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IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 23, Issue 6 Ser. 4 (June. 2024), PP 12-20
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0853-2306041220 www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
Navigating COVID-19 Vaccination Side Effects: Insights
from Bangladesh
Tanveer SKM1, Hossain A2, Naser AZM3, Parves MM4, Alam MR5,
Rahman MM6, Akter T7, Ahmed E8
1Dr. Sharif Kamrul Md Tanveer, Department of Dentistry, Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi,
Bangladesh
2Md. Alamgir Hossain, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka,
Bangladesh
3Dr. A Z M Naser, Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
4Mohammad Masud Parves, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka,
Bangladesh
5Mohammad Rezwanur Alam, Department of Production, Orion Pharma Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh
6Md Mominur Rahman, Senior Technical Advisor, Management Sciences for Health (MSH), Dhaka, Bangladesh
7Tuhin Akter, Marketing & Business Development, International Online Journal Hub Ltd., Dhaka, Bangladesh
8Ehashan Ahmed, Department of Research and Publication, International Online Journal Hub Ltd, Dhaka,
Bangladesh
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated a global vaccination effort to control the spread of the
virus and mitigate its impact. In Bangladesh, multiple vaccines have been deployed to achieve widespread
immunity. This literature review aims to synthesize findings on vaccine side effects, public perception,
acceptance, and the effectiveness of the vaccination campaign in Bangladesh.
Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed and Google
Scholar. Studies focusing on the side effects, public perception, and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in
Bangladesh were included. The review also examined global data to provide comparative insights.
Results: The review indicates that public perception of COVID-19 vaccines in Bangladesh is generally positive,
with significant support for mandatory vaccination. However, concerns about vaccine safety and potential side
effects persist, affecting vaccine acceptance rates. Common side effects reported include pain at the injection
site, fever, fatigue, and headache, which align with global findings. The efficacy of different vaccines used in
Bangladesh, such as Oxford-AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech, Sinopharm, Moderna, Sinovac, and Janssen, varies
but generally shows substantial protection against severe disease and hospitalization. Logistical challenges,
socio-economic barriers, and misinformation are significant hurdles to vaccination efforts.
Conclusion: The COVID-19 vaccination campaign in Bangladesh has made considerable progress in
controlling the pandemic. Addressing concerns about vaccine safety, improving public health communication,
and overcoming logistical and socio-economic barriers are critical to enhancing vaccine acceptance and
coverage. Future research should focus on long-term vaccine effectiveness and side effects, particularly in
diverse demographic groups, to inform public health policies and ensure the health and safety of the
population.
Keywords: COVID-19, Vaccination, Side Effects, Public Perception, Bangladesh, Vaccine Acceptance, Public
Health
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Date of Submission: 01-06-2024 Date of Acceptance: 11-06-2024
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I. Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic has precipitated a global health crisis of unprecedented proportions, leading
to severe morbidity, mortality, and economic disruption worldwide. Since its emergence in late 2019, the virus
has infected millions and strained healthcare systems across the globe (1). The rapid development and
deployment of vaccines have been critical in curbing the spread of the virus and mitigating its impact.
Vaccination has been widely recognized as one of the most effective measures to control infectious diseases,
offering a pathway to herd immunity and the potential to restore normalcy (2). In the context of the global
vaccination effort, Bangladesh has implemented a comprehensive vaccination campaign to combat COVID-19.
Navigating COVID-19 Vaccination Side Effects: Insights from Bangladesh
DOI: 10.9790/0853-2306041220 www.iosrjournals.org 2 | Page
The vaccination rollout in Bangladesh commenced in early 2021, prioritizing frontline healthcare workers and
subsequently expanding to the general population. The country has utilized multiple vaccines, including
Oxford-AstraZeneca (Covishield), Pfizer-BioNTech, Sinopharm, Moderna, Sinovac, and Janssen (Johnson &
Johnson) (3,4). Despite the concerted efforts of the government and international health organizations, vaccine
coverage and acceptance have varied, influenced by factors such as public perception, logistical challenges, and
vaccine availability (5). Understanding the side effects of these vaccines is crucial for several reasons. Public
concerns about vaccine safety can significantly influence vaccine uptake. Studies on vaccine side effects
provide essential data that can reassure the public, address vaccine hesitancy, and guide healthcare providers in
managing and communicating potential adverse events (6,7). The role of side effect studies is to not only
document the incidence and severity of adverse reactions but also to improve public confidence in vaccination
programs through transparency and evidence-based communication (8). The selection of multiple vaccines for
use in Bangladesh's vaccination campaign reflects a strategic approach to maximize coverage and mitigate
supply constraints. Each vaccine type, including the Oxford-AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech, Sinopharm,
Moderna, Sinovac, and Janssen, has undergone rigorous clinical trials to establish its safety and efficacy.
