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Indigenous voices: Using cultural knowledge for tourism
As Indigenous tourism gains momentum worldwide, tourists are increasingly seeking authentic Indigenous experiences. Authenticity in Indigenous tourism stems from Indigenous people's unique worldview of the connection between humans and nature. However, little is known about what prompts Indigenous peoples to develop authentic and meaningful tourism experiences. This conceptual study explores the role played by the autonomous motivation of Indigenous tourism business owners in the creation, negotiation, and delivery of authentic experiences. Informed by self-determination theory, this paper discusses a continuum of motivation within an Indigenous tourism context and shows how various forms of motivation contribute to the creation of authentic tourism experiences. Place relatedness is identified as a pivotal determinant in Indigenous people's autonomous motivation to engage in tourism activities.
Local participation has been greatly promoted to accomplish conservation and development goals globally, but the participation paradox, in which those empowered to participate fail to do so, has rarely been thoroughly scrutinized. Here we test the participation paradox with empirical data of 234 local decision‐makers' participation in a decision‐making forum, Conservation Area Management Committees, in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Using an explanatory sequential mixed methods design, both quantitative and qualitative data were collected in 2013 and 2016, analyzed, interpreted, and integrated. Women, minorities, younger members, and non‐elected members participated significantly less in decision‐making than men, older members, and elected members and those with leadership roles and longer tenures on the committees. Qualitative analyses revealed five major themes for motivation to participate: influence in the community; personal incentives; conservation; improving access to natural resources; and feelings of accomplishment. Key constraints to participation included hardships and competing tasks; lack of incentives; perceptions of limited agency; disinterest; and emotional burdens. Participation motivations and constraints varied by gender, social group, and membership types. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these results for participatory approaches to conservation and sustainable development in general and the governance of protected areas in particular.
Increasingly, Indigenous researchers are applying Indigenous ways of working within their research praxis. When research is concentrated in an Indigenous-defined land area (Country) and led by a researcher as traditional custodian belonging to the Country, this offers unique opportunities and challenges. As traditional custodian researchers, we have imperatives to protect, maintain and create knowledge and contribute to the overall Indigenous research agenda. We must also ensure such research is consistent with custodian worldviews and grounded in cultural experiences and knowledge. These responsibilities have implications for reviewing literature and establishing credible research designs to fulfil traditional custodian expectations as well as institutional standards. Throughout this paper, we share our experiences as traditional custodians undertaking research higher degree programs at a regional Australian university. This article presents reflections and future considerations from our regions as Noonukul Quandamooka, Mamu and Darumbal women living and researching with our people on our Countries. Introduction This paper shares the perspectives of three Aboriginal women and our roles as traditional custodians and PhD candidates within the Australian academy. The paper draws on our experiences and perceptions of undertaking research as PhD candidates working either on our own Country and / or with members of our own Aboriginal nations. It draws on Australian and international literature to gain a deeper understanding of the complex web of relationships between people and Country and our positioning as traditional custodians who are researchers. As three traditional custodian women, we share how we are navigating our academic research, mitigating challenges, capitalising on the benefits, and advancing the traditional custodial imperative to protect and maintain respect for Country, custodianship, and cultural knowledge. * Joann Schmider, Far North Queensland Rainforest Aboriginal people, Dyribal language nation, Mamu identity group, Warribarra locality, is doing a PhD to explore local cultural knowledge promotion in the tourism industry in the rainforest bio-cultural region. Samantha Cooms, Mirrigimpa Noonukul, Quandamooka, Southeast Queensland, whose name is Mirrigimpa (Sea-eagle) Noonukul (Clan Group from Minjerribah, Nth Stradbroke Island), and is a Quandamooka (Moreton Bay) woman. Her PhD, conferred in 2021, investigated the intersection of race and disability and the role of traditional knowledges and practices. Dr Melinda Mann, Darumbal people, Central Queensland, an Adjunct Professional Fellow at CQUniversity, is a Darumbal woman from the area known as the Rockhampton region. Her PhD, conferred in 2019, focused on the post-school transition of young Indigenous people in her traditional custodial location. This paper positions traditional custodial research within Indigenist research and proposes that traditional custodial research is unique, culturally sound, and integral to Indigenist research. To capitalise on the benefits and mitigate the risks of custodial research systemic change is needed. While the perspectives shared may also apply to traditional custodian men's research, we acknowledge that the research subjects, goals, approaches and knowledges are influenced by our insights as women custodians. Our value propositions Even with reforms to ethical Indigenous research standards, traditional custodians are often used in research projects for their specific cultural knowledges and networks, and over recent decades have been attributed titles such as 'research associate' or 'field assistant' to recognise custodial contributions to research projects often conducted by western researchers. Traditional custodial research validates Indigenous people as, not only capable of conducting sound research but as experts, adept in diverse ontological origins of Indigenous peoples' knowledge systems (Nalder and Ganis 2009). This paper has been written as an ethical collective for highlighting the role and significance of traditional custodians as researchers.
