). The antioxidant analysis revealed
that the pericarp extract of G. mangostana offers
significant health benefits, particularly through its potent
antioxidant properties. (Geetha et al., 2020; Krisanti et al.,
2021). This effect is attributed to the presence of
flavonoids and polyphenols, which help reduce the
generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells
(Wimanshinee et al., 2021; Fadhila et al., 2022).
Antitumoral Properties
Xanthones, a class of polyphenolic compounds found
in Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen), exhibit significant
antitumor properties through multiple mechanisms.
Studies by Herdiana et al. (2021) and Vania et al. (2021)
showed that mangosteen extracts containing α-mangostin
inhibit breast cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis by
interfering with cellular signaling pathways that regulate
cell proliferation. These compounds modulate PI3K/AKT
and MAPK pathways, commonly implicated in cancer
progression. It inhibits the PI3K/Akt pathway signaling,
reducing cancer cell proliferation (Nauman & Johnson,
2022). Inhibition of this pathway results in decreased
activity of downstream proteins that regulate cell cycle
progression, effectively halting the growth of cancer cells.
Furthermore, xanthones have also demonstrated an ability
to inhibit cancer metastasis. The anti-metastatic activity of
α-mangostin was associated with downregulation of
mRNA expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 through
inhibiting NFκB and Akt pathways (Wang, 2012).
Studies on liver cancer and colorectal adenocarcinoma
have shown that α-mangostin induces apoptosis by
activating the caspase cascade, leading to cell death (Ong
et al., 2020; Veeraraghavan et al., 2020). Apoptosis, or
programmed cell death, is often dysregulated in cancer
cells, allowing them to survive and proliferate indefinitely.
Xanthones can restore this process by upregulating pro-
apoptotic proteins (e.g., Bax, caspase-3) and
downregulating anti-apoptotic proteins (e.g., Bcl-2; Gunter
et al., 2023). In addition, xanthones exhibit anti-
inflammatory properties by inhibiting pro-inflammatory
cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6), thus potentially reducing the
inflammatory environment that promotes cancer growth
and progression (Gunter et al., 2020).
In summary, α-mangostin and other xanthones from
Garcinia mangostana exhibit potent antitumor activities by
targeting cancer cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis,
inhibiting metastasis, and providing anti-inflammatory and
antioxidant benefits, making them promising agents for
cancer therapy (Nauman & Johnson, 2022).
Lycium barbarum
α-Mangostin has inhibitory effects on histamine
release and prostaglandins synthesis, both of which are
important factors in regulating allergic inflammation
(Pedraza-Chaverri et al., 2008). Inflammation has negative
impacts on the human body. For instance, it may stimulate
the transformation of abnormal cells into cancer cells,
destabilize cholesterol deposits, damage nerve cells, etc.
Several anti-inflammatory activities of G. mangostana Linn
are shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Anti-inflammatory effects of Garcinia mangostana Linn. (GML).
Effects
References
In several experimental models of inflammation in rats and guinea pigs showed anti-inflammatory effects by α-Mangostin.
Gopalakrishnan (1980)
The crude methanol extract from GM legume blocked the histaminergic and serotonergic response in isolated rabbit aorta
strips. The histaminergic response was blocked by α-mangostin and c-mangostin blocked the serotonergic response.
Chairungsrilerd et al. (1996a)
α-Mangostin ameliorates the histamine-induced contraction of the aorta and trachea from male guinea pigs.
Chairungsrilerd et al. (1996b)
c-Mangostin inhibits 5-fluoro-a-methyltryptamine (5-FMT)-induced head twitch response in mice by blocking 5HT2A
receptors.
Chairungsrilerd et al. (1997)
c-Mangostin is a 5HT2A receptor antagonist in vascular smooth muscles and platelets.
Chairungsrilerd et al. (1998)
c-Mangostin inhibited A2318 induced PGE2 release in C6 cells and arachidonic acid conversion to PGE2 in isolated
microsomes as well as the activities of both constitutive COX-1 and inducible COX-2.
Nakatani et al. (2002a)
Extracts of mangosteen pod inhibited histamine release in RBL-2H3 cells and decreased A23187 induced PGE2 synthesis in C6
rat glioma cells.