However, real-world data on side effects are vital to fully understand their safety profiles in diverse populations
(9). For instance, studies have shown that the side effects of the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine are generally mild
and transient, including pain at the injection site, fever, and headache, with similar findings reported for the
Pfizer-BioNTech and Sinopharm vaccines (10). In Bangladesh, the side effects reported by vaccine recipients
align with those observed in other parts of the world. Common side effects include local reactions such as pain
at the injection site and systemic symptoms like fever, fatigue, and headaches. These symptoms are typically
short-lived and indicative of the body's immune response to the vaccine (11,12). Notably, the frequency and
severity of side effects can vary based on demographic factors such as age, gender, and underlying health
conditions. For example, younger individuals and females have reported higher incidences of side effects
compared to older adults and males (13). The importance of understanding these side effects extends beyond
individual health. Public health efforts in Bangladesh have focused on educating the community about the
benefits and potential risks of COVID-19 vaccination. Effective communication strategies, including
transparent reporting of side effects and their management, are crucial to maintaining public trust and
encouraging widespread vaccination (11,14). Additionally, the successful implementation of vaccination
campaigns depends on addressing logistical challenges and ensuring equitable access to vaccines across
different regions and communities (5).
This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the side effects associated with COVID-19
vaccines used in Bangladesh, with a particular focus on the Oxford-AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech, Sinopharm,
Moderna, Sinovac, and Janssen vaccines. By synthesizing data from various studies, we seek to enhance the
understanding of vaccine safety profiles and contribute to the ongoing efforts to optimize vaccination strategies.
The findings will help inform public health policies, improve vaccine acceptance, and ultimately support the
goal of achieving widespread immunity against COVID-19 in Bangladesh and beyond.
II. Methods
A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies on COVID-19 vaccine
side effects, public perception, acceptance, and effectiveness. The databases used for this search included
PubMed, Google Scholar, and Consensus. The search terms employed were "COVID-19 vaccine side effects,"
"COVID-19 vaccine acceptance," "COVID-19 vaccine perception," "COVID-19 vaccination in Bangladesh,"
along with specific vaccine names such as "Oxford-AstraZeneca," "Pfizer-BioNTech," "Sinopharm,"
"Moderna," "Sinovac," and "Janssen." Studies were included if they were published in English, focused on
COVID-19 vaccines and their side effects, public perception, acceptance, or effectiveness, were conducted in
Bangladesh or provided comparative data relevant to the Bangladeshi context, and were peer-reviewed articles,
reports, or reviews. Exclusion criteria comprised studies not published in English, those not focused on COVID-
19 vaccines, those irrelevant to the Bangladeshi context, and non-peer-reviewed articles, editorials, or opinion
pieces.
Data extraction concentrated on key aspects of each study, including author(s) and publication year,
study design and sample size, key findings related to vaccine side effects, public perception, acceptance, and
effectiveness, as well as study limitations. The extracted data were synthesized to identify common themes and
patterns across the studies. A comparative analysis was conducted to highlight differences and similarities in
vaccine side effects and effectiveness among different vaccines. The quality of the included studies was
assessed based on study design and methodology, sample size and representativeness, consistency and
reliability of findings, and transparency in reporting limitations. Studies were categorized based on their overall
quality to ensure that the synthesis was based on robust and reliable data.
The analysis involved summarizing the key findings from the literature, conducting a comparative
analysis of side effects among different vaccines, synthesizing data on public perception and acceptance of
Navigating COVID-19 Vaccination Side Effects: Insights from Bangladesh
DOI: 10.9790/0853-2306041220 www.iosrjournals.org 3 | Page
vaccines in Bangladesh, identifying challenges and barriers to vaccination efforts, and highlighting gaps in the
current literature while suggesting areas for future research. This approach ensured that the findings of this
review were based on a comprehensive and systematic analysis of relevant studies.