The intergenerational transmission of traditional language and culture is at the core of Yolŋu Indigenous knowledge practices. The homeland of Gäwa in remote Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, was established by Warramiri clan kinship networks to provide an appropriate place for this crucial role to continue. Technologies have long played a part in this transmission process, but can databases, websites and other digital storage mediums harmonise with existing Yolŋu epistemological and ontological frameworks? In considering an alternative approach to digital development, we rely on the Yolŋu elements of performative epistemology, multiple perspectives and a fundamental, narrative base. We then apply this approach to the construction of the ‘Warramiri website’ (2011–2015) which houses and structures various resources, outlining its applicability to the current educational practices at Gäwa.
The production, dissemination and archivization of knowledge are important processes in contemporary knowledge economy. Questions on Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) arise when Indigenous Knowledges (IKs) are examined and evaluated on how they benefit the knowledge economy and development. These questions seem to be addressed in terms of dominant epistemological ideologies based on Eurocentric knowledge production philosophies embedded in positivism and how knowledge is codified and patented. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the process and effect of codification and on IKs. The chapter argues that while knowledge codification is necessary for IKs to be preserved and archived, it is important not to lose sight of the communal ownership of the knowledges and to protect them from exploitation and appropriation. The chapter concludes that while codification of IKs and intellectual property rights are controversial, for IKs to play their full role in socioeconomic development they cannot be left out of codification that is pervasive in today's knowledge economy and society.
Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) shapes human-environment interactions across much of the globe. Numerous case studies have provided evidence of TEK degradation, with substantial implications for the status of biodiversity. Previous studies draw on diverse academic disciplines, each with a unique set of theoretical constructs and discipline-specific jargon. The lack of a standard lexicon for TEK threats and conservation actions impedes the comparative work needed to understand broad patterns of TEK degradation and implications for biodiversity conservation planning. Based on a literature review (n=152 sources), questionnaires (n=137 respondents), and semi-structured interviews (n=63 interviewees), we developed a classification system for both, threats to TEK and corresponding conservation actions. We find TEK degradation to be widespread (89% of cases in literature and 87% of cases from questionnaire) and typically driven by a complex web of threats acting at different spatial and temporal scales. Conservation responses can best address this interconnectivity through the involvement of multiple actors across different institutional and spatial levels. We also demonstrate the utility of the classification system by applying it to an examination of TEK threats in Inner Mongolia, China.
Software has been a significant part of modern society for a long time.In particular, this paper is concerned with various software development process models.Software process model is a description of the sequence of activities carried out in a software engineering project,and the relative order of these activities.It represents some of the development models namely, waterfall, v-shaped, incremental, RAD, iterative spiral and agile model.Therefore,the main objective of this paper is to represent different models of software development and different aspects of each model to help the developers to select specific model at specific situation depending on customer demand.
This article demonstrates the credibility and rigor of yarning, an Indigenous cultural form of conversation, through its use as a data gathering tool with two different Indigenous groups, one in Australia and the second in Botswana. Yarning was employed not only to collect information during the research interview but to establish a relationship with Indigenous participants prior to gathering their stories through storytelling, also known as narrative. In exploring the concept of yarning in research, this article discusses the different types of yarning that emerged during the research project, how these differences were identified and their applicability in the research process. The influence of gender during the interview is also included in the discussion.
Indigenous knowledge refers to a large body of knowledge and skills that has been developed outside the formal educational system. It is embedded in culture and it is unique to a particular location and its culture. Although many authors in the past wrote masses about the importance of indigenous knowledge, its management is still lacking. However, management of indigenous knowledge can be essential for the food security and health of millions of people in the developing world. This paper is devoted to the area of indigenous knowledge management, stressing the position and needs of developing countries.