Nakatani et al. (2002b)
inhibited COX-1 and -2 activity and PGE2 synthesis in C6 rat glioma cells was inhibited by c-Mangostin (a), LPS-induced
expression of COX-2 protein and its mRNA was inhibited by c -Mangostin (b), c- Mangostin (c), reduced the LPS-inducible
activation of NF-kB, and c- Mangostin (d), inhibited rat carrageenan-induced paw edema.
Nakatani et al. (2004)
PGE2 was induced by A23187 and LPS induced transcription of NFkB- mediated in C6 rat glioma cells that A23187 and LPS
was reduced by garcinone B.
Yamakuni et al. (2006)
α-Mangostin inhibits human 12-LOX.
Deschamps et al. (2007)
LPS-stimulated cytotoxicity was inhibited by α- and c-mangostins. α- Mangostin showed potent inhibition on paw oedema in
mice.
Chen et al. (2008)
Anti-inflammatory activity has been shown by α-mangostin, 1- isomangostin, and mangostin triacetate in several
experimental models in rats.
Mansour, (2013)
An animal model of peripheral LPS-induced neuroinflammation showed a reduced level of interleukin-6 (IL-6),
cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO).
Catorce et al. (2016)
Anti-inflammatory activity by α-mangostin inhibited the production of PGE2, nitric oxide, iNOS protein expression, TNF-α,
and IL-6 cytokines, and COX-2 enzymes in RAW 264.7 cells
Mohan et al. (2018)
GME dramatically suppresses the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines namely, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β via the TLR-2
pathway, and also promote the wound healing process.
Tatiya-Aphiradee et al. (2019)
Mangosteen and propolis extracts worked well together as an anti-inflammatory and in vitro bone-forming agent.
Lim et al. (2020)
Mangosteen peel extract has four primary chemicals with anti-inflammatory which play a role in the healing process of burns
through signaling the interleukin 6 pathway, epidermal growth factor, and transforming growth factors beta 1, which controls
the growth of epithelial cells.
Gondokesumo et al. (2020)

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Antimicrobial Properties
Several studies have highlighted the efficacy of
mangosteen extract, particularly α-mangostin, against
pathogenic bacteria like Escherichia coli and
Staphylococcus aureus (Pohan & Rahmawati, 2022; So-In &
Sunthamala, 2022). α-Mangostin exhibits antibacterial
activity by disrupting bacterial membranes. It inserts into
the lipid bilayer of bacterial cell membranes, increasing
membrane permeability and leading to the leakage of
cellular contents, ultimately causing bacterial death
(Phuong et al., 2017). Phuong et al., (2017) demonstrated
that α-mangostin with a purity that exceeded 98%, had
minimal inhibitory concentrations between 4.6 and 9.2
μmol/L for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), methicillin-
resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and methicillin-sensitive S.
aureus (MSSA). According to Phitaktim et al., (2016), the
benzene ring and the isoprenyl group of α-mangostin may
play a significant role in inhibiting the growth of MRSA
strains by direct interactions with the membrane.
Furthermore, it has been observed that α-mangostin can
inhibit enzymes involved in glycolysis, such as aldolase,
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and lactate
dehydrogenase, in Streptococcus mutans, further
compromising bacterial survival (Nguyen & Marquis,
2011). Guzmán-Beltrán et al. (2016), showed that α-
mangostin directly inhibits M. tuberculosis growth in a
liquid medium with Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations
(MIC) of 62μg/mL. Besides, polysaccharides from the rind
enhance polymorphonuclear phagocytes’ activity against
Salmonella enteritidis (Karim & Tangpong, 2018).
Mangosteen extracts have been shown to possess
potent antifungal activity, particularly against pathogenic
fungi (Abd Murad et al., 2022; Ye et al., 2020). Mohamed et
al. (2014), reported that xanthones exhibited their
antifungal effect through the inhibition of sterol
biosynthesis and lowering levels of ergosterol,
compromising the integrity of fungal cell membranes.
Mangosteen and its bioactive compounds have shown
potential antiviral effects (Sugiyanto et al., 2019). Xanthones
have also been shown to prevent viral entry into host cells
by interacting with viral envelope proteins or host cell
surface receptors, blocking the virus from attaching and
penetrating cells (Ansori et al., 2024). Ansori et al. (2022)
demonstrated the potential therapeutic benefits of alpha-
mangostin and gamma-mangostin, extracted from
mangosteen in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 proteases.