III. Literature Review
The purpose of this literature review is to provide a comprehensive examination of the side effects
associated with COVID-19 vaccines, with a specific focus on the experience in Bangladesh. By synthesizing
data from various studies, this review aims to enhance understanding of vaccine safety profiles, address public
concerns, and inform public health policies. The review is structured to cover an overview of COVID-19
vaccines, reported side effects globally, findings from studies in Bangladesh, public perception, and challenges
to vaccination efforts.
COVID-19 Vaccination Overview
The global effort to develop and deploy COVID-19 vaccines has been one of the most significant
scientific endeavors in recent history. Vaccines are biological preparations that provide immunity against
specific diseases by stimulating the body's immune system to recognize and fight pathogens such as viruses or
bacteria. The rapid development of multiple COVID-19 vaccines has been crucial in controlling the pandemic,
reducing morbidity and mortality, and allowing for a return to normalcy.
General Background on COVID-19 Vaccines
COVID-19 vaccines work by training the immune system to recognize and combat the virus that
causes COVID-19, known as SARS-CoV-2. These vaccines use different technologies to deliver the antigen (a
piece of the virus that triggers an immune response) into the body, prompting the immune system to respond
more effectively if it encounters the virus in the future (15). The development of these vaccines was expedited
through unprecedented global collaboration, funding, and regulatory flexibility, allowing for faster clinical trials
and emergency use authorizations.
Types of Vaccines Used Globally
1. mRNA Vaccines:
Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) and Moderna (mRNA-1273): These vaccines use messenger RNA (mRNA)
to instruct cells to produce the spike protein found on the surface of SARS-CoV-2. This protein triggers an
immune response without causing the disease itself. mRNA vaccines have shown high efficacy rates of
around 94-95% in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 (16). They are known for their ability to be quickly
developed and modified, making them adaptable to emerging variants (17).
2. Viral Vector Vaccines:
Oxford-AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1-S) and Janssen (Johnson & Johnson, Ad26.COV2.S): These vaccines
use a different virus (not the SARS-CoV-2 virus) as a vector to deliver genetic material that encodes the spike
protein of SARS-CoV-2. The immune system then mounts a response to this protein. The Oxford-
AstraZeneca vaccine has an efficacy of around 70%, while the Janssen vaccine has an efficacy of
approximately 66% with the advantage of being a single-dose regimen (18,19).
3. Protein Subunit Vaccines:
Novavax (NVX-CoV2373): This type of vaccine includes harmless pieces of the virus (often protein
fragments) that trigger an immune response. Novavax’s candidate has shown an efficacy of around 89% in
clinical trials and uses a more traditional approach compared to mRNA and viral vector vaccines (20).
4. Inactivated Virus Vaccines:
Sinopharm (BBIBP-CorV) and Sinovac (CoronaVac): These vaccines use virus particles that have been
killed or inactivated so they cannot cause disease. These vaccines prompt an immune response similar to that
of natural infection but without causing the illness. Sinopharm and Sinovac vaccines have shown varying
efficacy rates from 50% to 79% but are easier to store and transport compared to mRNA vaccines, making
them suitable for use in many parts of the world, particularly in low-resource settings (21).
Overview of Vaccines Used in Bangladesh
Bangladesh has adopted a multi-vaccine strategy to maximize its COVID-19 vaccination coverage.
The country has utilized several vaccines, each contributing to different phases of the vaccination campaign:
1. Oxford-AstraZeneca (Covishield):
The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine, branded as Covishield in India and Bangladesh, was one of the first
vaccines administered in Bangladesh. It uses a chimpanzee adenovirus vector to deliver the spike protein gene
of SARS-CoV-2, stimulating an immune response. It has been widely used due to its established safety
profile and relatively simple storage requirements (18).
Navigating COVID-19 Vaccination Side Effects: Insights from Bangladesh
DOI: 10.9790/0853-2306041220 www.iosrjournals.org 4 | Page
2. Pfizer-BioNTech:
The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine (BNT162b2) is an mRNA vaccine that has been used in various phases of the
vaccination campaign, particularly in urban populations and among healthcare workers and high-risk groups.
