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Transformability Indicators for the Evaluation and Definition of Public Housing Regeneration Strategies: The “Palazzoni” Case Study in Latina
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In the frame of developing sustainable, reliable, and regenerative interventions on existing buildings, namely on large-scale public housing, the implementation of functional, technological, and effective strategies is devoted to thoroughly assessing the transformability of buildings using trustworthy performance indicators. With this aim, in the present paper, an assessment framework tool is presented and tested to evaluate the potential of buildings for transformation through the detection of regeneration strategies for the reduction of energy consumption, a definition of the new apartments’ internal layout, and the implementation of sustainable systems to foster rainwater harvesting. The procedure is tested on a case study in Latina (Italy), showing its suitability to quantitatively assess the regenerative potentiality of public housing, thus resulting in an effective supporting tool for designers and policy makers.
The building sector is responsible for a high environmental impact, namely during construction, maintenance, demolition, and lifetime. It is then urgent to develop tools for guiding all stockholders to make buildings more sustainable. In order to make the sustainability assessment of a building, it is necessary to make a survey of the most appropriate parameters for this analysis and organize them hierarchically. The first sustainability certification rating tools were developed in the 90′s of the last century, namely Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Methodology (BREEAM), which allow for the quantitative sustainability assessment of different types of buildings. After the first developments, many authors joined in the endeavor of producing easier-to-use and more accurate sustainability assessment systems using sustainability indicators and their respective weights. This work provides a rational pathway throughout the relevant literature on sustainability indicators, comparing indicators proposed by different authors and different sustainability certification systems.
The aim of this paper, in line with the 2030 European Agenda and 2021 Italian “Recovery and Resilience Plan” objectives, is to define an evaluation methodology and tool to support public administrations to detect buildings, currently unused or underused, that might be apt for transformation interventions. The focus is on historical Italian healthcare buildings since these show widespread decay and neglect. A five-step methodology has been developed: screening of public assets; classification, evaluation, and identification of buildings, based on the “potential index”; GIS mapping and inventory; selection of buildings for in-depth analysis; BIM digitization and definition of the “transformability index”. In the fifth phase, an evaluation tool is integrated into the BIM software to automatically calculate the transformability index of each building using six indicators: usability, fragmentation, modifiability, roof implementation, external envelope, and window-to-wall ratio. The “transformability index” helps define the most appropriate buildings to intervene with for reuse. Building transformation is connected to construction features and layout organization and it is limited by architectural, structural, and artistic constraints.
In 2004, in response to France’s 1960s and 1970s urban regeneration program proposing the demolition and redevelopment of large scale social housing developments, Frédérik Druot, Anne Lacaton, and Jean-Philippe Vassal created their PLUS theory (PLUS—Les grands ensembles de logements–Territoires d’exception). Its main aim was to modernize the existing buildings, and to add extra living space, functional freedom, and comfort. This essay examines the PLUS strategy and two of the architects’ projects: the Bois le Prêtre Tower in Paris and the Grand Parc housing estate in Bordeaux. Its aim is to examine the tools used by the architects and investigate the purposefulness and potential of using their solutions in Polish large-scale prefabricated housing estates. Combining the categories of luxury and saving in redevelopment of housing estates paves the way for a new outlook. Maximizing living space, quality, and freedom of living in housing facilities that are not part of the commercial luxury segment of the housing market may prevent potential gentrification and homogenization of the social structure in individual city districts.