Investigations into knowledge about food and medicinal plants in a certain geographic area or within a specific group are an important element of ethnobotanical research. This knowledge is context specific and dynamic due to changing ecological, social and economic circumstances. Migration processes affect food habits and the knowledge and use of medicinal plants as a result of adaptations that have to be made to new surroundings and changing environments. This study analyses and compares the different dynamics in the transmission of knowledge about food and medicinal plants among Tyrolean migrants in Australia, Brazil and Peru.
A social network approach was used to collect data on personal networks of knowledge about food and medicinal plants among Tyroleans who have migrated to Australia, Brazil and Peru and their descendants. A statistical analysis of the personal network maps and a qualitative analysis of the narratives were combined to provide insight into the process of transmitting knowledge about food and medicinal plants.
56 personal networks were identified in all (food: 30; medicinal plants: 26) across all the field sites studied here. In both sets of networks, the main source of knowledge is individual people (food: 71%; medicinal plants: 68%). The other sources mentioned are print and audiovisual media, organisations and institutions. Personal networks of food knowledge are larger than personal networks of medicinal plant knowledge in all areas of investigation. Relatives play a major role as transmitters of knowledge in both domains.
Human sources, especially relatives, play an important role in knowledge transmission in both domains. Reference was made to other sources as well, such as books, television, the internet, schools and restaurants. By taking a personal network approach, this study reveals the mode of transmission of knowledge about food and medicinal plants within a migrational context.
Much has been written about indigenous knowledge and intellectual property rights (IPRs) in fields like anthropology and law. However, it remains an under-examined topic in business and management literature. In this article, we review the emerging contentious discourse, definitional issues and underlying assumptions of the western IPR and indigenous knowledge management systems. We highlight the similarities and differences between the two approaches. We argue that adopting a view that law is socially constructed with ethical underpinnings helps sort out the thorny issues related to indigenous knowledge ‘expropriation’. To do this, we draw on the role of ethical norms in the historical evolution of IPRs regimes. Finally, grounded in Stakeholder Theory, we conclude with a discussion of managerial implications.
Nepal formally embarked on decentralized participatory conservation programmes in 1990. To assess who participates in and benefits from such programmes, stratified random questionnaire surveys of 234 households and interviews with 29 user group chairs were conducted in the buffer zones of two protected areas of the Nepalese Terai: Bardia National Park and Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve. The Poisson regression shows that gender, education, household affluence, and conservation attitudes were significant predictors of people's participation in decentralized conservation programmes, while family size, ethnicity and resource dependency were not. The benefits of participation outweighed the costs based on respondents' estimates. The performance of grassroots organizations and levels of participation were correlated. Nepal's decentralized participa-tory conservation has achieved efficiency, relative equity and effectiveness to some extent. Yet the central government should devolve more power to local communities to sustain the achievements as well as to provide more equitable benefits to residents to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of conservation programmes.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to look at how knowledge management (KM) has entered into a new phase where consolidation and harmonisation of concepts is required. Some first standards have been published in Europe and Australia in order to foster a common understanding of terms and concepts. The aim of this study was to analyse KM frameworks from research and practice regarding their model elements and try to discover differences and correspondences.
Design/methodology/approach
A total of 160 KM frameworks from science, practice, associations and standardization bodies have been collected worldwide. These frameworks have been analysed regarding the use and understanding of the term knowledge, the terms used to describe the knowledge process activities and the factors influencing the success of knowledge management. Quantitative and qualitative content analysis methods have been applied.
Findings
The result shows that despite the wide range of terms used in the KM frameworks an underlying consensus was detected regarding the basic categories used to describe the knowledge management activities and the critical success factors of KM. Nevertheless regarding the core term knowledge there is still a need to develop an improved understanding in research and practice.
Originality/value
The first quantitative and qualitative analysis of 160 KM frameworks from different origin worldwide.
Over the last decade, indigenous knowledge has been widely touted by researchers and natural resource managers as a valuable contributor to natural resource management and biodiversity conservation. In Australia, the concept of indigenous knowledge has gained such rapid currency that it has tended toward an essentialized and universal truth rather than remaining a diverse range of highly localized and contested knowledge.