Lycium barbarum
L. barbarum refers to Chinese wolfberry, which is
widely recognized as goji or goji berry (Bagheri et al.,
2021). It is classified under the same family as tomatoes,
i.e., Solanaceae. These small, red berries primarily grow in
the north-central part of China, Tibet, and Mongolia (Gao
et al., 2017). Goji is a key component of traditional Chinese
medicine and is also used in Chinese cooking to boost
nutritional content and improve flavor. Other parts of the
L. barbarum plant, for example, the root bark, is used for
the purpose of treating cough and bleeding disorder
whereas the leaves can be used as a tea substitute
(Potterat, 2010).
Chemical Components
Goji, celebrated as a superfood, is highly nutrient-
dense and contains a range of beneficial compounds. It is
rich in beta-carotene, beta-sitosterol, linoleic acid, and
sesquiterpenoids such as cyperone and solavetivone, along
with tetraterpenoids like zeaxanthin and physalin.
Additionally, goji provides immunologically active
polysaccharides and betaine (Toyoda-Ono et al., 2004).
According to Shi et al. (2017), treatment with L. barbarum
polysaccharide (40mg/kg) in diabetic mice significantly
improved sperm parameters. Additionally, antioxidant
enzyme activity increased to varying degrees, expression of
caspase-3 decreased, and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio rose
compared to untreated diabetic mice. The fruit is abundant
in vitamins and minerals, with vitamin C levels potentially
up to 500 times greater than those found in oranges
(Jeszka-Skowron et al., 2017). It also includes vitamins B1,
B2, B6, and E (Szot et al., 2020), and contains 21 trace
minerals, including calcium, iron, zinc, phosphorus,
selenium, and germanium (Proestos, 2018). Goji provides
18 amino acids, eight of which are essential, with L-leucine
present in notably high concentrations (Chen et al., 2017).
The polysaccharides in L. barbarum can be either water-
soluble, such as glucurono-β-glucan and β-glucan, or
water-insoluble, including xylo-β-glucan, xylomann-β-
glucan, hetero-β-glucan, and manno-β-glucan (Shori et al.,
2021c). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
analysis reveals that LBP consists primarily of glucose and
fructose in a 1:2 molar ratio (Lu & Zhao, 2010), while other
polysaccharide compounds in L. barbarum contain over
100 monosaccharide units.
Zeaxanthin, the major carotenoid in goji (Fig. 3), exists
as dipalmitate (Tang et al., 2011). It is mainly found in the
macular pigment of the eye with a concentration 85 times
higher than its concentration in blood (Manikandan et al.,
2016). Another predominant carotenoid pigment in goji is
β-carotene, an important precursor for the biosynthesis of
vitamin A and also serves as an antioxidant. Goji contains
about 7mg of β-carotene per 100 grams of its dried fruits
(Gross & Crown, 2007).
Fig. 3: The chemical structure of zeaxanthin (Roberts & Dennison, 2015).
Medicinal Properties of L. barbarum
Antioxidant Properties
L. barbarum L. (Goji) is abundant in antioxidants and
phytochemicals, including beta-carotene, zeaxanthin, beta-
cryptoxanthin, lutein, lycopene, and fatty acids such as
linoleic, palmitic, and oleic acids (Skenderidis et al., 2019;
Shori et al., 2021d). These substances help mitigate cellular
damage caused by free radicals, thus contributing to
longer cell lifespan (Baba et al., 2014). L. barbarum exhibits
the highest levels of free radical scavenging activity,
specifically against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2’-
azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-sulfonic acid; Henning et
al., 2014; Mocan et al., 2014; Byambasuren et al., 2019).

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Polysaccharides extracted from dried L. barbarum (LBPs)
demonstrate strong antioxidant properties in the
mitochondrial membranes of rat liver in vitro. Li et al.
(2007) reported that LBPs significantly protect against
radiation-induced loss of protein thiols and inactivation of
SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px. Additionally, Feng et al. (2001)
indicated that L. barbarum is effective in protecting the
retina from oxidative injury in diabetic individuals. Castrica
et al. (2020) observed that 3% w/w of Goji
supplementation in rabbits was associated with reduced
lipid oxidation. The antioxidant properties of L. barbarum
are well-documented and offer notable health benefits,
particularly due to its hydrophilic components like ascorbic
acid, total phenolics, and total flavonoids, as well as
lipophilic components such as total carotenoids (Zhang et
al., 2021a; Liu et al., 2020).