Our ever-evolving built environment is continuously facing emerging needs for housing, work, health, and mobility, among others. Yet, buildings are usually designed and set up as finished permanent objects, reflecting the one constant scenario in mind of defined form, function, and performance. Since change is increasingly inevitable in our life, enlarging buildings’ adaptive capacities in response to arising variables and changing conditions over their lifecycle becomes a necessity in seeking global sustainability demands. The concept of building adaptability has been a notable subject in this respect, increasingly stimulating and proposing regenerative alternatives to today’s often obsolete buildings. This paper critically reviews the existing body of knowledge on the concept of adaptability in building research. The main focus is made on the evolution of the concept interpretations and related paradigms, and on the development of its applications and strategies in the light of promoting models and trends. Drawing on the literature as a source of evidence, the paper analyzes and classifies the content of existing studies published in scientific journals and gray literature, focusing on a timeframe from 2015 up-to-date. Moreover, the paper aims to build a constructive discussion to identify potential gaps between the actual state of the art and emerging needs, which should be addressed by further research.
Public residential buildings make a large portion of the European existing stock and they quite often require deep renovation interventions. A methodology for setting priorities and targeting regeneration investments should be defined relying on the increasing use of building information modelling (BIM) tools even for managing existing buildings. The aim of this paper is to integrate the evaluation process into BIM Revit software developing a specific plug-in, a Decision support system (DSS) that will help to identify the most appropriate flats to be transformed. It is based on measuring three indicators: Usability, Fragmentation, and Constructive Modifiability. Through their weighted average it is possible to obtain a final transformability score. The proposed approach has been tested on a case study chosen within the 1st P.E.E.P. (1st public plan for council and affordable housing) that has been approved in Rome in 1964. The results demonstrate that the transformability of apartments is related mainly to the Constructive Modifiability indicator and buildings with reinforced concrete frames show higher scores. A widespread application of such a methodology on large real estate portfolio may lead stakeholders involved in housing management investments in clear choices related to maintenance of buildings.
During the 70’s and 80’s, affordable housing production in Europe faced the huge
emergency caused by rising urbanization. In suburban areas of European main cities,
megastructures appeared, drawing visible marks in urban fabric. Megastructures were
planned to synthesize residential functions and all existing services of traditional city in
unique buildings. Nowadays, these buildings are affected by bad physical conditions and
they are no longer able to satisfy the needs of the contemporary demand. The proposed
paper investigates the genesis of housing megastructures with particular regards to the
Italian case and council housing districts realized in Rome within the 1st public plan for
council and affordable housing (1964), an original plan for the settlement of 700,000
inhabitants. A focus will be proposed concerning the differences between megastructures
and traditional big buildings and the main connections between the spread of great-size
buildings and the industrialization and automatization of construction techniques. An
insight about possible future regenerations intervention is suggested.
Considering the increasing dynamism of our society, contemporary building practice is characterised by a widening gap between the functional and technical lifespan of most assets. Consequently, designers are challenged to apply strategies that anticipate change and avoid abandonment or early demolition.
Life cycle analysis has proven that transformability has the potential to be a more sustainable strategy to build than those that are currently used. Nevertheless, several unresolved design questions and a higher purchase cost prevent the widespread implementation of such transformable structures.
In response, a broad literature study and two case studies gave rise to the design strategy 'partiality transformable building'. This paper discusses several construction types for partially transformable building and a systematic study identified the types' potential to anticipate change in multiple ways.