In this paper, I undertake a critical analysis of some of the current issues around the interpretation and application of indigenous knowledge and its relationship with natural resource management in northern Australia. Through a focus on how indigenous knowledge operates at a range of scales, I argue that indigenous knowledge is not adapted to the scales and kinds of disturbances that contemporary society is exerting on natural systems. Rather than being realistic about the limitations of indigenous knowledge, I argue that nonindigenous interpretations of indigenous knowledge have propelled us toward reified meanings, abstracted concepts, and an information-based taxonomy of place. The result can be the diminishing and ossifying of a dynamic living practice and the failure to recognize expressions of indigeneity in contemporary forms.
The arrival of the colonists, the invasion of Aboriginal lands and the subsequent
colonization of Australia had a disastrous effect on Aboriginal women, including on-going dispossession and disempowerment. Aboriginal women’s lives and gendered realities were forever changed in most communities. The system of colonization deprived Aboriginal women of land and personal autonomy and restricted the economic, political, social, spiritual and ceremonial domains that had existed prior to colonization. It also involved the implementation of overriding patriarchal systems. This is why Aboriginal women may find understanding within the women’s movement and why feminism might offer them a source of analysis. There are some connections in the various forms of social oppression, which give women connection and a sharing on some issues. However, imperialism and colonialism are also part of the women’s movement and feminism. This essay demonstrates why attempts to engage with feminism and to be included in women-centred activities might result in the denial and sidelining of Aboriginal sovereignty and further oppression and marginalisation of Aboriginal women. Moreover, strategies employed by non-Indigenous feminists can result in the maintenance of white women’s values and privileges within the dominant patriarchal white society. By engaging in these strategies feminists can also act in direct opposition to Aboriginal sovereignty and Aboriginal women. This essay states clearly that women who do not express positions or opinions in outright support of these activities still benefit from their position by proxy and contribute to the cultural dominance of non-Indigenous women. I argue that Aboriginal women need to define what empowerment might mean to themselves, and I suggest re-empowerment as an act of Aboriginal women’s healing and resistance to the on-going processes and impacts of colonization.
Purpose
This paper aims to demonstrate how customer knowledge management (CKM) can assist destination management organizations (DMOs) in the smart management of the tourist experience to contribute to the creation of smart solutions and the promotion of smart tourism destinations (STDs). To accomplish it, a CKM conceptual framework aligned with smart tourism and composed of eight processes is developed to guide managers in this management.
Design/methodology/approach
This research adopts the design science research methodology and applies its steps. It was supported by a systematic integrative literature review on CKM models and frameworks and their main elements, as well as by semi-structured interviews with tourism specialists in the context of Santa Catarina, Brazil.
Findings
From the literature it appears that tourist experiences are customer knowledge essential to the improvement and innovation of tourism products and services, and that CKM, still little explored in this scenario, tends to contribute to the management of this crucial knowledge for smart tourism. The analyses and improvements to the structure developed by specialists show its applicability and contributions to the management of STD experiences.
Originality/value
This paper offers an original contribution to the integration of the theoretical constructs of CKM, tourist experience and STDs by showing how the CKM, from tourism experiences, technologies and social networks, can assist DMOs in the management of experiences and promotion of STDs.
This article is a research in practice paper that outlines a pilot project conducted at Galiwin’ku Community Library, East Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory, Australia. In 2017, the Northern Territory Library partnered with East Arnhem Regional Council to re-imagine a new and different classification system for the library’s collection. The concept was to reform existing collection classification from a traditional Western structure to a culturally relevant user-oriented structure and layout. This article explores the background and current practices of Aboriginal Community Libraries within the Northern Territory and the methodology behind the development of the pilot. The literature review identifies classification systems as tools for colonisation, and at pathways for addressing cataloguing and classification in First Nations libraries. Implementation and findings of the pilot are discussed. Implications for practice suggest that information professionals, as gatekeepers to knowledge through the ownership of both cataloguing and classification schemes, have a responsibility to understand bias in classification and seek to support culturally relevant classification options that support the user.