Its high efficacy and adaptability to new variants make it a critical component of the vaccination strategy
(16)(Mulligan et al., 2020).
3. Sinopharm:
The Sinopharm BBIBP-CorV vaccine is an inactivated virus vaccine widely administered due to its ease of
storage and distribution. It has been used extensively in both urban and rural areas, particularly where cold
chain logistics are a challenge (21).
4. Moderna:
Moderna’s mRNA-1273 vaccine has been part of the vaccination effort, especially in areas with the necessary
cold chain infrastructure. It provides an additional option for high-risk populations and healthcare workers,
complementing the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine (17).
5. Sinovac:
Sinovac’s CoronaVac, another inactivated virus vaccine, has been used in mass vaccination drives,
particularly in rural and remote areas. Its lower efficacy compared to mRNA vaccines is offset by its stability
and ease of storage (20).
6. Janssen (Johnson & Johnson):
The single-dose Janssen Ad26.COV2.S vaccine has been utilized to reach remote areas and populations
where follow-up for a second dose is challenging. Its single-dose regimen simplifies the logistics of the
vaccination campaign (19).
This diversified approach allows Bangladesh to maximize its vaccination coverage, ensuring that
different populations can access vaccines suited to their specific logistical and health needs. By leveraging
multiple vaccines, Bangladesh aims to achieve widespread immunity and control the spread of COVID-19
effectively.
Reported Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccines
The deployment of COVID-19 vaccines has been accompanied by extensive monitoring of their side
effects. Understanding these side effects is crucial for public confidence and vaccine uptake. The side effects
can be broadly categorized into local and systemic reactions, with varying degrees of severity reported globally.
General Side Effects Reported Globally
Studies have documented a range of side effects associated with COVID-19 vaccines. Generally, the
side effects are mild to moderate and self-limiting. Commonly reported side effects include pain at the injection
site, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, chills, fever, and nausea (22,23).
Local Side Effects
Local side effects typically involve reactions at the injection site. The most frequently reported local
side effect is pain, often accompanied by redness, swelling, and itching. These symptoms usually resolve within
a few days without medical intervention (24).
Systemic Side Effects
Systemic side effects are more widespread and can affect multiple parts of the body. Common
systemic side effects include fever, fatigue, headache, myalgia (muscle pain), and chills. These symptoms are
generally transient, appearing within a day or two after vaccination and lasting for a short duration (25,26).
Comparative Analysis of Side Effects Among Different Vaccines
1. Oxford-AstraZeneca:
The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine, widely used in many countries, has been associated with both local and
systemic side effects. Pain at the injection site, myalgia, and headache are the most commonly reported
symptoms. Some studies have noted a higher incidence of side effects after the first dose compared to the
second (25).
2. Pfizer-BioNTech:
The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, an mRNA-based vaccine, is known for its high efficacy but also comes with
common side effects such as injection site pain, fatigue, headache, and fever. These side effects are usually
mild and resolve quickly. Notably, the severity and frequency of side effects are higher after the second dose
(22,27).
Navigating COVID-19 Vaccination Side Effects: Insights from Bangladesh
DOI: 10.9790/0853-2306041220 www.iosrjournals.org 5 | Page
3. Sinopharm:
The Sinopharm vaccine, an inactivated virus vaccine, has a lower incidence of side effects compared to
mRNA vaccines. Commonly reported side effects include pain at the injection site, fever, and fatigue. These
effects are generally mild and transient (23,28).
4. Moderna:
Similar to Pfizer-BioNTech, the Moderna vaccine (mRNA-1273) also induces common side effects such as
injection site pain, fatigue, headache, and fever. These side effects are typically more pronounced after the
second dose (24,26).
5. Sinovac:
The Sinovac vaccine, another inactivated virus vaccine, has been associated with fewer side effects compared
to mRNA vaccines. The most common side effects include injection site pain and mild systemic reactions like
fever and fatigue (23,28).
6. Janssen (Johnson & Johnson):
The Janssen vaccine, a viral vector vaccine, is notable for its single-dose regimen. Reported side effects
include injection site pain, headache, fatigue, and muscle pain. The incidence of side effects is comparable to
other vaccines but tends to be less severe due to the single-dose nature (19,26).