INTRODUZIONE La crisi economica e finanziaria, che tutt'ora avvolge l'Europa, ha avuto come principale conseguenza, per alcuni stati membri, la forte contrazione della spesa pubblica. In Italia questa contrazione è andata a incidere in modo indifferenziato su diversi ambiti delle politiche di welfare, e in particolar modo si è concretizzata in una riduzione dei fondi a disposizione dell'edilizia residenziale pubblica. Questa riduzione diffusa e significativa ha acuito una situazione resa già particolarmente critica dall'avanzato degrado dello stock edilizio pubblico. Le ridotte risorse finanziare a disposizione e la necessità d'intervento dettata da un generale decadimento prestazionale degli edifici costringono i diversi enti preposti alla gestione del patrimonio residenziale pubblico ad una ottimizzazione dei pochi fondi destinati agli interventi straordinari. Da qui la necessità di uno strumento di prevalutazione che permetta la conoscenza e la comparazione degli oggetti componenti lo stock residenziale in esame e in grado di individuare gli elementi prioritari verso cui indirizzare i programmi di rigenerazione. La prassi operativa e decisionale nel campo dell'edilizia esistente si è da sempre caratterizzata per un approccio casuale o preordinato da fattori non sempre chiaramente riconoscibili e condivisi, e negli ultimi anni ha particolarmente sviluppato metodologie e strumenti operativi, prevalentemente analitici del comportamento degli edifici. Si giunge con relativa semplicità a formulare diagnosi dettagliate che tuttavia presuppongono la decisione di procedere a un intervento materiale sui caratteri dell'edificato. In un corretto processo di Rigenerazione Urbana tuttavia queste valutazioni diagnostiche di dettaglio dovrebbero subentrare solo in una fase successiva alla decisione operativa del complesso su cui intervenire. Il metodo CRI_TRA, presentato in questo contributo, vuole inserirsi pertanto nella fase propedeutica del processo decisionale proponendosi come strumento d'indirizzo e di supporto ad una oggettiva e motivata individuazione dei complessi edilizi su cui operare, sulla base di una ponderata valutazione delle criticità presenti e della predisposizione alla trasformazione. L'innovazione del metodo sta nella ricerca di un legame tra la valutazione sia delle criticità che della trasformabilità, effettuata utilizzando indicatori opportuni e tali da descrivere gli aspetti tipo-morfologici, costruttivi ed energetici. In continuità con il dibattito nazionale e internazionale, la ricerca muove i suoi passi dalla constatazione che lo sviluppo sostenibile delle città contemporanee parta da un intervento profondo sull'ambiente costruito che possa incidere, alle diverse scale, sulle questioni ambientali, energetiche e sociali. Le città, per la densità da cui sono caratterizzate e per l'alto numero di cittadini coinvolti, si dimostrano il luogo principe in cui si gioca il progetto sostenibile contemporaneo (Cecere e Morganti, 2011). Il complesso delle costruzioni che le conforma tuttavia risulta in gran parte obsoleto e inadeguato a fornire prestazioni sufficienti a soddisfare le esigenze normative vigenti e le esigenze abitative della domanda
All’interno delle attività della ricerca ‘Abitare Tor Bella Monaca’ il gruppo di lavoro ‘Patrimonio Edilizio’ si è posto come obiettivo quello di investigare le conseguenze dirette che l’approccio alla città pubblica
della grande dimensione degli anni ’70 e ’80 a Roma ha avuto sulle caratteristiche tipologiche
e costruttive dell’edificato. Si è cercato di sottolineare quali siano le principali specifiche di una
stagione tanto importante quanto massiccia e che ha contribuito a stravolgere il canonico modello di abitare pubblico e a infrastrutturare la periferia romana. L’attenzione è rivolta a come la ripetitività tipologica e costruttiva dell’industria delle costruzioni si sia concretizzata nel dettaglio delle realizzazioni alla scala edilizia. Attraverso un’analisi tipologico-ambientale e tecnologico costruttiva di due comparti specifici
di TBM, M4 e R5, si è cercato di evidenziare le principali criticità e proponendo scenari di possibile
rigenerazione.
In the researches dealing with 'Living in Tor Bella Monaca' the 'Patrimony Construction' working group has set as a goal the investigation of the consequences that the approach to the public city of the 70's and the 80's in Rome, has had on the typological characteristics of the building. The attempt has been highlighting the needs of a season (important and massive) that has contributed to overturn the canonical model of public living and infrastructuring the roman suburb. The attention focused on how the typological and constructive repetitiveness of the construction industry has been realized and the details of the realizations in the construction industry. Through a typologic- environmental and technologic-constructive analysis of two specific tbm M4 and R5 compartments, an attempt has been made in order to highlight the main criticalities suggesting possible regeneration scenarios.