Antidiabetic Properties
L. barbarum has demonstrated anti-diabetic properties,
including its ability to decrease oxidative stress in
individuals with retinopathy (Byambasuren et al., 2019; Liu
et al., 2022). Additionally, the polysaccharides found in L.
barbarum help lower glucose absorption in the intestines
and support insulin release (Huizhen, 2020; Shori et al.,
2021d). In diabetic rabbits' studies, a water extract of L.
barbarum fruit (250mg/kg.d) effectively lowered blood
glucose levels and exhibited significant hypoglycemic
effects (Luo et al., 2004). Moreover, the protein component
of L. barbarum (10mg/kg.d) has shown insulin-mimetic
impact, helping to reduce blood sugar levels and enhance
fat metabolism by increasing glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4)
on the cell surface, improving GLUT4 trafficking, and
boosting intracellular insulin signaling (Zhao et al., 2005).
Anti-inflammatory
Consumption of L. barbarum has been shown to
provide anti-inflammatory effects by targeting TLR4 and
NF-κB pathways (Fig. 4), modulating the expression of
inflammatory markers such as TNF-α and IL-6, and
mitigating damage to the liver and intestines (Ávila et al.,
2020; Liu et al., 2021). These anti-inflammatory benefits may
be attributed to acacetin-7-O-rutinoside, luteolin-7-O-
glucoside, chlorogenic acid, and wolfberry polysaccharides
(Zhang et al., 2019). Additionally, 5% of L. barbarum has
demonstrated protective effects for the skin against
immune suppression and oxidative stress when consumed
for two weeks before UV exposure (Reeve et al., 2010).
Anticancer
L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) exhibit anti-tumor
properties by boosting the levels of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T
cells within tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This action
helps counteract immunosuppression and strengthens the
body's anti-tumor immune response (Kulczyński and
Gramza-Michałowska 2016). Additionally, research by Qi et
al. (2022) demonstrated that LBPs can inhibit apoptosis in
MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by activating ERK and
p53 pathways. In vitro, L. barbarum polysaccharide at
doses ranging from 20 to 1000 mg/L inhibited the growth
of human leukemia HL-60 cells and decreased the
membrane fluidity (Zhang et al., 2005).
Fig. 4: The pathway illustrates the anti-inflammatory effect of L.barbarum
by targeting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling axis (Gan et al., 2018; Linghu et al.,
2020).
Eye Health Benefits
Oral intake of 250–280 g of L. barbarum has been
shown to mitigate the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs),
though it does not significantly affect elevated intraocular
pressure (IOP) (Chan et al., 2007). This indicates that L.
barbarum may offer therapeutic potential in preventing
retinal neurodegeneration associated with ocular
hypertension, making it a promising candidate for
developing neuroprotective treatments for glaucoma-
related RGC loss (Li et al., 2007). Additionally, the lutein
and zeaxanthin found in L. barbarum have been observed
to restore visual functions in models of light-induced
phototoxicity and macular degeneration. These
compounds likely protect RGCs by counteracting neuronal
apoptosis induced by glutamate and nitric oxide (NO) in
the retina (Rhee, 2010). Several studies have found that the
polysaccharides, polyphenols, carotenoids, and amino
acids of L. barbarum protect the eyes from disease by
scavenging oxygen free radicals. (Liu et al., 2022; Lin & Wu,
2022). Additional research has shown that 10mg/kg of L.
barbarum offers protective effects against light-induced
damage in various retinal layers, including the stem cell
pyramid layer, the outer nuclear layer, and the retinal
pigment epithelium in rats (Luo et al., 2006).
Immune System
Four main bioactive L. barbarum polysaccharides (LBP)
i.e. LBP1, LBP2, LBP3, and LBP4 in goji are known to help
strengthen the immune system through increased T cells,
cytotoxic T cells, and natural killer cells activity (Deng et al.,

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694
2018). These polysaccharides have chemical structures
similar to the compounds present in maitake mushrooms
and Echinacea. Polysaccharides LBP1, LBP2, LBP3, and LBP4
are glycoconjugates, serving as the sources of essential cell
nutrients (glucose, galactose. mannose, xylose, rhamnose,
and arabinose; Yong et al., 2022) which are required for
boosting the immune system as well as proper intercellular
communication. Furthermore, L. barbarum may increase
immunoglobulin A levels, suggesting its ability to
regenerate old cells (de Souza Zanchet et al., 2017).