Tourism is acknowledged as a vehicle that can help sustain both tangible and intangible elements of Indigenous cultural heritage, including languages, stories, song, art, dance, hunting methods, rituals and customs. Often, cultural heritage products developed for tourism promise to provide many socio-economic opportunities for the communities involved, however, tourism can also present a challenge as the self-management of Indigenous cultural product and cultural identity can be problematic. Given the pivotal role culture plays in the sustainability of Indigenous tourism products, it is time for a twenty-first century examination of the nexus between cultural heritage and Indigenous tourism. This paper reflects upon tourism and contemporary Indigenous cultural heritage, both tangible and intangible. Through a review of the current literature on Indigenous tourism and cultural heritage, the authors identify key areas for future research and aim to stimulate further discussion around the ways Indigenous tourism may be developed to sustain Indigenous cultural heritage.
Purpose
This paper aims to provide a contemporary review of the field of tourism and knowledge management.
Design/methodology/approach
The review draws upon an extensive range of generic knowledge management literature as well as the rather less developed literature on tourism and knowledge management.
Findings
The review finds that tourism has been slow to adopt a knowledge management approach, partly due to the context of the tourism sector. However, by taking a “network gaze”, this paper shows that the benefits of knowledge management for tourism are clear and that policy for knowledge management can be of benefit to tourism.
Originality/value
This paper provides a contemporary review of the knowledge management literature and situates it within the tourism context.
The overarching purpose of this paper is to critically engage with non-Indigenous representations of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Welcome to Country ceremonies, particularly within the conservative mainstream media and academic setting. The foundations of the paper will be drawn from both the critical Indigenous standpoint theories of white pathology by Moreton-Robinson (2015) and colonial storytelling by Behrendt (2016). Both these theories suggest that, too often, non-Indigenous representations of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are more a reflection of non-Indigenous ideologies than accurate portrayals of Indigenous positionings. Further, an ancestral D’harawal Law Story will be utilized to reveal that Welcome to Country ceremonies, despite their contemporary adaptations under colonization, may be considered an essential contextual representation of Australia’s true history prior to colonization, and thus should not be dismissed due to ideological misrepresentations or even tampered with by a colour-blind rhetoric.
This research analyzes an innovative process employed by Indigenous entrepreneurs and employees to design new and imaginative products closely related to their cultural, social and natural heritage, values and resources. In the State of Chiapas, with over one million Indigenous inhabitants, where poverty has persisted for decades, government and international agencies have promoted the development of many Indigenous tourism initiatives. However, the employment of top-down strategies focused predominantly towards the provision of tourist facilities failed to recognize the crucial role of tourism products and activities, thus sustaining and promoting stereotyped ideas of Indigenous peoples. This paper focuses on the benefits of collaborative research and knowledge dialogue between scientific and traditional wisdom to overcome some of these limitations through the application of an Indigenous Tourism Product Development Model. Using Participatory Action Research processes, university researchers worked with the management and staff of four Indigenous (Lacandon) owned and operated companies located in the communities of Lacanjá Chansayab and Nahá (Lacandon Jungle) in Mexico, to create a series of new cultural and heritage-related products. The paper explores the capacity of this process to revitalize culture while fostering feelings of accomplishment, participation, cultural pride and creative confidence among the co-researchers.