Nell’ambito dell’attuale riflessione sulla fattibilità degli interventi di riqualificazione energetica, l’esperienza condotta nel quartiere Corticella a Bologna propone una revisione aggiornata dei metodi e delle tecnologie finalizzate al contenimento energetico degli edifici. In particolare, a partire da ipotesi di intervento standard, come isolamento e sostituzione degli infissi, nella riqualificazione degli edifici sono state ipotizzate soluzioni di incremento volumetrico; tali soluzioni sono indicate come possibili strumenti per: i) potenziare la fattibilità tecnico-economica delle opere di trasformazione; ii) superare la rigidezza dei tipi edilizi esistenti; iii) promuovere soluzioni adattabili, flessibili, rivolte all’utenza, utilizzandole come mezzo di comunicazione con la componente umana, come “guida” tecnica per elevarne il grado di conoscenza e consapevolezza in materia di risparmio energetico.
Obsolescence is a widespread “hazard” to the built environment, which often leads to the demolition of buildings that still have years of remaining service life. This paper identifies eleven design-based “enablers” (strategies) for creating adaptable buildings that are resistant to obsolescence. The perceived effectiveness of the enablers was studied through a survey of design professionals. Statistical analyses of the survey results were conducted to compare responses between different groups of design professionals. While the results are considered preliminary, they do suggest that some of the enablers are viewed as being significantly more effective than the others. Further work in quantitative modeling of building adaptability is to follow, as we hope to promote sustainability by empowering designers with tools that can best enable the adaptive reuse of buildings.
To extend a previous survey of speci®c decision support system (DSS) applications over the period (January 1971± April 1988), we have conducted a follow-up survey of DSS applications published between May 1988 and December 1994. Two hundred seventy-one published applications are identi®ed. This survey reveals that there appear to be more creative applications of optimisation and suggestion model-based DSS than simulation-based applications. This is evidenced by a proportional increase of optimisation and suggestion models and a decrease of representation models. Moreover, group decision support systems, executive support systems, and knowledge-based systems applications are becoming more prevalent in many organisations. Although management science (MS)/operational research (OR) models continue to play critical roles, there is a clear observable trend in the DSS model area that three non-MS/OR tools are emerging as powerful DSS tools: graphics, arti®cial intelligence, and visual interactive modeling.
Retrofitting existing buildings is crucial for significantly reducing energy consumption in the building sector. The continuous monitoring and evaluation of retrofit building energy efficiency is necessary to maintain optimal energy performance. This study proposes a novel method for evaluating building energy performance that combines energy signature analysis and hierarchical clustering. Symbolic data were defined by k-means using differences in gradients and y-intercepts before and after retrofitting extracted from energy signatures. Hierarchical clustering was then performed using the symbolic datasets. This symbolic hierarchical clustering method enhances the utility of open data and facilitates rapid decision-making. Additionally, it allows for a simple assessment of energy performance at the city scale. Through implementing this approach in 49 retrofitted buildings in Gangwon-do, South Korea, five types of symbolic data were identified (Types 0–4). Using hierarchical clustering, these buildings were clustered into six groups (Clusters 1–6). Type 3, representing ideal retrofitting outcomes, was observed in Clusters 2, 3, and 4 (73.47 % of all buildings). Conversely, Type 4 symbols, indicating a rebound effect, were observed in Cluster 1 and 2 (6.12 %). These findings provide meaningful information after retrofitting at the regional level, contributing to effective building management during retrofitting.
This chapter introduces the main indicators able to describe and evaluate the typological aspects of housing buildings. Indicators are divided into two main categories related to the analysis of weakness and transformability and applied on case studies selected within the framework of great-size public social housing buildings realised in Rome during the ‘70s and the ‘80s.
This chapter offers valuable insights into the concept of great-size housing and megastructures, offering valuable insights and a comprehensive understanding of these architectural and urban constructions and exploring their design principles, engineering challenges, and social implications.