Momordica grosvenori
Monk fruit which is scientifically referred to as
Siraitia grosvenorii formerly known as Momordica
grosvenorii is an herbaceous perennial vine primarily
cultivated in southwestern China (Shori et al., 2018). M.
grosvenori is classified under cucurbitaceae family. It
produces fruits called Luo Han Guo which are well-known
for their intense sweetness and medicinal properties. The
primary bioactive compounds in monk fruit, known as
mogrosides, are responsible for its sweetness.
Additionally, the fruit is reputed to offer various health
benefits (Gangoso et al., 2019).
Chemical Components
The active compounds present in luo han guo extract
are mogrosides, a group of triterpene glycosides that
make up about 1% of the fleshy part of the fruit. These
compounds give a sweet taste to luo han guo (Tang et al.,
2011). Generally, five different mogrosides have been
isolated from these fruits and numbered from I to V (Chen
et al., 2022). Mogroside V (formerly known as esgoside;
Fig. 5) is the most abundant mogroside among the five,
hence, it determines the level of sweetness and quality of a
luo han guo (Chen et al., 2022). A previous study found
that the sweetness of the mixed mogrosides can be about
300 times higher than that of sugar by weight but contains
lower calories, i.e., 2.3kcal/g, whereas sugar gives
approximately 4.5kcal/g (Muñoz-Labrador et al., 2022).
Due to this reason, luo han guo extract is widely used as a
sweetener in beverages and cooked foods (Muñoz-
Labrador et al., 2022). Other similar compounds such as
siamenoside and neomogroside have also been found in
luo han guo extract.
Fig. 5: Chemical structure of Mogroside V (Wang et al., 2014).
Medicinal Properties of M. grosvenori
Low Glycemic Index
Luo han guo is a good and safe alternative sweetener,
especially for diabetics. Despite its intense sweetness, luo
han guo sweetener does not cause a spike in insulin levels
or result in extreme fluctuations in blood glucose levels
(Gangoso et al., 2019). It is because the triterpene
glycosides in luo han guo are not metabolized into glucose
to generate energy. Furthermore, studies showed that
triterpene glycosides have an inhibitory effect on maltase,
suppressing the rise in blood sugar levels in rats (Lee et al.,
2016; Pandey & Chauhan 2019) and in vitro using human
HepG2 cells (Li et al., 2017). This suggests that luo han guo
has an anti-hyperglycemic effect. In addition, Zhang et al.,
(2021b) reported that M. grosvenori fruits have antidiabetic
properties by modifying the gut microbiota. Luo han guo
extract exhibits anti-diabetic effects by enhancing insulin
sensitivity during fasting, improving kidney function, and
boosting antioxidant activity in both the liver and plasma
(Li et al., 2022).
Antioxidant Properties
The glycoside components of luo han guo extract,
including cucurbitane glycosides, mogroside IV, mogroside
V, 11-oxo-mogroside V, and siamenoside I, demonstrate
antioxidant properties. These compounds effectively
prevent oxidation of copper-mediated and cell-mediated
low-density lipoprotein in a dose-dependent fashion
(Wang et al., 2014; Cheng et al., 2017). Previous studies
concluded that extract of M. grosvenori could be used as
an antioxidant (Shori et al., 2021d; Konno et al., 2022).
Wuttisin & Boonsook, (2019) indicated that the antioxidant
activity of M. grosvenori extracts might be due to the
flavonoid compounds.