Studies on COVID-19 Vaccination Side Effects in Bangladesh
Overview of Studies Conducted in Bangladesh
Several studies have been conducted in Bangladesh to monitor and analyze the side effects of COVID-
19 vaccines. These studies aim to provide local data to enhance vaccine confidence and inform public health
strategies.
Findings on Side Effects Specific to the Bangladeshi Population
Studies in Bangladesh have reported similar side effects to those observed globally. The most common
side effects include pain at the injection site, fever, headache, and fatigue. However, the frequency and severity
of these side effects can vary based on demographic factors (14).
Frequency and Types of Side Effects
The frequency of side effects reported in Bangladesh aligns with global patterns. Most side effects are
mild to moderate in severity and resolve within a few days. Injection site pain and fever are the most frequently
reported side effects, followed by fatigue and headache (3).
Comparison with Global Data
The side effect profiles observed in Bangladesh are consistent with international findings. The
incidence of severe adverse reactions is low, and the majority of side effects are non-life-threatening and self-
limiting. This consistency helps in reassuring the public about the safety of COVID-19 vaccines (11,12).
Demographic Factors Influencing Side Effects in Bangladesh
1. Age:
Younger individuals tend to report higher rates of side effects compared to older adults. This is consistent
with global trends, where younger age groups experience more robust immune responses, leading to more
pronounced side effects (11).
2. Gender:
Females generally report higher frequencies of side effects compared to males. This difference is observed
across various vaccines and is thought to be related to hormonal and immunological differences between
genders (3).
3. Pre-existing Conditions:
Individuals with pre-existing conditions, such as diabetes and hypertension, report side effects at rates similar
to the general population. However, specific symptoms and their severity can be influenced by underlying
health conditions (11,12).
These studies provide valuable insights into the safety and side effect profiles of COVID-19 vaccines
in Bangladesh, supporting the overall goal of achieving widespread vaccination coverage and public
confidence.
Public Perception and Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccines in Bangladesh
Community Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Vaccination
Navigating COVID-19 Vaccination Side Effects: Insights from Bangladesh
DOI: 10.9790/0853-2306041220 www.iosrjournals.org 6 | Page
The knowledge and attitudes of the Bangladeshi population towards COVID-19 vaccination have been
pivotal in shaping public acceptance. A study by Haque et al. (2021) found that a majority of respondents
believed in the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine and supported mandatory vaccination (3). Similarly, Mahmud
et al. (2021) reported that while 61.16% of respondents were willing to accept the vaccine, many preferred to
delay vaccination until the safety and efficacy of the vaccine were more established (29). Another study
focusing on university students highlighted that 72.7% were willing to receive the vaccine, although 37% had
negative perceptions about its safety (30).
Factors Affecting Vaccine Acceptance and Hesitancy
Several factors influence vaccine acceptance and hesitancy in Bangladesh. Socio-demographic factors
such as age, gender, education, and income significantly affect vaccine acceptance. Older age groups, higher
educational attainment, and higher income levels are associated with higher acceptance rates (3,29).
Additionally, previous vaccination experience and higher perceived risk of COVID-19 infection positively
influence vaccine acceptance. Conversely, misinformation, concerns about side effects, and distrust in the
vaccine development process contribute to vaccine hesitancy (29).
Impact of Side Effects on Public Perception
The occurrence of side effects has a considerable impact on public perception and vaccine uptake.
Concerns about potential side effects and adverse reactions can deter individuals from getting vaccinated. In
Bangladesh, studies have shown that fear of side effects is a significant barrier to vaccine acceptance. For
instance, Parvej et al. (2021) noted that 57.41% of participants reported minor side effects such as fever, muscle
pain, and headache, which influenced their perception of the vaccine's safety (31).
Strategies to Improve Vaccine Acceptance
To improve vaccine acceptance, it is crucial to address public concerns and provide accurate
information. Strategies include transparent communication about vaccine safety and efficacy, addressing
misinformation, and involving community leaders and healthcare professionals in vaccine promotion.
Educational campaigns that highlight the benefits of vaccination and dispel myths can also play a vital role (11).