Indigenous tourism is a global phenomenon, encompassing a range of complex, multi-layered issues. The foci of Indigenous tourism research are multifaceted, reflecting a plethora of stakeholders with differing perspectives and values about the direction, development and sustainability of the sector. The academic literature consistently highlights the need for a more comprehensive understanding of Indigenous tourism and, specifically, one that takes into account the interests and values of its stakeholders. This paper provides a global overview of Indigenous tourism development and its international and national institutional links, concomitantly identifying and examining the trajectory of scholarly interest in Indigenous tourism from 1980 to 2014. An analysis of 403 published journal articles is supplemented with the perspectives of Indigenous tourism researchers. The results reveal that sustainability issues underpin and shape a substantive proportion of published Indigenous tourism research to date. The challenge now is to gain a more comprehensive understanding of Indigenous tourism from the perspective of Indigenous stakeholders, approaching its complexity in an iterative, adaptive and flexible style, and with affected stakeholders involved in the research process, knowledge creation and its outcomes. This is both an ethical imperative and a pragmatic approach to ensure the outcomes of research facilitate the sustainability of Indigenous tourism.本土旅游研究，过去和现在：从现在往哪里去？本土旅游是一个全球现象，包括一系列的复杂的多层次的问题。本土旅游研究的重点是多方面的，反映了对该产业的方向，发展和可持续性有着不同的意见和价值的过多的利益相关者。学术文献不断地突出对本土旅游的特别全面地理解，和特别是考虑到利益相关者的兴趣和价值。该文章提供了一个本土旅游发展的全球观点和它的国际和国内的制度性的联系，同时审视和识别1980-2014年间的本土旅游学术兴趣的轨迹。403份发表的杂志文章的分析和本土旅游研究者的观点相补充。结论揭示了可持续性问题，巩固和塑造到现在为止发表的大量的本土旅游研究。现在的挑战是从本土利益相关者的角度中得到一个对本土旅游更全面的理解，在一个迭代的，适应性和灵活的风格下解释其复杂性，在研究过程中包含的被影响到的利益相关者，知识创造和它的结果。这是一个道德必要性和务实的做法，来保证研究的结果帮助本土旅游的可持续性。
A key element of sustainable tourism is the inclusion of activities that both provide insights into the destination, or develop a “sense of place”, and that encourage tourists to develop a sense of responsibility for the conservation of that destination, which could be described as “care of place”. Interpretation of Indigenous culture and lifestyle to tourists is often proposed as a tool to achieve these goals. This paper reports on research conducted at Stanley Island, off the North-eastern coast of Australia, and examines the aspirations of the Traditional Indigenous Owners with regard to expedition cruises to this area and compared these to changes in place images and values of passengers from these cruises. The analysis focused on the nature of changes in tourist place perceptions and the development of a “care of place” associated with Indigenous interpretive practices. The results suggest positive outcomes from this form of Indigenous interpretation, showing its special qualities and identifying areas for further development. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of using values as a basis for the design and delivery of experiences that move tourists beyond a sense of place to developing a sense of care of place.海岸旅游目的地的演变：旅游城市化的路径可塑性视角本文聚焦于成熟旅游目的地的演变，推进研究路径依赖理论，借鉴经济概念检验目的地如何能递增地破除路径依赖及稳步走向不同的未来路径；以地中海加泰罗尼亚黄金海岸为例，探索有关社会空间城市变化维度复杂的旅游和城市发展历程；主张用更广泛的社会文化标准分析演变，拥护路径可塑性和文化政治经济方法以提供改变旅游状况，反射在传统海滨度假区旅游发展固有城市化本质的替代观点，补充了在可持续旅游管理和战略制定方面的研究。
Indigenous tourism researchers have not fully embraced social media as fieldwork sites in their own right. This paper explores, from a social media perspective, the (online) engagement of Indigenous tour operators with tourists, the role of differences in tourist-Indigenous worldviews in the tour experience, and the sustainability implications. Data consisted of 588 tourist reviews and 137 operator responses, pertaining to four Indigenous tour experiences offered in Australia. Findings suggest that dissatisfied tourists expect tours to be run on Western management models, and in response, Indigenous tour operators have the opportunity to act as cultural negotiators online, explaining their own worldviews and cultural approaches. Three components of this cultural negotiation emerged: identifying and embracing worldview differences; delineating the larger cultural context of tours; and, rebuttal of misrepresentations in online tourist reviews. In addition, amongst themselves, tourists educate each other on cultural etiquette and interpretation. From a sustainability perspective it was found that Indigenous tour operator voices are minimally represented in tourism social media – a missed opportunity to correct cultural misconceptions and clarify differences, to “speak” for themselves, creating a stronger, more assertive online voice. Policy interventions to increase Indigenous operators’ participation in social media, including training and assistance, could help.本文将探究本土旅游研究者没有完全涉及到的领域，社会媒体。其中包括游客对(在线)本土旅行社的参与度，游客本土化世界观的差异在旅游体验中起到的作用，以及旅游可持续性带来的影响。研究数据由588名游客的观点和137名经营者的回答组成，内容与四个澳大利亚提供的本土旅行体验相关。调查表示对体验不满意的游客希望旅游的管理模式可以是西式的，作为回应，本土旅游经营者在网上可以充当文化代表者的形象，向游客解释他们自己的世界观和文化环境影响理论。这种文化代表可以包含三个方面：鉴别并包容不同的世界观，描述文化大背景下的旅游，和反驳网上游客的虚假评论。另外，游客之间可以互相传授对自身文化理解。从可持续发展方面看，研究发现本土旅游经营者的声音很少出现在社会媒体中，这也使得他们失去了一个纠正文化误解和解释文化差异，为自己发声并创造更强更有利声音的机会。政府干预是必要的，这样可以增加本土旅游经营者在社会媒体中的参与度，方法可以有训练和援助。