Anticancer Properties
M. grosvenori has been investigated for its potential
anticancer effects, with evidence suggesting it can inhibit
cancer cell growth and shield normal cells from oxidative
damage (Konno et al., 2022; Li et al., 2022). Research has
indicated that luo han guo may be effective in treating
colorectal and laryngeal cancers (Liu et al., 2016),
possesses anti-tumor activity and offers lung protection
(Chen et al., 2019), and can suppress the proliferation of
K562 leukemic cells (Liu et al., 2015), primarily due to its
cucurbitane glycosides and related compounds (Liu et al.,
2016). Additionally, the extract has been found to inhibit
the activation of Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA)
at levels comparable to or exceeding those of beta-
carotene (Konoshima & Takasaki, 2002). In further studies,
11-oxo-mogroside V and mogroside V exhibited potent
inhibitory effects (Takasaki et al., 2003). In a 2-stage skin
carcinogenesis model in mice, administration of mogroside
V or 11-oxo-mogroside V led to a delay in tumor
development and a reduction in the number of papillomas
over 10 and 15 weeks, respectively, compared to controls
(Takasaki et al., 2003).
Psidium guajava L.
P. guajava L., commonly called guava in English, is
classified under the family Myrtaceae (Shori et al., 2022).
It is believed that guava is considered native to the
American tropics (the area between Mexico and Peru)
and spread throughout tropical and subtropical
countries. P. guajava is a small tree reaching up to 10

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695
meters in height, characterized by its broad, spreading
branches and square, fuzzy twigs (Gutiérrez et al., 2008).
Ripe guava fruits can be eaten fresh or processed into
juice, jelly, jam, or preserved foods.
Each part of the plant has its respective medicinal
properties (Joseph & Priya, 2011). In the indigenous
system of medicine, the flowers of guava are used to
remove internal body heat and treat eye sores and
bronchitis. The fruits, which are rich in vitamin C, are
effective in curing bleeding gums (Joseph & Priya, 2011).
Fresh leaves are used topically to treat wounds, ulcers,
and rheumatic pain (Gutiérrez et al., 2008). Additionally,
an infusion made from the new shoots of P. guajava is
utilized as a tonic, febrifuge, and spasmolytic agent
(Joseph & Priya, 2011). In traditional medicine, P. guajava
is also widely applied for treating diarrhea,
gastroenteritis, dysentery, inflammation, and respiratory
problems (Gonçalves et al., 2005; Ojewole, 2006;
Gutiérrez et al., 2008).
Chemical Components
Spectral analysis has identified over 20 phytochemical
compounds in guava leaves, including essential oils,
flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, phenols, saponins,
tannins, triterpenes, lectins, fatty acids, and vitamin C
(Shori et al., 2020). The essential oils contain α- pinene, β-
pinene, menthol, limonene, isopropyl alcohol, curcumene,
etc (Gutiérrez et al., 2008; Weli et al., 2019). Five essential
oils i.e. β-sitosterol, nerolidiol, crategolic, ursolic and
guayavolic acids are present in P. guajava (Weli et al.,
2019). The presence of flavonoids quercetin (Fig. 6) and
avicularin gives guava leaves antimicrobial properties.
Fig. 6: The chemical structure of quercetin (Kumar et al., 2017).
Medicinal Properties of P. guajava
Antidiarrhoeal Properties
Many studies have proved that the extract of guava
leaves has anti-diarrhoeal properties owing to the
presence of quercetin and quercetin-3 arabinose (Gupta &
Birdi, 2015; Koriem et al., 2019). At a concentration of
1.6μg/mL, these compounds behave like morphine,
inhibiting the release of acetylcholine, reducing peristaltic
motion of the ileum, and permeability of the capillary in
the intestinal lumen. Besides, galactose-specific lectin
prevents E. coli from adhering to the intestinal wall and
therefore, avoids infection that results in diarrhea
(Upadhyay & Dass, 2020).
Antimicrobial Properties
Methanolic extract of guava leaves rich in phenolic,
flavonoid, and quercetin with its derivatives (Naseer et al.,
2018). These compounds exhibit antimicrobial properties
against a range of pathogens, including both gram-
positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungal
strains, yeasts, molds, and bacteria isolated from urine
samples (Naseer et al., 2018). Additionally, they have
been shown to inhibit spore formation and enterotoxin
production by Clostridium perfringens type A (Gitika,
2016; Farhana et al., 2017; Bhambar, 2021). According to
Shetty et al. (2018), Guava extract may show significant
activity against both P. gingivalis and A.
actinomycetemcomitans. Quercetin in guava leaves
reported to have inhibitory effects on the growth of
Stapylococcus aures, Escherichia coli, Salmonella
enteritidis, Streptoccus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and Shigella spp. (Ugbogu et al., 2022).