Firstly established in 1990s (BREEAM,1990; LEED,1998), the sustainability rating systems have been constantly evolving in terms of the sustainability categories, evaluation criteria and indicators. Moreover, the health and wellbeing-related aspects have been improving, especially within the lately introduced systems, e.g., WELL, 2016. In addition to the initially prevailing quantifying parameters, qualitative, especially biophilic aspects have been addressed. These tendences underline the sustainable architecture paradigm shifting toward regenerative approach fostering life-supporting, symbiotic and interdependent relationships between built and natural environment with the focus being on health and well-being of building users.Keywordssustainability rating systemshealth and well-beingsustainable architecturebuilding usersqualitative parametersbiophilic designregenerative sustainability
La casa, i luoghi e i piani: l'eredità del I Peep Premessa. L'edilizia "popolare", nella storia, è stata un elemento centrale per l'evoluzione delle città europee. La sua affermazione, fin dalla fine del XIX secolo, parallelamente al miglioramento delle condizioni abitative delle classi operaie, coincise con l'affermazione di livelli elevati di qualità architettonica ed urbana, contribuendo in maniera determinante allo sviluppo di correnti e movimenti architettonici nazionali e transnazionali. In una prima fase, agli albori del XX secolo, furono realizzati principalmente interventi dal forte connotato urbano, in aree prossime a quelle già urbanizzate, mantenendo una forte relazione tra il tessuto urbano ed edilizio. Nelle fasi successive, nel primo e secondo dopoguerra, l'edilizia "popolare", trainata dall'iniziativa pubblica, divenne uno strumento chiave per lo sviluppo urbano nelle aree più esterne, provvedendo all'infrastrutturazione generale del territorio 1. In queste dinamiche si inserisce chiaramente anche l'esperienza italiana e, tra le grandi città, l'esempio di Roma risulta di particolare importanza. La produzione edilizia pubblica, composta di interventi numericamente ingenti e qualitativamente importanti, rappresenta una parte estesa del territorio cittadino: almeno il 12% del totale della città urbanizzata (Laboratorio Città Pubblica, 2009). Fig.1-Illustrazione tratta da: Laboratorio Città Pubblica, 2009. Tor Bella Monaca 2 , alla quale il presente libro è dedicato, è tra questi luoghi: si tratta di uno dei più ingenti ed importanti piani di edilizia pubblica su scala europea, la cui realizzazione negli anni Ottanta è conseguente all'approvazione del primo Piano di Edilizia Economica e Popolare (I PEEP) del 1964. La consapevolezza complessiva riguardo la "città pubblica" esistente, la comprensione del suo stato manutentivo attuale, delle criticità e delle qualità latenti, può essere di stimolo. Saper leggere, interpretare 1 Su come tale infrastrutturazione abbia influito sul successivo sviluppo urbano, mediante la generazione di significative rendite fondiarie, il riferimento obbligato sono gli studi di Italo Insolera (2011) sul caso romano. 2 Per un'analisi dettagliata di Tor Bella Monaca, in relazione ai temi trattati in questo articolo: Diana et al., 2016.
Despite immense increase in the number of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)-certified homes since LEED for Home was launched in 2008, little is known about occupant satisfaction with the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of LEED-certified homes. The purpose of this study is to examine the performance of IEQ in LEED-certified homes by measuring differences between occupant's perceived importance and performance using the importance-performance analysis (IPA) developed by Martilla and James [1]. A mail-in survey was conducted to evaluate the performance of 13 IEQs with residents living in LEED-certified homes in the Midwest. A total of 235 completed surveys were analyzed using gap analysis and both traditional IPA and alternative IPA matrices. The findings revealed that the highest priority for improvement should be given to temperature, air quality, and humidity as well as cleanliness and view. Daylight and artificial lighting did not show a performance gap. Acoustic quality was in low priority. The gap analysis and IPA matrices were effective tools to prioritize IEQs for improvement action and provide useful information for the future improvement of LEED-certified homes. By applying an IPA approach, this study provides a practical research framework that helps researchers examine the performance of green buildings and provides policy makers, building practitioners, and LEED professionals with more insightful feedback for their decision making on future green home projects and policies.