Following recent policy statements recognising the need to develop the Aboriginal tourism industry in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, this article examines the extent of Aboriginal peoples’ inclusion in, and contribution to, the destination images for four regional NSW tourism destinations. Taking the destination image for Lake Macquarie, a local government area with the second largest Aboriginal population in NSW, as a starting point, the paper examines how Aboriginal peoples and cultures are positioned in local tourism promotions. Finding that Aboriginal peoples, cultures and heritage are largely absent from the destination image for Lake Macquarie and that the tourist gaze that is encouraged there is one of whiteness, comparisons are then made with other regional tourism destinations in NSW with relatively high rates of Aboriginal tourism, including Brewarrina, the Blue Mountains and Shoalhaven. Aboriginal tourism in these areas appears to provide visitors with multiple ways of seeing and experiencing place. With contemporary as well as heritage linkages, Aboriginal culture is presented as traditional and living, dynamic and innovative. We argue that by incorporating Aboriginal perspectives, destinations can encourage a multiplicity of gazes, disrupting stereotypes and bringing tourism closer to its social development objectives.超越白人现象：比较分析澳大利亚新南威尔士州旅游目的地形象本土性的代表最近的政策声明承认应在澳大利亚新南威尔士州发展原住民旅游，本文随后检测了原住民对该州4个旅游目的地形象的参与和贡献程度，以麦加利湖为起点调查了原住民及其文化在当地旅游推广中的定位；发现原住民及其文化传统在当地目的地形象中大量缺失，受鼓励的游客凝视则是白人现象之一；对比了其余有较高比例原住民旅游的目的地；提出通过混合原住民观点，目的地可以培养大量凝视、打破成见及使旅游更接近它的社会发展目标。
In this study we discussed the construct validity of knowledge asset measurement models by focusing on the adequacy of theoretical content. The importance of an organization's role as a social community in creating knowledge assets has not been adequately addressed in existing organizational knowledge asset measurement models. This social aspect of an organization manifests itself in the knowledge conversion process through which various knowledge inputs are transformed into organizational knowledge assets. We suggested that, from the organizational learning and dynamic capability perspective, the construct of knowledge assets should cover the organization's learning capability, accumulated through social interaction within and outside the organizational boundary. In our proposed model, social capital provides an infrastructure for knowledge creation, and learning capability measured knowledge creation and exchange activities. Indicators of social capital and learning capability are suggested, and implications and limitations of this study are discussed.
In this article the authors discuss issues faced by early career researchers,
including the dichotomy, which many research textbooks and journal
articles create and perpetuate between qualitative and quantitative
research methodology despite considerable literature to support the use of
mixed methods. The authors review current research literature and
discuss some of the language, which can prove confusing to the early
career researcher and problematic for post-graduate supervisors and
teachers of research. The authors argue that discussions of research
methods in research texts and university courses should include mixed
methods and should address the perceived dichotomy between qualitative
and quantitative research methodology.
Knowledge and its management are generally recognised as a strategic asset that provides organisations with a competitive edge. Prior research demonstrates that knowledge sharing (KS) is crucial because it helps organisations promote best practice, facilitate knowledge creation and enhance effectiveness. Although there is a growing realisation that KS is critical to knowledge creation and organisational performance, this is still an emerging area of inquiry whose key variables, relationships and implications for tourism organisations are not yet clear. In this paper, key concepts of knowledge, organisational knowledge, knowledge management (KM) and KS are reviewed. This paper would be of interest to readers who would like to understand more about how KM and KS can be applied to tourism.
Previous research has suggested that tourism has been slow in responding to knowledge management strategies in its planning, management and development practices and, as a result, there has been limited research in this field pertaining to knowledge management. In this conceptual discussion, knowledge management (hereafter KM) is broadly used as a term to refer to any planned and controlled application of knowledge for achieving goals and missions in tourism planning, management and development. The purpose of this research is twofold. First, the article presents a review of previous research and conceptual frameworks from the sociology of knowledge and KM that are potentially applicable to tourism. Second, it proposes a research agenda to address KM in tourism from five perspectives. The discussion encompasses issues such as tourism knowledge and tourism sectors, the structure and process of KM, and the role of information and communication technology in facilitating knowledge-based strategies. Implications for future inquiries are also discussed from these distinct perspectives.