Additionally, making the vaccination process accessible and convenient, such as through mobile vaccination
units and community health workers, can enhance uptake in rural and underserved areas (30).
Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines in Bangladesh
Overview of Vaccine Effectiveness Studies
Studies assessing the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in Bangladesh have shown promising
results. The vaccines used in the country, including Oxford-AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech, Sinopharm,
Moderna, Sinovac, and Janssen, have demonstrated varying degrees of effectiveness in preventing symptomatic
infection and severe disease (11).
Comparative Analysis of Vaccine Efficacy
The efficacy of different vaccines used in Bangladesh varies. The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine has
shown an efficacy of approximately 70%, while Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines, both mRNA-based,
have shown efficacy rates of around 94-95% (17). The inactivated virus vaccines, Sinopharm and Sinovac, have
reported lower efficacy rates, ranging from 50% to 79%, but are still effective in preventing severe disease and
hospitalization (21).
Infection Rates Post-Vaccination
Post-vaccination studies indicate a significant reduction in COVID-19 infection rates among
vaccinated individuals. Data from Bangladesh reflect global trends, showing that vaccinated individuals are less
likely to contract COVID-19 and, if infected, tend to experience milder symptoms compared to unvaccinated
individuals (3).
Severity of Illness in Vaccinated Individuals
Vaccinated individuals who do contract COVID-19 generally experience less severe illness. This
includes lower rates of hospitalization and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions. Studies have shown that
vaccines are highly effective in preventing severe outcomes, which is critical for managing healthcare resources
and reducing mortality (29).
Impact of Vaccination on Public Health Outcomes
Navigating COVID-19 Vaccination Side Effects: Insights from Bangladesh
DOI: 10.9790/0853-2306041220 www.iosrjournals.org 7 | Page
The widespread administration of COVID-19 vaccines in Bangladesh has had a positive impact on
public health outcomes. It has contributed to reducing the spread of the virus, lowering hospitalization rates, and
decreasing COVID-19-related deaths. The vaccination campaign has also enabled the gradual resumption of
economic and social activities, aiding in the country's recovery from the pandemic (11).
Challenges and Barriers to COVID-19 Vaccination in Bangladesh
Logistical Challenges
Logistical challenges, such as vaccine distribution and storage, pose significant barriers to the COVID-
19 vaccination campaign in Bangladesh. The need for cold chain storage for vaccines like Pfizer-BioNTech and
Moderna presents difficulties, especially in rural and remote areas. Ensuring timely distribution and maintaining
the cold chain is critical to preserving vaccine efficacy (5).
Socio-Economic Barriers
Socio-economic factors, including poverty, low literacy rates, and limited access to healthcare, hinder
vaccine uptake. Rural and low-income populations are particularly affected, with higher rates of vaccine
hesitancy and lower vaccination coverage. Addressing these barriers requires targeted interventions, such as
mobile vaccination clinics and community outreach programs (30).
Misinformation and Trust Issues
Misinformation and lack of trust in vaccines are significant barriers to vaccination. Myths and rumors
about vaccine safety, efficacy, and potential side effects can spread rapidly, particularly through social media.
Building public trust through transparent communication and engaging trusted community leaders and
healthcare professionals in vaccine advocacy is essential (29).
Strategies to Overcome These Challenges
To overcome these challenges, a multifaceted approach is needed. This includes:
Improving Vaccine Access: Establishing mobile vaccination units, expanding vaccination centers to rural
areas, and ensuring vaccines are available at no cost can improve access.
Educational Campaigns: Conducting widespread educational campaigns to provide accurate information
about vaccine safety and efficacy, dispel myths, and encourage vaccination.
Engaging Community Leaders: Involving religious and community leaders in promoting vaccination can
help build trust and acceptance within communities.
Streamlining Registration Processes: Simplifying the vaccination registration process and providing
assistance for those with limited digital literacy can enhance vaccine uptake (11,30).
By addressing these challenges and implementing effective strategies, Bangladesh can improve
vaccination coverage and protect its population against COVID-19.