Retrofitting of existing buildings offers significant opportunities for reducing global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. This is being considered as one of main approaches to achieving sustainability in the built environment at relatively low cost and high uptake rates. Although there are a wide range of retrofit technologies readily available, methods to identify the most cost-effective retrofit measures for particular projects is still a major technical challenge. This paper provides a systematic approach to proper selection and identification of the best retrofit options for existing buildings. The generic building retrofit problem and key issues that are involved in building retrofit investment decisions are presented. Major retrofit activities are also briefly discussed, such as energy auditing, building performance assessment, quantification of energy benefits, economic analysis, risk assessment, and measurement and verification (M&V) of energy savings, all of which are essential to the success of a building retrofit project. An overview of the research and development as well as application of the retrofit technologies in existing buildings is also provided. The aim of this work is to provide building researchers and practitioners with a better understanding of how to effectively conduct a building retrofit to promote energy conservation and sustainability.
Città pubbliche: linee guida per la riqualificazione urbana
- Di Biagi
- P Marchegiani
Il progettista riflessivo
- G Amendola
Rigenerazione urbana e sostenibilità
- F Musco
Riprogettare l’esistente secondo una matrice di sostenibilità. Interventi di riqualificazione ambientale dell’edilizia residenziali pubblica in Europa
- M C Frate
PNRR: erogati alle Regioni 400 milioni del Programma di edilizia pubblica residenziale ‘Sicuro, verde e sociale
- Ministero Delle Infrastrutture E Dei Trasporti
PNRR M5C2 Investimento 2.3: Programma innovativo della qualità dell
- Servizio Orientamento
- Pnrr Per I Comuni
Programma Innovativo Nazionale per la Qualità dell’Abitare. Progetti e Prime evidenze
- C Brisku
- G Capone
- D Ciferri
- V De Leo
- S Liccardi
Progetti di edilizia residenziale. La Riqualificazione Urbana. Dei Tipografia del Genio Civile
- E Fattinnanzi
- P Rosati
- S Manfredi
Grundrissbildung und Raumgestaltung von Kleinwohnungen und neue Auswertungsmethoden [Plan design and spatial forms for the minimum dwelling and new methods of enquiry
- A Klein
Il secondo progetto. Interventi sull’abitare pubblico. Linee guida per la riqualificazione dei quartieri innovativi nell
- M Pattarini
La rigenerazione urbana: una disciplina progettuale da fondare. Ri-Vista. Ricerche per la progettazione del paesaggio 2
- C Patrizio
A survey of decision support system applications
- E B Kim
- C Somarajan
- EB Kim
Edilizia: progetto, costruzione, produzione. Edizioni Polistampa
- F Nuti
Un’ipotesi di metodo per la valutazione della compatibilità
- G Boaga
Accogliere il cambiamento. La flessibilità in architettura, in IFAU ’18 Territori fragili / Fragile territories
- C Fiore
Redevelopment and densification of public housing megastructures: cohousing as a transition policies tool
- B Nastasi
- L Diana
- F L B Adolfo
- F Finucci
- S Gabriele
- A Metta
- L Montuori
Plus. La vivienda colectiva. Territorio de excepción [Plus. Collective housing. Territory of exception
- A Lacaton
- J.-P Vassal
- F Druot
Social housing: una definizione inglese di ‘edilizia residenziale pubblica
- R Lungarella
Social Housing. Definitions & design exemplars
- P Karakusevic
- A Batchelor
The renewal of what was tomorrow’s idealistic city. Amsterdam’s Bijlmermeer high-rise
- G Helleman
- F Wassengerg