Indigenous knowledge is the commodity that is offered to cultural tourists at cultural villages in South Africa. The extent to which indigenous knowledge is being conserved at cultural villages was investigated. The knowledge management tool that was applied to do the investigation was a knowledge audit. This investigation was conducted to establish whether cultural villages can act as custodians of indigenous knowledge. It was found that the knowledge audit proved to be a useful tool to determine the extent of indigenous knowledge conservation at cultural villages. Although the extent of indigenous knowledge conservation at cultural villages was rated as fairly poor, the potential of cultural villages to act as custodians of indigenous knowledge became very clear. The implication of this investigation is that knowledge audits could be considered for applications beyond business and that the principles of knowledge audits could be applied to individuals within communities to audit their indigenous knowledge.
Myriad frameworks have been developed for knowledge management. However, the field has been slow in formulating a generally accepted, comprehensive framework for knowledge management. This paper reviews the existing knowledge management frameworks and provides suggestions for what a general framework should include. The distinguishing feature of this research is that it emphasizes placing knowledge management in a larger context of systems thinking so that the influencing factors on its success or failure can better be recognized and understood.
This paper explores current trends in indigenous (aboriginal) tourism development in Canadas western Arctic region. Its operational environment is characterized by the presence of mixed local community economies and a co-management framework for lands and resources. In the North, aboriginal tourism is a resource-based industry, traditionally in the form of big game hunting, and in a more modern context, evolving into ecotourism and cultural or ethnic tourism. Some indigenous people are exploring innovative ways to harness tourism to support the traditional elements of their land-based economy, rather than being consumed by the industry. The authenticity of this tourism experience represents a major asset as well as a significant management challenge. RésuméLe développement indigène du tourisme. Cet article examine les tendances actuelles dans le développement indigène du tourisme dans la région arctique occidentale du Canada. Lenvironnement opérationnel est caractérisé par des économies mixtes des communautés locales et un cadre de gestion partagée pour la terre et les ressources. Au nord, le tourisme aborigène est basé sur les ressources, traditionnellement sous forme de chasse au gros gibier, et dans un contexte plus moderne, une tendance vers lécotourisme ou le tourisme culturel ou ethnique. Plusieurs groupes indigènes étudient la question de comment exploiter le tourisme afin de maintenir les éléments traditionnels de leur économie terrienne plutôt que dêtre engloutis par lindustrie. Lauthenticité de ce tourisme représente un capital important et un défi considérable pour la gestion.
More and more communities and organisations around the world are realising the value and significance of Indigenous knowledge and the importance of preserving it for future generations. Indigenous Knowledge Centres (IKCs) are being established globally, but particularly in Australia, Africa, Latin America and Asia. The capture and preservation of Indigenous knowledge is being used to revitalise endangered cultures, improve the economic independence and sustainability of Indigenous communities and to increase community-based involvement in planning and development. In parallel with the increasing recognition of the value and relevance ofIndigenous knowledge to today's world and the need to preserve it, is recognition of the role that information technologies (IT) can play in its capture, management and dissemination. This chapter provides an overview of the current state of IT tools, services, and projects relevant to Indigenous knowledge management. In particular it describes information technology tools being developed at DSTC (in consultation with numerous Indigenous and '; cultural organisations) that have been designed to enable Indigenous .'. communities to capture, control and share their knowledge within local knowledge bases according to their unique, specific local needs. Finally this chapter identifies unresolved issues that will require further collaborative research and development and cooperation between Indigenous communities, researchers and software developers. Indigenous Knowledge Capture Indigenous knowledge, also referred to as traditional or local knowledge, refers to the large body of knowledge and skills that has been developed outside the formal educational system. IK is embedded in culture and is unique to a given location or society. It is the basis for decision-making of communities in food, security, human and animal health, education and natural resource management.
Decolonising action research
- Fredericks
Anthropological texts and indigenous standpoints
- Nakata
Indigenous tourism in Australia: Time for a reality check. [literature review referenced]
- Ruhanen
Welcome to country: Performing rights and the pedagogy of place
- Dempster
The proof of native title connection in absentia
- Babidge
Use of information and communication technologies tools to capture, store, and disseminate indigenous knowledge: A literature review
- Diamini