Summary of Key Findings
Author Year Key Findings Limitations
Haque et al (3). 2021 Majority believe in vaccine efficacy; support for
mandatory vaccination
Limited to specific demographics; cross-
sectional study
Mahmud et al
(29). 2021 61.16% willing to accept vaccine; delay preference due
to safety concerns
Potential response bias; limited
generalizability
Hossain et al
(30). 2021 72.7% university students willing to receive vaccine;
37% negative perceptions on safety
Focused on university students; may not
represent general population
Parvej et al (31). 2021 57.41% reported minor side effects; influenced
perception of vaccine safety Small sample size; limited follow-up
Islam et al (11). 2021 Positive community knowledge; attitudes towards
vaccination; transparency important
Cross-sectional design; limited temporal
insights
Nazmunnahar et
al (5). 2023 Key strategies: prompt response, early drives, awareness
campaigns
Primarily descriptive; limited in-depth
analysis
Yan et al (21). 2021 Efficacy of different vaccines varies; important for
vaccination strategy
Focused on clinical trials; real-world
effectiveness varies
Thompson et al
(17). 2021 Vaccines significantly reduce infection rates; milder
symptoms in vaccinated individuals
Based on interim data; long-term effects
not assessed
Synthesis of Findings
The literature on COVID-19 vaccination in Bangladesh provides comprehensive insights into public
perception, vaccine acceptance, and the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns. Key findings indicate a
generally positive attitude towards vaccination, with significant support for mandatory vaccination measures
(3). However, concerns about vaccine safety and side effects persist, affecting vaccine acceptance rates (29,30).
Navigating COVID-19 Vaccination Side Effects: Insights from Bangladesh
DOI: 10.9790/0853-2306041220 www.iosrjournals.org 8 | Page
Minor side effects reported post-vaccination have a noticeable impact on public perception, underscoring the
need for transparent communication (31).
The effectiveness of different vaccines used in Bangladesh is consistent with global data, showing
reduced infection rates and milder symptoms in vaccinated individuals. Studies highlight the importance of
prompt and strategic vaccination drives, coupled with effective awareness campaigns to enhance vaccine uptake
(5,17). The variation in vaccine efficacy emphasizes the need for ongoing monitoring and adaptation of
vaccination strategies.
Identification of Gaps in the Current Literature
Despite the robust findings, several gaps remain in the current literature. Most studies are cross-
sectional, limiting the ability to draw causal inferences. There is a need for longitudinal studies to assess the
long-term effectiveness and side effects of vaccines. Additionally, more research is needed to understand the
specific barriers faced by different demographic groups, including rural populations and individuals with pre-
existing conditions. The impact of misinformation on vaccine hesitancy also requires further investigation to
develop targeted interventions.
Conclusion
The literature review highlights the critical role of COVID-19 vaccination in controlling the pandemic
in Bangladesh. The findings underscore a generally positive public perception of vaccines, although concerns
about safety and side effects remain prevalent. The effectiveness of different vaccines has been affirmed, with
vaccinated individuals experiencing reduced infection rates and milder symptoms. However, logistical
challenges, socio-economic barriers, and misinformation pose significant hurdles to achieving widespread
vaccination coverage.
Future research should focus on addressing these gaps through longitudinal studies and targeted
interventions to improve vaccine acceptance. Public health policies must prioritize transparent communication,
community engagement, and strategies to overcome logistical and socio-economic barriers. By addressing these
challenges, Bangladesh can enhance its vaccination campaign and protect its population against COVID-19.