Antioxidant Properties
Guava leaves are rich in antioxidants (Shori et al.,
2018), with their extract demonstrating significant
antioxidant activity. This is attributed to the high levels
of phenolic compounds present, including
protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, guavin B,
gallic acid, and caffeic acid (Fernandes et al., 2014; Zahin
et al., 2017). Moreover, the polysaccharides in guava
leaves may serve as potential antioxidants (Luo et al.,
2019; Kumar et al., 2021).
Anti-allergic and Antitumor Effect
A meroterpenoid known as guajadial, isolated from P.
guajava leaves, exhibited antineoplastic activity against
non-small-cell lung carcinoma by inhibiting the
proliferation and migration of A549 and H1650 lung
cancer cell lines (Wang et al., 2018). Additionally, quercetin
demonstrated strong inhibitory effects on SGC-7901 and
HeLa cells, with IC50 values of 7.878 and 10.260μg/mL,
respectively (Feng et al., 2015). The guajadial fraction also
showed significant antiproliferative effects against MCF-7
and MCF-7 BUS breast cancer cells, with TGI values of 5.59
and 2.27 µg/mL, respectively (Bazioli et al., 2020).
Furthermore, an aqueous extract of P. guajava leaves
significantly inhibited MCF-7 cell viability at a
concentration of 100 g, indicating its potential for breast
cancer treatment (Sukanya et al., 2017). The
dichloromethane and methanol (1:1, v/v) extracts of P.
guajava leaves exhibited the highest inhibitory activity
against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, with an IC50 value of
55μg/mL after 24 hours (Kaileh et al., 2007). Additionally,
benzophenone extracted from P. guajava leaves showed
significant inhibitory effects on cell viability and a potent
ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. At a
concentration of 100 μM, benzophenone inhibited 81.4%
of HCT116 cell growth after 72 hours, with an IC50 value of
60 μM (Zhu et al., 2019). Moreover, hexane fractions from a
methanolic extract of guava leaves induced cytotoxicity
and apoptosis in PC-3 prostate cancer cells, arresting the
cell cycle in the sub-G1 phase and causing cell death even
at 50 g/mL (Ryu et al., 2012). The methanolic extract of P.

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696
guajava leaves also significantly inhibited the viability of
leukemia cells, with an IC50 value of 200μg/mL, attributed
to the presence of gallic acid and flavonoids such as
kaempferol and quercetin (Levy & Carley, 2012). Seo et al.
(2005) reported that guava leaf extract has anti-allergic
effects against Th2 cell-mediated allergies and provides
protective action against tumor development. Additionally,
monoterpenes in the essential oil of guava leaves
effectively suppress cancer cell growth by reducing T
helper cell 1 activity. Several studies have highlighted the
potential of guava leaves as chemotherapeutic antitumor
and anti-allergic agents (Sato et al., 2010; Moon et al.,
2011; Alhamdi et al., 2019; Patil, 2024).
Anti-diabetic Properties
The decoction of guava leaves can induce
hypoglycaemic activity and significantly inhibit LDL
glycation in a dose-dependent manner (Dange et al.,
2020). The hypoglycemic effect of guava leaves are linked
to their content of tannins, flavonoids, pentacyclic
triterpenoids, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, arjunolic acid,
glucuronic acid, and other bioactive compounds (Hsieh et
al., 2007). Research has shown that guava leaves hold
promise as a potential anti-diabetic agent (Luo et al., 2019;
Shabbir et al., 2020).
Conclusion
The four traditional medicinal plants i.e., G.
mongostana, L. barbarum, M grosvenori, and P guajava
contained several chemical compounds. These
components have been proven to have excellent
properties in maintaining health through various
pharmacological activities such as antioxidant,
antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and
antitumor. The use of natural substances presents in P.
guajava and L. barbarum may have the potential to treat
and prevent illnesses such as gastroenteritis, dysentery,
respiratory disturbances, and protect the eyes. In addition,
we recommend using M. grosvenori extract as a sweetener
in beverages and cooked foods. Further study is needed to
investigate how the sweetener from M. grosvenori affects
the whole body metabolism. Furthermore, due to the
phytochemical content of these four plants, it is important
to investigate their further use in the food industry as
supplements and functional food ingredients.
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