IV. Discussion
The COVID-19 vaccination campaign in Bangladesh has been a critical component of the national
response to the pandemic. This discussion synthesizes findings from various studies to provide a comprehensive
understanding of vaccine side effects, public perception, and the effectiveness of the vaccination efforts in
Bangladesh. The acceptance and perception of COVID-19 vaccines among the Bangladeshi population are
influenced by several factors. Studies indicate a generally positive attitude towards vaccination, with significant
support for mandatory vaccination measures (3). However, vaccine hesitancy remains a challenge, driven
primarily by concerns about vaccine safety and potential side effects. Mahmud et al. (2021) found that while a
substantial portion of the population is willing to accept the vaccine, many prefer to delay vaccination until
more safety data is available (29). This hesitancy is further compounded by misinformation and distrust in the
vaccine development process, which highlights the need for transparent communication and effective public
health messaging. The side effects of COVID-19 vaccines, although generally mild and transient, have a
significant impact on public perception and vaccine uptake. Local side effects, such as pain at the injection site,
and systemic side effects, such as fever, fatigue, and headache, are commonly reported. Studies in Bangladesh
reflect these global patterns, with minor side effects influencing perceptions of vaccine safety (31). The
comparative analysis of different vaccines reveals that mRNA vaccines, like Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna,
tend to induce more pronounced side effects compared to inactivated virus vaccines, such as Sinopharm and
Sinovac (24,28). This information is crucial for healthcare providers in managing and communicating potential
side effects to the public. The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in Bangladesh is consistent with global
findings. Vaccines have significantly reduced infection rates and the severity of illness among vaccinated
individuals. Studies show that vaccines like Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna have higher efficacy rates, whereas
inactivated virus vaccines like Sinopharm and Sinovac, while slightly less effective, still provide substantial
protection against severe disease (17,21). The positive impact of vaccination on public health outcomes,
including lower hospitalization and mortality rates, underscores the importance of achieving high vaccination
coverage. Despite these positive outcomes, several challenges hinder the vaccination campaign in Bangladesh.
Logistical issues, such as the need for cold chain storage and distribution, particularly for mRNA vaccines, pose
significant barriers. These challenges are exacerbated in rural and remote areas where infrastructure is less
developed (5). Socio-economic barriers, including poverty and limited access to healthcare, also affect vaccine
uptake. Rural and low-income populations exhibit higher rates of vaccine hesitancy and lower vaccination
coverage, necessitating targeted interventions (30). Misinformation and trust issues further complicate the
vaccination effort. Myths and rumors about vaccine safety and efficacy can spread rapidly, particularly through
Navigating COVID-19 Vaccination Side Effects: Insights from Bangladesh
DOI: 10.9790/0853-2306041220 www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page
social media, undermining public trust. Effective strategies to combat misinformation include engaging trusted
community leaders and healthcare professionals in vaccine advocacy and conducting widespread educational
campaigns (29). Simplifying the vaccination registration process and providing support for individuals with
limited digital literacy are also critical steps in improving vaccine access and acceptance. The literature
identifies several gaps that need to be addressed through future research. Most studies to date are cross-
sectional, limiting the ability to assess long-term vaccine effectiveness and side effects. Longitudinal studies are
needed to provide more comprehensive data. Additionally, more research is required to understand the barriers
faced by specific demographic groups, including those with pre-existing conditions and rural populations.
Understanding the impact of misinformation on vaccine hesitancy and developing targeted interventions to
address this issue are also crucial areas for future research. In conclusion, the COVID-19 vaccination campaign
in Bangladesh has made significant strides in controlling the pandemic, despite facing numerous challenges.
The positive public perception of vaccines, coupled with effective public health strategies, has resulted in
substantial reductions in infection rates and severe disease. However, addressing the logistical, socio-economic,
and informational barriers is essential to achieving widespread vaccination coverage and protecting the
population against COVID-19. Future research and public health policies must prioritize these areas to enhance
the effectiveness of the vaccination campaign and ensure the health and safety of all Bangladeshis.
V. Conclusion
The COVID-19 vaccination campaign in Bangladesh has made substantial progress in mitigating the
impact of the pandemic, despite facing numerous challenges. This literature review highlights that public
perception of vaccines in Bangladesh is generally positive, with significant support for vaccination efforts.
However, concerns about vaccine safety and side effects persist, underscoring the need for transparent
communication and effective public health messaging. The comparative analysis of different vaccines used in
Bangladesh indicates that all have significantly reduced infection rates and the severity of illness among
vaccinated individuals, consistent with global findings. Logistical challenges, socio-economic barriers, and
misinformation remain significant obstacles to achieving widespread vaccination coverage. Addressing these
issues through targeted interventions, community engagement, and ongoing research is essential. Future studies
should focus on longitudinal assessments to understand long-term vaccine effectiveness and side effects,
particularly in diverse demographic groups. Public health policies must prioritize these areas to enhance vaccine
acceptance and ensure the health and safety of the population. By overcoming these challenges, Bangladesh can
continue to build on its successes and move towards a post-pandemic future.
Funding: No funding sources
Conflict of interest: None declared
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